Abyssinia. See Ethiopia
Abyssinians, 41–42
Adams, Sherman, 145–46
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 41–56, 68
Africa, 29–30, 47, 74–75, 79, 147, 157; China as new colonialist in, 211n89; Great Britain in, 42–43, 55; Moscow assuming moral leadership in, 72; repatriation to, 19–22, 152–53, 172n49; white supremacy strengthened by, 92
African Americans. See specific topics
Africans, 6–7, 8, 18–19, 26, 91, 111; Asians conflated with, 30; Asiatic Black Man produced by, 30; Euro-Americans subjugating, 25
Afro-America, 126–27
Afro-Asian solidarity. See specific topics
Alabama, 14, 27, 43, 118, 137, 138–39; Tuskegee in, 143
Alexander, Raymond Pace, 164–65
Alexandria, Louisiana, 127–29
Ali, Duse Mohammed, 46–47
Allah Temple of Islam, 12, 13, 49–50, 84
American Indians. See Native Americans
Americans. See Euro-Americans
American South. See Southern U.S.
Anglo-American-centered peace, 38–49
ANP. See Associated Negro Press
anti-Tokyo movement, 31–32
antiwar activists, 14–15
apartheid, 119–20, 151, 156–57, 159
Arkansas, 3, 9, 40, 62–63, 133
Army, U.S., 79, 83, 130, 135, 159, 198n60; Air Corps, 118, 136–41; Air Force, 143; Temple of Islam member joining, 102–3; War College, 131
Asia, 9, 42, 47, 72, 75, 165; British in, 6–7, 55, 182n41; White, Walter, in, 157–58; white domination in, 51, 74; WWII in, 172n54
Asians, 9, 26, 29–30, 46, 73–74, 164–65; bias against, 39; California dominated by, 44; labor, 32; racial polarization influencing, 45; Tokyo toughening, 51; as white, 152. See also Asiatics; Filipinos; Japanese
Asia-Pacific region, 1, 30, 90–91. See also Pacific War
Asiatic Black Man, 36, 81, 84, 94, 102, 147; Africans producing, 30; Asians producing, 30; NOI popularizing, 48–50
Asiatics, 5–6, 9, 17, 18–19, 35, 58; Black Nationalists as, 94, 147; as citizens, 100; Japanese fighting for, 106; race, 49–50
Associated Negro Press (ANP), 55, 72, 74, 85–86, 90–91, 120; in France, 142–43; on Japanese, 160; overview of, 170n28; on pilots, 136; on Selfridge Field, 140; Tokyo striking, 151. See also Barnett, Claude A.
Australia, 38, 134–35, 156, 159
Axis propaganda, 122–23
Back-to-Africa Movement, 21–22, 41–42, 67–68
Baker, Josephine, 161–62
Baker, William, 59–60
Bamber Bridge, 141–42
Barnett, Claude A., 18, 58, 67, 69, 124, 130; Acheson telling, 150; on internment, 145
Barnett, Pearl. See Sherrod, Pearl
Bates-Bey, Cash C., 81–82
Beijing, China, 94, 211n89, 212n94
Bennett, Robert L., 144, 155, 163, 203n15
Berlin, Germany, 14, 21, 37, 73, 90, 119; Tokyo influenced by, 38, 47–48, 93; Washington, D.C., outflanked by, 178n121
Bilbo, Theodore, 19–22, 67, 79, 91–93, 102; on black races, 151; on California, 152; Coleman to, 177n105; Cooks to, 178n113; to Duncan, 177n100; Edgar to, 178n121; Garvey influencing, 178n114; Gordon telling, 74–75, 178n109, 192n87, 192n88; Gregory informing, 154–55; on Japanese, 193n1; Johnson, D., to, 192n87; Larremore pressing, 126–27; Lyn to, 178n114; McComb told about to, 106; Rose to, 192n87; Stewart to, 177n105; Wade writing to, 106–7; on white races, 151; white supremacy fought for by, 151–54
Black Dragon Society, 7, 12–13, 57, 58, 76; colored people influenced by, 126; Japanese Americans trained by, 174n83
Black Nationalists, 153; as Africans, 18–19; Allah Temple of Islam as, 12, 13, 49–50, 84; as Asiatics, 18–19, 94, 147; China hostility of, 22, 186n51; Cooks as, 20, 97, 178n113; EPM as, 13, 53, 84, 85, 95–97; Ethiopia buoying, 53–56, 76; Fagen as harbinger of, 28; Japanese invoking rhetoric of, 6; overview of, 6–23; PME as, 76–80, 97, 100, 101–2, 172n49, 177n100; Wheaton as, 158–59. See also Asiatic Black Man; Garvey, Marcus; Gordon, Mittie Maude Lena; Malcolm X; Moorish Science Temple; Nation of Islam; Pacific Movement of the Eastern World; Universal Negro Improvement Association
Blakey, Art, 210n76
Blanton, Barry, 112–13
Blytheville, Arkansas, 62–63
Bogans, Gulan. See Mohammed, Elijah
Bombay, India, 156–57
Boraster, Ethelbert Anself, 3, 95, 98
Brant, G. C., 137–38
Brazil, 46, 63, 110, 115; Japanese in, 8, 98, 199n7; Takis on, 98
Bridges, Styles, 145–46
Britain. See Great Britain
British, 37, 42–43, 80, 99, 141–42, 143; in Asia, 6–7, 55, 72, 182n41
British Canadians, 91
British India, 48
Brown, Pink, 61–62
brown Americans, 130–46
brown Japanese, 130–46
Bryan, Leon S., 135–36
Buck, Frank, 118–19
Butler, Lee, 59–60, 63–64, 97, 108, 112–18, 119
Cairo, Illinois, 7, 98, 99–100, 106, 117, 138
California, 9, 31–32, 34–36, 44, 45, 46; anti-Tokyo bias of, 42–43; Bilbo on, 152; Butoku-Kai societies in, 174n83; Erwin visiting, 109; Filipinos in, 130; Hitler influencing, 207n21; Japanese Americans influencing, 87, 123–27, 145, 152, 207n21, 211n84; Krause lamenting, 152–53; Mexicans imported into, 124; Oakland in, 47. See also Los Angeles, California; San Francisco, California
Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia, 132–33
Centerville, Mississippi, 106–7, 198n60
Chicago, Illinois, 2, 12, 48–49, 100–106, 107, 169n21; Abyssinians arriving at, 41–42; Gordon as of, 20, 21, 67; Hughes, L., reminding, 14–15; Japanese in, 153–54, 210n79; journalist, 36; Muhammad sentenced in, 105; PMEW organized in, 58; as propaganda site, 47
Chiles, Nick, 35–36
China, 12, 22, 47, 135, 165, 186n51; as Africa’s new colonialist, 211n89; alliance with, 73; attitudes favoring, 74; Euro-Americans in, 71, 169n23; Japanese incursions into, 37, 42–43, 50–51, 52, 69, 73–74, 110, 191n50; lynching reacted to by, 71–72; Manchuria in, 11, 51; Pickens on, 61; Shanghai in, 43, 51, 71; Tokyo assaulting, 25; Washington, D.C.’s entente with, 94, 211n89, 212n94; Wheaton defecting to, 159; white soldiers invading, 145–46
Chinese, 26, 73–74, 75, 121–22, 126, 155; press mentioning, 186n51; racial prejudice overthrown by, 192n83; racism used by, 158–59
Chinese Students Club, 73–74
Christianity, 79–80, 83, 86, 206n8
Civil Rights Congress (CRC), 147–48
Civil War, U.S., 18, 25, 26, 89, 137; attorney general on, 44; South after, 141
Cleveland, Ohio, 16, 19–20, 36, 86
Colored American National Organization, 103–4
Columbia University, 1–2
Columbus, Ohio, 119–20
Communist Party (CP), 11, 12–14, 68–69, 73, 84, 119; China ruled by, 165; propaganda, 89
Communists, 6, 14, 22, 55, 160–61, 212n94; handbook, 62; propaganda, 158–59
Confederate States of America (CSA), 27–28
Constitution, U.S., 123–24
Cooks, Carlos, 20, 97, 178n113
Cox, Earnest Sevier, 67, 172n49
CP. See Communist Party
CRC. See Civil Rights Congress
CSA. See Confederate States of America
Davis, Frank Marshall, 91, 119, 164
Deep South, 35–36
De Guzman, Mimo. See Manansala, Policarpio; Takis, Ashima
Demena, 64–65
Detroit, Michigan, 12, 13, 48–50, 88–89, 108
The Development of Our Own (TDOO), 13, 50
Dies, Martin, 87–89
Dixie. See Southern U.S.
Dixie, Indiana, 8–9
Dixiecrats, 19–22, 27–28. See also Bilbo, Theodore
Du Bois, W. E. B., 3–4, 30, 48, 69, 71, 149; in Indonesia, 150; Moscow attraction of, 156; on Russia, 191n50
Dunbar, Rudolph, 142–43
Dunson, T. C., 5–6
East St. Louis, Illinois, 3, 4, 8, 9, 13, 59–66; Chanute Air Force Base influenced by, 138; FBI told in, 88–89; grand jury in, 112–18; Jackson spreading ripples to, 106; Pacific War influencing, 155; PMEW in, 97–99; St. Louis and, 107–11; Sikeston in vicinity of, 99–100; South America migrated to from, 199n7; trial in, 112–19
Edgar, Joseph, 21, 92, 178n121
EPM. See Ethiopia Pacific Movement
Erwin, David D., 59, 62–63, 64–65, 97, 108, 109; grand jury preceding trial of, 112–18; trial of, 119
Ethiopia, 11, 15–16, 41–56, 64, 66–67, 68; Black Nationalists buoyed by, 76; Huggins in, 70; Huks’ solidarity with, 157; Thompson on, 80
Ethiopian World Federation (EWF), 59, 67, 190n38
Ethiopia Pacific Movement (EPM), 13, 53, 84, 85, 95–97
Euro-Americans, 2–3, 4, 8, 10, 12, 17; Africans subjugated by, 25; Asia ouster of, 75; Browne on, 149; business competition eliminated by, 123; in China, 71, 169n23; colonialism, 50–51; evacuation caused by, 123; Fagen guarding, 28; on Japanese, 121, 165; on Japanese Americans, 207n21; lynching worries of, 168n15; military attacks of, 29; Philippines ouster of, 75; Plan of San Diego liquidating, 37; police officers, 41–42; race war motivating, 14; racial correlation of forces, concern of, 44; Shanghai disrupted by, 43; soldiers, 128–29; Southern standards conformed to by, 140; Tokyo spied for by, 87; working class, 64; WWII influencing, 103
Europe, 6, 11, 20, 109, 142–43, 211n87; alliance with, 65; atomic weapons dropped in, 161; invasion of, 37; starvation taking place in, 97
Europeans, 26, 29–30, 169n23, 172n54; colonialism, 6, 22, 42–43, 50–53, 76; religion designated by, 22
EWF. See Ethiopian World Federation
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 8, 12–13, 15, 89, 102–3, 114; BB Plan known about by, 96; Briggs-Bey noticed by, 97; Butler telling, 59, 108, 109; Holness arrested by, 95–96; internment orders given by, 125; KKK investigated by, 155; on MST, 82–83, 106; real estate dealer reported about to, 88
Filipinos, 10, 15, 27–29, 51, 88, 203n10; in California, 130; as colored races part, 36; Tillman reproving, 36; as Tokyo agents, 36, 132, 193n5. See also Manansala, Policarpio
Fletcher, T. Thomas Fortune, 27–28, 30, 46, 156–57, 182n42
Foreign Ministry (Japan), 4, 46
France, 72, 90, 127, 137, 142–43, 197n49
Freeman, Linn. See Karriem, Linn
“Fu Manchu” (fictional character), 12, 173n60
Garvey, Marcus, 4, 6, 15, 19–22, 38, 40; Bilbo influenced by, 178n114; Gordon influenced by, 66; PME as reminiscent of, 100
Georgia, 39, 73, 122, 130, 148, 160
Germans, 9, 87–88, 89–90, 132–33, 144, 201n39; agents, 38; Americans, 123; Nazis, 17–18, 119, 178n121, 203n14; propaganda, 128; unrest as due to, 38
Germany, 5, 47–48, 78–79, 119, 145, 213n96. See also Berlin, Germany
Gordon, Mittie Maude Lena, 19, 20, 21, 53, 66–67, 99; Bilbo told by, 74–75, 92, 178n109, 192n87, 192n88; Cox on, 172n49; Jim Crow influencing, 106; on resettlement, 173n61; Tokyo funding, 78–79, 101, 106; trial stood by, 100–102, 105–6
Gray, Wolcie, 115–16
Great Britain, 42–43, 48, 55, 90–91. See also London, England
Great Depression, 20, 71, 172n49
Gregory, Edwin, 154–55
Hancock, Gordon, 72–73, 90, 91, 94–95, 134; on atom bomb, 144–45; on Japanese, 121
Harlem, 2, 3, 40, 53–54; Addis Ababa and, 41–56; Bilbo support in, 20–21, 22; congressman of, 122; EPM’s meetings in, 85; Holness arrested in, 95–96; migrants to, 84; NOI marching in, 148; PME in, 79–80; press, 142; race riot in, 108; Tokyo and, 41–56
Harlem Bard. See Hughes, Langston
Harlem Mikado. See Jordan, Robert
Hart, Stokley Delmar, 104, 197n47
Hawaii, 26–27, 42–43, 65, 88, 128–29, 164; Butoku-Kai societies in, 174n83; Pearl Harbor in, 2–3, 90, 107, 108, 164, 199n7; Pickens bedazzled by, 51–52. See also Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Heart, S. D. See Hart, Stokley Delmar
Henry, Milton, 140–41
Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II (Tanaka), 172n54
Hideki Tojo, 83, 103–4, 182n41
Hiroshima, Japan, 14, 144–45, 174n78
Hitler, Adolf, 21, 119, 130, 132; California influenced by, 207n21; Dunbar using stationery of, 143; Hart on, 197n47; Jim Crow studied by, 178n121; Negroes would benefit from, 103–4; PME on, 100–101
Holness, Lester Eugene, 95–96
Honolulu, Hawaii, 42–43, 52, 164
Huff, L. B., 109–10
Huggins, Willis N., 69–70
Hughes, Langston, 14–15, 68–69, 144
Illinois, 7, 62, 98, 106, 138; Huff in, 109–10; Mounds in, 109–11, 115. See also Cairo, Illinois; Chicago, Illinois; East St. Louis, Illinois
India, 11–12, 47, 48, 55, 101, 135; colored citizens emulating, 98; England fearing, 72; Fletcher in, 156–57; McMillan in, 170n33; Nazis driving to, 119; South influenced by, 150. See also New Delhi, India
Indiana, 8–9, 30–31, 32–33, 47, 67
Indians, 15, 135, 157. See also Native Americans
Islam, 29, 48; Ahmadiyya as sect of, 110; as Christianity’s alternative, 86; movement in Detroit, 81, 82, 83–84. See also Muslims; Nation of Islam
Italy, 11, 14, 42, 49, 72–73, 80
Ito Hirobumi, 42–43
Jackson, Mississippi, 8, 53, 106, 129
Japanese, 75, 100, 167n7, 168n15, 169n18, 181n35; agents, 85, 88, 100, 113; air force, 52; alliance with, 163–65; ANP on, 160; Army, 1, 33, 50–51, 54–55; as Asia’s masters, 72; Asiatics fought for by, 106; attorney general on, 44; Bilbo on, 193n1; Black Nationalist rhetoric invoked by, 6; bombardment, 35, 61–62, 81–82, 114; in Brazil, 8, 98, 115, 199n7; as brown, 130–46; Buck on, 118–19; captains, 4–5, 87; in Chicago, 153–54, 210n79; China incursions of, 37, 42–43, 50–51, 52, 69, 73–74, 110, 191n50; colonialism, 33, 42–43; colored people and, 34, 36, 50–51, 106–7, 211n89; colored races belonging of, 124–25; deportation of, 153; diplomats, 26, 43, 46, 47, 67–68; emissary, 37; as Ethiopians, 76; Euro-Americans on, 121, 165; Europeans persecuted by, 172n54; evacuation, 176n90, 201n39; Filipinos’ axis with, 28–29; government, 1–2; Hancock on, 121; in Hawaii, 88; Hitler hooking up with, 21; hotels, 5; Imperial Consul, 34; intellectuals, 45–46, 162; invasion, 83, 102–3, 112, 114, 116, 117, 149, 155; Jim Crow flouted by, 73; journalists and, 4, 45, 151; during Korea, 158–59; League of Nations influencing, 195n45; London and, 83–84; in Los Angeles, 70, 162, 174n83; Manila occupied by, 131–32; Marines collecting teeth of, 136; McDowell hailing, 42; migrants, 63; military, 1, 6–7, 110; nation, 35; Navy, 110; Nazis turning on, 119; Negrito tinge of, 35; at Olympics, 70; opera, 34; Philippines dominated by, 44, 203n10; photographer, 117; PME allied with, 79; at PMEW meeting, 61; Powell denouncing, 161; problem, 44; propaganda, 82, 98–99, 133; question, 36, 39; race hatred of, 104–5, 122; racialism forgotten by, 165; racial violence responsibility of, 198n60; Robb on, 197n49; sailors, 88; St. Louis contact, 109; in San Francisco, 161–62; scare, 35; segregation of, 32; ships, 4–5, 52, 87, 98; in Sikeston, 113; snipers, 3; soldier, 206n70; on South, 36, 161; South Africa conquered by, 91; speakers, 47; sterilizing of, 189n13; students, 47; submarines, 9; Taylor encountering, 25–26; textile exporters, 75; Tokyo meeting of, 36; Washington, B., received by, 34; in Washington, D.C., 34, 37, 176n97; white people persecuted by, 172n54, 213n96; workers, 32–33, 34; as yellow Negro, 39
Japanese Americans, 17, 147, 161–62, 164, 201n39, 210n79; Black Dragon Society training, 174n83; California influenced by, 44, 87, 123–27, 145, 152, 207n21, 211n84; as citizens, 14, 38, 123–24; colored people and, 145; deportation of, 123–24; espionage, 87–89; Euro-Americans on, 207n21; internment of, 112–29, 145; Jim Crow flouted by, 87, 211n84; in Los Angeles, 207n21; migrants, 26–27; segregation of, 31–32; on South, 152; students, 31–32
Japanese and Korean Expulsion League, 34–35
Japanese-Negro Front organizations, 84–87
Japanese tea, 34
Jews, 19, 67, 72, 95, 144, 151; Brewer on, 153; Israel fought for by, 157; Nazis influencing, 178n121; Selective Service bias toward, 168n14; as soldiers, 154–55; South dominated by, 177n105; Watkins on, 152
Jim Crow, 4–5, 11–12, 37, 158–59; alliance influenced by, 164; Army, U.S., insisting on, 135; Asians upholding, 73–74, 164; Bilbo as prime minister of, 19–22; CRC struggling against, 147–48; eroding of, 17–18, 22–23, 125, 131, 147, 150–51, 156–57; Gordon influenced by, 106; Hawaii influenced by, 164; Hitler studying, 178n121; imperialism combined with, 75; Japanese Americans flouting, 87, 211n84; Japanese flouting, 73; in Manila, 131–32; marines influenced by, 163; national security jeopardized by, 106–7, 131–46; sedition caused by, 94–95; Squadron, 137; Tokyo influenced by, 90; Virginia, 127, 132–33; war influenced by, 89–91, 93, 132–46; Washington, D.C., moving away from, 150; white supremacy influenced by, 107
Jones, Seon Emmanuel, 101–2
Jordan, Robert, 13, 15, 84, 85, 96
Jun Fujita, 169n21
Kansas City, Missouri, 3, 131–32
Karriem, Linn, 102–3
Kathrada, Ahmed, 6–7
Kirkman-Bey, Charles, 81–82
KKK. See Ku Klux Klan
Knight Commander of the Distinguished Order of Ethiopia, 4
Konoe Fumimaro, 38–39
Korea, 29–30, 150, 157–60, 163
Kotane, Moses, 170n33
Krause, Charles, 152–53
Kubie, Lawrence, 139–40
Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 20, 90, 155, 158–59
Larremore, John, 126–27
League of Nations, 39, 54, 195n45
Lee, Wallace, 120–21
Liberia, 50–51, 53, 66–68, 101, 178n113, 192n88
Little, Malcolm. See Malcolm X
Little Dixie, 62–63
London, England, 22, 32, 37, 46–47, 55, 63; Dunbar in, 143; groveling of, 72; Japanese and, 83–84; Sullivan in, 55; Tokyo as seen by, 182n41; war debts desire of, 127; West Indians with grievances against, 86
Long Beach, California, 123–24
Los Angeles, California, 90, 124–26, 151–52; Japanese Americans in, 207n21; Japanese in, 70, 162, 174n83; radio station, 76
Louisiana, 127–29, 141; New Orleans in, 3, 6, 95, 98
Low Countries, 87–88
Lubby, Charles. See Newby, Charles
Malcolm X, 1, 15, 19, 79, 84, 147–49; NOI importance of, 149; Tokyo relationship continued by, 150–51
Manansala, Policarpio, 57–62, 64–65, 79, 83, 98. See also Takis, Ashima
Manila, Philippines, 27–28, 35, 131–32, 155–56, 203n10
Mays, Artie, 60–61
McCoy, Ollie, 63–64
McMillan, James B., 170n33
Mexico, 34–35, 37, 126–27, 137; Erwin visiting, 63, 109; Tokyo signing treaty with, 182n53
Miami Beach, Florida, 129
Michigan, 12, 13, 48–50, 88–89, 108, 140–41
Miller, Henry, 141–42
Mississippi, 3, 8, 9–10, 23, 53, 130; Centerville in, 106–7, 198n60; congressman of, 76; PMEW membership of, 63; senator from, 162. See also Bilbo, Theodore; Jackson, Mississippi
Mississippi River, 9–10, 92–93, 95, 109
Missouri, 3, 62, 98, 99–100, 131–32; Sikeston in, 112–13. See also St. Louis, Missouri
Monrovia, Liberia, 67–68
Moore, Arthur J., 71–72
Moorish Science Temple (MST), 12, 78, 79, 81–83, 86, 97; FBI on, 106; NOI compared with, 149
Moscow, Russia, 14, 21, 22, 47, 128, 156; alliance with, 104–5; atom bomb acquired by, 144–45; Cold War with, 149; Tokyo clashing with, 72, 149; white supremacy threatened by, 145
Moten, Etta, 124–25
MST. See Moorish Science Temple
Muhammad, Elijah, 102, 105, 147, 148
Muslims, 3, 15, 48–50, 80, 85, 95. See also Nation of Islam
NAACP. See National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Nagasaki, Japan, 14, 46, 144–45, 149–50
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 1–2, 15, 16, 74, 105, 211n89; in Alabama, 118, 137; Boraster information of, 95; Chicago told about to, 107; Halsey berated by, 90; internment influencing, 122–23, 125; on Korea, 158; propaganda, 152–53; segregation protested by, 137; Smythe, H., reporting to, 160. See also Pickens, William; White, Walter
National Urban League, 9, 137, 156
Nation of Islam (NOI), 14, 48–50, 81, 84, 94, 105–6; Malcolm X’s importance to, 149; MST compared with, 149; Oliver on, 147; overview of, 147–48; whites focused on by, 148. See also Malcolm X
Native Americans, 12, 26, 32, 35, 130
Nazis, 9, 17–18, 90, 119, 178n121, 203n14
Nazism, 89–90
New Delhi, India, 146, 156–57, 212n94
New Orleans, Louisiana, 3, 6, 95, 98
New York City, New York, 1, 2–3, 19, 20, 53, 55; Bilbo speaking in, 67; De Guzman working in, 58; EPM detained in, 95–97. See also Harlem
Nicaraguan bandits, 50–51
NOI. See Nation of Islam
North Carolina, 16, 19, 54, 73, 75, 149
North Korea, 158–59
Officer, William, 65–66
Ohio, 119–20; Cleveland in, 16, 19–20, 36, 86
Pacific Movement of the Eastern World (PMEW), 12–16, 83, 84, 97–99, 112; Blanton on, 113; fire responsibility of, 117; Garvey reminiscence of, 100; military of, 108–11; trial of, 113–19; in U.S. v. Pacific Movement of the Eastern World, 7, 57–66
“Pacific Problem,” 5
Pacific War, 8–10, 14–23, 100, 120–22; brown Americans fighting, 130–46; brown Japanese fighting, 130–46; colored races benefiting from, 103–7, 111; overview of, 130–46; PMEW looking askance at, 112; racial policies influenced by, 148–57; Washington, D.C.’s, attention on, 150; white supremacists seeing, 91–93
Peace Movement of Ethiopia (PME), 76–80, 97, 100, 101–2, 172n49, 177n100. See also Gordon, Mittie Maude Lena
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, 2–3, 90, 107, 108, 164, 199n7
Philippines, 10, 27–29, 32, 35, 51, 131–32; Euro-Americans ousted from, 75; hysteria in, 157; Japanese dominating in, 44, 203n10; Manila in, 155–56, 203n10; Pan-Oriental Society formed in, 36; Wade in, 107; Washington, D.C., collaborated against by, 155–56, 157; White visiting, 90
Pickens, William, 11, 19, 50–51, 53–54, 61, 98; Du Bois echoing, 69; on Ethiopians, 76; Tobias and, 71; Tokyo defended by, 72
Pitchfork. See Tillman, Ben
PME. See Peace Movement of Ethiopia
PMEW. See Pacific Movement of the Eastern World
Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 15, 122, 161, 163
pro-Moscow Negroes, 72–73, 148, 149
pro-Tokyo Negroes: Cairo, Illinois, as bastion of, 7, 98, 99–100, 106, 117, 138; conviction of, 94–111; Eads Bridge blown up by, 8, 109, 112, 114; Hancock on, 94–95; imprisonment of, 94–111; Jordan as leader of, 13, 15, 84, 85, 96; Officer collaborating with, 66; overview of, 1–23; PME as, 76–80, 97, 100, 101–2, 172n49, 177n100; pro-Moscow Negroes excoriating, 148; Sampson aiding, 158. See also East St. Louis, Illinois; Gordon, Mittie Maude Lena; Moorish Science Temple
Prudence Crandall Association, 33–34
Randolph, A. Philip, 78, 160–61
Ressoull, Mohammed. See Mohammed, Elijah
Robb, Frederick Harold, 105, 197n49
Robeson, Paul, 69, 147, 149, 150, 151, 156
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 72, 88, 136
Russia, 4, 30–31, 32, 45, 58, 119; Communistic ideology of, 145; Du Bois on, 191n50; Indian youth in, 157
Sampson, Edith, 105, 158, 198n51
San Angelo, Texas, 137–38
San Diego, California, 34–35, 124
San Francisco, California, 31–32, 35, 58, 65, 84, 88; Japanese in, 161–62; Peace Conference, 160
Satokata Takahashi, 16, 50, 81–82, 86
Schuyler, George, 69, 123, 144
Seattle, Washington, 33, 34, 87, 101
Selfridge Field, 140–41
Shantung, China, 42–43
Shimjiro Akimota, 67–68
Sikeston, Missouri, 99–100, 112–13
Singapore, 5–7, 93, 96, 108, 119, 143
Smith, Theodore, 176n90
Smythe, Mabel Murphy, 160, 165
South Africa, 6–7, 10, 45, 56, 91, 119–20; atomic bomb influencing, 174n78; Bunche visiting, 170n33; Garveyite encountered in, 170n33; Washington, D.C., using, 171n35. See also apartheid
Southern U.S. (the South), 1, 8–10, 18, 23, 25, 28; agents in, 85–86; air training in, 136–41; California influenced by, 32; after Civil War, 141; Deep, 35–36; Euro-Americans conforming to standards of, 140; Far West mirroring, 39; food served in, 132–33; Hawaii hostility of, 164; India influencing, 150; Japanese Americans on, 152; Japanese on, 36, 161; Jews dominating, 177n105; law enforcement agents in, 83; Negro Question influencing, 91, 107; passive resistance adapted in, 11–12; petitioners as from, 48; Philippines as knowing, 27; soldiers in, 127–29; Wright, R., in, 174n77
South Seas, 134–35
Soviet Union, 149, 212n94; Saint Petersburg in, 30–31. See also Moscow, Russia
Sproul, Robert, 89–90
Standifier, Roscoe, 117–18
Star Order of Ethiopia and Ethiopian Missionaries to Abyssinia, 41–42
Steiner, Belle, 74–75
Stewart, J. R., 19–20, 177n105
Stimson, Henry, 50–51
St. Louis, Missouri, 8, 12, 20, 55, 98–99, 107–11; Original Independent Benevolent Afro-Pacific Movement of the World in, 62; PMEW in, 58, 59. See also East St. Louis, Illinois
Stoner, J. B., 151–52
St. Petersburg, Russia, 30–31
Strong, George V., 128–29
Sugita Teiichi, 45–46
Takahashi (consul), 58, 65, 81, 110
Takis, Ashima, 58, 97, 98, 109–11, 113; Erwin knowing, 115; Spanish taught by, 108
Taylor, Bayard, 25–26
TDOO. See The Development of Our Own
Temple of Islam, 83, 100, 102–3
Texas, 32–33, 34, 37, 122, 137–38
Thomas, Norman, 160–61
Thornhill, James, 13, 21, 79–80, 96–97
369th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment, 128–29
Tillman, Ben, 35–36
Tokyo, Japan, 13, 15, 16, 41–56, 154, 207n15; agents, 86, 98, 177n100; alienation used by, 99; alliances united by, 60, 88, 95, 121, 150; ANP struck by, 151; apartheid influenced by, 119–20; atomic bombing influencing, 150–51; Berlin influencing, 93; bombing of, 59, 103; Briggs-Bey leaving for, 97; China assaulted by, 25; Deep South’s nervousness about, 35–36; Euro-Americans spying for, 87; Filipinos as agents of, 27–28, 36, 132, 193n5; Fraser on, 182n53; Gordon funded by, 78–79, 101, 106; gospel group received by, 39; Immigration Act protested by, 164; Islamic onslaught engineered by, 82, 83–84; Japanese meeting in, 36; Jim Crow influencing, 90; London seeing, 182n41; lynching outrage in, 39–40, 99–100, 189n24; Malcolm X continuing relationship of, 150–51; Mexico City signing treaty with, 182n53; middle class as susceptible to, 33–34; militancy of, 30; Moscow clashing with, 72, 149; movement against, 31–32; Pickens defending, 72; propaganda appeals of, 130–31, 133, 137, 141, 143; race war proclaimed by, 159; racial equality disappointment of, 38–39, 74, 90, 195n45, 202n6; racism used by, 46, 88–90, 93, 133, 135, 137, 150–51, 158–59, 203n10; revolt aiding, 107–11; San Francisco influenced by, 88; segregation exploited by, 129; segregationists’ sympathy for, 21; soldiers landed by, 34–35, 112; Takahashi transmitting for, 110; Thomas, J., on, 174n83; Washington, D.C.’s, relations with, 23, 26–27, 128, 211n89, 212n94; white supremacy battered by, 22–23, 31, 72, 119
Truman, Harry, 156–57
Tuskegee, Alabama, 118, 137, 138–39, 143
Umeshiro Suzuki, 43–44
UN. See United Nations
UNIA. See Universal Negro Improvement Association
United Nations (UN), 22, 150, 157–58
Universal Holy Temple of Tranquility, 70–71
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 13, 15, 19, 56, 84, 86; Advance Division, 20; formation of, 40; motto of, 58; overview of, 41–48; PMEW influenced by, 58–59, 110
U.S. v. Pacific Movement of the Eastern World, 7, 57–66
Versailles peace conference, 15, 38, 45, 74, 90
Virginia, 21, 106, 122, 127, 132–33
Wade, Charles W., 106–7
Washington, 57, 88, 207n21. See also Seattle, Washington
Washington, Booker T., 3–4, 30, 34, 38, 40
Washington, D.C., 6–7, 14, 15, 16, 18, 22; Berlin outflanking, 178n121; China’s entente with, 94, 211n89, 212n94; colored races as above, 108; darker races at odds with, 135; Dixiecrats dispatched by, 27–28; hysteria gripping, 119; International Military Criminal Tribunal for the Far East influenced by, 154; internment influencing, 112; Japanese in, 34, 37, 176n97; Jim Crow moved away from by, 150; journalists embarrassing, 133–36; military policies installed by, 130–31; national security influenced by, 37–39; Pacific War attention of, 120–22, 150; Philippines collaborating against, 155–56, 157; race war warning to, 45; racial equality as seen by, 38; South Africa used by, 171n35; Soviet Union owed by, 149; suicide pact in, 99; Takis confirming fears of, 110; Tokyo’s relations with, 23, 26–27, 56, 128, 211n89, 212n94; war influencing, 32; white supremacy maintained by, 131, 144–46, 178n121
Waters, Enoch, 133–34
Watkins, Thomas Albert, 60, 116
Watson, George, 132–33
West Africa, 74–75
West Coast (US), 9, 12, 17, 33, 153–54, 174n83; anti-Asian bias in, 39; concentration camps, 14; hysteria, 127; race haters influencing, 122
Western Europe, 142–43
Weston, Randy, 2–3
Wheaton, Louis, 158–59
White, Walter, 1–2, 15, 89–90, 122, 130, 157–58; on Australia, 134–35; on integration, 159; in Philippines, 132
“Why I Fight Racism” (Baker), 161–62
Wiley, Bell, 128–29
Williams, Finis, 113–14
Williams, John Sharp, 37–38
World War I (WWI), 2, 15, 18, 37–39, 47–48, 91
World War II (WWII), 1–3, 5–10, 38, 103, 172n54; racial violence during, 198n60; Tokyo in prelude to, 48. See also Pacific War
Wright, Richard, 14, 89, 174n77
WWI. See World War I
WWII. See World War II
Yellow Peril, 14, 16, 35, 55, 93; Fu Manchu as character of, 12, 173n60; overview of, 119–22