p.713
A hora da estrela (Hour of the Star) (film) 637
Abbey, R. 654
abjection 29, 97, 150, 208; subjectivity and 233, 235, 237, 238
able-bodiedness and ableism 8, 125, 171, 259, 437; disability and 407, 410, 411, 412, 414, 415; intersectionality 350, 353, 359
abolitionist movement 96–7, 101
abortion 348, 440, 506, 581, 668–9, 691; legal positivism 709, 710; see also maternity and maternalist feminism; sexual reproduction
‘accomplishment’ thesis 337
accountability 259, 385, 522, 525, 674
action theory see narrative and action theory
active externalism 222
active ignorance 270
adaptive preference formation 517–18
Addams, Jane 133, 134, 136–7, 139, 695
Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi 51
aesthetics: art as political 463–6; dilemmas of 474–6; feminist reworking of Kant 468–72; gender intersectionality and political action/narrative 476–82, 483; Kantian viewpoint 466–8, 489–91; life and narrative 482; see also beautiful and sublime
affidamento (women-centred authority) 298
affirmative action programs 311
affirmative/corrective feminism 636–7
Africa 49–50, 52–4, 56–8; care ethics 547, 548, 550; ecofeminism 436–7; feminism as engagement 50–2; gender and injustice 54–6; language barriers 54; women’s silence and reproduction of patriarchal ideology 56
African Americans 345–6, 348, 358, 363, 669
African Gender Institute 53
African Women’s Development Fund (AWDF) 53–4
Agamben, G. 482
agency 262, 400–1, 409–10, 573; aesthetics and uniqueness 468, 477, 479, 480, 481; autonomy and 515, 516, 520, 521–3, 541; bioethics 582–4, 585, 586, 587; freedom 672, 673; postcolonialism 597, 600, 602; power dynamics 680, 686–7; rationality 534, 536; religious diversity 454, 455–6; structural injustice 622, 623–4, 627; subjectivity and 231, 232, 233, 236, 237, 238–9; violence and vulnerability 693, 695
agonistic performative feminism 674
Aguilar, Gerónimo 633
Ahmed, S. 200
‘Ain’t I a Woman?’ (Truth) 210
Alaimo, S. 194
Album de familia (Castellanos) 637
Alcoff, L.M. 148, 163–4, 172, 208, 338, 352
Alfred, T. 372
Algeria 600
‘alien’ other 150
Allen, A. 681
Altman, J. 323
American Booksellers v. Hudnut (1985) 707
American Declaration of Independence 665
Ancient Greece 23–32, 485, 666
Anderson, E. 262, 269, 617, 623, 659; metaethics 533, 534
androcentrism (centred on man) 246–7, 344, 353, 432, 436; Ancient Greece 25, 26, 31; bioethics 580, 582; biological sciences 315, 316, 317, 323; body and embodiment 185–6, 188–9; religious diversity 451, 454; social science and 329–30, 332
Anglophone feminism 5, 53, 54, 329
animal spirits 183
anthropology 332
Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View (Kant) 103
p.714
anti-essentialism: contemporary views 176–8; gender essentialism and 168–76
anti-sweatshop movement 627
Antony, L. 221
Anzaldúa, G. 209–10, 212, 215, 632
Anzieu, D. 398
Aoki, K. 364
Arendt, Hannah 50, 64, 112, 116, 638; democratic theory 645, 650; freedom 669, 672, 674; narrative and action theory 476–82, 483; power dynamics 680, 685; structural injustice 626, 629
argumentation (logic and rational) 249, 251, 252
Aristotle 31–2, 50, 67, 181, 218, 506; aesthetics 480, 485; care ethics 562; virtue ethics 569, 572, 574–5
arithmetical reasoning 249
Armour, E. 61
Arndt, S. 50
arpilleras (colourful patchwork scenes) 632
art see aesthetics
assisted reproductive technologies 581
associational life 645
Athenäum (literary journal) 115
Atherton, M. 245
Aufhebung (sublation) 110, 112
Aultman, B.L. 274
Austin, J.L. 280, 301, 703, 704
autonomy 15, 103–4, 219, 284, 427, 455; aesthetics and politics 464, 472, 475, 476, 477, 481; bioethics 579, 581, 583, 584, 588; care ethics and 541, 543, 644; intellectual 633–5; liberalism 653, 654, 659; multiculturalism and 596–7, 597–8; multidimensional theory of 523–5; postcolonialism 602; relational autonomy 516–23, 585–7; status/capacity concept 515–16; subjectivity and 233, 236; violence and vulnerability 693, 694
AWDF see African Women’s Development Fund
Bâ, Mariama 56
Ban Gu (班固) 40
Bao (抱) (to embrace) 40
Barad, K. 198
Baril, A. 411
Barker, C. 408
Barnhill, A. 576
Barrios de Chungara, D. et al. 631
Barry, B. 660
basic needs approach: development 425
Basinger, D. 456
‘Baubo: Theological Perversion and Fetishism’ (Kofman) 113, 114
Baumgarten, Alexander 474, 489
Baylis, F. et al. (2008)
Beattie, T. 62
beautiful and sublime 479; concept of beauty 485–7; early developments of sublime 487–9; ‘feminine’ sublime 491–4; Kant’s critique of 489–91; reimagining the sublime 494–5; see also aesthetics
Beauty Matters (Zeglin) 486
Beauty Myth, The (Wolf) 486
Beauty Unlimited (Zeglin) 486
de Beauvoir, Simone 13, 14, 15, 62, 384, 487; African culture 50, 55; body and embodiment 185–6, 189; ecofeminism 433, 434; feminist phenomenology 143, 144, 152; master-slave dialectic 110–11; postcolonialism 602, 603; social constructionism 162, 169, 170, 670; violence and vulnerability 696
Being and Nothingness (Sartre) 188–9
‘being-in-the-world’/‘being-with-others’ 346
Bell, C. 407
Benhabib, S. 104, 219–20, 541, 597, 659–60
Benjamin, J. 233
Bergoffen, D. 114
Between Facts and Norms (Habermas) 650
Between Femininity and Feminism (Mahadevan) 602
Between Feminism and Materialism (Howie) 453, 455
Beyond Good and Evil (Nietzsche) 113, 115
Biehl, J. 436
Bilge, S. 351
binary logic 64, 160, 194, 196, 201, 324; Ancient Greece 23–4, 25, 26, 28, 29–30, 31
Binghamton University (New York) 53
bio-mechanisms: body and embodiment 189–90
bioethics: feminist contributions to 585–8; feminist critiques of 582–5; gender and 579–82
biological determinism 318, 323, 324, 386–7
biological essentialism 169, 317–18, 321, 323, 324; materiality 195, 196–7, 199–200
biological sciences 314–15, 323–4; feminist evolutionary psychology 320–2; neuroscience 316, 319–20; values and metaphysics 317–19; values and research practices 315–17
bios 482
p.715
bisexuality 298
Black Feminism: borderlands identities 210; Critical Race Theory (CRT) 358–9, 366–7; gender oppression 170; intersectionality 344, 350; multistability of oppression 120, 121–6; negative socio-epistemic status 120, 126–9; politics of spatiality 129–30; rationality/objectivity 247; see also women of colour
‘Black Feminist Statement, A’ (Combahee River Collective) 121–4, 125, 126
Black Feminist Thought (Collins) 544
#BlackLifeMatters 478
black motherhood 544
Black Skin, White Masks (Fanon) 148
Bodies That Matter (Butler) 200–1, 202, 203, 204, 300
body and embodiment 13,107, 128, 143, 164, 180–1; beautiful and sublime 486, 495; bioethics 582–3, 584, 588; bodies as instruments and expressions 187–9; bodily integrity 596, 639; consciousness 208, 210, 211, 212–13; contemporary viewpoints 183–5; disability 409–10; gender 474; historical background 181–3; intersubjectivity/intercorporeality 188; intuition and 432; language and 295–6, 297–8; limits of naturalism 189–90; materiality 204; phenomenology of 185–7; self-constitution 226, 227; trans* theory 398–400; violence and vulnerability 693
Bohm, D. 378
Boileau, N. 487
Bolt, B. 195
Bonds of Love, The (Benjamin) 233
Book of Lieh-tzu: A Classic of Tao, The (Graham) 45
borderlands identity: inner diversity of the self 207–8; intersectionality within 210–11; social change and 214–15; social conflict and 209–10; social sources 212–14; special challenges and potential of 215–16; types of identities/identity formations 211–12; see also identity politics
bourgeois notion of the political 98, 102–3
Boyle, Robert 244
Bradwell v. State of Illinois (1873) 705
Braidotti, R. 115, 197, 200, 204, 296
Brennan, T. 237
Brison, S.J. 223, 224, 227, 690
Brock, G. 610
Brodbeck, M. 329
Bryson, C. 78
Brzuzy, S. 349
Buckingham, S. 441
Buffon 95
Burdened Virtues: Virtue Ethics for Liberatory Struggles (Tessman) 574
Burke, Edmund 100, 487–9, 490, 491
Burkhart, B. 372
Burton, N. 693
Butler, J. 104, 115, 208, 233, 684; disability 406, 414–15; freedom 672, 674; gender essentialism 172–3, 174; language and gender 300–1; materiality 197, 200–1, 202, 203, 204, 205; narrative and action theory 479, 480, 481; trans* theory 393, 394, 398; violence and vulnerability 697, 698
Cabot, Ella Lymon 137
caceroleada (political protest) 632
‘Camila’ (film) 637
Cao Wenyi (曹文逸) 41
capabilities approach 505–6, 574, 597, 672; global development 425–6, 427, 613; metaethics 532, 533
capitalism 645, 646, 667–8, 682–3, 690
care ethics 89, 137, 232, 250, 347–8, 422; bioethics 586–7; Confucianism 547, 548, 550, 558–65; democratic theory 644, 649; dependency 540, 546, 548, 613; early articulations of 540–3; early feminist misgivings regarding 543–4; ecofeminism 441–2; global care chains 670; global context 548–50, 608, 610–11; liberalism 656, 659; metaethics 530, 534, 537; modern development of 544–6, 551; move to politics of care 546–8; postcolonialism 601, 602; relational self 219–21; structural injustice 622–3, 625; violence and vulnerability 695–6, 697; virtue ethics 545, 550, 551, 572–4
care reasoning 249
Caribbean 598
Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (Noddings) 558–9
Cartesian philosophy see Descartes, R.
Cartwright, N. 329
Castellanos, R. 637
Castillo, D.A. 634
Categorical Imperative 504, 505, 558
causal reductionism 318, 320, 322
Cavarero, A. 477, 479, 481, 482
CEDAW see Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women
census surveys 330
Chalmers, D. 222
p.716
character traits 576
‘Charter of Feminist Principles for African Feminists’ (African Women’s Development Fund) 53–4
Cheney, J. 436
Chicana/o feminism 209–10, 214
childbearing 30, 31, 111, 187, 465, 549
Chodorow, N. 232
choice feminism 656, 657, 660, 671, 682
chora (amorphous matter) 27, 28, 29–30, 31, 32, 294
Christian Religion, The (Astell) 77
Christianity
Christman, J. 517, 518, 520, 524
Church and the Second Sex, The (Daly) 60
cisgender 226, 273, 274, 277, 352, 411
citizenship 91, 98–9, 546, 548, 669
Civic Forum 646
Civil Rights Act (1964) (United States) 706, 707
Cixous, H. 199; language/writing 292, 293, 294, 295–7, 298, 300
Clare, E. 410
Clark, A. 222
Clark, Dr Edward 314
‘clash-of-civilizations’ narrative 596
class 244–5, 335, 546–7, 614, 645, 682–3; Critical Race Theory (CRT) 363, 364; essentialism 170, 171; freedom 669–70; intersectionality 344, 345; trust/trustworthiness 257, 259
classic social contract theory 84–6, 88, 89
classificatory gender essentialism 170–1, 172, 174, 175
Clément, C. 293
Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur (1974) 707
Coakley, S. 61
‘Coalition Politics: Turning the Century’ (Reagon) 120
Code, L. 127, 248, 257, 347, 585; personal identity 219, 220–1
CODESRIA see Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa
Coe, K. 321
cognitive abilities 246–7, 250, 470
Coherence of Theism, The (Swinburne) 65
Collins, P.H. 247, 260, 335, 544, 670; intersectionality 210, 363
colonialism 101–2, 489, 508, 510, 544; freedom and 665, 672; global justice 611–12; multiculturalism 598, 599; see also Critical Race Theory (CRT); postcolonialism; race and racism; slavery
‘Colored Girl, The’ (Williams) 127, 128
Combahee River Collective 121–4, 125
commonality 164, 165, 168, 171
‘Communication and the Other: Beyond Deliberative Democracy’ (Young) 649
communicative action theory 647–8
communitarianism 643, 644, 649, 660
community building 67
competence: autonomy 517, 518–19, 521, 586
comprehensive liberalism 654
compulsory heterosexuality see heteronormativity
Concept of Law, The (Hart) 703–4
‘Confessions of a Beautiful Soul’ (Goethe) 116
Confucianism 43, 46; care ethics 547, 548, 550, 558–64; comradeship and caring 564–5; main ideas 556–8; virtue ethics 556, 560, 561–2
consciousness 186, 308, 374; embodied 208, 210, 211, 212–13
consciousness-raising 222, 258–9, 276, 502, 637–8, 654
Consortium for Socially Relevant Philosophy of/in Science and Engineering (SRPoiSE) 311
Constitution (United States) 666
Contemporary Feminist Pragmatism (Hammington and Bardwell-Jones) 138–9
contextual thinking 556, 559, 563
continental tradition 292, 293, 296, 299, 494
contraception 669
contractualism/contractarianism 13, 88–9, 654–5, 658
contributory injustice 263
Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (United Nations General Assembly) 52
Coole, D. 195
Coomaraswamy, A. 601
Cooper, A.J. 120, 129, 130, 344
Cordova, V. 372
Corvino, J. 397
Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) 52
couples 55
creativity 371–2, 373, 375, 377, 378–9, 476
credibility 259–63, 268–9, 272–3
Crenshaw, K. 128, 210, 345, 358–9, 362, 367; et al. (1995) 361
criminal law 89
crip theory (queer disability studies) 406, 414–15
critical feminist eudaimonism 574–5
Critical Legal Studies (CLS) 345, 358, 361, 669
critical phenomenology 150, 151–2
critical race phenomenology 147–8
Critical Race Theory (CRT) 171, 222, 323, 358–61; intersectionality 345, 348, 350, 359, 361–8; see also colonialism; postcolonialism; race and racism; slavery
p.717
critical reflection 64, 66, 68
critical theory 61, 104, 345, 453, 492, 582; political philosophy 649, 659; subjectivity 233, 234
Critique of Aesthetic Judgment (Kant) 479
‘Critique, Dissent, Disciplinarity’ (Butler) 104
Critique of Judgment (Kant) 107, 109
Critique of the Power of Judgment, The (Kant) 467–8, 489, 492, 493
Critique of Pure Reason/Critique of Practical Reason (Kant) 468
cross-border social movements 607, 608, 610, 612–14, 616
Crow, B. 388
‘Crystallisation: Artful Matter and the Productive Imagination’ (Jones) 468–9
Cuando tiemblan las montañas (When the Mountains Tremble) (film) 632
cultural democratic pluralism 375–6
cultural diversity 501–2, 594, 595, 596, 597, 598
cultural paternalism 428
culture 186, 209–10, 507, 510, 516, 600
culture-specific essentialism 171
Cureau de la Chambre, Marin 71, 73
Curtis, K. 477
Cypess, S. 632
Dahl, R. 679
Dalmiya, V. 547
Daly, M. 60, 299–300, 434, 449
Dance of Shiva, The (Coomaraswamy) 601
Daodejing (Classics of Way and Its Power) (Laozi) 35, 47; cosmic mother/female body 36–9; female power/strategy 43–6; femininity and 39–43
d’Argenteuil, Héloïse 14–15, 62
Davidson, D. 280
Davion, V. 576
Davis, L. 215
De L’Éducation des dames (On the Education of Ladies) (Poullain de la Barre) 74, 76
De L’Égalité des deux sexes (On the Equality of the Two Sexes) (Poullain de la Barre) 74–5, 76, 77, 79
De L’Excellence des hommes (On the Excellence of Men) (Poullain de la Barre) 74
de Staël, Germaine 95
deaf culture 215
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (Gouges) 97–9
deductive reasoning 249
Deegan, M.J. 137
Deleuze, G. 415
deliberative democratic theory 649, 650, 659–60
Deloria, V. Jr. 375
DeLucia, J. 96
democratic theory 18–21, 90–1, 305, 642–5; changes in 645–7; creativity 371–2, 375–6; discourse ethics 647–50; inclusive epistemic 503–4; multiculturalism 597; social science 335, 336; see also politics
deontology 540
dependency 221, 413–14, 573, 586, 587; care ethics 540, 546, 548, 613
Derrida, J. 113, 202, 296, 492, 599, 650
DesAutels, P. 320
Descartes, R. 15, 18, 66, 71–80, 159; body and embodiment 181–2, 183; doubt methodology 72, 73, 77, 78; rationality/objectivity 223, 224, 245
Deutscher, P. 102
Deveaux, M. 616
development ethics 424–6, 548–50
Dewey, John 132, 133, 134, 135–6, 138, 139
Dialectic of Sex, The (Firestone) 198
Dialectics of Enlightenment (Frankfurt School) 104
dichotomous values/thinking 14, 621
‘Difference Feminism’ 292, 293, 296, 297, 299, 475; Native American chaos theory 371, 375–9
Dillon, R.S. 576
Diotima group 298
‘Diotima’s speech’ (Irigaray) 30–1
disability 164, 271, 307–8, 349–50, 588, 710; cripping philosophy 414–15; dependency/vulnerability and justice 413–14; impairment and 408–10; mental disability 411–13; queer theory and 405–8; sex/gender and 410–11
‘Disappearing Ink: Early Modern Women Philosophers and their Fate in History’ (O’Neill) 17–18
Discours de la méthode (Discourse on the Method) (Descartes) 74
Discourse in Defense of the Talent of Women, and of Their Aptitude for Governing and Other Positions in Which Men Are Employed (Amar y Borbón) 96–7
discourse ethics 647–50, 659–60
Discovering Reality (Harding and Hintikka) 332
discrimination 360–1, 362, 478, 515; sexual 701, 704–6, 707
discursive injustice 288
discursive violence 691
disidentification 211
Dislocating Cultures (Narayan) 611
diversity see cultural diversity; multiculturalism; postcolonialism
divisible-identity essentialism 171
p.718
doctrinal humility/hospitality 451
documentary films 632
Dodds, S. see Mackenzie, C. et al. (2014)
Dohm, Christian Wilhelm 97
domestic violence 161–2, 361–2, 638–9, 686; vulnerability 689, 690, 691, 692, 694, 695
dominance model of sexuality 707
Dotson, K. 260–1, 263, 271, 273, 282, 365
‘Double Jeopardy’ (Beale) 122, 123
doubt methodology 72, 73, 77, 78
Du Bois, W.E.B. 128
dualism 114, 115, 137, 324, 387, 412; body and embodiment 180, 181–3, 186; borderlands identities 210; language/writing and 293, 296, 297–8, 300
Dworkin, A. 707
Dworkin, G. 517
Dworkin, R. 284, 657, 704, 707
Dyzenhaus, D. 704
eating disorders 188
ecofeminism 66, 432, 437–42, 680; Global North 434–6; nature/culture 433–4
Ecofeminism or Death (L’écofeminism ou le mort) (d’Eaubonne) 434
Ecofeminism (Mies and Shiva) 439
ecological thought see environmentalism and ecological thinking
economic productivity 330–1, 333
écriture féminine 295, 298, 300–1
education 421, 491, 614, 650; body and embodiment 187; credibility and 262; equality/independence and 96, 99–102; gendered toys/equipment 139
egalitarianism 26, 27, 97; liberalism and 657, 659, 660
Eichler, M. 306
Eleusinian mysteries 114
Elisabeth of Bohemia, Princess 15, 73, 75, 182–3
Ellison, R. 127
emancipation 27
embodiment see body and embodiment
Emile, Or On Education (Rousseau) 14, 95, 100–1, 102
emotions 250, 319–20, 519; care ethics 542, 556, 559, 573
‘Empowering Women’ (Shiva) 440–1
England 96
Engster, D. 548
Enlightenment, The 485, 595, 600; equality/difference and human rights 97–9; equality/independence and education 99–102; feminist engagement 102–4; plurality of 94–7
environmentalism and ecological thought 432–3, 476, 494, 588; ecofeminism 434–42; nature/culture 433–4
Epicurus 198
episodic autonomy 519
epistemic ignorance 268–71, 276–7
Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing (Fricker) 502
epistemic injustice 251, 268–71, 276–7, 288, 289, 338; moral justification and 502–3
epistemic trustworthiness 261–2
epistemic values 334
Equal Pay Act (1963) (United States) 706
Equal Rights Amendment (American Constitution) 665, 705
equality 386–7, 378–9, 390, 636–7; between sexes 26–7, 46, 71–2, 597; bioethics and 584–5; The Enlightenment 94, 98–9; equal moral worth 88, 89, 90; sexual harassment 707–9
equality/equity feminism see liberal feminism
eroticism 189
erotico-theoretical transference 14–15
erroneous judgments 74, 78, 80
‘Essay to Prove, that Women May Apply Themselves to Liberal Arts and Sciences, An’ (Poullain de la Barre) 77
essentialism see anti-essentialism; biological essentialism; gender essentialism; strategic essentialism
Eternal Irony of the Community, The (Hegel) 111–12
ethical social contract theory 88–90, 111–12
ethics see autonomy; bioethics; care ethics; metaethics; moral justification; virtue ethics
ethics of alterity 347
Ethics of Ambiguity (de Beauvoir) 696
ethics of care see care ethics
Ethics of Sexual Difference, An (Irigaray) 189
ethnic identities 214
eudoxa (reputable beliefs) 506
Eurocentric bias 352, 353, 429, 596, 673; multiculturalism 596; religious diversity 448, 450, 455, 456
Evolution’s Empress (Feminist Evolutionary Psychology Society) 320
exceptionalism 407
p.719
experience see feminist phenomenology
experiential oppression 122–4, 125
exploitation 615–16, 624, 665, 667–8, 683
false consciousness 237
‘false duty’ 88
family: care ethics 557–8, 564; gender oppression and 170; male dominance 84–5, 87, 680; poverty and 421; women’s subordination in 86–7, 89, 90, 91
family-resemblance concept 396–7
‘Famine, Affluence and Morality’ (Singer) 425, 426, 609, 611
fatherhood 56
Fausto-Sterling, A. 159–60, 246, 317, 324
fem (journal) 639
female genital mutilation (FMG) 55, 501, 507–10, 532, 612, 691; postcolonialism 595, 596; see also genitalia
femicide 639
feminine and femininity 16, 17, 18, 29, 30, 53; beautiful and sublime 485, 491–4; beauty and 521; care ethics 541, 543, 547, 560–1, 586; cosmic mother/female body 36–9; The Enlightenment 95, 100, 101; eternal feminine and truth as a woman 112–15; female power/strategy 35, 39–46; freedom 669; gender identity 173, 349; language and 294–6, 297, 298, 300; master and slave 111; metaphysical dualisms 114, 115; pragmatism and 136; rational agency 534; rationality 244; self-positing 109; sexuality 170; social constructionism and 161, 176, 213; violence and vulnerability 690–1, 693; virtue ethics 569; see also masculinity; men and boys; women and girls
Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan) 681
Femininity and Domination (Bartky) 486–7
‘Feminism and Science’: ‘Can There Be a Feminist Science?’ (Longino) 332
Feminism Unmodified (MacKinnon) 661
feminist action research 139
Feminist Africa (journal) 53
‘Feminist Contractarianism’ (Hampton) 82–3, 88–90
feminist evolutionary psychology (FEP) 320–2
Feminist Evolutionary Psychology Society 320
Feminist Methods in the Social Sciences (Reinharz) 332
Feminist Perspectives on Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (Merrim) 633
feminist phenomenology 143–4; credibility and 262; critical phenomenology and hesitation 151–2; embodiment and 184, 185–7; lived experience and pathologies of the social 148–51; as method 144–8
feminist politics 172; ‘identity crisis’ 168
Feminist Politics and Human Nature (Jagger) 644
feminist recovery projects 132–3
Ferguson, A. 610
Fielding, H. 149
Figueres, Christiana 442
Fineman, M.A. 694
first-person narratives 222, 223, 224–5
first-wave feminism 670, 673, 704–5
Fischer, M. 137
Fisher, B. 545
Fisher, M.L. see Frederick, D.A. et al.
Five Relationships: Confucianism 557–8
Flax, J. 208
FMG see female genital mutilation
Folbre, N. 546
‘Foolish Men’ (Juana Inés de la Cruz) 633
Foppa, Alaíde 639
Foucault, M. 201–2, 669; freedom 672, 673, 674; power dynamics 683–4, 685, 686
fragmentation 377
Francophone feminism 51, 53, 54, 56, 57–8
Frankfurt, H. 517
Franklin Lewis, Elizabeth 96, 97
Frederick, D.A. et al. 322
free and equal persons 83–4, 85
free will 76
Freedman, E.B. 135
freedom 524, 665–6; human rights and 666–70; individual freedom 670, 671–3; women’s collective freedom 670, 671–3
freedom of speech 98, 282, 283–4, 359, 360
‘French Feminism’ 27–31, 292, 296, 299, 494
Freud, Sigmund 231–2, 233, 234, 235, 293; language 293, 294, 297
Fricker, M. 260, 261, 262, 263, 276; epistemic injustice 502; silencing 282, 288, 289
Friedman, M. 226, 575; autonomy 518, 519, 520, 524, 659
Friedman, S.S. 465
p.720
Frontiero v. Richardson (1973) 705
Frost, S. 195
Frost-Arnold, K. 263
Frye, M. 576
Fudge, R. 382
Gallagher, C. 72
Galtung, J. 690
Ganguli, A. 616
Gardner, C. 18
Garland-Thomson, R. 408, 409, 415
Gay Science, The (Nietzsche) 114
gender 17–18, 50, 201, 245; abjection 208; aesthetics 465, 466, 471, 493; Ancient Greece 24, 26, 31; animal sets 43; autonomy 519; bioethics 579, 580–2, 584; biological sciences 316–17, 321–3; care ethics 543, 544, 546–7, 548–9; Confucianism 560–1, 562, 564; credibility and 260, 261; Critical Race Theory (CRT) 362, 363; Daoism and 35, 37, 46–7; educational toys/equipment 139; feminist ethics/virtue ethics 569–72; fluidity of roles 47; global justice 609–10, 613; injustice and 54–6, 57; intersectionality 344, 345, 346, 347, 349, 352; intersectionality and political action/narrative 476–82, 83; labour markets 614–15; language and 292–5, 298, 299, 300–1; lesbian/queer theory 384–5, 388, 390; liberalism and 655, 658; ‘mind has no sex’ 72–3, 75, 80; misgendering 274–5; moral justification 501, 507, 508, 509, 510; multiculturalism 596, 599–600; narrative and action theory 474, 475–6, 478, 480, 482–3; Native American Chaos Theory 377; naturalism 184; Nietzschean genealogy 115; objectivity 245; philosophical practice 63; postcolonialism 600, 601, 603; poverty 607; science and 265, 309; silencing 288, 289; social construction of 157–66, 176, 219; social science 329–31; spatiality 149, 152; structural injustice 621, 622, 623, 624, 625; trans* theory 272, 273, 276, 395–8; violence 685–6; virtue ethics 573, 574, 575
Gender and Aesthetics (Korsmeyer) 486
gender complementarity 95, 100–1, 103
gender critical feminists 385
Gender and the Department of Women’s Studies for Africa’s transformation (GWS) (University of Cape Town) 53
gender difference 13, 96, 98–9, 102, 103; causal/bodily factors 76; reasoning 249–50; social constructionism and 165; see also sexual difference
gender dissatisfaction 393, 398, 399, 403, 410–11
‘Gender Equality is Your Issue Too’ (Watson) 387
gender essentialism 160–1, 580, 653; anti-essentialism and 168–76; contemporary views 176–8; materiality 195, 196–7, 199–200
gender fluid 394
gender identity disorder see gender dissatisfaction
gender mainstreaming 428
gender presentation 272, 273, 275, 396–7, 402
Gender Recognition Act (2004) (United Kingdom) 277
gender socialization 170, 384–5, 387
Gender Trouble (Butler) 172, 300, 301; materiality 197, 200, 201, 202, 203–4, 684
gender variant 394
gender-blindness 448, 449, 451–2, 456
genderqueer see queer theory
genealogical inquiry 158, 159, 161, 162, 176
genealogy 115
Generation of Animals (Aristotle) 31–2
genetics see sexual reproduction
genitalia 38, 189, 402; intersex 160, 385, 390; status of 276, 384, 397, 402; surgery 273, 274, 277; see also female genital mutilation (FMG)
Gentleman’s Journal, The 77
Germany 97, 107; eternal feminine and truth as a woman 112–15; idealism 108–112; women’s voices in nineteenth century 115–16
Gezi Park (Instanbul) 478
Gillberg, C. 139
Gilligan, C. 232, 530, 602, 644, 649; bioethics 584, 586, 587; care ethics 540, 543, 550, 558, 560, 573
Gines, K. 365
Ginsburg, Justice Ruth Bader 705, 709
girl power 656
global development 419–20; bioethics 588; care ethics 544, 548–50; development ethics 424–6; feminist philosophic issues about 426–7; resources and competence requirements 427–9; women’s involvement in 420–2; women’s poverty 422–44, 615
Global Harm Principle 609
global justice 607–8; feminized labour and 614–16; harm/responsibility 608–11; naturalized moral epistemological approach 611–14
God-In-Three-Persons see Trinity, The
goddess spirituality 60
goddesses (Greek/Roman) 37
Goethe, J. 116
p.721
Gotanda, N. see Crenshaw, K. et al. (1995)
Gottsched (née Kalmus), Louise 97
Gouges, Olympe de 95, 97–9, 102
Goulet, D. 424
Graham, A.C. 45
Grear, A. 694
‘Great Goddess, The’ (Heresies (journal)) 434
Greece see Ancient Greece
Green, L. 285
Griffin, S. 434
group (collective) identities 211, 212, 215
Guattari, F. 415
Gyn/ecology (Daly) 434
Gyorgy, A. 433
Habermas, J.: critical theory 104; democratic theory 642, 643, 644, 646, 647–8, 649–50
Haddox, J.H. 637
Hafez, S. 454
Hagengruber, R. 37
Hahn, Hans 304
Halberstam, J. 413
Hale, C.J. 396
Hall, K. 471
Halwani, R. 562
Hampson, D. 62
Hampton, J. 82–3, 88–90, 91, 658
Hankivsky, O. 547
Hanshu (漢書) (The Book of Han) 40
Harding, S. 247, 307–8, 310, 311, 332–3, 336–7
harm 621, 623–4, 626, 628–9, 660
Harris, D. 123
Harris, H. 68
Harrison, B. 67
Hart, H.L.A. 702, 703–4, 706, 710
Harth, E. 72
Haslanger, S. 174, 184, 225–6, 252, 276; structural injustice 623–4, 625; trans* theory 395, 396
Hayek, F. von 655
Haynes, P. 68
healthcare see bioethics
Hegel, G.W.F. 107, 108–12, 218, 243, 667–8, 670
Heikes, D. 252
Hein, H. 465
Held, V. 89–90, 573, 610, 649; care ethics 562, 564, 696–7
Heldke, L. 576
Heresies (journal) 434
Herman, J. 224
hermeneutical ontology: intersectionality 346; marginalization/injustice 263, 335, 502; silencing 282, 289; trans* theory 268, 269, 270, 271–2, 273–6
Herr, R.S. 561
Heschel, A.J. 309
heteronomous autonomy 476, 477
heteronormativity 301, 308, 315, 352, 383–4; aesthetics 476, 477; Critical Race Theory (CRT) 362; disability 410; gender essentialism 171, 173, 188–9; trans theory 394
heterosexual relationships 83, 84, 88, 386
hierarchical reflective endorsement 517, 518
Hierro, Graciela 639
Hintikka, M.B. 332
Hipparchia’s Choice: An Essay Concerning Women, Philosophy, Etc. (Le Doeuff) 15, 62
Hippel, Theodor Gottlieb von 97, 103
Hirschmann, N. 173, 659, 665–6, 671
Hoagland, S. 137
Hobbes, Thomas 219, 220, 703, 704; social contract theory 82–5, 87, 88, 89, 654, 666–7; State of Nature 529, 534
Hollywood, A. 61
Homiak, M. 574
homonationalism 407
‘homosexuality’ 226
Honneth, A. 233
‘honor’ killings 691
hooks, b. 170, 436, 669, 671, 674
Hornsby, J. 281–3, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288
households: democratic theory 644–5; gender oppression and 170; male dominance 84–5, 87; poverty and 421, 423–4, 428; privacy 668, 669; women’s subordination in 86–7, 89, 90, 91
Houston, B. 573
How to Suppress Women’s Writing (Russ) 634
Hubbard, R. 317
Human Condition, The (Arendt) 479, 645
Human Relations Area Files 321
human rights 94, 602, 613; equality/difference and 97–9; freedom 666–70; moral justification 505, 506, 507–10; multiculturalism 595, 600
Human Rights Campaign (HRC) 389
human security 550
p.722
humanism: multiculturalism and 595–8; postcolonialism and 598–603; visionary pragmatism 139–40
humanitarian intervention 695, 697
Hume, D. 530
Hursthouse, R. 569
Husserl, E. 144, 145, 146, 151, 186, 190
hybridity see multiculturialism; postcolonialism
Hypatia (journal) 133, 134, 137, 332, 436
ideal moral self 582
ideal/non-ideal theory 194
idealization 235
identity politics 52, 479, 517, 694; bioethics and 582–3, 584, 586; Black Feminism 123, 124–5; Critical Race Theory (CRT) 360; freedom 673–4; gender 163–4, 170, 172; intersectionality 343, 350, 353; power dynamics 684, 686–7; social identity and credibility 259–61; see also borderlands identity
If Women Counted (Waring) 330–1
Ignorance 259, 275–6, 305, 643, 649, 659; epistemic injustice and 268–71, 272, 276–7
illocutionary disablement 280–1, 282, 284, 286, 287
imagination 208, 373, 379, 532, 674–5; aesthetics 468–70, 476, 489; body and embodiment 182–3; moral justification 511
imperialism 52, 337, 364, 475, 532, 544; moral justification 508, 510; postcolonialism 598
In a Different Voice (Gilligan) 558, 560
inclusive epistemic democracy 503–6, 509–10
indigenous people 666, 673, 675
individual essentialism 174–5, 177, 178
individual freedom 666, 670, 671–3, 667–8, 670
individualism 172, 218, 236, 479, 601, 602; anti-individualism in philosophy of mind 221–2; autonomy 515, 516; bioethics 581, 582, 583; global justice 609; liberalism 652–3, 656, 657–8; power dynamics 681–2; social contract theory 89–90, 91; virtue ethics 572; see also particularity/particularism
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (United States) 350
inductive reasoning 249
Inessential Woman (Spelman) 171
injustice 168, 176, 245, 251, 260, 263; ignorance and epistemic injustice 268–71, 276–7; trans* theory and hermeneutical marginalization/injustice 273–6; trans* theory and testimonial injustice 271–3
Innerlichkeit (inwardness) 116
institutional harms/responsibilities 609, 610, 620
integration reflective endorsement 518
intellectual virtues 568
intelligibility 147, 268, 269, 272; hermeneutical injustice 273, 274, 275
intentionality 189
interactionist model: sex differences 319; trans* theory 400
intergender 397
internal intersectionality 210
International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics (IJFAB) 585, 588
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 609, 615
international relations: care ethics 550, 551
International Year of the Woman (1975) 637
interpersonal relationships; bioethics 584, 585–6; care ethics 610, 656; Confucianism 556, 559, 560, 561, 562–4, 565; structural injustice 620, 625
interpersonal trust 264
intersectionality 101, 343–4, 352–3, 465, 474; borderlands identity 210–11; care ethics 544, 546–7; Critical Race Theory (CRT) 345, 348, 350, 359, 361–8; critiques and controversies 351–2; gender essentialism 171, 172, 176; gender and political action/narrative 476–82, 83; genealogy of 343–8; intersectional methods/studies 348–50; trans* theory 400, 402
intuition 225, 395, 432, 520, 521, 559
‘inversion’ thesis 337
Invisibility Blues (Wallace) 126
Invisible Man, The (Ellison) 127
Irigaray, L. 65, 66, 89, 151, 189, 475; Ancient Greece 24, 27, 28, 29, 30; beautiful and sublime 494; Germany 111–12, 114; language 292, 293, 294, 295, 296–8, 300; materiality 196, 199, 200, 204, 205
‘iron maidens’ 486
Islam 453–4, 596, 598, 600, 612, 673
Jacobson, D. 284
Jaggar, A. 532–3, 644; bioethics 579, 582, 585; global development 421, 427, 428–9; global justice 608, 609, 611, 612, 613, 615–16; structural injustice 624, 625
Jagger, G. 195
p.723
James, William 132
Jarman, M. 414
JCSEPHS see Joint Caucus for Socially Engaged Philosophers and Historians of Science
Jeffreys, S. 384
Jena Romantic Circle 115
JENDA: A Journal of Cultural and African Women’s Studies 53
jeopardy model: oppression 122, 123, 125, 126
Johnson, L. 413
Johnson-Odim, C. 437
Joint Caucus for Socially Engaged Philosophers and Historians of Science (JCSEPHS) 311
Jordan-Young, R. 320
Journal of Literary and Cultural Disability Studies, The 413
Juana Inés de la Cruz, Sor 633–5
Judeo-Christian religious/theological traditions: attraction of engagement with 61–3, 64–5; historical religious/theological critiques 60–1; plurality and feminist flourishing 65–8; practical philosophy of 63–4; see also religious diversity
judgement 77–8, 80, 542; Kantian viewpoint 466–8, 489–91
Juro, R. 389
justice 414, 573, 600, 703; bioethics 581, 586, 587; care ethics and 543, 546, 547–8, 549, 551, 558–9; ecofeminism 438–9; reasoning 249; testimony and 261, 265
Justice and the Politics of Difference (Young) 621
Kaag, J. 137
Kant, Immanuel 65, 244–5, 504, 671, 673; aesthetics 463, 466–8, 476; beautiful and sublime 479, 489–92; care ethics 545, 644; The Enlightenment 102, 103, 107; feminist reworking of 468–72; liberalism 653; nature and freedom 108; rational agency 529, 534, 535, 541; social contract theory 82, 83, 85–6, 88, 89, 90; virtue ethics 568, 575
Keller, E.F. 244
Kellner, D. 646
Kenny, N.P. see Baylis, F. et al (2008)
Keralio-Robert, L. 95
Khader, S. 227–8, 427, 521, 550, 673
King, D. 128
King, U. 447
King, Ynestra 433
Kiraly, M. 656
Kittay, E.F. 220, 221, 413, 611; care ethics 545, 546, 573, 587, 659; Confucianism 564, 565
Klinger, C. 104
Knoblock, J. 45
Knott, S. 95
knowing and knowledge 270, 284, 337, 502; debatable/undebatable data 636; intersectionality 347, 350, 351; knowledge-producing institutions and communities 263–5; Native American chaos theory 373, 377; situated 256, 258
Koggel, C. 427
Kourany, J. 309
Koyama, E. 394
Kristeva, J. 27, 30, 173, 204, 238; Judeo-Christian religious traditions 66, 67; language 292, 294–5, 296, 298; narrative and action theory 480, 481, 482; unitary self 208, 210, 212
Kukla, R. 288
La Logique, ou l’art de penser (Logic, or the Art of Thinking) (Arnauld and Nicole) 74, 77
labour 637, 658, 660–1; aesthetics and 465; care ethics 544, 546, 548–9, 551; discrimination/equality 705, 706, 707, 708; ecofeminism and 438–9, 441; freedom 669–70; gendered wage gap 534; global development and 421, 422, 426, 428; global justice and 611, 614–16; materiality 198, 199; migration 625; power dynamics and 682–3; social contract theory 86, 89; statistics 330–1; structural injustice 624–5, 627
Lacan, J. 30, 91, 293, 294, 493–4
LaDuke, W. 435
Landes, J. 99
Lange, L. 102
Langton, R. 280–3, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288
language: barriers to equality/justice 51, 54, 57–8; construction of gender 300–1; gender and 292–5; masculinist theological 60; patriarchal order and 299–300; politics of writing 295–7; sexual difference and 297–8, 493; socio-linguistic practices and trans* theory 397–8, 402
Laozi see Daodejing (Classics of Way and Its Power)
Lara Zavala, M.P. 638
Latin America 598, 608, 612, 645; contemporary feminist ethics 638–9; historical ethical challenges 632–5; modern women’s movements and consciousness-raising 637–8; suffrage and women’s rights 635–7; testimonio and public protest 631–2
Latina feminism 209–10, 214–15
‘Laugh of the Medusa, The’ (Cixous) 295–6
Lauretis, T. de 201
law see legal philosophy
p.724
Law, Liberty, and Morality (Hart) 703, 706
Lawson, Tom 314
Le Doeuff, M. 14–15, 16, 61–3, 67, 68, 204
‘learned woman’ model 97
‘Lección de cocina’ (‘Cooking lesson’) (Castellanos) 637
Lectures on Anthropology (Kant) 491
Lee, L. 372
legal philosophy 91, 345, 704–7, 710; abortion 709; non-ideal theory 701–2; positivism and separation of law/morality 702–4; principles of equality and 84; sexual harassment 707–9
legal positivism 701, 702–3, 704
legitimacy: political 643, 648
Legrand, D. 188
lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) 226, 308, 315, 407; Africa 53, 57; borderlands identities 214–15; social constructionism 158, 160
lesbian theory and ethics 137, 298, 383–9
Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime (Lyotard) 493
Let Me Speak! (Barrios de Chúngara et al.) 631
Letters on Education (Macaulay) 100
Letters from Sweden (Wollstonecraft) 102
Levine, D. 550
LGBTI see lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex
‘liability model’ of responsibility 610
liberal feminism 88, 382–3, 644, 669, 681, 705–6; lesbian theory and ethics 383–9; queer theory 389–91
liberal social contract theory 83, 88
liberalism 26, 90, 363, 595–6, 612, 703; democratic theory 644, 646; feminist critiques of 652–6; feminist liberalism 657–61; Native American Chaos Theory 370–1, 379
libertarian feminism see liberal feminism
liberty see freedom
Liji (Book of Rites) 556
Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (2009) (United States) 706
linear-hormonal model: sex differences 318–19, 320
linguistic injustice 287–8, 289
linguistics see language
Lintott, S. 486
Little, M. 537
lived experience 148–51, 221–5
Living Across and Through Skins: Transactional Bodies, Pragmatism, and Feminism (Sullivan) 138
Living Dolls: The Return of Sexism (Walter) 486
Livingston, J. 407
Lloyd, G. 15–17, 103, 243, 245, 252
locavorism 438
Locke, John 85, 87, 653, 654, 666
Lógica viva (Living Logic) (Vaz Ferreira) 635, 636
logical empiricism 303, 304, 310
logos see reasoning
Longino, H.E. 247, 248; science 306–7, 310–11, 318–19; social science 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337
Longinus 487
‘looping effect’: social construction 162, 163, 164
Lugones, María 214–15, 222, 397, 598–9
Lukes, S. 678
Luna, F. 587
Maasai communities 507, 508, 509, 510
Maathai, Wangari 56
McFague, S. 67
McGowan, M.K. 285
Mackenzie, C. 224; et al. (2014) 587
MacKinnon, C. 170, 220, 252, 362; freedom 668; liberalism 653, 654, 655–6, 661; political philosophy 644–5, 679, 690–1; pornography 707; sexual harassment 708; silencing 279, 280, 281, 286–7
McKinnon, R. 400
McLaren, M. 573
maid trade see domestic work
‘mail order brides’ 549
majoritarianism 704
male 16, 55, 165, 184; trans* theory 398, 399, 400
male pseudonyms 17
Malebranche, Nicolas 78
La Malinche (the Traitor) 632–3
Mallory, C. 438
Man of Reason: ‘Male’ and ‘Female’ in Western Philosophy (Lloyd) 15–17, 243
‘man-the-hunter’ hypothesis 246, 247
Mann, B. 494
Manuel Fernández de Santa Cruz, Bishop of Puebla 633–4
p.725
marginalization 377, 475, 502, 601, 612; testimony 263, 265
Maria, or the Wrongs of Women (Wollstonecraft) 100, 102
Marine Lover of Friedrich Nietzsche (Irigaray) 114
Marinucci, M. 390
marriage 19, 84–5, 532, 669, 691; power dynamics 679, 680; women’s subordination in 86–7, 89, 90, 91
Martin, E. 317
Marxism 237, 336, 645; freedom 667–8; materiality 198, 199; power dynamics 682, 683; religious diversity 452, 453; social contract theory 86, 89
masculinity 53, 401; aesthetics 464; criminal law 706; gender identity 173, 349; gendered reality 37, 38, 39, 40, 41; global development and 423; language and 297; metaphysical dualisms 114, 115; objectivity 244; power and 42–3, 46, 47, 51; pragmatism and 136; reasoning/objectivity 101, 245–6, 249; sexuality and 170; see also feminine and femininity; men and boys; women and girls
Massacre in Mexico (Poniatowska) 632
master and slave 62, 63, 110–11, 233, 679, 680
materiality 194, 205, 439, 440; new materialism 195–200; religious diversity and dialectical materialism 446, 452–4, 456; sex/gender and mattering 200–4
Maternal Thinking (Ruddick) 540, 573, 576, 584
maternity and maternalist feminism 28–31, 32, 151, 465, 680; African culture 55; care ethics 220, 544, 549; cosmic mother/female body 36–9, 47; love and 67; violence and vulnerability 692, 695, 696; see also abortion; sexual reproduction
Matsuda, M. 222
Mead, G.H. 647
meaning: sublimation and 234–9
medical model: disability 408, 409–10, 411
medicine see bioethics
Medina, J. 261, 263, 269, 270, 271
Meditationes de prima philosophiae (Meditations on First Philosophy) (Descartes) 73, 74, 181, 223
men and boys 165; bodily qualities 71; care ethics 546, 547, 564, 573; domination of science and research 315; identity schemes 212, 213, 214; ‘man the hunter’ theory 332; rape and sexual assault 314; rights movement 382; sense of entitlement 91; traditional power over women 18–21, 50; trans* theory 396; see also feminine and femininity; masculinity; women and girls
Mendoza, B. 610
mental health disorders 161–2, 238, 272, 581
Merchant, C. 435
Merleau-Ponty, M.; body and embodiment 184; feminist phenomenology, 144–6, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151
Merrim, S. 633
mestiza consciousness 209
metaethics 528–9, 538; moral epistemology 537; moral scepticism 533–7; truth and 529–33
Metaphysics of Morals (Kant) 103
method 25, 30, 40, 108, 246; doubt methodology 72–3, 74, 75, 77–80; ‘feminist method’ 328, 329–30, 337; feminist phenomenology 143–8, 149; pragmatism 135, 138; social sciences 332–4, 336, 337; theological 62, 63, 64, 67
‘Method Question, The’ (Harding) 332
‘Methodological Interpretation of Feminist Pragmatism, A’ (Gillberg) 139
Meyers, D.T. 220, 518, 519, 520, 524, 613
microcredit initiatives 616
Milan Women’s Bookstore Collective 674
militarism 52, 140, 314, 419, 437, 705; care ethics 547, 548, 550; global development 609, 612, 615; Latin America 632; liberalism 656; violence and 691, 692, 693, 695–6
Mill, John Stuart 19, 284, 386, 667; liberalism 653, 654, 655
Miller, J.B. 680
Millett, K. 170
Mills, C.W. 271, 350, 364, 608; social contract theory 83, 84, 90, 667
Mind (philosophy journal) 21
mind theory 72–3, 75, 78, 80, 212; anti-individualism in philosophy of 221–2
mind–body duality 180, 181–3, 186
Minow, M. 708
misogynism 85, 113, 435; Aristotle 31–2; religious/theological tradition 65
‘Missive Worthy of Athena’ see ‘Reply to Sister Philothea de la Cruz’ (Juana Inés de la Cruz)
modernization 96
Moeller, H.-G. 36–7, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44
Monro, S. 349
Montagu, Elizabeth 96
Montuschi, E. 329
moral justification: diversity/inequality and 501–2; epistemic injustice and 502–3; female genital cutting (FGC) 507–10; inclusive epistemic democracy 503–6, 509–10; legal positivism 703; mission/method of moral epistemology 511–12; moral and political universalism 504–7
p.726
Moral para intelectuales (Ethics for Intellectuals) (Vaz Ferreira) 635
Moral Textures: Feminist Narratives in the Public Sphere (Lara Zavala) 638
Moral Understandings (Walker) 611
morality and moral theory 323, 469, 538, 654, 657, 658; absolutism 531, 532, 533, 538; agreement 647–8; care ethics 540, 542, 561; deliberation 542–3, 551; The Enlightenment 83, 88, 89, 90; epistemology 528, 537, 545; facts 528, 529; global justice 611–12; imperialism 531–2; methodological individualism 609; particularism 347; positivism and separation of law/morality 702–4; realism 529, 533, 538; relativism 530–1, 532, 533, 538; repair 610–11; scepticism 533–7, 538; universal principles 372, 504; virtue ethics 568, 569, 573
morally required action 535
mothers and motherhood see maternity and maternalist feminism
Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo 632
motivational displacement 559, 564
Mujer que sabe latín (Castellanos) 637
Mukherjee, A.P. 601
Mulder, A.-M. 63
multiculturalism 532, 595–8, 612
multistability: oppression 120, 121–6
multivariate analysis (multilinear regression analysis) 344–5, 353
Mulvey, L. 465
Murray, S. 408
Muslim communities 97, 598, 673; veiling of women 453–4, 531, 596, 600, 612
Mussett, S. 111
My Sense of Silence (Davis) 215
myth of the cave (Plato) 27–31
Nagoshi, J. 349
naming theory 300
Narayan, U. 171, 335, 426–7, 531, 544, 601–2; global justice 609, 611, 616
Narrating Evil: A Post-Metaphysical Theory of Reflective Judgment (Lara Zavala) 638
narrative and action theory 222, 223, 224; care ethics 543; gender intersectionality and aesthetic/political action/narrative 476–82, 483; Native American chaos theory 372–3, 376–7; self-constitution 225–7; see also testimony
narrowly programmatic autonomy 519
natality 692
National Organization for Women 388
nationalism 695
Native Americans: chaos theory 370, 372–5; ecofeminism 435; politics of difference 371, 375–9
nativism 399
natural law theory 700, 701, 703–4, 705, 707, 710
naturalism 183–4, 186, 189–90, 611, 653
naturalized epistemology 249, 250
Nedelsky, J. 659
‘Need for a Recovery of Philosophy, The’ (Dewey) 132, 133
negative freedom 667, 671, 675
negative liberty 653
negative socio-epistemic status: Black women 120, 126–9
nego-feminism 54
Négritude 148
Neo-Platonism 17
neoliberalism 67–8, 88, 351, 548; disability and 406, 407; global justice 607, 613, 614–15, 616
nepantlera (among others) 209, 210
neural imaging 588
neuroscience 316, 319–20, 323–4
neurosexism 250
new materialism 184, 194, 195–200, 205
New Materialism (Dolphijn and van der Tuin) 197
Nicholson, L. 173
Nietzsche, Friedrich 65–6, 107, 112–15, 494
Nnaemeka, Obioma 54
‘No Right to Own?: The Early Twentieth-Century ‘Alien Land Law’ as a Prelude to Internment’ (Aoki) 364
Noddings, N.: bioethics 586, 587; care ethics 540, 542, 543, 545, 550, 585; Confucianism 558–9, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564
non-alienation 518
non-binary identified 396
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 50
non-human primate society 315–16
non-ideal theory 9, 90, 608, 616; legal positivism 701–2, 709–10; virtue ethics 575, 576
non-truism 88
normative approach; democratic theory 642, 643–4
normative transformer 660
Norris, John 78
Nuremberg trials 703
nurturant/non-nurturant care 547, 549, 560
Nussbaum, M.532–3, 613, 657–8; capabilities approach 505–6, 574, 597, 671–2; global development 425–6, 428
‘object relations’ theory 232, 233
objectification 188
objectivity 158–9, 186; rationality and 246–9; science and 264–5, 432; social science 331, 334, 335, 336
p.727
Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime (Kant) 491
Occupy Movement 351
Ocen, P. 348
Ogundipe-Leslie, Molara 54
Ogunyemi, Chikwenye Okonjo 54
Okin, S.M. 532, 612; freedom 668; liberalism 658, 659; social contract theory 83, 84, 88, 90, 102; virtue ethics 570, 572
Oksala, J. 685
On the Admission of Women to the Rights of Citizenship (Condorcet) 98
On the Beautiful and the Sublime (Kant) 103
On the Civil Improvement of the Jews (Dohm) 97
On the Civil Improvement of Women (Hippel) 97
On Liberty (Mill) 653
On The Genealogy of Morals (Nietzsche) 115
On Violence (Arendt) 685
O’Neill, O. 504
Only Words (MacKinnon) 279
ontological pluralism 334
opportunity 524, 583, 620, 671, 701
oppression 150, 320, 387, 659, 687; autonomy and 515–23; bioethics 580; care ethics 544, 549; Critical Race Theory (CRT) 362, 363; ecofeminism 436, 437; feminist virtue ethics 571, 572; freedom and 665, 666, 670, 671, 675; intersectionality 343–4, 345, 346, 347, 351–2, 353; language and 292, 293; metaethics 528–9, 536; moral justification 501, 503; multistability of 120, 121–6; negative socio-epistemic status 126–9; patriarchal order 382; politics of spatiality 129–30; relational autonomy and 516–23; religious diversity 453–4; sexual harassment 314, 515, 707–9; structural injustice 620, 621, 622, 623; subjectivity and 232, 233, 235, 236, 238; trans theory 393, 394, 396, 400, 401, 402; trauma and traumatic survivors 227, 228; trust/trustworthiness 258–9, 260; virtue ethics 574–5, 576; see also patriarchal order; power dynamics
Ortiz, V. see Barrios de Chungara, D. et al.
outcome responsibility 628
‘Outliving Oneself: Trauma, Memory, and Personal Identity’ (Brison) 223
outsider jurisprudence 345, 346
‘oxymoron problem’ 18
Paley, G. 433
Pang, A. 560
Parekh, S. 613
Parfit, D. 505
parler femme (‘speaking (as) woman’) 295
Parrenas, R.S. 607
partiality 542, 556, 560, 564, 565, 654
participatory democracy 378–9, 428, 565; freedom 667, 669, 672; social contract theory 90, 91
particularity/particularism 98, 103, 149, 376, 451; care ethics 542–3; Confucianism 556, 559, 560, 561, 562, 563–4; see also individualism
Passions de l’âme, Les (The Passions of the Soul) (Descartes) 73, 77, 79
Pastavas, A. 410
Pateman, C. 654–5, 680; social contract theory 82, 83, 84, 85, 86–8, 90–1
paternal power 87
pathologies of the social 150
patriarchal order 18–21, 456, 645; Africa 49, 56, 57; Ancient Greece 25, 26; Critical Race Theory (CRT) 362; Daoism 35, 46; desire for male child 55; ecofeminism 432, 436, 439–40, 441–2; free and equal persons 83–4, 85, 90, 91; global development and 421; Judeo-Christian religious tradition 60, 61, 62, 66; language and 292, 294, 299–300; Latin America 637; legal positivism 701, 704, 707; liberalism 652; mental health disorders 238; metaethics 531; oppression 382, 427, 452; power and 42–3, 46, 47, 51, 62, 508; silencing and 56; sublimation and meaning 235, 237; violence and vulnerability 690–1; see also oppression; power dynamics
Patton, P. 107
Paz, O. 633
peace project 208
Peat, F.D. 378
Peller, G. see Crenshaw, K. et al. (1995)
perception 147–8, 149, 150, 151, 203
Peregrinations (Lyotard) 493
Peri Hypsous (On the Sublime) (Longinus) 487
perlocutionary frustration 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 286
personal identity 211, 215, 218–19, 227–8; anti-individualism in philosophy of mind 221–2; bioethics 582–3, 584, 586; care ethics and relational self 219–21; intersectionality 343, 346, 352, 353; lived experience and 222–5; social construction and narrative self-constitution 225–7
Phaedo (Plato) 224
phallologocentric/phallogocentric approach 25, 32
phenomenology see feminist phenomenology
Phenomenology of Perception (Merleau-Ponty) 145
Phenomenology of Spirit (Hegel) 108, 109, 110, 111–12
phenotypes 322
p.728
Philo 244
Philosophical Discourse of Modernity (Habermas) 649–50
Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, A (Burke) 487–9, 490
Philosophical Imaginary, The (Le Doeuff) 14
Philosophical Radicals 20
philosophy: historical origins of 24–6; ‘male master’ 62, 63; participation rates 20; terminology 24–6; women’s absence from 18–21, 50, 57, 61, 62, 219
Philosophy of Social Science: A New Introduction (Cartwright and Montuschi) 329
piety movements 673
Plant, J. 434
Plantinga, A. 451
Plato 181, 224, 294, 297, 485; as a feminist 25, 26–31, 32, 39
‘pleasure kidnappings’ 638
pluralism 94–7, 138–9, 310–11, 333, 375–6; multiculturalism/postcolonialism 595, 596; religious diversity 450, 451, 452; uniqueness and aesthetics 479
Poetics (Aristotle) 480
political bios 482
political ecology 438
political liberalism 654
Political Liberalism (Rawls) 702
political relational model: disability 410
political responsibility 625–7, 628, 629
political social contract theory 82, 86–8
politics 31, 52, 66, 68, 246, 309; aesthetics and 463–6; gender intersectionality and action/narrative 476–82, 483; moral justification 505; see also democratic theory
Politics (Aristotle) 31
Politics of Piety (Mahmood) 454
Poniatowska, E. 632
pornography 706, 707; speech and silencing 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285
positive freedoms 667, 671, 673
postcolonial analysis approach (PCA) 507–9, 510
postcolonialism 544, 669, 672–3, 696; Africa 49, 52, 57; multiculturalism 595, 598–603; see also colonialism; Critical Race Theory (CRT); race and racism; slavery
postmodernism 173, 346, 595, 649–50, 660
poststructuralism 649, 672, 683–4, 691
Potter, E. 244
Potter, N. 572
Poullain de la Barre, François 74–6, 77, 79, 80
poverty 164, 478, 590, 671; global development 419, 420, 422–4, 426; global justice 607, 608, 609, 610, 613
power dynamics 678–9; aesthetics and 475, 478, 479; associational life 645; autonomy and 520, 543, 596; bioethics 580, 587; care ethics 547–8; diffusion of 334, 335; female power/strategy 43–6; feminist ethics/virtue ethics 569–72, 575; freedom 671, 672; language 292; liberalism 654, 659; moral justification 503–4, 506, 507, 510, 511; multiculturalism 599; poststructuralist feminism 683–4; power-over/power-to 679–81; resistance 686–7; socialist feminism 682–3; trust/trustworthiness and testimony 257, 258, 260; violence and 685–6; see also oppression; patriarchal order
practical conceptual ignorance 271
pragmatic values 334
pragmatism 133–6, 649; contemporary 137–40; feminist recovery projects 132–3, 137; historical connections 136–7
pregnancy 113, 114, 187–8, 707–8
Pregnancy Discrimination Act (United States) 707–8
prejudice 269, 272, 289, 305, 466, 502
prenatal femicide 440
prescriptive essentialism 172–3, 174
Prince, V. 394
Principia philosophiae (Principles of Philosophy) (Descartes) 18, 77, 183
probate courts 705
procedural relational autonomy 516–19, 520, 522, 523, 524
productive power 684
programmatic autonomy 519
‘property in the person’ 86, 90
propositional ignorance 271
proprioceptive awareness 398
prospective responsibility 629
proto-lesbian ethics 137
psychoanalytic theory 66, 293; subjectivity and subject positions 231–4; unconscious and sublimation 234–9
Puar, J. 407
public/private sphere 31, 99, 104, 434; bioethics 579; care ethics 540, 558, 560, 564–5; democratic theory 646, 647, 650; freedom 668, 669, 670; liberalism 653, 655, 657, 658; power dynamics 683, 684
p.729
purposiveness 109
Pythagoras 63, 65; table of opposites 15–16
Que bom te ver viva (How Nice to See You Alive Again) (film) 632
queer theory 158, 171, 214–15, 298, 301; disability and 405–8; freedom 672, 674–5; intersectionality 346, 377; liberal feminism 383, 389–91; power dynamics 684–5; trans theory and 394, 398
‘quite other’ (tout-autre) 599
race and racism 164, 260, 324, 388, 515, 596; aesthetics and 464, 465–6, 471, 475, 478, 480; beautiful and sublime 489, 490; gender essentialism 170, 171; intersectionality 344, 345, 346, 352, 353; labour markets 614–15; legal positivism 703–4; structural injustice 623–4; trans* theory and 401; violence and vulnerability 696; see also colonialism; Critical Race Theory (CRT); postcolonialism; slavery
Racial Contract, The (Mills) 364
racial contract theory 84
racial oppression 61, 152, 232
radical feminism 400–1, 644–5, 679, 695; legal positivism 701, 706–7; lesbian/queer theory 382, 383, 385, 386, 387–8, 390; liberalism 653, 654, 656
Rajan, R.S. 600
Ramabai, Pandita 602
rape and sexual assault 87, 223–4, 286, 314, 362–3, 680; abuse 279, 281; global justice 610–11; Latin America 638–9; masculinity and 706; metaethics and 529, 530, 531, 532, 535, 537; vulnerability and 689, 690, 691, 692, 693, 694
Raphael, M. 61
rational choice theory 249, 533–5
rationality 42–3, 64, 243–6, 251–3, 412–13, 448; aesthetics and 478; agency 534, 535; liberalism 653, 654; moral scepticism 533, 536; objectivity and 246–9; power dynamics 685–6; reasoning and 249–51, 511; science and 303, 306–9, 310, 311; see also reasoning
Rawlinson, M. 588
Rawls, J. 702; democratic theory 642, 643–4, 649; liberalism 652, 654, 655, 657, 658, 659; social contract theory 82, 83, 84, 88, 89, 90
Raymond, J. 400
Razack, S. 612
Readings in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences (Brodbeck) 329
Reagon, B.J. 120
reality and realism: enforcement of 402; masculinity 37, 38, 39, 40, 41; moral realism 529, 533, 538; social reality 7, 175, 345, 452, 648; see also social constructionism
reasoning (logos) 15–17, 77, 78, 412, democracy and 18–21; bioethics 586; care ethics 542, 560; democratic theory 643, 647, 648–9, 650; The Enlightenment 94, 101, 103–4; German Idealism 108; ‘maleness’ of 252; metaethics and 533, 535, 536, 537; morality and 249–50, 501, 503, 504, 509–10, 511–12; rationality and 249–51; structural injustice 627; understanding and 85–6, 469; unitary self 207–8; women lacking 25, 29, 30, 31, 75, 237; see also rationality
Reason’s Muse: Sexual Difference and the Birth of Democracy (Fraisse) 18–19
reciprocity 559
recognition 376
reductionist ecology 439
Reed v. Reed (1971) 705
Reflections on Black Men (Réflexions sur les hommes nègres) (Gouges) 99
Reflections on the French Revolution (Burke) 100
reflexivity 261
Reigel, J. 45
Reinharz, S. 332
relational autonomy 516–23, 585–7, 588, 659
relational self 218, 222, 234, 427; care ethics and 219–21, 541
relationship: religion and 65–6, 67
Religious Ambiguity and Religious Diversity (McKim) 449–50
religious diversity 446–7; autonomy 522–3; Eurocentric bias 450, 455, 456; feminist epistemology and 448–52; gender and 447–8; global justice 612; materialism and 452–4; moral justification 503; subjectivity and 454–6; see also Judeo-Christian religious/theological traditions
Remarks (Kant) 491
ren (仁 love/goodness/benevolence/humaneness) 556–7, 560, 565
‘Reply to Sister Philothea de la Cruz’ (Juana Inés de la Cruz) 633–5
reproduction see sexual reproduction
Reproduction of Mothering, The (Chodorow) 232
Republic (Plato) 25–7, 27–8, 29
research centres and institutes 52
resistance 680, 686–7, 693, 694, 696
responsibility 286–7; structural injustice 620, 621–2, 625–9
Responsibility for Justice (Young) 621
responsivity 234
Retrato de Teresa (Portrait of Teresa) (film) 637
Reuter, M. 76
Reuther, R.R. 435
p.730
Revolution in Poetic Language (Kristeva) 27, 30
Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism (Diamond and Orenstein) 436
Reynolds, T.A. see Frederick, D.A. et al.
‘right of man’ 19
Riley, D. 173
Roach, C. 433
Robinson, Mary 442
Roen, K. 349
Rogers v. EEOC (1971) 708
Rogers, W.A. see Mackenzie, C. et al. (2014)
Rolin, K. 265
Roman Empire 666
Roof, J. 388
Roscoe, W. 377
Rose, T. 348
Roughgarden, J. 323
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 14, 85, 91, 491, 654; The Enlightenment 95, 100–1, 102–3
Rublev, A. 67
Ruddick, S.: care ethics 540, 543, 544, 550, 551, 587; Confucianism 562, 563, 564; virtue ethics 573, 576, 584
Russ, J. 634
Russell, B. 222
Sacks, O. 398
Salleh, A. 435, 436, 437, 438, 439
Sallis, J. 470
salons 95, 96, 97, 107, 115, 116
same-sex love 137
Sandahl, C. 406
sati (ritualized widow immolation) 611
Saul, J. 395
Savoring Disgust (Korsmeyer) 486
#SayHerName 478
Scarry, E. 689
Schechtman, M. 225
Scheffler, S. 627
Scheman, N. 221, 228, 252, 265
Schlegel, Dorothea Veit 115, 116
Schlegel-Schelling, Caroline 115–16
scholarship 19
Scholasticism 17
Scholz, S. 670
School of Purity and Stillness (清靜) (Qingjing) 41
Schopenhauer, Arthur 494
Schultz, V. 708
Schweik, S. 414
science 244, 310–12; birth of feminist philosophy of 305–6; ecofeminism 432, 435, 439; feminist rationality 306–9; knowledge-producing institutions and communities 263–5; Native American chaos theory 373; pre-feminist philosophy of 303–5
Science–The Endless Frontier: Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research (Bush) 305
‘scientific world-conception’ 303–4
Scotland 96
Scott, Sarah 96
Scully, J.L. 582
Second Sex, The (de Beauvoir) 14, 111, 185–6, 189, 487, 670
second-order reflection 517, 518
second-wave feminism 13, 15, 19, 679, 683; freedom 669, 670, 673
Seigfried, Charlene Haddock 133, 134, 135–6
self-denial 208
self-determination 180, 597, 603, 667; autonomy 521, 523–4, 525
self-fragmentation 208
self-governance 236, 520, 521, 523, 524, 525
self-identity 211–12, 215, 396, 401–2
self-interested action 534, 535
self-preservation 529
self-regarding attitudes 522, 523, 525, 576, 586
self-transcendence 670
self-transformation 100
semantic externalism 221
Sen, A. 425, 426, 505–6, 671–2
sensibility: aesthetics and 474, 475, 476, 488; perception and 147–8, 149, 150
separatist feminism see radical feminism
Serious Proposal to the Ladies, A (Astell) 77
Sevenhuisjen, S. 546
sex education 101
sex (gendered) 17–18; construction of 157–66
Sex of Knowing, The (Le Doeff) 15
Sex Roles 320
sex trade/trafficking 549, 607, 609, 610, 613, 706
sex/gender distinction 201, 317–18, 320, 323, 324; disability and 410–11; liberal feminism 384–5, 386–7; radical feminism 388–9; social constructionism 157–70; social science 330, 335
p.731
Sexing the Body (Fausto-Sterling) 159–60
sexism 344, 426, 673; cultural membership 595; religious diversity and 449; science and 305–6, 308–9, 315, 323; social science and 329–30, 332; structural injustice 623–4, 625; subjectivity 235, 237, 238, 239; trans* theory 396
sexual abuse/assault see rape and sexual assault
Sexual Contract, The (Pateman) 86–8, 90, 654–5, 680
sexual difference 18–19, 89, 100, 111, 653; aesthetics and 475, 491–2, 493; Ancient Greece 24–5, 26; biological sciences 316, 317, 318–19, 321–23; language/writing 297–8; materiality and 196, 197, 200, 202–3; myth of the cave 27, 28, 29, 30, 32; rationality/objectivity 246; religious diversity 449; social constructionism 160, 165; see also gender difference
sexual harassment 314, 515, 707–9
sexual objectification 170
sexual orientation 272
sexual reproduction 322, 438, 691, 709–10; aesthetics and 488–9, 491; bioethics 579, 580–1, 582, 588; ethics 521, 549; historical philosophy 31–2, 39, 55; see also abortion; maternity and maternal reproduction
Sexual Subversions (Grosz) 204
sexual violence see rape and sexual assault
sexual visibility/agency 410
Sexual/Textual Politics (Moi) 199
sexuality 101, 170, 201, 506, 679, 686; aesthetics and 474, 475; dominance model 706–7; lesbian/queer theory 383, 386
Sherwin, S. 570, 585, 587, 621; see also Baylis, F. et al (2008)
Shields, S. 319
Shuowen Jiezi (說文解字) (Xu Shen (許慎)) 40
Sidgwick, H. 505
Siebers, T. 409
silencing 238, 279–80; conceptions of 280–2; harm/wrong argument 282–7; related phenomena 287–9; reproduction of patriarchal ideology and 56; testimonial quieting/smothering 260–1, 269, 273, 282
‘silencing-as-linguistic- frustration’ approach 287, 288
Silvers, A. 413
simultaneity 123
Sister Citizen (Harris-Perry) 128–9
sisterhood 55
situated knowing 256, 257, 265, 337
situated self 104
‘skin ego’ 398
slavery 96–7, 101, 360, 665, 679; see also colonialism; Critical Race Theory (CRT); postcolonialism; race and racism
Slicer, D. 436
SlutWalks 351
Smith, H. 77
Snow, N. 571
Sobre feminismo (Vaz Ferreira) 635
social constructionism 38, 390, 587; autonomy 516–23, 586; borderlands identity 207, 209–10, 212–15; definition of ‘woman’ 396–7; gender 166, 169–70, 176; ideas and concepts 157–61; illusion and 161–2; kinds and 161, 164–5; liberalism 657, 659, 660–1; materiality 202–3; narrative self-constitution 225–7; objects and 162–4; queer theory 398; race and racism 360; trans* theory 398–9, 400; see also reality and realism
social contract theory 82–91, 219–20, 654–5, 666–7, 680; intersectionality 364, 368
social epistemology 248
social imaginaries 127, 128, 130, 213
social kinds 161, 162, 164–5, 168, 174
social model: disability 408, 409–10, 411
social science 328–9; community values 333–6; feminist method debate 328, 329–33, 334; intersectionality 343, 344–5; standpoint theory 336–8
social transformation including women in Africa (STIWA) 54
socialist feminism 26, 645, 669, 682–3
Society for Philosophy of Science in Practice (SPSP) 311
socio-historical processes 157–8, 160, 166, 176–7, 231–4
Socrates 26, 27–8, 30, 31, 224
Solidarity (labour movement) 646
Somers, M. 478
Sophist (Plato) 30
Soskice, J.M. 61
Souls of Black Folks, The (Du Bois) 128
Spade, D. 411
Spain 96
spatiality politics 129–30, 149
Speculum of the Other Woman (Irigaray) 27, 28, 29, 30, 494
speech 98, 647–8, 649; gender differences 292, 295, 296; silencing 279, 283–4, 287
speech act theory 286, 288–9, 301
p.732
‘Speech Acts and Unspeakable Acts’ (Langton) 280
Spelman, E. 171
Spivak, G. 237, 471, 599–600, 695
SPSP see Society for Philosophy of Science in Practice
Spurs: Nietzsche’s Styles (Derrida) 113
Squires, J. 173
Srivastava, S. 352
SRPoiSE see Consortium for Socially Relevant Philosophy of/in Science and Engineering
‘Stabat Mater’ (Kristeva) 67
standpoint approach 13, 247–8, 307–8, 310, 432, 588; intersectionality 347; pragmatism 137, 138; social science and 328, 336–8
Stanley, J. 282
Star, D. 561
Starhawk 435
state-organized feminism 52
statistical reasoning 249
Stein, Edith 143
sterility 55
STIWA see social transformation including women in Africa
Stoljar, N. 521
strategic essentialism 600
Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) (International Monetary Fund) 609, 615
structural injustice 269, 620–9, 656, 706
Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (Habermas) 646, 647
structural violence 690–1, 692, 693
structures/social structures 636
Stryker, S. 394
Stuart, E. 65
subaltern counter-publics 104, 600, 601
‘Subject and Power’ (Foucault) 685
subject-centered philosophy 233–4
‘Subjection of Women, The’ (Mill) 386
subjectivity 211, 248–9; psychoanalytic theory 231–4; religious diversity and 446, 454–6
sublime see beautiful and sublime
subordination 673, 706; bioethics 579; in family/marriage 86–7, 89, 90, 91, 134, 136; pornography and 285, 656; power dynamics 679, 680, 685, 687; in society 96; virtue ethics and 569–72, 573, 574, 575, 576
substantive relational autonomy 518, 519–23
Suleri, S. 601
Sully, J. 21
Summers, Lawrence 314
Sun Buer (孫不二) 41
Superson, A. 576
surrogacy 549, 581, 583–4, 608–9, 616
Swanton, C. 575
Swinburne, R. 65
symbolic matricide 30
symbolic violence 691, 692, 693
syncretism see multiculturalism; postcolonialism
system-based oppression 121–2, 124, 125
Talking Back: Toward a Latin American Feminist Literary Criticism (Castillo) 634
Tao, J. 560
target approach: virtue ethics 575
Task of Utopia: A Pragmatist Feminist Perspective, The (McKenna) 138
taxation 610
Taylor, B. 95
Taylor, Harriet 19
tempered equality 307
tension-loaded structures 233
Terrell, H.K. 349
testimonial injustice: moral justification 502; trans* theory 268–9, 270, 272–3, 276; trust/trustworthiness 260, 261, 262, 263
testimonio (Latin America) 631–2
testimony 256–7, 335; ethics and 257–9; feminist analyses of 265; knowledge-producing institutions and communities 263–5; maladapted norms of credibility 261–3; social identity 259–61; see also narrative and action theory
theoretical reason 250
Theorizing Black Feminisms: The Visionary Pragmatism of Black Women (James and Busia) 139–40
Theory of Communicative Action (Habermas) 647
Theory of Justice, A (Rawls) 659, 702; democratic theory 643, 644; social contract theory 82, 83, 84
‘There Is No Alternative’ (‘TINA’ doctrine) 64
third sex 158
third-person narratives 223, 224
third-wave feminism 656
Thomas, K. see Crenshaw, K. et al. (1995)
Thornhill, R. 314
Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (Wollstonecraft) 100
‘Throwing Like a Girl’ (Young) 147–8, 187
Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Nietzsche) 113, 114
Timaeus (Plato) 27, 28–9, 29–30
Title IX (Education Amendment to the United States Constitution) (1972) 386–7
p.733
Todd, J. 100
Toward A Feminist Theory of The State (MacKinnon) 653
Townley, C. 259
traditional ecological knowledge 435
trans* theory 165, 215, 226, 393–5; body and embodiment 398–400; conceptual analysis of gender categories 395–8; disability and 410–11; gender essentialism 175, 177; hermeneutical marginalization/injustice and 273–6; intersectionality 349; language and 298, 301; lesbian/queer theory 388, 389, 391; testimonial injustice and 271–3; trans feminism conversations 394, 396, 400–3
Trans: A Memoir (Jacques) 273
trans exclusionary radical feminism 385
trans/transsexuality
Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 133
transcendental subjectivity 145, 146, 466, 467, 471, 472
transfeminismo see trans* theory
transference 15
transformative practice 529, 572, 680; aesthetics and 475, 476, 477, 479, 481; criticism and 307, 333, 338
transnational feminism 598, 607, 608, 609, 615, 673
transnational materialist critical disability studies 408
transnationalism
trauma and trauma survivors 223–4, 225, 227
Trinity, The (icon) 67
Truman, Harry 419
trust/trustworthiness 112, 113–14, 256–7; ethics and testimony practices 257–9; feminist analyses of testimony 265; knowledge-producing institutions and communities 263–5; maladapted norms of credibility 261–3; testimony and social identity 259–61
truth: metaethics and 529–33; religious diversity 448–52
Twenty Years at Hull House (Addams) 136
Two Treatises of Government (Locke) 87
Tyler, M. 656
Übermensch 66
ultimate sacred reality 448, 449, 450, 453
Unbearable Weight (Bordo) 487
unconscious, the 66, 293, 297; sublimation and meaning 234–9
‘Under Western Eyes’ (Mohanty) 614
Ungo, Urania 639
uniessentialism 175–6, 177, 178
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) 425
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 441–2
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) (1948) 505
universal moral rules/principles 581–2, 643, 649; aesthetics and 467–8, 471; care ethics 542–3, 547
universalism 346, 359, 371, 450, 588; disability and 408; The Enlightenment 98, 99, 104; gender essentialism 175, 176; liberalism and 659, 661; moral and political 504–7
University of Cape Town 53
unknowability: Black women 126–8
utilitarianism 533, 540, 558, 653, 703; moral justification 504, 505
utopian thinking 138
values 237–8, 248–9, 328; biological sciences 315–22; human values 425; moral virtue 545, 547; social science and community 333–6
vices 534, 569, 570–2, 574, 575–7
victim/victimization/victimhood 613, 691, 693
Viezzer, M. see Barrios de Chungara, D. et al.
Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Wollstonecraft) 96, 99–100, 386, 485, 491, 679
violence 161–2, 223–4, 515, 638–9; ethics of political violence 694–8; female genital mutilation (FMG) 55, 501, 507–10; vulnerability and 689–94
Virey, Julien-Joseph 19
virtue ethics 79, 568–72; care ethics 545, 550, 551, 572–4; Confucianism 556, 560, 561–2; critical feminist eudaimonism 569, 574–5; specific virtues and vices 575–7
Visible Identities (Alcoff) 208
Voelker, Dr J.A. 440
Voltaire 95
vulnerability 61, 264, 421, 542, 669; bioethics 586, 587; disability and 413–14; moral justification 503–4, 506, 510, 511; poverty and 607, 608, 615; structural injustice 620, 624–5; violence and 689–94
‘Vulnerable Subject, The’ (Fineman) 694
Waldron, J. 702
Walker, Alice 54
Walker, M.U. 531, 545, 570, 576, 610, 611
Walter, N. 486
p.734
Warriner, J. 522
Wartofsky, M.W. 304
Waters, K. 350
Watson, Emma 387
Websters’ First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language (Daly and Caputi) 299–300
Weil, Simone 50
Weir, A. 673
Welch, M.M. 72
Welch, S. 671
West, C. 284
West, R. 710
Western worldview 382, 394, 455, 508, 531, 683; care ethics 547, 548; devaluation of woman’s status 691, 694; disability 407–8, 412; freedom 666, 667, 668, 675; invulnerability 693–4; Latin America and 638; Native American Chaos Theory 370, 375, 378, 380; virtue ethics 571
Westminster Review 20
What is Enlightenment? (Kant) 103
Whipps, J. 137
Whisnant, R. 576
white feminism 61, 350, 351–2, 426
‘white feminist’ theology 61
‘Who is Your Mother? Red Roots of White Feminism’ (Allen) 666
‘Why Has the Sex/Gender System Become Visible Only Now?’ (Harding) 333
Wickler, W. 317
Wilcox, S. 609
Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship (Goethe) 116
Wilkes, K. 223
Willett, C. 670
‘willful ignorance’ 270
Williams, D. 61
Williams, Fannie Barrier 120, 121, 126–8, 129, 130
Wilson, E.O. 314
Winnicott, D. 66
Winnubst, S. 674
Wittig, M. 383
Wollstonecraft, Mary 18, 386, 602, 654, 679; beautiful and sublime 485, 487, 488, 491; The Enlightenment 95, 96, 99–102
Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her (Griffin) 434
‘Woman Question, The’ 19
‘Woman vs. the Indians’ (Cooper) 129
‘woman’ and ‘womanhood’ 18, 51, 173–4; definition 395, 396–7, 402, 673
‘woman-the-gatherer’ hypothesis 246–7
‘womanism’/‘womanists’ 49–50, 54, 61
‘Woman’s Part in the Man’s Business, The’ (Williams) 126–7
women of colour 3, 19, 170, 219, 335, 370; care ethics 546–7; Critical Race Theory (CRT) 359, 361, 362, 365; disability 414; global justice 607; intersectionality 343, 345, 348, 350, 352, 401, 414; testimony and trust/trustworthiness 259, 260; see also Black Feminism
women and girls 165, 491; bioethics 579, 581; bodily passions 76, 77, 78–9; bodily qualities 71, 73, 74–6; care ethics 543, 544, 546, 564, 565, 573; ‘civilising’ role 95–6; collective freedom 665–6, 670, 671–3; competitive performances and strategies 321–2; domesticity and 99; feminist virtue ethics 572; ‘generic’ 171; Islamic veiling of 453–4, 531, 596, 600, 612; poverty 607; self-constitution 226; structural injustice 622–3, 625; sublimation 235; subordination in family/marriage 86–7, 89, 90, 91, 134; supposed incapacity to reason 16–17; as truth 112, 113–14; as ‘victims’ 611–12; see also feminine and femininity; masculinity; men and boys
Women and Moral Theory (Kittay and Meyers) 220
Women Philosophers: Genre and the Boundaries of Philosophy (Gardner) 18
‘Women and Philosophy’ (Le Doeuff) 14–15
Women’s Human Rights Approach (WHR) 507, 509, 510
‘women’s liberation movement’ 666, 673
Women’s Liberation and the Sublime (Mann) 494
Women’s Pentagon Actions (1980/81) 433
women’s rights 26, 79–80, 506, 540, 613, 635–7, 668
work see labour
World Bank 607
World Parliament of Religions (1893) 447
World as Will and Representation, The (Schopenhauer) 494
Wright, R. 317
writing: anonymous writers 17, 20; écriture féminine 295, 298, 300–1; gender and 292–5; inequality/injustice in literature/publishing 51, 54, 57–8; male pseudonyms 20–1; politics of 295–7; sexual difference and 297–8; silencing and 56; suppression of 633–4
Wrong Body Account 398
wu (無) (no-presence/nothingness) 40
p.735
Yellow Wallpaper, The (Gilman) 134
yi (義moral rightness) 558
Young, I.M. 171, 187, 620, 649, 650; feminist phenomenology, 147–8, 149, 152; global justice 608, 610; Native American Chaos Theory 370, 375–7, 378–9; structural injustice 620, 621–2, 623, 625–8, 629
Yuan, L. 561
Yúdice, G. 631
Zeglin, P. 486
Zhuangzi (Ziporyan) 40
Zimmerman, Michael 442
Ziporyn, B. 40
‘zoon politikon’ (‘social animal’) 67
Zylinska, J. 492