Adelaja, Sunday, 81, 86, 112, 116, 236n30
Adorno, Theodor W., 65, 88, 215, 221
advice literature, 15, 61, 108, 111, 116, 239n35; on use of visual materials, 143, 145
affinity, 22, 58, 192, 216; between Soviet and post-Soviet periods, 60–61, 108, 220; elective, 14–17, 31, 87, 163, 218
agriculture, 46, 137–138, 240n2 (chap. 4); collectivized, 51, 91, 92, 200–201, 233nn39,46; famine, 2–3
alcohol, 89, 91, 136, 137, 165, 241n2
Aleksij II (patriarch), 32, 231n13
Alexander II (tsar), 123
anti-religious campaigns, 1–2, 79, 123; under Khrushchev, 98, 101–103, 107, 235n3
Antonov, Vladimir Vasil'evich, 214, 243n9
art, 186–187; modernist, 148; socialist realist, 151; western-style, 158, 163
Asad, Talal, 7, 57–58, 229n3, 240n3 (chap. 4)
Ascension Cathedral, 99, 237n6
atheism, 1–3, 55, 62, 77; and anticlericalism, 63, 69, 89, 97, 101–102; and communism, 13, 72, 210, 229n5; critiques of religion, 6–8, 27, 40–41, 44, 48–49, 51–53, 56, 102, 105–106, 212; in post-Soviet Russia, 18, 229n10; propaganda strategies, 7, 8–11, 44, 60, 95, 111, 144, 204; and religious art, 150–155, 164, 186–187, 200; and specific denominations, 187–191. See also Knowledge Society; rituals; secularism
Baptists, 20, 49, 72, 118, 122, 183; outside of Russia, 175, 201; outsiders' attitudes toward, 114, 156, 171, 173–174, 189–190, 238n26; use of images, 157, 159–161
Bashkortostan, 128
Baubérot, Jean, 229n3
Bernshtam, Tat'iana, 206
Bible, 84, 106, 114–115, 120, 153, 174; reading practices, 119, 159–160, 178; Russian Synodal translation, 177, 242n9
Biblical books: Exodus, 179; gospels, 68; James, 113; John, 170, 176–177; Luke, 33–34; Mark, 113; Matthew, 59; Old Testament, 162; Psalms, 160, 177–178, 181, 242n9; Revelation, 213; Romans, 113; 1 Peter, 82; 2 Chronicles, 179, 182; 2 Samuel, 82
blessing, 79, 123, 158, 177, 185, 241n6
Bowen, John, 229n3
Boyer, Dominic, 167
Brezhnev, Leonid Il'ich, 69, 97, 166; policies, 18, 56, 61
Brittain, Christopher, 57
Burjats, 48
Catherine I (empress), 241n7
Catholics, 84, 134, 157–158, 172, 206
cell groups, 81–87, 111, 138, 187–188, 218, 220
cemeteries. See graveyards
Charismatics, 20, 165, 221, 236n28; Embassy of God (Kiev), 81, 86, 112, 181; in the global South, 85; Joshkar-Ola Christian Center, 57, 80–87, 112–116, 156, 173–185, 195, 201; polemics with other denominations, 113–115, 171; Triumphant Zion (Moscow), 81, 85, 181, 183, 188; Word of Life (Uppsala/Moscow), 85. See also Adelaja, Sunday; Cho, Yonggi; Dzjuba, Aleksandr; Hagin, Kenneth; Munroe, Myles; music: praise-and-worship; Stockstill, Larry
Chechen-Ingush republic, 54
Chernobyl, 213
Chimarij, 19–22, 30, 35, 126, 151, 230n11; ceremonies, 74–75, 155, 193, 201, 206, 209–210; didactic revival, 36, 127–138, 213, 219; as “Mari cult,” 49–51; registration, 32, 230n6; ritual cycle, 51, 233n45. See also sacred sites: groves; sacrifice
Christians, 28, 135. See also individual denominations
church buildings, 124; as anachronism, 100; Biblical models, 178–179; Lutheran, 29–40; Russian Orthodox, 6, 79–80, 91, 99, 122–123, 126, 199. See also Ascension Cathedral; Resurrection Church; Semënovka (village church)
cinemas, 6–7, 80, 99, 122, 126, 166; cost of tickets, 137
citation: among preachers, 111–112; in Soviet ideological language, 97, 108, 109
civil religion, 6
Clinton, Bill, 138
Coleman, Simon, 119, 241–242n5
Comaroff, Jean and John, 221
commemoration of the dead, 33, 230nn7,8, 231n18; at semyk, 44, 51, 209. See also funerals
communism, 106, 164; morality and spirituality, 97, 165–167, 169; as substitute religion, 6
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 12–13, 28, 58, 73, 210; Central Committee, 51, 54, 98, 104; congresses, 87, 97, 235n19; division of propaganda and agitation, 109; local cells, 129, 137, 189, 203; Mari regional committee, 60, 75, 103; party program, 166; policies, 144, 172; system of education, 97, 130
competitions, 92; athletic, 48, 129
comrade (form of address), 36–37, 55
conversion, 42; across ethnic lines, 30–31
Council for Religious Affairs (also known as Council for Religious Cult Affairs and Council for Russian Orthodox Church Affairs): of Marij El, 19; of the Soviet Union, 46, 50–51, 54, 60, 95. See also Nabatov, Aleksandr Kharitonovich; Savel'ev, Viktor Ivanovich
crosses, 93, 114, 153, 162, 207
cult of personality, 69, 87, 189, 235n19
cultural workers, 128–129, 135. See also methodicians
culture: clubs (see houses of culture); infrastructure, 73–74, 125–126; opposed to religion, 44
didacticism, 60, 62, 78, 96–98, 121, 202–204; “didactic orientation,” 13; and lifelong transformation, 209, 211, 217; network structure, 63, 80, 95, 107–108, 119, 130; post-Soviet, 71–72, 125–127, 133–135, 216; and spectacle, 165, 188; spirit of, 218, 223
Dragadze, Tamara, 9
dramatic performance, 113, 146, 148
dreams, 143, 158, 160–161, 164, 192
Dukhanin, Valerij, 158–159, 167, 172, 241n6
Dumont, Louis, 78
Durkheim, Émile, 6–7, 200, 229n7
Dzjuba, Aleksandr, 81, 86, 112–116
ecclesiology, 60
education: and social mobility, 96–97 See also pedagogy
educational institutions, 5, 122; Academy of Social Sciences, 54; College for Cultural Enlightenment, 76; Kazan' Theological Academy, 102; medrese, 73, 208–209; Moscow Spiritual Academy, 172; schools and universities, 18, 76, 200, 207, 234n48; Soviet Academy of Sciences, 166; teachers college, 9, 70–71, 72; technical institutes, 82–83, 100, 129
Eickelman, Dale, 15
embroidery, 45, 129, 154–155, 193, 195
Engelke, Matthew, 151
Engels, Friedrich, 27, 41, 64, 230n2
Erlmann, Veit, 180
Evenings of Miracles without Miracles, 9, 11, 66, 68–69, 145–146, 188; portrayal of religion in, 152, 212
exclusive humanism, 7
fasting, 87, 178, 206, 209, 210–211
Feofan the Recluse (monk and saint), 159, 168
festivals, 44, 46–47, 78–79, 232nn24,26; organizers, 61; post-Soviet, 57; religious, 47–48, 74, 91, 157, 200–201, 231n18, 241n2; Soviet, 6–7, 48, 75, 91, 92, 97, 166, 202–203, 234n54. See also agavajrem; peledysh pajrem; sabantuj; sürem
Feuerbach, Ludwig, 2 film. See under mass media
film projectionists, 201
Finland, 130, 231n9. See also under missionaries
Finno-Ugric: languages, 36–37; republics, 129. See also Maris; Udmurts
Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 96
Foucault, Michel, 84
friendship of the peoples, 4
funerals: religious, 33–34, 152, 199, 204, 230n7, 243n1; secular, 202–203
Furman, Dmitrij, 229n10
G-12 principle, 81
Geertz, Clifford, 240n3 (chap. 4)
Gestalt psychology, 148
glossolalia, 173–174, 178, 180, 184; Soviet perceptions, 190
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 147–148, 150, 220; Elective Affinities (novel), 16, 218, 222
Goltz, Hermann, 79
Gorfunkel', P. L., 149
graveyards, 6, 32–34, 50, 55, 209, 231n14
headdresses, 45, 90; scarves, 114, 129, 135, 232n19
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 148, 167
hesychasm, 163. See also prayer; prayer: Jesus prayer
Hirschon, Renée, 205
Höhn, Hans-Joachim, 199
holidays. See festivals
house groups. See cell groups
House of Political Enlightenment, 75, 130
houses of culture, 12, 73–74, 129, 137; as places of worship, 20, 122, 124, 126, 184; as venues for atheist events, 9, 145; yogi’s office in, 213–214
Humphrey, Caroline, 48, 166–167, 241n4 (chap. 6)
icons, 143, 186, 241n7; debates about, 150–157, 161–164, 167, 178–179; of Mother of God, 52, 102, 123, 161; placed in home, 154–155, 176, 195, 210, 241n3 (chap. 5)
ideology, 10, 11, 104, 107, 116; and aesthetics, 67–68, 187
Ignatij (Brjanchaninov, bishop and saint), 158–159
Il'minskij, Nikolaj, 42
images: theories, 154, 159, 161–162. See also icons; nagljadnost'; visual teaching aids
imagination, 151, 154, 156, 159–161, 164; Russian Orthodox critiques, 157–158, 162, 220
India, 28, 62, 150, 214, 229n4; secularism in, 3, 5, 58, 230n1, 234n55
inspiration, 85–87, 117–119, 174–175; demonic, 159, 173, 218, 221
Institute in Basic Life Principles, 117–118, 160
internal conversion, 133
invisible religion, 216
Ioann (Archbishop of Joshkar-Ola and Marij El), 123, 125, 211
Iov (Archbishop of Kazan'), 101–102
Islam. See Muslims
Jakobson, Roman, 230n3
Jay, Martin, 144
Jesus Christ, 82, 163, 170, 178, 181; depictions, 152–153, 156–160; in Biblical stories, 68, 176–177; model for Christians, 86, 173–174; relation to Mari divinities, 136
Joshkar-Ola (city), 2, 83, 95, 136–137, 199; architectural changes, 99–100, 122–125, 124, 194; previous names, 5; as religious center, 20, 29, 75, 79, 127, 171, 201
Jumyn jüla (book), 35, 131–132, 134
Kant, Immanuel, 147
Kazan': capital of Tatarstan, 73, 125, 208–209; khanate, 4, 28, 38, 42, 231n16; Russian Orthodox diocese, 20, 101–102
Keller, Eva, 83
KGB (Soviet secret police), 103, 232n29
Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich, 2, 65, 69, 102, 189; didactic initiatives, 83, 98–99, 103, 121, 122; housing projects, 99–100, 123; virgin lands campaign, 97
Kivelson, Valerie, 151
Knowledge Society, 8–11, 73, 127, 130; atheist section, 54, 68–69, 186, 235n3, 239n36; mandate and approaches, 62–65, 69–70, 109, 221, 236n22; Mari division, 60, 66, 104, 110; planetarium, 122, 213; under perestroika, 212–213, 215; research activities, 166; ties to Communist Party, 63, 238n28; training of lecturers, 78, 116–117
Komsomol, 12, 61, 98, 191, 241n3 (chap. 5); source of connections, 72, 214; system of education, 97, 110
Kopylova, Marina, 155
Kotkin, Stephen, 106
Kul'bash (village and mosque), 52–53, 234n48
League of the Militant Godless, 8, 62–63, 69
lecturers, 10, 11, 104–105; evaluations of, 110–111, 116–117
lectures, 95, 104, 108, 129, 131, 190; audience for, 143, 201; texts, 66, 105, 117, 239n39; titles, 109, 111–112, 134, 239n35
legislation on religion: post-Soviet, 19, 32, 127, 231n14; in Russian Empire, 42, 191, 231n16; in Soviet Union, 1, 9, 49, 53, 105, 152, 172, 190
Lenin, Vladimir Il'ich, 144, 149, 164, 173, 203; square and statue, 99–100, 106
Leo III (Byzantine emperor), 162–163
Lindquist, Galina, 211
Ljupersola (village), 29, 32, 40, 72, 127–128
Luhrmann, Tanya, 175, 181, 184, 242n5
Lutherans, 11, 19, 21, 70–72, 115, 143; liturgy, 170, 176–177; relationship with Russian Orthodox, 153, 171; in rural Marij El, 32–40, 127–128, 201, 230n4; spread in Volga region, 29–30
Mahmood, Saba, 77
Makarenko, Anton Semënovich, 84
Mari Cultural Center, 20, 128, 130–131, 230n6
Mari republic, 17–19, 21; economic conditions, 46, 125, 127, 240n4; history, 4–5, 169; linguistic situation, 29, 36, 106, 135, 230n3, 238n19; Ministry of Culture, 59, 123, 130; Ministry of Education, 75; presidential administration, 122–123; religious diversity in, 19, 33–34, 37, 40, 50, 136, 151; renamed Marij El, 13; sociological surveys, 54–55, 65–66, 166, 212
Maris, 18–19, 33, 54–55, 90; cultural revival, 130, 133–34, 136, 193; diaspora, 128; reputation among Russians, 105, 231n17, 238n19, 243n3
Markelov, Leonid Igorevich, 123, 125
Martin, David, 108
Marx, Karl, 8, 41, 56, 218, 221; street named after, 99–100, 123; writings, 27, 59–60, 212, 230n2
Marxism, 16, 167; Soviet interpretations, 6, 49, 57, 59, 77; views of history, 137, 191
mass media, 14, 95, 116, 119, 190; film, 109, 137, 144, 156–158, 167, 191; newspapers, 101–103; radio and sound recordings, 11, 53, 68, 92, 149, 207, 215; television, 100, 110, 176, 213; video, 111, 118, 155, 160–161
Mazower, Mark, 28
mer kumaltysh (world prayer ceremony), 132
Messick, Brinkley, 15
method, 14, 60, 63–71, 120, 165; distinction from methodology, 12–13, 143; ethical issues, 17, 68, 70, 80, 87–88, 164; and psychology, 214; theological perspectives, 76–78, 81–87, 173. See also advice literature
methodicians, 12–13, 15, 60–62, 70, 105; life stories, 199, 207–211; religious, 13, 71–77, 131, 213; social background, 18, 96; work ethos, 87–88, 120–121, 167, 169, 215–216
Meyer, Birgit, 160
missionaries: from Finland, 29–31, 34, 36–37, 128, 153; networks of, 21, 111; from Russia, 42, 176; from the United States, 80–81, 86, 112, 118, 174
Miyazaki, Hirokazu, 222
monasteries, 84, 123, 128, 230n5; in Ezhovo, 35, 39; as places of spiritual practice, 168–170, 206, 236n27
Mordovia, 132
Moscow, 17, 188; as administrative center, 9, 31, 129, 131; as religious center, 21, 156, 175; as source of instructional materials, 63, 190, 203
mosques: in Joshkar-Ola, 13, 22, 73, 106, 124, 126, 208–209; Qol Sharif, 125; in rural areas, 52–53, 210, 234n48, 243n1
music, 214; akathistos hymns, 102; chastushka songs, 25, 89, 93, 141, 146; folkloric, 47, 91, 129, 130; liturgical, 87, 171–172, 179–181, 187, 207, 220; praise-and-worship, 113–115, 118, 175–185, 188; rock, 191–192; at secular events, 9, 70, 145
Muslims, 19, 28, 42, 49, 75; converts, 210, 221; and education, 15, 16, 73, 206; in Egypt, 14, 77, 157; and folk traditions, 47, 230n7; and religious images, 151, 153–154, 156; in Soviet period, 122. See also mosques; Tatars
Nabatov, Aleksandr Kharitonovich, 46–54, 59–60, 129, 200, 210; biography, 232n29, 234n53
nagljadnost', 144–151, 160, 162–164; interior, 149, 152, 158
neighborliness, 27–29, 31, 34, 37, 53; and other scales of political identification, 41, 75, 132; and religiosity, 55, 80, 136–137
Nekhoroshkov, Mikhail Fedorovich, 9, 68, 145, 152–154, 203, 215
Neuberger, Joan, 151
nostalgia, 138
Obeyesekere, Gananath, 169–170
okto
chos (eight tone system of Eastern Orthodox music), 180
Old Believers, 20, 49, 50, 154–155, 205
Omar II (caliph), 162
onaeng (Chimarij priests), 21, 42, 128–129, 193, 206; training, 131–132, 134
Ordynskij, Vasilij, 191
Paganism, 151; Soviet atheist views, 47, 56, 232n26. See also Chimarij
Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich, 187
Paxson, Margaret, 155
pedagogy, 15, 165; centralized curricula, 65, 82, 120; and discernment, 221; as mobilizing force, 60, 62, 96–99, 119; nineteenth-century reformers, 61, 148, 150, 215; Soviet approaches, 78, 145, 160, 164, 190
peledysh pajrem, 44, 46–47, 57, 74, 90
Pentecostals, 20, 81, 108, 128, 138, 169; liturgy, 178–181, 185, 242nn5,11; Soviet views, 189–191; use of images, 157, 160, 161, 184. See also Charismatics; glossolalia; spirituality: Pentecostal understandings
perestroika, 30, 199, 208, 213–214
Pestalozzi, Johann, 148
pioneer palaces, 12
Pivovarov, Viktor Grigor'evich, 54
Plaggenborg, Stefan, 88
political theology, 28, 31, 41, 58; of the sovereign, 32
Popov, Nikandr Semënovich, 131, 133–134
posters, 73, 74, 89, 143, 145, 161; color in, 148
postsecular, 13–14, 199, 202, 221
prayer, 79, 134, 161, 171–172, 210, 213; during church services, 178, 180, 187, 195; during didactic events, 82, 85, 118–119; in front of icons, 152, 158, 162–163; intercessory, 208–210, 217, 236n27; Jesus prayer, 159; over maps, 184. See also glossolalia
precariousness, 125–126, 132, 138, 219
propaganda, 12–13, 70, 96, 144; center-periphery relations in, 9, 62, 106–107, 127, 145, 200–201; and emotional influence, 7, 69–70, 146, 152, 186–191, 220; performative genres, 66; transmission of ideas in, 103–104, 109. See also atheism; method
Protestantization, 133
Protestants, 75, 206, 211; legal position, 32, 207; organizational structures, 107–108, 111, 183; outsiders’ attitudes toward, 30–31, 80, 151, 157, 172–173; priesthood of all believers, 78, 84; social outreach, 16, 189. See also individual denominations
public, 108–109, 117, 173; didactic, 9–12, 80, 126; liberal theory, 11. See also under secularism
Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich, 32, 125
Quakers (Society of Friends), 170
Quran, 153–154; recitation, 13, 73, 75, 208, 230n7
Ramadan. See fasting
religion: and age, 101, 103, 107, 202–211; changes under secularization, 9, 14, 53, 133, 216; and education, 15; and ethnicity, 19–20, 30, 105, 106, 243n3; and gender, 9, 89, 204–206; and modernity, 1, 164, 222; in post-Soviet politics, 40; relation to secularity, 6, 17, 22, 199–202, 208, 220; sociological surveys, 54–55; Soviet definitions, 6–7, 132, 212; Soviet policy, 43, 45–46. See also anti-religious campaigns; atheism; communism; science
Resurrection Church, 2, 194; closing, 95, 99–107, 199; reconstruction, 123
ritual murder, 43, 191, 231n17
ritual sponsors: collective farms, 46–47, 50, 52–53, 75, 129–130, 136–137; cultural workers, 74–75, 193; households, 48, 201, 206; villages, 42–43, 45, 52
rituals: atheist understandings, 186–187; life cycle, 202–205, 242n1. See also festivals
Rogers, Douglas, 205
Russian Federation: ethnic politics, 131; Ministry of Culture, 128–129, 135
Russian Orthodox Church, 84, 114–115, 151, 165; atheist views, 186–187, 199; Byzantine revival, 159–160, 162–163, 170–172, 180; clergy, 76–77, 101, 125, 236n27; and didacticism, 80, 139, 219, 221; diocese of Joshkar-Ola and Marij El, 19, 20, 39, 57, 72, 122, 231n13; ecclesiology, 79–80, 169, 206; economics, 106; and government institutions, 29, 75, 123, 126, 191; holidays, 7, 44, 101; liturgical theology, 176–181, 184–185; among Maris, 35, 50, 154, 201, 210, 243n1; Moscow Patriarchate, 103, 241n6; outreach activities, 128, 135, 168, 172; polemics with other confessions, 153–154, 158, 161; and Russian nationalism, 32, 38–39; social concept, 134. See also church buildings: Russian Orthodox; icons; missionaries; monasteries; Philokalia; saints: Sisters of Mercy; spirituality
Russians, 18, 130; ethnic festivals, 57, 234n54
sabantuj, 44, 46–48, 57, 232n24, 233n45
sacred sites, 53, 128; groves, 42, 74–75, 91, 130, 136; Soviet desecrations, 44–45, 90, 213; springs, 21, 35, 50, 52
sacrifice: Chimarij, 22, 48, 50–51, 193, 206, 221, 233nn39,46; Christian, 181–185. See also sacred sites: groves
Sahlins, Marshall, 87
Saint Petersburg, 123, 128, 191
saints, 77, 152–153, 161–163, 236n27; Elijah, 101; Gurij of Kazan, 39; Ignatius of Loyola, 158–159; John Chrysostom, 173; Nicholas, 136; Paul, 113, 118, 168, 173, 182; Peter and Paul, 74, 129, 137, 236n23; Teresa of Avila, 158
Savel'ev, Viktor Ivanovich, 190–191, 204, 207, 234n53, 243nn1,3
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, 148
Schulz, Johannes Heinrich, 214
science, 211–213, 216; opposed to religion, 9, 89, 111, 144–146, 215; popularizers, 61. See also Knowledge Society
Second World War, 203; evacuations to Volga region, 20, 99; as a turning point in religious policy, 1, 8, 43, 45, 219
secularism, 3; and education, 12, 15, 207–208; and ethnoreligious diversity, 22, 27, 58, 102; and gender, 44–45, 47; as humanism, 7, 56, 71, 164–167, 217; international comparison, 8, 229nn3,5, 230n1; and liberalism, 9–10; and public sphere, 44, 48, 57, 100, 132, 137–138; and rapid modernization, 1, 5, 28. See also France; India; Turkey
secularity, 6; relation to religion, 3, 17
secularization, 16. See also religion: changes under secularization
Semënovka (village church), 35, 38, 95, 122, 199, 202
sermons, 14, 82–85, 108, 119, 172, 201; effect on congregation, 181–182, 187, 189; in mosque, 153; tape recordings, 111, 113, 116; titles, 109, 112, 134
Seventh-day Adventists, 20, 49, 65, 67, 122, 190, 207
Shevzov, Vera, 161
Shin'sha (village), 73–74, 78, 90, 130, 136
Shorun'zha (village), 155, 162, 209, 213, 220; sürem ceremony in, 129–130, 132, 134, 136–138
shymaksh. See headdresses
Skoptsy, 191
Society for the Dissemination of Political and Scientific Knowledge. See Knowledge Society
Sofronov, Nikolaj Sergeevich, 186–187, 212
Solov'ev, Viktor Stepanovich, 54–57, 60, 69, 166, 204, 240n3 (chap. 5)
soulfulness, 158, 167–168, 172–173, 180, 188, 220
space exploration, 92, 105, 145–146, 191–192
spirit, 167–174, 182, 219–220; Holy, 81, 85, 118, 179, 190; possession by, 170, 180
spiritual warfare, 184
spirituality, 39, 158, 202; and occultism, 169, 211, 215–216; Pentecostal understandings, 169–171, 173–184, 188, 242n6; Russian Orthodox views, 168, 171–173, 178–181, 184–185, 205, 218; Soviet understandings, 165–167, 217, 234n1
Stalin, Iosif Vissarionovich, 1, 6, 15, 121, 189, 241n4 (chap. 5); death of, 67, 235n19; policies, 45, 69, 131, 233n39
Stenjaev, Oleg, 156–158, 162–163, 167–168, 171
Stepanjan, Tsolak Aleksandrovich, 166
Stewart, Charles, 205
Stites, Richard, 164
study circles: Bible study, 72, 82, 118–120; Soviet, 61, 82–84, 110, 218, 220. See also cell groups
subbotnik, 75
syncretism, 28
tamada, 130
Tanygin, Aleksandr Ivanovich (Chimarij high priest), 35, 128, 130–132, 153
Tashkent, 68
Tatars, 13, 102; in Mari republic, 18, 33, 34, 50, 52–55, 106, 208. See also mosques; sabantuj
Tatarstan (Tatar ASSR), 63, 101. See also Kazan'
teachers, 88; and religious knowledge, 75–76, 209, 213; as agents of secularism, 116, 127, 201; as prophets, 85–87; students' relationship to, 109, 120
teaching aids: divinely inspired, 117–119; lists, 119–120, 133–134, 178
theologization, 14, 15–16, 84, 87; of science, 211
Tolstoy, Lev, 148
traditional religions, 19, 32, 39, 231nn12,13
training seminars: atheist, 68–69, 111; Chimarij, 128–130, 135, 193; Christian, 74, 112, 113, 116, 118, 160
Trotsky, Leon, 6
Turkey, 3, 5, 58, 138, 230n1; as model for Tatarstan, 125
Tylor, Edward Burnett, 229n7
Udmurtia, 128
Veniamin (Milov, archimandrite), 172–173
Viola, Lynne, 205
visual teaching aids, 92, 143, 146, 200; and intuitive learning, 147–149, 160. See also nagljadnost'; posters; wall newspapers
Volga region: ethnoreligious diversity, 8, 27, 42–45, 126, 192, 220, 231n12; history, 4, 42–43; popular religiosity, 204, 206–207. See also Mari republic
vospitanie (moral training), 98
Ware, Kallistos, 159
Warner, Michael, 108
Weber, Max, 16, 218–220. See also affinity: elective
Yeltsin, Boris Nikolaevich, 32, 240n2 (chap. 4)
Yurchak, Alexei, 67, 97, 107, 191
Zeffirelli, Franco, 156