Index

Ablabius, Flavius 243-4, 245, 246-7, 250, 281, 283, 284, 291-2

abortion 40, 222-3

Acacius 202, 239, 297

Ada Cameo see Eagle Cameo

Adamklissi 22, 23, 74

adlocutio 70, 77, 153

Adrianople 160, 165, 180, 193, 195, 300

aedes 21, 301

Aelafius 262

Aelius Aristides 28

Aemilius Magnus Arborius 291

African Mother Goddesses 26

Alemans 63-4, 89, 99, 116, 219, 306

Alexander of Alexandria 264-5, 272

Alexander the Great 67, 76, 80, 207-8, 250

Alexander the Sun 76, 77, 207

Alica 181

Allectus 94

Amandus 180

Ambrose of Milan 86, 253-4, 300

Ammianus Marcellinus 220, 298, 299

Anastasia (Constantine’s half-sister) 163

Ancyra 266

Anthousa 191, 201, 208

Antioch 239, 245, 246, 249-50, 265-6, 268, 281-3

Antiochus 108, 109, 128, 275

Antonine Itinerary 282

antoninianus 66

Antoninus Pius 30

Aphaca temple 176

Aphrahat of Mosul 249-50

Aphrodisias 203-4

Apollinarius of Hierapolis 54-5

Apollo 84, 129-30, 131, 135

Apollonius of Tyana 82-3, 105, 106, 176

apologists 48-9, 107, 278

Apostolic Tradition 58-9, 280

Appian Way 141, 142-3, 144

Apuleius 31

Arch of Constantine 114, 145, 151-8, 234

Arch of Galerius 95, 96-7, 99, 135-6

Arculf 253

Arda plain 165

Ardashir 63

argenteus 100, 101

Arians 264-9, 272

Ariaric 226

Arius 244, 264-6, 267, 268, 271-2, 273-4, 275, 279

Arles 122, 275

Council 259-64, 265, 275

Museum of Ancient Arles 207, 210, 211

sarcophagi 210, 211

Arras medallion 95

Artabanus 18

Artemis cult 18

Arval brethren 70

Arycanda inscription 159

Asclepiodotus 267

Asclepiodotus (Praetorian Prefect) 94-5

Asclepius 28, 176

Athanasius 272, 273, 274-5

Attis 29

Augusteion 191, 198, 199, 242

Augustus (Octavian) 30, 66, 146, 215

Aurelian 79-84, 93-4, 99, 130, 138, 260

Aurelian column 5

Aurelius, Marcus 23, 54-5, 153, 235

Ausonius 291

auxilia palatina 99-100

Bacchus (Dionysus) 27-8, 217

Bacurius 301

Balaklava 32

Barberini Diptych 242-3

Basilica of Constantine 144,150

Basilica of Maxentius 150

Basilica of San Marco 92

basilica in Trier 94, 125

Bassianus 163, 164

Batavi 99

baths, Trier 124-5

Baths of Diocletian 142

Baths of Zeuxippus (Zeuxippon) 191, 195, 198, 199

Beard, Mary 146

Bellona 26, 30

Benwell 23, 26

Boudicca, Queen 17

Bowersock, G. W. 17, 47

Bracchiati 99, 234

Brashear, W. M. 36

Brilliant, Richard 77

British Museum 1, 34

Brown, Peter 218-9, 229

Bructeri 121

Bruun, Patrick 139

Buc, Philippe 146

Burckhardt, Jakob 6

Byzantium see Constantinople

Cabinet des Médailles 161

Cadoux, C. John 49, 50-1

Caecilian 259, 260, 261, 262

Caelian Hill 148-9

Caerleon 21-2, 33, 35

Caesar, Julius 7-8, 66, 204

caesaropapism 258

Calcidius 171

calendar 15-16

see also Feriale

Caligula 18, 30

Calocerus 249

Calpurnii tomb 27

Calvert, Frank 192

Cameron, Averil 155

Campbell, J. B. 71

Candidianus 162

Capitoline Museum, Rome 144, 145, 150, 152, 207

Capitolinus 55

Caracalla 31, 36, 66, 67, 70, 77, 208

Carausius 88-9, 90, 91, 94, 124

Carinus 88, 98

Carnuntum summit 121-2, 163

Carrhae Battle 96

Carus 88, 98

Cassius Dio 55, 63, 193, 285

Castellum Matiacorum 26

celibates 175

Celsus 52-3, 85, 263

Chalcedon 181

Charlemagne 69

Chester

altar 73-4

fortress 17, 19, 22

chi-rho symbol 1, 5, 135-6, 173, 185, 186, 189, 233

see also labarum

Christ 84-6, 105, 172, 183-4, 187, 253

Constantine as 287-9 Christianity

see also chi-rho symbol; labarum; True Cross

bishops 256-78

Constantine’s conversion 5-6, 38, 132, 135, 167-89, 223-4

Diocletian 104-5

martyrs 107, 108-9

persecution 45-48, 59-61, 62, 107-9, 113, 118, 128, 159, 170, 259

rise of 38-61

unity 256-7

urban context 42-5

Christodorus 199

Chrysopolis 9, 181, 192, 231, 265, 268-9

Chrysostomos, John 221

Church of the Holy Apostles 190, 199, 289

Church on the Mount of Olives 252

Church of the Nativity 252, 255

Cibalae 165, 339

Cicero 15, 72-3

Circus Maximus 150

clari 205

Claudius II Gothicus 2, 3-4, 17, 62, 79-80, 130, 138

Clement of Alexandria 51, 85

Clement of Rome 51

Clement XII, Pope 153

Cleveland Museum of Art 84-5

coins 64-6, 70, 78, 100-2, 117-118, 130, 139, 150, 163-4, 166, 177-8, 227

chi-rho symbol 173

family emphasis 206-7

Goth victory 226

Helena 217

imperial divinity 208

labarum 185-186

Maxentius 143

Maximus Augustus 236

Nero 208

Sarmatia devicta 179

Sol 157-8, 173

Trier 125

vexillum 185, 6

VOTA 129

Cold River, Battle of 301

comitatus/comitatenses 97, 186, 230-1

comites provinciarum 239

Commodus 153

confession 280

conscription 59, 98

Constans (Constantine’s son) 217, 224, 291, 293-4

Constantine’s death 281, 287

marriage 247

Persia 250

promotion 246

Constantia (Constantine’s half-sister) 158, 163,

181, 182 Constantina (city) 211

see also Arles

Constantina (Constantine’s daughter) 290, 294

Constantine II (Constantine’s son) 126-7, 164, 177, 211, 217, 291

Constantine’s death 281

death 293

Goths 225

patrimony 246

Constantine’s mausoleum 149, 190, 199, 203, 286-7, 288

Constantinople 6, 9, 23, 92, 190-211, 231

court life 241-2

government 236

Hagia Sophia 190, 202, 255

mint 236

Constantius Chlorus (Constantine’s father) 2, 3-4, 87, 89-90, 91-3, 95, 96-7, 100, 108, 116, 117, 120, 130, 143

Arch of Constantine 154

death 116

decennalia 113

Trier 124

Constantius II (Constantine’s son) 126-7, 136, 196, 203, 217, 290-1, 295-300

Antioch 250

Constantine’s death 283-4

Constantine’s illness 281

Dyarchy 293

Great Cameo 218

Holy Apostles 289

marriage 245

senate 206

Constantius, Julius (Constantine’s half-brother) 238, 245, 246, 290

consuls 237-9

contubernia 20, 101

Corbridge 19, 23-4, 25-6, 32-3

Corippus 302

Cornuti 99, 135, 234

Crispinus 68-9

Crispus (Claudius Gothicus’ brother) 3

Crispus (Constantine’s son) 113, 120, 126-7, 163, 166, 177, 217

coin 136

death 219-23, 272

Licinius battle 180, 181

tutor 169-70

Crocus 99, 116

Cross see chi-rho symbol; labarum; True Cross

crucifixion 175

crusade 188-9

Ctesiphon 96

cult of the standards 19-24

Cybele 25, 29-30, 45, 77

Cyprian 2, 43, 51-2

Cyprus Museum, Nicosia 76

Cyril, bishop 255, 296-7

Dalmatia 4

Dalmatius, Flavius (Constantine’s half-brother) 238, 5, 246, 249, 290

Dalmatius, Flavius (Constantine’s nephew) 246, 290

Danube bridge 224-5

Daphne fortress 224

Daphne Palace 197

Day of the Sun 177, 178, 229

decimation 68

Decius 60, 69, 204

Deutz 232

Digeser, Elizabeth DePalma 169-70, 171

Diocesan Museum, Trier 126

Diocletian 4-5, 87-91, 93-4, 96-8, 100-8, 113-15, 122, 124, 142

abdication 114, 115-16

comitatus 230

currency reform 100

senate 204

Verona List 236-7

Dionysus (Bacchus) 27-8, 217

‘divine instigation’ 134, 145

Domitilla catacombs 84

Domitius Ahenobarbus 74

Domitius Alexander 137

Domna, Julia 77

Donatist schism 105, 259-64

donatives 65, 70, 71, 102, 139, 240, 259

Donatus, bishop 105, 259-60, 262, 263

double denarius 65-6

Dracillianus 253

Drijvers, J. W. 297

druidism 45

Dura Europos 15, 24, 35, 74

Dyarchy 89, 154, 293

dynamis 73

Eagle Cameo 126

eagle standard 22-3

Easter Chronicle 191

Edict of Milan 158-9

Egeria 255

Egnatius Lucilianus 21

Egyptian Museum, Berlin 36

Elagabalus (emperor) 15, 77–8, 242

Elagabalus (god) 77

El Djem mosaic 84

Emesa 77, 80, 83–4

Ephesus 18

equites singulares 148, 149

Eugenius 300–301

Eumenius 104

Eunapius 200, 221, 223, 224, 243 – 4, 246 – 7, 292, 299

Eusebius 3, 5, 48, 53 – 4, 60, 81, 83, 135, 150 – 1, 226, 247, 250, 253 – 4, 266 – 7, 276, 279 – 80, 289, 297, 304 – 5

celibacy 174

confession 280

Constantine’s conversion 167, 168

Constantine’s funeral 285 – 6

Constantine’s sons 292 – 3

Constantinople 201, 202 – 3

Council of Tyre 274 – 5

court life 241 – 2, 244

Crispus 220

Dalmatius 249

donatives 259

Edict of Milan 158

gaze 208

Helena 252, 269 – 70, 288

labarum 182 – 7

letter to heretics 270 – 1

Licinius 161, 162, 178

Mamre church 177

Maxentius 209 – 10

Maximinus Daia 159 – 60, 161

Moses 209, 258

Nicaea 268

Persia 251

prayer 228–9

sacrifice 230

senate 205

Victor title 216

Eusebius of Nicomedia 264 – 5, 268 – 9, 271, 272, 275, 279, 281, 284

Eustathius 244, 266

Eutropia (Constantine’s half-sister) 238, 290

Eutropia (Maxentius’ mother) 148

Eutropius 3–4, 220, 289

Evagrius 284, 291

Fabian, Pope 60

Fabius Maximus 74

Fausta (Constantine’s wife) 3, 95, 119, 120, 125, 126 – 7, 163, 164

Arles 211

coins 207, 217

death 219 – 23, 272

Great Cameo 217-8

felicitas 7, 72 – 3, 91, 95, 153, 304

Felix, bishop 107

Felix, Valerius 245, 246, 292

Feriale 21 – 2, 30, 56, 177, 302, 306

Feriale Duranum 15 – 17

First Cohort of Spaniards 16

Flavius Constantius see Constantius Chlorus

Flawborough 233

Florus 74

Fortune of Rome 201

Forum of Constantine 198

Forum of Maxentius 144

Forum of Trajan 206

Fowden, Garth 196, 201

Furius Octavianus 144

Gagé, Jean 72

Galen 43

Galerius 87, 90 – 3, 95 – 7, 98, 103, 106 – 7, 108, 115 – 16, 117 – 19, 121 – 2

death 127 – 8, 143

retirement 127

Galli 29

Gallienus 66, 74, 75, 78 – 9, 88, 97

Gallus 76, 208, 290, 295, 300

Gelasius 254 – 5

Geld en Bankmuseum, Utrecht 217

Gemma Augustea 74

genius 19, 20 – 2, 25, 26, 35 – 6

Gibbon, Edward 6

Gordian 74, 78

Goths 63 – 4, 181, 223 – 8

Great Cameo 217 – 19

Great Mother cult 25, 29

Great Palace Mosaic Museum 191

Great Persecution 103 – 9, 113, 170, 259

Great Trajanic Freize 155

Gregory the Illuminator 248

Gregory Thaumaturgus 60

Gresham’s Law 65

Hadrian 154, 194, 204

Hagia Sophia 190, 202, 255

Hall, Stuart 155

Hannibalianus 246, 250, 290

Helena (Constantine’s mother) 2 – 3, 4 – 5, 113, 126, 130, 148, 201

Caelian Hill 149

Christianity 269 – 70

coins 207, 217

Crispus’ death 221

death 287 – 8

Great Cameo 217 – 18

pilgrimage 252, 253 – 4

Helena (Crispus’ wife) 126, 219

Helenopolis 279

Helios 84

Hellespont 179, 180, 181

Henig, Martin 161, 162

henotheism 30, 49

Herculians 90 – 4, 98 – 9, 119, 120, 130

Hermupolis 36

Herodian 63, 68 – 9, 193, 285

Hierocles 83, 104, 105, 170

High Rochester 21, 36

Hinton St Mary church 1

hippodrome

Constantinople 190, 197, 198, 199 – 200

Rome 299

Salonica 178

Trier 127

Hippolytus 210

Hispellum 247

Historia Augusta 3, 63, 79, 80, 81, 83 – 4

Holy Sepulchre 245, 252, 255, 275, 288

honesta misso 16

Hormisdas 299

Horus 30 – 1

House of Aion, Paphos 27

House of Dionysus, Paphos 27

Ignatius, bishop of Antioch 47 – 8

imperator title 215

imperial cults 14, 15 – 19, 30, 72, 230

Indians 242 – 3

indiction 100

infanticide 40

invictus 8, 32, 34, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 113 – 40, 152, 157, 216, 310 Isaiah 50

Isis 30 – 1

Janowitz, Morris 20

Jerome, St 55

John the Baptist 58

Jonah 84 – 5

Jonah marbles, Cleveland 84 – 5

Jovians 90 – 4, 98 – 9

Julian the Apostate (Constantine’s nephew) 164, 198, 233 – 4, 290 – 1, 300

Julianus 104

Julius Julianus 206

Jupiter 90 – 4

Jupiter Dolichenus 25, 31 – 3, 36, 76, 78

Jupiter Optimus Maximus 7, 16, 24, 25, 29, 77

Justinian 190, 302

Justinianic Code 174

Kantorowicz, Ernst 18

Kleiner, Diana 75

labarum 5, 75, 182 – 7, 188, 209, 229, 248, 301

Lactantius 5, 98, 104, 106 – 7, 115, 116, 127 – 8, 135 – 6, 216 – 17, 305

Constantine’s conversion 169 – 72

Edict of Milan 158

Licinius 161

Maximinus Daia 159, 160

On the Deaths of the Persecutors 108 – 9, 123, 135, 158, 170, 172

Lampsakos 181

Lateran Palace see St John in Lateran church

Latin 103 – 4

Libanius 177, 224, 250 – 1, 256, 283 – 4, 291

Licinianus (Licinius’ son) 163, 164, 177, 182

Licinius 122, 128, 131, 132, 154, 158 – 66, 177, 178 – 82, 265, 268 – 9

Byzantium 193 – 4

defeat 181 – 3

religious tolerance 177 – 8

liknon 28

Livy 23, 29

Lofland, John 167

London, Museum of 34, 207

love command 42, 49–50, 51

Lucian of Antioch 159, 279

Lucius Septimius Bassianus see Caracalla

Lucius Verus 235

ludi saeculares 152

Ludovisi sarcophagus 75, 96, 211

see also sarcophagi

Luke 58

Luna 77, 156

Lupa Capitolina 144 – 5

Lydus, John 98

Macarius 253, 254

Maccabees, Second Book of 109, 128, 275

MacCormack, Sabine 298

Macmullen, Ramsay 24, 27, 31, 32

Macrinus 67 – 8, 74, 97

Magnentius 294, 295 – 6, 298

Malalas, John 282 – 3

Mamaea, Julia 66

Mamertinus 90 – 1, 104

Mamre church 176, 177, 239

Mango, Cyril 194, 196

Manichaeans 104

Marcellinus, St 294

Marcion 52, 61

Mars 7, 23, 26, 91, 129, 130, 144 – 5

Marseille siege 122 – 3

Martinianus 181, 182

martyrs 45 – 9, 59 – 61, 178

Master of the Foot 231, 239, 240, 294

Master of the Horse 231, 239, 240

Master of Offices 239, 240

Matthew 49, 54, 58

Matunus 36

Mauer-an-der-Url 32

Maurice 301

Maxentius 91 – 2, 114, 115, 118, 120, 121, 127, 128 – 9, 130, 131, 132 – 3, 259

Arch 151 – 4

building 150

defeat 145 – 9

Eusebius 209 – 10

illegtimacy 148

Milvian Bridge 136 – 8

Maxentius (cont.)

Rome 141 – 5

Maximian 4, 8, 87, 88 – 91, 93 – 4, 98, 114 – 15, 118 – 24, 130

abdication 114, 115, 116

Arch 96 – 7

death 108, 123 – 4

Maximinus Daia 66, 115 – 16, 117, 122, 128, 158 – 62

Maximinus Thrax 33, 68 – 9, 97

Maximus, Valerius 290, 292

measles epidemic 2, 38, 43, 62

Mediolanum see Milan

Megalesia 29

Mehmet the Conqueror 190

Mercurius, St 60

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 76, 207, 208

Milan 86, 90, 133, 142, 156, 158, 159 – 61, 174, 246, 247, 281

Millar, Fergus 203 – 4

Miltiades, bishop 260 – 1, 263

Milvian Bridge, Battle of the 9, 134 – 8, 155

Minervina 113, 120, 163

Minicius Audens, Marcus 26

Mithraea 35, 45, 76

Mithraeum 34 – 5, 36, 207, 232

Mithras 14, 33 – 37, 57 – 8, 76, 207, 232

Montanus 55 – 6

Moses 258

staff 209

Mursa, Battle of 295 – 6, 297 – 8

Museum of Ancient Arles 207, 210, 211

Museum of London 34, 207

museums see British Museum; Capitoline Museum; Cleveland Museum of Art; Cyprus Museum; Diocesan Museum; Egyptian Museum; Geld en Bankmuseum; Great Palace Mosaic Museum; Metropolitan Museum of Art; Museo Nazionale delle Terme; Museum of Ancient Arles; Museum of London; National Museum; Pushkin Museum; Römisch-Germanisches Museum; Walters Art Museum

Natalis, Titus Floridius 33

National Museum, Belgrade 227

Nazarius 145, 148, 204 – 5, 219

Nepotianus 290, 294

Nero 46, 161 – 2, 208

New Arch 114, 142, 152

Nicaea, Council of 264 – 9, 272, 275

Nicene creed 268

Nicomedia 194, 268 – 9, 270, 272, 273, 279, 283 – 4

Nika riot 190

Nikopolis 192 – 3

Nock, Arthur Darby 18

Notitia 202

numen 17, 72

Numerianus 98

oaths 72, 74

Octavianus 174

Olympias 247

On the Deaths of the Persecutors 108 – 9, 123, 135, 158, 170, 172

see also Lactantius

Onopodion 197 – 8

Optatus, Flavius 240, 291

Orange, H. P. L’ 207

Oration to the Saints 171 – 2, 269

Origen 49, 52 – 4, 60, 85 – 6, 104, 280

Origo Constantini 3, 95, 118, 164, 165, 178, 180, 205, 226 – 7, 276

Orosius 301

Osiris 31

Ossius of Cordoba 171, 174, 224, 259, 261, 265, 266, 267, 272, 305

Ostia 35

Ovid 29

Pacatianus, Papius 245, 246, 291 – 2

pacifism 49 – 50

Palatine Hill 141

Palmyra 15, 35, 64, 71, 74, 80, 138, 260

Panopolis papyri 100

patrician 240

Paul of Samosata 260

Paul, St 41, 50

pentarchy 244 – 8

peripety paradigm 168

Persia 248 – 51

Pertinax 285

Peter the Patrician 165 – 6

Phaedra 210

Phidias 201

Philip the Arab 69, 152, 208

Philostorgius 221, 223, 272, 284

Philostratus 82

plague 2, 248 – 9

Pliny the Younger 46 – 7, 140

Plutarch 23

Polemius, Flavius 289

Polycarp 47

Pompeianus, Ruricius 132 – 4, 137

Pompey 7

pontifices deo Soli 80 – 1

Porfyrius 138

Porphyry 104, 105 – 6, 170, 270, 287

Postumus 124

Potamiaena 60

Praetorian Guard 18, 97 – 8, 118, 121, 148, 149, 231

Praetorian Prefects 100, 126, 206, 237 – 9, 245 – 6, 284, 292

primary group dynamics 20

Prince of Youth 117

Prisca 107, 162

private religious devotion and cults 14, 24–33

Probus 69

Protectors 97–8

Prudentius 30

Prutting 35

Psyche 210

Punic Wars, Second 29

purification rites 176

Pushkin Museum, Moscow 24

quadriburgia 226

Quadriga 77, 78, 156, 161, 207, 285–6, 311

Quaestor 239, 240

Quintillus 79, 80

Raphael 187–8

Rapp, Claudia 257

Rausimodus 178–9

Red Sea sarcophagi 210–11

Regii 99

Revelation, Book of 1, 30, 51

Richborough 232

Ricinarius 302

ripa Gothica 224–5

rituals 14

romanitas 103, 104

Romanus 105

Rome 7, 16, 22, 23, 29, 30, 32, 35, 43, 44, 46, 55, 64, 70, 74, 75–7, 80–1, 84, 113–15, 119–22, 134–8, 141–66, 172, 192, 194

Römisch-Germanisches Museum, Cologne 136

Romulus, Valerius 143, 144, 151

rosaliae signorum 19

rose festivals 19

Rufinus 254, 300–1

Sabbath 229

sacramentum 16, 58, 72, 302

sacrifices 230

Christians 105–8

lustral 176, 178

St Acacius church 202

St Eirene church 202

St John in Lateran church 144–5, 149, 202, 287

St Mocius church 202

Salamis 249

salaries 101–2

Sallust 73

Salonica 71, 96, 103, 127, 135, 142, 178–9, 182, 192, 196, 198, 199, 286

sarcophagi 27, 75, 85, 96, 210–11, 228, 287

Ludovisi sarcophagus 75, 96, 211

Red Sea sarcophagi 210–11

Sarcophagus of Marcia Romania Celsa 210–11

Sarcophagus of the Trinity 210

Sardica 126, 128, 165, 166, 192, 195, 225

Sarmatians 95–6, 118, 178–9, 223–8

schismatics 270–1

Schliemann, Heinrich 192

scholae palatini 231

Scipio Africanus 7, 29, 135, 208

Scylla 27

Second Legion Adiutrix 23

second senate 203–6

Septimius Severus 31, 66–7, 70, 75–6, 77, 130, 146–7, 193

feriale 15

funeral 285

games 152

pose 208

Severus 115–16, 117, 118–19

Severus Alexander 15, 66, 67, 68

Shapur I 63

Shapur II 248, 249, 250–1

Shils, Edward A. 20

Sibylline Books 81, 82, 138

Sidonius Apollinaris 220, 243

Silenus 27

Silvester 261

Sirmium 71, 89, 126, 142, 163, 165, 173, 179, 186, 225, 227, 246, 291

smallpox epidemic 2, 43

Socrates 48

Socrates Scholasticus 5, 187, 233, 250, 254, 284

solar halos 188

Sol Augustus 79

Sol Invictus 32, 76–7, 78, 81, 82–4, 91, 97, 130, 138, 157, 177, 201

Licinius 160, 161

Nero 161–2

Sol of the Julii 84–5

Sopater 243–4, 276

Soranus 222

Sozomen 5, 187, 200, 202, 224

Speidel, Michael 19

Sphendone 190, 200

Splendour of God’s Glory Bright 86

standards 21–4, 33, 35–6, 186, 229

Stark, Rodney 39, 42, 43, 44–5

state religion 14, 15–19, 72, 176

Storch, Rudolph 73

Strategius ‘Musonianus’ 239

Suetonius 18, 200

summus deus 166, 169

Sun god 8, 84, 171–2

see also Sol Invictus

Christ 84–6

Surillio, Titus Flavius 23

Tarquin, King 145

taurobolium 30

tauroctony 34–5

tax 64–5, 100–1

Aphrodisias 204

Rome 118

Temple of Artemis Azzanathkona 15

Temple of Bel 24

Temple of Roma and Venus 144

Temple of Romulus 150

Terentius 24

Terme, Museo Nazionale delle, Rome 75

Tertullian 41, 49, 52, 54, 55–8, 61

Tervingi 225–6

Tetrarchy 87–109

Second 114–16, 117

Tetricus, C. Pius Esuvius 80

Thaiphali 225

Thecla, St 59

Theodora 4, 116, 130

Theodosian Code 140, 174, 230, 231, 271

Theodosius 72, 195, 256, 300, 301

Theology of Victory 7, 9, 71–5, 79, 83, 87, 91, 95, 132, 138 – 40, 156, 189, 302, 304, 306

Theophanes Confessor 249

theosis 266

Tiberianus, Annius 245, 246, 292

Tiberius 17, 30, 69, 74

Ticinum medallion 173

Timonianus, Nestorius 245, 246, 292

titulus 254

traditores 259–60

Trajan 22, 23, 46–7, 140

Dacian campaigns 74

Dacian wars 66

Great Trajanic Freize 155

Trophy 74

Trier 3, 71, 94, 104, 119, 124–7, 131, 136, 163, 166, 169–70, 179, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 246, 275

triumphus 29, 146–7

Troglyta, John 302

trophy, tropaeum, tropaion 70, 74–5, 151, 161, 183–7, 216, 217, 229, 248, 297

Troy 192

True Cross 253–5, 297

Turin 133

Twelfth Legion Fulminata 54–5

Tyre 255, 274–5

Ulfilas 226

Ulpius Chresimus, Marcus 32

Ulpius Silanus 81 – 2

Ursus, Flavius 289

Valens 165, 166, 195, 300

Valeria 107, 162

Valerian 62, 78, 88, 248

Valerianus, Titus Flavius 22

Valesianus, Anonymus see Origo Constantini

Vandals 99

Vardulli 35–6

Varus 23

Vatican 34, 84, 85, 86, 92, 208, 287

Vegetius 302

Velia 143–4, 150

Verona 132, 133–4

Verona List 236–7

Vetranio 294–5

vexillations 99

vexillum 22, 23–4, 185, 186

vicarius 237

Victor, Aurelius 93, 150, 220, 246, 289, 294

Victoria 74, 129, 153

Victorinus 124

Victor title 8, 215–17

Virgil 192

virtus 72–3, 81, 95

vows 25–6

Walesby 233

Walters Art Museum, Baltimore 27

warfare, Christian attitudes 49–54

warrior saints 59–61

water, Constantinople 194–5

Weiss, Peter 188

Willingham Fen 18

women

Christianity 39–42

martyrs 59–60

Woods, David 222, 299

Yerebatan Sarayi 195

Zenobia 80, 82, 83, 260

Zonaras 3–4, 222, 223, 295

Zosimus 116, 164, 165, 179, 180, 181, 205, 221–2, 223–4, 225, 231, 233, 272, 291, 295–6, 299