² A trait may be an antecedent or predisposition that relates to the appraised leadership performance. Yet in many cases, the correlation between the trait and obtained leadership can be due to a third variable, such as likability. Same-source bias is present when the same raters provide the data for both the trait and the leader’s performance. Some measures, such as age and experience, are clearly antecedents of the current leadership and can arguably be regarded as cause and effect if not accounted for by their mutual correlations with a third variable