Notes

INTRODUCTION

1. Cliantha Padayachee and Jeff S. Coombes, “Exercise Guidelines for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus,” World Journal of Diabetes 6, no. 8 (July 2015): 1033–1044, https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v6/i8/1033.htm.

2. E. R. Magro-Malosso et al., “Exercise During Pregnancy and Risk of Gestational Hypertensive Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandanavica 96, no. 8 (August 2017): 921–931, https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/aogs.13151.

YOUR NUTRITIONAL NEEDS, PLUS A WHOLE LOT MORE

1. Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies, Committee to Reexamine IOM Pregnancy Weight Guidelines Food and Nutrition Board on Children Youth, and Families; Kathleen M. Rasmussen and Ann L. Yaktine, eds., Weight Gain During Pregnancy, Reexamining the Guidelines (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2009), PDF download http:///12584/weight-gain-during-pregnancy-reexamining-the-guidelines.

2. Institute of Medicine, “Physical Activity Coefficients (PA Values) for Use in EER Equations,” in Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2006).

3. Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies, Weight Gain During Pregnancy, Reexamining the Guidelines, “Table S-1: New Recommendation for Total Rate of Weight Gain During Pregnancy, by Prepregnancy BMI,” 2.

4. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, “Food, Pregnancy, and Health,” pamphlet (1986), Resource Center, 409 12th Street SW, Washington, DC, 20024.

5. Carol J. Lammi-Keefe, Sarah C. Couch, and Elliot H. Philipson, eds., Handbook of Nutrition and Pregnancy (Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008), 8.

6. Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies, Weight Gain During Pregnancy, Reexamining the Guidelines, “Chart: Dietary Reference Intakes for Pregnancy, Table b-1a Equations to Estimate Energy Requirement for Pregnant Women by Trimester,” 316.

7. H. H. Butchko et al., “Aspartame: Review of Safety,” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 35, no. 2 part 2 (April 2002): S1–S93, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term =12180494.

8. M. A. Pereira, “Sugar-Sweetened and Artificially-Sweetened Beverages in Relation to Obesity Risk,” Advances in Nutrition 5, no. 6 (November 2014): 797–808, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=25398745.

9. Juliana F. W. Cohen et al., “Maternal Trans Fatty Acid Intake and Fetal Growth,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94, no. 5 (November 2011): 1241–1247, https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/94/5/124¼597860.

10. James A. Greenberg, Stacey J. Bell, and Wendy van Ausdal, “Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation During Pregnancy,” Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, no. 4 (Fall 2008): 162–169, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2621042/.

11. Martha Neuringer, Gregory J. Anderson, and William E. Connor, “The Essentiality of N-3 Fatty Acids for the Development and Function of the Retina and Brain,” Annual Review of Nutrition 8 (July 1988): 517–541, cited in British Associate Parliamentary Food and Health Forum, The Links Between Diet and Behavior: The Influence of Nutrition on Mental Health (January 2008), 9.

12. M. A. Klebanoff et al., “Fish Consumption, Erythrocyte Fatty Acids, and Preterm Birth,” Obstetrics & Gynecology 117, no. 7 (May 2011): 1071–1077, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=21508745.

13. V. Leventakou et al., “Fish Intake During Pregnancy, Fetal Growth, and Gestational Length in 19 European Birth Cohort Studies,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 99, no. 3 (March 2014): 506–516, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=24335057; Lammi-Keefe, Couch, and Philipson, eds., 96.

14. Lammi-Keefe, Couch, and Philipson, Handbook of Nutrition and Pregnancy, 357–383.

15. M. P. Freeman et al., “Evidence Basis for Treatment and Future Research in Psychiatry,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 67 (2006): 1954–1967, cited in British Associate Parliamentary Food and Health Forum, The Links Between Diet and Behavior: The Influence of Nutrition on Mental Health (January 2008): 26.

16. Gerard Hornstra, “Essential Fatty Acids in Mothers and Their Neonates,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, no. 5 (May 2000): 1262S–1269S, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/71.5.1262s.

17. J. Villar et al., “Strategies to Prevent and Treat Preeclampsia: Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials,” Seminars in Nephrology 24, no. 6 (November 2004): 607–615, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=15529296.

18. J. F. Williams and V. C. Smith, Committee on Substance Abuse. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, Pediatrics 136, no. 5 (November 2015): e1395–1406, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=26482673.

19. S. Hartmann et al., “Exposure to Retinoic Acids in Non-pregnant Women Following High Vitamin A Intake with a Liver Meal.” International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 75, no. 3 (May 2005): 187–194, https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1024/0300-9831.75.3.187.

20. R. Blomhoff and J. Alexander, “Vitamin A and Toxicity. Should Pregnant Women and Small Children Reduce Their Intake of Liver Products and Vitamin A?,” Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 113, no. 24 (October 1993): 113:3037-9, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=8259577; H. Van den Berg H., K. F. Hulshof, and J. P. Deslypere, “Evaluation of the Effect of the Use of Vitamin Supplements on Vitamin A Intake Among (Potentially) Pregnant Women in Relation to the Consumption of Liver and Liver Products,” European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Biology 66, no. 1 (May 1996): 17–21, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=8735753.

21. “Folic Acid,” Pregnancy and Newborn Health Education Center March of Dimes, 2008, http://www.marchofdimes.com/pnhec/173_769.asp.

22. American Dietetic Association, “Position of the American Dietetic Association: Nutrition and Lifestyle for a Healthy Pregnancy Outcome,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association (2008): 555.

23. K. D. Wenstrom et al., “Role of Amniotic Fluid Homocysteine Level and of Fetal 5, 10-Methylenetetrahydrafolate Reductase Genotype in the Etiology of Neural Tube Defects,” American Journal of Medical Genetics 90, no. 1 (January 2000): 12–16, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=10602111.

24. For more general information on MTHFR, see https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/10953/mthfr-gene-mutation.

25. A. Shrim et al., “Pregnancy Outcome Following Use of Large Doses of Vitamin B₆ in the First Trimester,” Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 26, no. 8 (November 2006): 749–751, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=17130022.

26. Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies, Weight Gain During Pregnancy, Reexamining the Guidelines.

27. Institute of Medicine, Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements, “Table 1: Dietary Reference Intakes for Water by Life Stage Group (National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2006): 156–157, PDF available at https://www.nal.usda.gov/sites/default/files/fnic_uploads//DRIEssentialGuideNutReq.pdf.

28. G. B. Piccoli et al., “Vegan-Vegetarian Diets in Pregnancy: Danger or Panacea? A Systematic Narrative Review,” British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 122, no. 5 (April 2015): 623–633, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=25600902.

29. Marie V. Krasue and L. Kathleen Mahan, Food, Nutrition and Diet Therapy, 6th ed. (Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders, 1979).

30. Lammi-Keefe, Couch, and Philipson, eds., Handbook of Nutrition and Pregnancy, 218.

31. Ibid., 219.

32. “Food Safety for Pregnant Women,” Food and Drug Administration, accessed August 19, 2018, https://www.fda.gov/food/foodborneillnesscontaminants/peopleatrisk/ucm312704.htm; Additional Food Safety Resource: https://www.foodsafety.gov; Gateway to Government Food Safety Information, including all recalls and alerts: https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/, 1-800-232-4636 (24-hour recorded information).

33. “Toxoplasmosis,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed August 19, 2018, https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/toxoplasmosis/gen_info/faqs.html.

34. “E. coli (Escherichia coli),” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed August 19, 2018, https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/index.html.

35. “Salmonella, Information for Healthcare Professionals and Laboratories Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,” accessed August 19, 2018, https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella.

36. “Salmonella and Eggs,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed August 19, 2018, https://www.cdc.gov/Features/SalmonellaEggs/.

37. “Listeria Listeriosis,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed August 19, 2018, https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/index.html.

38. “Dirty Dozen, EWG’s 2018 Shopper’s Guide to Pesticides in Produce,” Environmental Working Group, accessed August 19, 2018, https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/dirty-dozen.php.

39. “Clean 15,” Environmental Working Group, accessed August 19, 2018, https://www.ewg.org/foodnews/clean-fifteen.php.

40. Stephanie Spear, “Why You Should Drink Organic Coffee,” ECO Watch, posted August 14, 2014, accessed August 19, 2018, https://www.ecowatch.com/why-you-should-drink-organic-coffee-1881940567.html.

41. United States Environmental Protection Agency, “2017 EPA-FDA Advice About Eating Fish and Shellfish,” accessed August 19, 2018, https://www.epa.gov/fish-tech/2017-epa-fda-advice-about-eating-fish-and-shellfish.

42. “Keep Food Safe,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed August 19, 2018, https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/keep-food-safe.html.

43. Dr. Mercola, “How to Recognize Plastics That Are Hazardous to You,” April 11, 2013, accessed August 19, 2018, https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/04/11/plastic-use.aspx.

44. A. Shrim et al., “Pregnancy Outcome,” 749–751.

45. E. Viljoen et al., “A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effect and Safety of Ginger in the Treatment of Pregnancy-Associated Nausea and Vomiting,” Nutrition Journal 13 (March 2014): 20, https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2891-13-20.

46. R. Gaillard, “Maternal Obesity During Pregnancy and Cardiovascular Development and Disease in the Offspring,” European Journal of Epidemiology 30, no. 11 (November 2015): 1141–1152, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10654-015-0085-7.

47. K. Blomberg, “Maternal Obesity, Mode of Delivery, and Neonatal Outcome,” Obstetrics & Gynecology 122, no. 1 (July 2013): 50–55, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term =23743457.

48. L. Schummers et al., “Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes by Prepregnancy Body Mass Index: A Population-Based Study to Inform Prepregnancy Weight Loss Counseling,” Obstetrics & Gynecology 125, no. 1 (January 2015): 133–143, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=25560115.

49. L. Duley, D. Henderson-Smart, and S. Meher, “Altered Dietary Salt for Preventing Pre-eclampsia, and Its Complications,” Cochrane Database System (revised October 2005): CD005548, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=16235411.

50. J. A. Hutcheon, S. Lisonkova, and K. S. Joseph, “Epidemiology of Pre-eclampsia and the Other Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy,” Best Practice and Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology 25, no. 4 (August 2011): 391–403, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=21333604.

51. C. V. Ananth, K. M. Keyes, and R. J. Wapner, “Pre-eclampsia Rates in the United States, 1980–2010: Age-Period-Cohort Analysis,” British Medical Journal 347 (November 2013): f6564, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=24201165.

52. C. Briceno-Preez, L. Briceno-Sanabria, and P. Vigil–De Gracia, “Prediction and Prevention of Preeclampsia,” Hypertension in Pregnancy 28, no. 2 (May 2009): 138–155, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=19437225.

53. “Tobacco Use and Pregnancy,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Reproductive Health, accessed August 18, 2018, https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/tobaccousepregnancy/index.htm.

54. B. L. Rooney, M. A. Mathiason, and C. W. Schauberger, “Predictors of Obesity in Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood in a Birth Cohort,” Maternal and Child Health Journal 15, no. 8 (November 2011): 1166–1175, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=20927643; M. R. Torloni et al., “Prepregnancy BMI and the Risk of Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review of the Literature with Meta-analysis,” Obesity Reviews 10, no. 2 (March 2009): 194–203, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=19055539.

55. L. Schummers et al., “Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes,” 133–143.

56. B. E. Metzger et al., “Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes,” HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group, New England Journal of Medicine 358 (2008): 1991–2002.

57. The ADA and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommend the following upper limits for glucose levels, with insulin therapy initiated if they are exceeded, but acknowledge that these thresholds have been extrapolated from recommendations proposed for women with preexisting diabetes. Little guidance is available as to what proportion of measurements exceeding these thresholds should trigger intervention, and some suggest insulin for two or more elevated values in a two-week interval while others await more consistent elevations, particularly if it is judged that further nutritional counseling may be effective.

ADA and ACOG glucose targets are:

Fasting blood glucose concentration: <95 mg/dL (5.3 mmol/L)

One-hour postprandial blood glucose concentration: <140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)

Two-hour postprandial glucose concentration: <120 mg/dL (6.7 mmol/L)

American Diabetes Association, “Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes,” Diabetes Care 41 (supplement 1) (January 2018): S137–S143, http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/Supplement_1/S137.

58. R. Artal and T. Tomlinson, “Exercise: The Logical Intervention for Diabetes in Pregnancy,” in Diabetes in Pregnancy, ed. O. Langer (Beijing: People’s Medical Publishing House, 2015): 189.

59. W. K. Nicholson et al., “Therapeutic Management, Delivery, and Postpartum Risk Assessment and Screening in Gestational Diabetes,” Evidence Report/Technological Assess (Full Report) 162 (March 2008): 1–96, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4781072/; D. S. Feig et al., “Risk of development of diabetes mellitus after diagnosis of gestational diabetes,” CMAJ 179(3) (Jul 2008): 229-34, http://www.cmaj.ca/content/179/3/229.

60. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, “Frequently Asked Questions, Exercise During Pregnancy,” FAQ 119, July 2017, https://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/Exercise-During-Pregnancy.

PRECONCEPTION: OPTIMIZING YOUR BODY FOR PREGNANCY

1. Xiaoping Weng, Roxana Odouli, and De-Kun Li, “Maternal Caffeine Consumption During Pregnancy and the Risk of Miscarriage: A Prospective Cohort Study,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 198, no. 3 (March 2008): 279.e1–299.e8.

2. “Caffeine Content for Coffee, Tea, Soda, and More,” Nutrition and Healthy Eating, Mayo Clinic, accessed August 19, 2018, https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/caffeine/art-20049372; “Caffeine Chart,” Center for Science in the Public Interest, accessed August 19, 2018, https://cspinet.org/eating-healthy/ingredients-of-concern/caffeine-chart.

LIFE AFTER DELIVERY: BREASTFEEDING YOUR BABY

1. J. M. D. Thompson et al., “Duration of Breastfeeding and Risk of SIDS: An Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis,” Pediatrics 5 (2017): 140, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=29084835.

2. L. Gray, L. Watt and E. M. Blass, “Skin-to-Skin Contact Is Analgesic in Healthy Newborns,” Pediatrics 105, no. 1 (January 2000): e14, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term =10617751.

3. Arne Høst et al., “Dietary Prevention of Allergic Diseases in Infants and Small Children,” Pediatric Allergy & Immunology 19, no. 1 (February 2008): 1–4, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=18199086.

4. Leslie Elliott et al., “Prospective Study of Breast-Feeding in Relation to Wheeze, Atopy, and Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC),” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 122, no. 1 (July 2008): 49-54e1-3, https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(08)00618-0/fulltext.

5. T. Harder et al., “Duration of Breastfeeding and Risk of Overweight: A Meta-analysis,” American Journal of Epidemiology 162, no. 5 (September 2005), 397–403, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=16076830.

6. S. Ip et al., “A Summary of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s Evidence Report on Breastfeeding in Developed Countries,” Breastfeeding Medicine Supplement 1 (October 2009): S17–S30, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=19827919.

7. C. G. Victora et al., “Association Between Breastfeeding and Intelligence, Educational Attainment, and Income at 30 Years of Age: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study from Brazil,” Lancet Global Health (2015); 3:e199, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=26869575; A. Sacker, M. A. Quigley, and Y. J. Kelly, “Breastfeeding and Developmental Delay: Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study,” Pediatrics 118 (September 2006): e682, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=16950960; B. L. Horta, C. Loret de Mola, and C. G. Victora, “Breastfeeding and Intelligence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Acta Paediatrica 104 (July 2015): 14, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/apa.13139.

8. Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies, Weight Gain During Pregnancy, Reexamining the Guidelines.

9. Lawrence M. Gartner and Frank R. Greer, “Prevention of Rickets and Vitamin D Deficiency: New Guidelines for Vitamin D Intake,” Pediatrics 111, no. 4 (April 2003): 908–910.

BLUES AFTER BIRTH: NAVIGATING POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION

1. Maria Le Donne et al., “Postpartum Mood Disorders and Thyroid Autoimmunity,” Frontiers in Endocrinology 8 (May 2017): 98, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2017.00091/full.

2. B. M. Leung and B. J. Kaplan, “Perinatal Depression: Prevalence, Risks, and the Nutrition Link—A Review of the Literature,” Journal of the American Diet Association 109, no. 9 (September 2009): 1566–1575, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19699836; S. Etebary et al., “Postpartum Depression and the Role of Serum Trace Elements,” Iranian Journal of Psychiatry 5, no. 2 (Spring 2010): 40–46, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22952489.

3. Stephen D. Anton et al., “Effects of Chromium Picolinate on Food Intake and Satiety,” Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 10, no. 5 (October 2008): 405–412, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2753428/; Richard Malter, “Preventing Postpartum Depression: A Case Report,” Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, 16, no. 4 (2001): 213–217, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9ab7/2cf087b2fa81f633ca8a5b5ca17be0531549.pdf; R. B. Singh et al., “Micronutrient Formulations for Prevention of Complications of Pregnancy,” Frontiers in Bioscience, Scholar Edition 10 (January 2018): 175–184, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d921/8ac0bc421cd045437687a0a557a457531010.pdf.

4. Carol J. Lammi-Keefe, Sarah C. Couch, and Elliot H. Philipson, eds., Handbook of Nutrition and Pregnancy (Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2008), 96; Andreanne Wassef, Quoc Dinh, and Martin St-Andre, “Anaemia and Depletion of Iron Stores as Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression: A Literature Review,” Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology (October 2017), https://doi.org/10.1080/0167482X.2018.1427725; Manish Dama et al., “Iron Deficiency and Risk of Maternal Depression in Pregnancy: An Observational Study,” Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 40, no. 6 (June 2018): 698–703, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2017.09.027; B. M. Leung and B. J. Kaplan, “Perinatal Depression: Prevalence, Risks, and the Nutrition Link—A Review of the Literature,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 109, no. 9 (September 2009): 1566–1575, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19699836.

5. Lammi-Keefe, Couch, and Philipson, eds., Handbook of Nutrition and Pregnancy, 357–383; Mei-Chi Hsu, Chia-Yi Tung, and Hsing-E Chen, “Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Prevention and Treatment of Maternal Depression: Putative Mechanism and Recommendation,” Journal of Affective Disorders 238 (October 2018): 47–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.018; Michelle P. Judge et al., “Pilot Trial Evaluating Maternal Docosahexaenoic Acid Consumption During Pregnancy: Decreased Postpartum Depressive Symptomatology,” International Journal of Nursing Sciences 4, no. 1 (December 2014): 339–345, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352013214000982; M. Freeman et al., “An Open Trial of omega-3 Fatty Acids for Depression in Pregnancy,” Acta Neuropsychiatrica 18, no. 1 (2006): 21–24; M. Makrides and R. Gibson, “Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Requirement During Pregnancy and Lactation,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71 (2000): 307–311; Joseph. R. Hibbeln, “Seafood Consumption, the DHA Content of Mothers’ Milk and Prevalence Rates of Postpartum Depression: A Cross-national, Ecological Analysis,” Journal of Affective Disorders 69, no. 1-3 (May 2002): 15–29, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032701003743.

6. A. Coppen and C. Bolander-Gouaille, “Treatment of Depression: Time to Consider Folic Acid and Vitamin B₁₂,” Journal of Psychopharmacology 19, no. 1 (January 2005): 59–65, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15671130; Mary F. F. Chong et al., “Relationship of Maternal Folate and Vitamin B₁₂ status During Pregnancy with Perinatal Depression: The GUSTO Study,” Journal of Psychiatric Research 55 (August 2014): 110–116; Yoshihiro Miyake et al., “Dietary Folate and Vitamins B₁₂, B₆ and B₂ Intake and the Risk for Postpartum Depression in Japan: The Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study,” Journal of Affective Disorders 96, no. 1-2 (November 2006): 133–138, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032706002564.

7. Miyake et al., “Dietary Folate and Vitamins B₁₂, B₆ and B₂,” 133–138; Chong et al., “Relationship of Maternal Folate,” 110–116.

8. Miyake et al., “Dietary Folate and Vitamins B₁₂, B₆ and B₂,” 133–138.

9. Sue Penckofer et al., “Vitamin D and Depression: Where Is All the Sunshine?” Issues Mental Health Nursing 31, no. 6 (June 2010): 385–393, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2908269/; Fariba Aghajafari et al., “Vitamin D Deficiency and Antenatal And Postpartum Depression: A Systematic Review, Nutrients 10, no. 4 (February 2018): 478, http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/4/478; Katharine M. Lange et al., Department of Psychology, Southern Oregon University and Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Regensburg, Germany, “Vitamin D and Depression,” Vitamins and Food Proteins Agro Food Industry High Tech 27, no. 2 (March/April 2016), http://www.teknoscienze.com/getpdf.php?filename=Contents/Riviste/PDF/VITAMINS-FOOD%20PROTEINS_2016_low.pdf&beginpage=31&endpage=34&filetitle=Vitamin%20D%20and%20depression.

WEIGHT LOSS AFTER BABY: CHOOSE THE RIGHT TIME AND TAKE IT SLOW

1. Jack F. Hollis et al., “Weight Loss During the Intensive Intervention Phase of the Weight-Loss Maintenance Trial,” American Journal of Preventative Medicine 35, no. 2 (2008): 118–126. For a more exact reading of your calorie needs, go to http://www.caloriecontrol.org/calcalcs.html and plug in your height, weight, age, and activity level, and you will get your estimated daily maintenance calorie needs.

NUTRITIONAL SOURCES

1. Penny M. Kris-Etherton, William S. Harris, and Lawrence J. Appel for the Nutrition Committee, “Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease,” Circulation 106 (November 2002): 2747–2757.