Ablabius, Flavius 243-4, 245, 246-7, 250, 281, 283, 284, 291-2
Ada Cameo see Eagle Cameo
Adrianople 160, 165, 180, 193, 195, 300
Aelafius 262
Aelius Aristides 28
Aemilius Magnus Arborius 291
African Mother Goddesses 26
Alemans 63-4, 89, 99, 116, 219, 306
Alexander of Alexandria 264-5, 272
Alexander the Great 67, 76, 80, 207-8, 250
Alica 181
Allectus 94
Amandus 180
Ambrose of Milan 86, 253-4, 300
Ammianus Marcellinus 220, 298, 299
Anastasia (Constantine’s half-sister) 163
Ancyra 266
Antioch 239, 245, 246, 249-50, 265-6, 268, 281-3
Antonine Itinerary 282
antoninianus 66
Antoninus Pius 30
Aphaca temple 176
Apollinarius of Hierapolis 54-5
Apollonius of Tyana 82-3, 105, 106, 176
Apuleius 31
Arch of Constantine 114, 145, 151-8, 234
Arch of Galerius 95, 96-7, 99, 135-6
Arculf 253
Arda plain 165
Ardashir 63
Ariaric 226
Arius 244, 264-6, 267, 268, 271-2, 273-4, 275, 279
Museum of Ancient Arles 207, 210, 211
Arras medallion 95
Artabanus 18
Artemis cult 18
Arval brethren 70
Arycanda inscription 159
Asclepiodotus 267
Asclepiodotus (Praetorian Prefect) 94-5
Attis 29
Augustus (Octavian) 30, 66, 146, 215
Aurelian 79-84, 93-4, 99, 130, 138, 260
Aurelian column 5
Aurelius, Marcus 23, 54-5, 153, 235
Ausonius 291
Bacurius 301
Balaklava 32
Basilica of Constantine 144,150
Basilica of Maxentius 150
Basilica of San Marco 92
Batavi 99
Baths of Diocletian 142
Baths of Zeuxippus (Zeuxippon) 191, 195, 198, 199
Beard, Mary 146
Boudicca, Queen 17
Brashear, W. M. 36
Brilliant, Richard 77
Bructeri 121
Bruun, Patrick 139
Buc, Philippe 146
Burckhardt, Jakob 6
Byzantium see Constantinople
Cabinet des Médailles 161
caesaropapism 258
Calcidius 171
see also Feriale
Calocerus 249
Calpurnii tomb 27
Calvert, Frank 192
Cameron, Averil 155
Campbell, J. B. 71
Candidianus 162
Capitoline Museum, Rome 144, 145, 150, 152, 207
Capitolinus 55
Caracalla 31, 36, 66, 67, 70, 77, 208
Carausius 88-9, 90, 91, 94, 124
Carrhae Battle 96
Castellum Matiacorum 26
celibates 175
Chalcedon 181
Charlemagne 69
Chester
chi-rho symbol 1, 5, 135-6, 173, 185, 186, 189, 233
see also labarum
Christ 84-6, 105, 172, 183-4, 187, 253
Constantine as 287-9 Christianity
see also chi-rho symbol; labarum; True Cross
Constantine’s conversion 5-6, 38, 132, 135, 167-89, 223-4
persecution 45-48, 59-61, 62, 107-9, 113, 118, 128, 159, 170, 259
Christodorus 199
Chrysopolis 9, 181, 192, 231, 265, 268-9
Chrysostomos, John 221
Church of the Holy Apostles 190, 199, 289
Church on the Mount of Olives 252
Church of the Nativity 252, 255
Circus Maximus 150
clari 205
Claudius II Gothicus 2, 3-4, 17, 62, 79-80, 130, 138
Clement of Rome 51
Clement XII, Pope 153
coins 64-6, 70, 78, 100-2, 117-118, 130, 139, 150, 163-4, 166, 177-8, 227
chi-rho symbol 173
Goth victory 226
Helena 217
imperial divinity 208
Maxentius 143
Maximus Augustus 236
Nero 208
Sarmatia devicta 179
Trier 125
VOTA 129
Cold River, Battle of 301
comitatus/comitatenses 97, 186, 230-1
comites provinciarum 239
Commodus 153
confession 280
Constans (Constantine’s son) 217, 224, 291, 293-4
marriage 247
Persia 250
promotion 246
Constantia (Constantine’s half-sister) 158, 163,
181, 182 Constantina (city) 211
see also Arles
Constantina (Constantine’s daughter) 290, 294
Constantine II (Constantine’s son) 126-7, 164, 177, 211, 217, 291
Constantine’s death 281
death 293
Goths 225
patrimony 246
Constantine’s mausoleum 149, 190, 199, 203, 286-7, 288
Constantinople 6, 9, 23, 92, 190-211, 231
government 236
mint 236
Constantius Chlorus (Constantine’s father) 2, 3-4, 87, 89-90, 91-3, 95, 96-7, 100, 108, 116, 117, 120, 130, 143
Arch of Constantine 154
death 116
decennalia 113
Trier 124
Constantius II (Constantine’s son) 126-7, 136, 196, 203, 217, 290-1, 295-300
Antioch 250
Constantine’s illness 281
Dyarchy 293
Great Cameo 218
Holy Apostles 289
marriage 245
senate 206
Constantius, Julius (Constantine’s half-brother) 238, 245, 246, 290
Corbridge 19, 23-4, 25-6, 32-3
Corippus 302
Crispus (Claudius Gothicus’ brother) 3
Crispus (Constantine’s son) 113, 120, 126-7, 163, 166, 177, 217
coin 136
Cross see chi-rho symbol; labarum; True Cross
crucifixion 175
Ctesiphon 96
Cyprus Museum, Nicosia 76
Dalmatia 4
Dalmatius, Flavius (Constantine’s half-brother) 238, 5, 246, 249, 290
Dalmatius, Flavius (Constantine’s nephew) 246, 290
Daphne fortress 224
Daphne Palace 197
decimation 68
Deutz 232
Digeser, Elizabeth DePalma 169-70, 171
Diocesan Museum, Trier 126
Diocletian 4-5, 87-91, 93-4, 96-8, 100-8, 113-15, 122, 124, 142
comitatus 230
currency reform 100
senate 204
Domitilla catacombs 84
Domitius Ahenobarbus 74
Domitius Alexander 137
Domna, Julia 77
donatives 65, 70, 71, 102, 139, 240, 259
Donatus, bishop 105, 259-60, 262, 263
Dracillianus 253
Drijvers, J. W. 297
druidism 45
dynamis 73
Eagle Cameo 126
Easter Chronicle 191
Egeria 255
Egnatius Lucilianus 21
Egyptian Museum, Berlin 36
Elagabalus (emperor) 15, 77–8, 242
Elagabalus (god) 77
El Djem mosaic 84
Ephesus 18
Eumenius 104
Eunapius 200, 221, 223, 224, 243 – 4, 246 – 7, 292, 299
Eusebius 3, 5, 48, 53 – 4, 60, 81, 83, 135, 150 – 1, 226, 247, 250, 253 – 4, 266 – 7, 276, 279 – 80, 289, 297, 304 – 5
celibacy 174
confession 280
Constantine’s conversion 167, 168
Crispus 220
Dalmatius 249
donatives 259
Edict of Milan 158
gaze 208
Mamre church 177
Nicaea 268
Persia 251
sacrifice 230
senate 205
Victor title 216
Eusebius of Nicomedia 264 – 5, 268 – 9, 271, 272, 275, 279, 281, 284
Eutropia (Constantine’s half-sister) 238, 290
Eutropia (Maxentius’ mother) 148
Fabian, Pope 60
Fabius Maximus 74
Fausta (Constantine’s wife) 3, 95, 119, 120, 125, 126 – 7, 163, 164
Arles 211
felicitas 7, 72 – 3, 91, 95, 153, 304
Felix, bishop 107
Feriale 21 – 2, 30, 56, 177, 302, 306
First Cohort of Spaniards 16
Flavius Constantius see Constantius Chlorus
Flawborough 233
Florus 74
Fortune of Rome 201
Forum of Constantine 198
Forum of Maxentius 144
Forum of Trajan 206
Furius Octavianus 144
Gagé, Jean 72
Galen 43
Galerius 87, 90 – 3, 95 – 7, 98, 103, 106 – 7, 108, 115 – 16, 117 – 19, 121 – 2
retirement 127
Galli 29
Gallienus 66, 74, 75, 78 – 9, 88, 97
Geld en Bankmuseum, Utrecht 217
Gemma Augustea 74
genius 19, 20 – 2, 25, 26, 35 – 6
Gibbon, Edward 6
Great Palace Mosaic Museum 191
Great Persecution 103 – 9, 113, 170, 259
Great Trajanic Freize 155
Gregory the Illuminator 248
Gregory Thaumaturgus 60
Gresham’s Law 65
Hall, Stuart 155
Helena (Constantine’s mother) 2 – 3, 4 – 5, 113, 126, 130, 148, 201
Caelian Hill 149
Crispus’ death 221
Helena (Crispus’ wife) 126, 219
Helenopolis 279
Helios 84
Herculians 90 – 4, 98 – 9, 119, 120, 130
Hermupolis 36
Hinton St Mary church 1
hippodrome
Constantinople 190, 197, 198, 199 – 200
Rome 299
Salonica 178
Trier 127
Hippolytus 210
Hispellum 247
Historia Augusta 3, 63, 79, 80, 81, 83 – 4
Holy Sepulchre 245, 252, 255, 275, 288
honesta misso 16
Hormisdas 299
House of Aion, Paphos 27
House of Dionysus, Paphos 27
Ignatius, bishop of Antioch 47 – 8
imperator title 215
imperial cults 14, 15 – 19, 30, 72, 230
indiction 100
infanticide 40
invictus 8, 32, 34, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 113 – 40, 152, 157, 216, 310 Isaiah 50
Janowitz, Morris 20
Jerome, St 55
John the Baptist 58
Jonah marbles, Cleveland 84 – 5
Julian the Apostate (Constantine’s nephew) 164, 198, 233 – 4, 290 – 1, 300
Julianus 104
Julius Julianus 206
Jupiter Dolichenus 25, 31 – 3, 36, 76, 78
Jupiter Optimus Maximus 7, 16, 24, 25, 29, 77
Justinianic Code 174
Kantorowicz, Ernst 18
Kleiner, Diana 75
labarum 5, 75, 182 – 7, 188, 209, 229, 248, 301
Lactantius 5, 98, 104, 106 – 7, 115, 116, 127 – 8, 135 – 6, 216 – 17, 305
Constantine’s conversion 169 – 72
Edict of Milan 158
Licinius 161
On the Deaths of the Persecutors 108 – 9, 123, 135, 158, 170, 172
Lampsakos 181
Lateran Palace see St John in Lateran church
Libanius 177, 224, 250 – 1, 256, 283 – 4, 291
Licinianus (Licinius’ son) 163, 164, 177, 182
Licinius 122, 128, 131, 132, 154, 158 – 66, 177, 178 – 82, 265, 268 – 9
liknon 28
Lofland, John 167
Lucius Septimius Bassianus see Caracalla
Lucius Verus 235
ludi saeculares 152
Ludovisi sarcophagus 75, 96, 211
see also sarcophagi
Luke 58
Lydus, John 98
Maccabees, Second Book of 109, 128, 275
MacCormack, Sabine 298
Macmullen, Ramsay 24, 27, 31, 32
Mamaea, Julia 66
Manichaeans 104
Marcellinus, St 294
Mars 7, 23, 26, 91, 129, 130, 144 – 5
Master of the Foot 231, 239, 240, 294
Master of the Horse 231, 239, 240
Matunus 36
Mauer-an-der-Url 32
Maurice 301
Maxentius 91 – 2, 114, 115, 118, 120, 121, 127, 128 – 9, 130, 131, 132 – 3, 259
building 150
illegtimacy 148
Maximian 4, 8, 87, 88 – 91, 93 – 4, 98, 114 – 15, 118 – 24, 130
Maximinus Daia 66, 115 – 16, 117, 122, 128, 158 – 62
Maximinus Thrax 33, 68 – 9, 97
measles epidemic 2, 38, 43, 62
Mediolanum see Milan
Megalesia 29
Mehmet the Conqueror 190
Mercurius, St 60
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 76, 207, 208
Milan 86, 90, 133, 142, 156, 158, 159 – 61, 174, 246, 247, 281
Miltiades, bishop 260 – 1, 263
Milvian Bridge, Battle of the 9, 134 – 8, 155
Minicius Audens, Marcus 26
Mithraeum 34 – 5, 36, 207, 232
Mithras 14, 33 – 37, 57 – 8, 76, 207, 232
Moses 258
staff 209
Mursa, Battle of 295 – 6, 297 – 8
Museum of Ancient Arles 207, 210, 211
museums see British Museum; Capitoline Museum; Cleveland Museum of Art; Cyprus Museum; Diocesan Museum; Egyptian Museum; Geld en Bankmuseum; Great Palace Mosaic Museum; Metropolitan Museum of Art; Museo Nazionale delle Terme; Museum of Ancient Arles; Museum of London; National Museum; Pushkin Museum; Römisch-Germanisches Museum; Walters Art Museum
Natalis, Titus Floridius 33
National Museum, Belgrade 227
Nazarius 145, 148, 204 – 5, 219
Nicaea, Council of 264 – 9, 272, 275
Nicene creed 268
Nicomedia 194, 268 – 9, 270, 272, 273, 279, 283 – 4
Nika riot 190
Nock, Arthur Darby 18
Notitia 202
Numerianus 98
Octavianus 174
Olympias 247
On the Deaths of the Persecutors 108 – 9, 123, 135, 158, 170, 172
see also Lactantius
Orange, H. P. L’ 207
Oration to the Saints 171 – 2, 269
Origen 49, 52 – 4, 60, 85 – 6, 104, 280
Origo Constantini 3, 95, 118, 164, 165, 178, 180, 205, 226 – 7, 276
Orosius 301
Osiris 31
Ossius of Cordoba 171, 174, 224, 259, 261, 265, 266, 267, 272, 305
Ostia 35
Ovid 29
Pacatianus, Papius 245, 246, 291 – 2
Palatine Hill 141
Palmyra 15, 35, 64, 71, 74, 80, 138, 260
Panopolis papyri 100
patrician 240
Paul of Samosata 260
peripety paradigm 168
Pertinax 285
Phaedra 210
Phidias 201
Philostorgius 221, 223, 272, 284
Philostratus 82
Plutarch 23
Polemius, Flavius 289
Polycarp 47
Pompeianus, Ruricius 132 – 4, 137
Pompey 7
Porfyrius 138
Porphyry 104, 105 – 6, 170, 270, 287
Postumus 124
Potamiaena 60
Praetorian Guard 18, 97 – 8, 118, 121, 148, 149, 231
Praetorian Prefects 100, 126, 206, 237 – 9, 245 – 6, 284, 292
primary group dynamics 20
Prince of Youth 117
private religious devotion and cults 14, 24–33
Probus 69
Prudentius 30
Prutting 35
Psyche 210
Punic Wars, Second 29
purification rites 176
Pushkin Museum, Moscow 24
quadriburgia 226
Quadriga 77, 78, 156, 161, 207, 285–6, 311
Rapp, Claudia 257
Regii 99
Richborough 232
Ricinarius 302
rituals 14
Romanus 105
Rome 7, 16, 22, 23, 29, 30, 32, 35, 43, 44, 46, 55, 64, 70, 74, 75–7, 80–1, 84, 113–15, 119–22, 134–8, 141–66, 172, 192, 194
Römisch-Germanisches Museum, Cologne 136
Romulus, Valerius 143, 144, 151
rosaliae signorum 19
rose festivals 19
Sabbath 229
sacrifices 230
St Acacius church 202
St Eirene church 202
St John in Lateran church 144–5, 149, 202, 287
St Mocius church 202
Salamis 249
Sallust 73
Salonica 71, 96, 103, 127, 135, 142, 178–9, 182, 192, 196, 198, 199, 286
sarcophagi 27, 75, 85, 96, 210–11, 228, 287
Ludovisi sarcophagus 75, 96, 211
Sarcophagus of Marcia Romania Celsa 210–11
Sarcophagus of the Trinity 210
Sardica 126, 128, 165, 166, 192, 195, 225
Sarmatians 95–6, 118, 178–9, 223–8
Schliemann, Heinrich 192
scholae palatini 231
Scipio Africanus 7, 29, 135, 208
Scylla 27
Second Legion Adiutrix 23
Septimius Severus 31, 66–7, 70, 75–6, 77, 130, 146–7, 193
feriale 15
funeral 285
games 152
pose 208
Severus Alexander 15, 66, 67, 68
Shapur I 63
Shils, Edward A. 20
Silenus 27
Silvester 261
Sirmium 71, 89, 126, 142, 163, 165, 173, 179, 186, 225, 227, 246, 291
Socrates 48
Socrates Scholasticus 5, 187, 233, 250, 254, 284
solar halos 188
Sol Augustus 79
Sol Invictus 32, 76–7, 78, 81, 82–4, 91, 97, 130, 138, 157, 177, 201
Soranus 222
Speidel, Michael 19
Splendour of God’s Glory Bright 86
standards 21–4, 33, 35–6, 186, 229
Stark, Rodney 39, 42, 43, 44–5
state religion 14, 15–19, 72, 176
Storch, Rudolph 73
Strategius ‘Musonianus’ 239
see also Sol Invictus
Surillio, Titus Flavius 23
Tarquin, King 145
taurobolium 30
Aphrodisias 204
Rome 118
Temple of Artemis Azzanathkona 15
Temple of Bel 24
Temple of Roma and Venus 144
Temple of Romulus 150
Terentius 24
Terme, Museo Nazionale delle, Rome 75
Tertullian 41, 49, 52, 54, 55–8, 61
Tetricus, C. Pius Esuvius 80
Thaiphali 225
Thecla, St 59
Theodosian Code 140, 174, 230, 231, 271
Theodosius 72, 195, 256, 300, 301
Theology of Victory 7, 9, 71–5, 79, 83, 87, 91, 95, 132, 138 – 40, 156, 189, 302, 304, 306
Theophanes Confessor 249
theosis 266
Tiberianus, Annius 245, 246, 292
Ticinum medallion 173
Timonianus, Nestorius 245, 246, 292
titulus 254
Dacian campaigns 74
Dacian wars 66
Great Trajanic Freize 155
Trophy 74
Trier 3, 71, 94, 104, 119, 124–7, 131, 136, 163, 166, 169–70, 179, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 246, 275
Troglyta, John 302
trophy, tropaeum, tropaion 70, 74–5, 151, 161, 183–7, 216, 217, 229, 248, 297
Troy 192
Turin 133
Ulfilas 226
Ulpius Chresimus, Marcus 32
Ursus, Flavius 289
Valerianus, Titus Flavius 22
Valesianus, Anonymus see Origo Constantini
Vandals 99
Varus 23
Vatican 34, 84, 85, 86, 92, 208, 287
Vegetius 302
vexillations 99
vicarius 237
Victor, Aurelius 93, 150, 220, 246, 289, 294
Victorinus 124
Virgil 192
Walesby 233
Walters Art Museum, Baltimore 27
warfare, Christian attitudes 49–54
Weiss, Peter 188
Willingham Fen 18
women
Yerebatan Sarayi 195
Zosimus 116, 164, 165, 179, 180, 181, 205, 221–2, 223–4, 225, 231, 233, 272, 291, 295–6, 299