Prologue
1.Peter Thomson & Robert Macklin, Kill the Tiger: Operation Rimau and the Battle for Southeast Asia (Dunshaughlin: Maverick House, 2007), p. 239
2.Ibid, p. 239
3.Operation Jaywick: 60th Anniversary, Australian Department of Veterans Affairs, 2003
4.Success and failure in the port of Singapore – Z Special Unit and the Jaywick and Rimau Raids, www.anzacday.org.au, accessed 12 December 2013
5.Peter Thomson & Robert Macklin, Kill the Tiger: Operation Rimau and the Battle for Southeast Asia (Dunshaughlin: Maverick House, 2007), p. 241
6.‘In Memoriam: Major Reginald ‘Otto’ Ingleton’, Old Rendcombian Society Newsletter, May 1998
7.Peter Thomson & Robert Macklin, Kill the Tiger: Operation Rimau and the Battle for Southeast Asia (Dunshaughlin: Maverick House, 2007), pp. 240–2
8.Ibid, p. 242
Chapter 1
1.Interview with Ian Edward Fraser, 1987, 9822, Reel 2, Imperial War Museum, London
2.Ibid.
3.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 178
4.Interview with Ian Edward Fraser, 1987, 9822, Reel 2, Imperial War Museum, London
5.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 99
6.Ibid, p. 119
7.Ibid, p. 119
8.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 125
9.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 122
10.Ibid.
11.‘Training crews to man X-craft and Chariots’, ADM1/25845, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
12.Patrick Bishop, Target Tirpitz: X-Craft, Agents and Dambusters – The Epic Quest to Destroy Hitler’s Mightiest Warship (London: Harper Press, 2012), p. 216
13.Ibid: 216
14.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 123
15.‘Training crews to man X-craft and Chariots’, ADM1/25845, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
16.Patrick Bishop, Target Tirpitz: X-Craft, Agents and Dambusters – The Epic Quest to Destroy Hitler’s Mightiest Warship (London: Harper Press, 2012), p. 155
17.Ibid, p. 213
18.Audio Interview with Vernon Coles, undated, provided to the author by his daughter Jane Gilbert
19.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 123
20.Ibid, p. 124
21.Ibid, p. 123
22.Interview with Anthony William Clarke Eldridge, 1989, 11259, Reel 4, Imperial War Museum, London
23.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 143
Chapter 2
1.C.E.T. Warren and James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), p. 109
2.Ibid, p. 110
3.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 126
4.Interview with Ian Edward Fraser, 1987, 9822, Reel 2, Imperial War Museum, London
5.William Fell to the author, 29 April 2014
6.‘British “X” Class Submarines in the 2nd World War’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
7.‘The Attack on the German Battleship “Tirpitz” by “X” Craft in Northern Norway – September, 1943’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
8.‘British “X” Class Submarines in the 2nd World War’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
9.C.E.T. Warren and James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), p. 115
10.‘X-Craft Diver 1943 – Part 1’, Roland Hindmarsh, BBC People’s War, 24 March 2005, Article ID: A3827342
11.Ibid.
12.‘Training crews to man X-craft and Chariots’, ADM1/25845, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
13.Audio Interview with Vernon Coles, undated, provided to the author by his daughter Jane Gilbert
14.‘Training crews to man X-craft and Chariots’, ADM1/25845, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
15.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 134
16.Speech by Adam Bergius, DSC, to West of Scotland Branch, The Submariner’s Association, K13 Dinner, January 2013
17.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 135
18.Biographical Outline, ‘Private Papers of Lieutenant-Commander John Beaufoy-Brown, DSC, RN’, GB 0099, King’s College London
19.‘Naval Stations: HMS Bonaventure parent ship to X-craft’, ADM1/18654, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
20.‘X-Craft Diver 1943 – Part 3’, Roland Hindmarsh, BBC People’s War, 24 March 2005, Article ID: A3827414
21.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 136
22.‘Lt Cdr Max Shean DSO* RANR retd. Wednesday, 22nd March 1995. X-craft service in the British Royal Navy. A paper prepared by Lt Cdr Max Shean to accompany his talk at the International Submarine Convention, Fremantle’
23.Ibid.
24.C.E.T. Warren and James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), p. 20
25.‘Lt Cdr Max Shean DSO* RANR retd. Wednesday, 22nd March 1995. X-craft service in the British Royal Navy. A paper prepared by Lt Cdr Max Shean to accompany his talk at the International Submarine Convention, Fremantle’
26.Interview with Maxwell Henry Shean, 2005, 28642, Reel 6, Imperial War Museum, London
27.‘X-Craft Diver 1943 – Part 2’, Roland Hindmarsh, BBC People’s War, 24 March 2005, Article ID: A3827388
28.Ibid.
29.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 137
30.Ibid: 137
31.Interview with Maxwell Henry Shean, 2005, 28642, Reel 6, Imperial War Museum, London
Chapter 3
1.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 126
2.Mark Felton, The Fujita Plan: Japanese Attacks on the United States and Australia During the Second World War (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), pp. 24–6
3.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), pp. 125–6
4.Interview with Ian Edward Fraser, 1987, 9822, Reel 2, Imperial War Museum, London
5.‘X-Craft Diver 1943 – Part 3’, Roland Hindmarsh, BBC People’s War, 24 March 2005, Article ID: A3827414
6.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 124
7.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 128
8.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), pp. 124–5
9.Ibid, p. 125
10.Ibid, p. 125
11.Ian McGeoch, Mountbatten of Burma: Captain of War Guardian of Peace (London: J.H. Haynes & Co. Ltd, 2009), p. 119
12.Ibid, p. 119
13.‘X-Craft Diver 1943 – Part 3’, Roland Hindmarsh, BBC People’s War, 24 March 2005, Article ID: A3827414
14.‘Operations in the Far East, 12 May 1944’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
15.Ibid.
16.Speech by Adam Bergius, DSC, to West of Scotland Branch, The Submariner’s Association, K13 Dinner, January 2013
17.Audio Interview with Vernon Coles, undated, provided to the author by his daughter Jane Gilbert
18.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 126
Chapter 4
1.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 235
2.Ibid, pp. 235–6
3.Interview with Maxwell Henry Shean, 2005, 28642, Reel 10, Imperial War Museum, London
4.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Second Monthly Letter – January 1945, 3 February 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
5.Ibid.
6.Ibid.
7.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 128
8.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 232
9.Patrick Bishop, Target Tirpitz: X-Craft, Agents and Dambusters – The Epic Quest to Destroy Hitler’s Mightiest Warship (London: Harper Press, 2012), p. 216
10.C.E.T. Warren & James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), pp. 229–30
11.‘British “X” Craft Operations in the Second World War’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
12.Patrick Bishop, Target Tirpitz: X-Craft, Agents and Dambusters – The Epic Quest to Destroy Hitler’s Mightiest Warship (London: Harper Press, 2012), p. 218
13.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 128
14.Ibid, p. 126
15.Ian McGeoch, Mountbatten of Burma: Captain of War, Guardian of Peace (London: J.H. Haynes & Co. Ltd, 2009), p. 122
16.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 136
17.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 130
18.Adam Bergius to the author, 2 June 2014
19.C.E.T. Warren and James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), p. 122
20.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), pp. 153–4
21.‘X-Craft Diver 1943 – Part 5’, Roland Hindmarsh, BBC People’s War, 26 March 2005, Article ID: A3832346
22.‘X-Craft Diver 1943 – Part 7’, Roland Hindmarsh, BBC People’s War, 7 April 2005, A3870281
23.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 144
24.Ibid, p. 144
25.Ibid, pp. 126–7
26.C.E.T. Warren and James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), p. 215
27.Interview with Ken Clements, 33391, Reel 2, Imperial War Museum, London
28.C.E.T. Warren and James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), pp. 16–17
29.William Fell to the author, 29 April 2014
30.Ibid.
31.C.E.T. Warren and James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), p. 17
32.Ibid, p. 17
33.David Jones and Peter Nunan, US Subs Down Under: Brisbane, 1942–1945 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2005), p. 239
34.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 236
Chapter 5
1.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 146
2.Ibid, p. 146
3.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Second Monthly Letter – January 1945, 3 February 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
4.Speech by Adam Bergius, DSC, to West of Scotland Branch, The Submariner’s Association, K13 Dinner, January 2013
5.Adam Bergius to the author, private letter, 14 April 2014
6.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 209
7.Ibid, p. 210
8.Ibid, p. 211
9.Ibid, p. 211
10.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 131
11.Speech by Adam Bergius, DSC, to West of Scotland Branch, The Submariner’s Association, K13 Dinner, January 2013
12.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), pp. 211–12
13.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Fourth Monthly General Letter – March 1945, 6 April 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
14.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 131
15.C.E.T. Warren and James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), p. 215
16.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Fourth Monthly General Letter – March 1945, 6 April 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
17.Ibid.
18.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 132
19.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Fourth Monthly General Letter – March 1945, 6 April 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
20.Ibid.
21.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 146
22.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 212
23.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Fourth Monthly General Letter – March 1945, 6 April 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
24.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 132
25.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Fourth Monthly General Letter – March 1945, 6 April 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
26.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 132
27.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 237
28.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 213
29.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 237
30.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 146
31.Ibid, p. 146
32.David Jones and Peter Nunan, US Subs Down Under: Brisbane, 1942–1945 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2005), p. 239
33.Speech by Adam Bergius, DSC, to West of Scotland Branch, The Submariner’s Association, K13 Dinner, January 2013
34.David Jones and Peter Nunan, US Subs Down Under: Brisbane, 1942–1945 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2005), p. 239
35.Speech by Adam Bergius, DSC, to West of Scotland Branch, The Submariner’s Association, K13 Dinner, January 2013
36.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 237
37.Ibid, pp. 237–8
38.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Fifth Monthly General Letter – April and May 1945, 18 June 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
39.Adam Bergius to the author, private letter, 14 April 2014
40.Undersea Warfare Magazine, Spring 2011, Issue No. 44
41.Ibid.
42.Ibid.
43.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 239
Chapter 6
1.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 216
2.Ian McGeoch, Mountbatten of Burma: Captain of War, Guardian of Peace (London: J.H. Haynes & Co. Ltd, 2009), p. 122
3.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 146
4.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Fifth Monthly General Letter – April and May 1945, 18 June 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
5.Richard Hough, Mountbatten: Hero of Our Time (London: Book Club Associates, 1981), p. 197
6.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 215
7.‘Office of Commander-in-Chief, British Pacific Fleet, Route Order, 14 May 1945’, Fell 03 006, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
8.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 215
9.Ibid, p. 216
10.C.E.T. Warren and James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), p. 217
11.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 216
12.Ibid, p. 217
13.Ibid, p. 217
14.Ibid, p. 217
15.Ibid, p. 218
16.David Jones and Peter Nunan, US Subs Down Under: Brisbane, 1942–1945 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2005), p. 239
17.Ibid, p. 217
18.‘X Craft Operations in the Pacific Theatre, January 1945’, Fell 03 006, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
19.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Fifth Monthly General Letter – April and May 1945, 18 June 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
20.‘X Craft Operations in the Pacific Theatre, January 1945’, Fell 03 006, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
21.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Fifth Monthly General Letter – April and May 1945, 18 June 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
22.David Jones and Peter Nunan, US Subs Down Under: Brisbane, 1942–1945 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2005), p. 239
23.Audio Interview with Vernon Coles, undated, provided to the author by his daughter Jane Gilbert
24.Jon Lewis, The Mammoth Book of SAS and Special Forces (Robinson Publishing, 2004), Kindle edition
Chapter 7
1.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 135
2.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 219
3.Ibid, p. 219
4.Ibid, p. 219
5.Ibid, pp. 219–20
6.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 133
7.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 146
8.Speech by Adam Bergius, DSC, to West of Scotland Branch, The Submariner’s Association, K13 Dinner, January 2013
9.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 146
10.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 220
11.Ibid, p. 221
12.Adam Bergius to the author, 2 June 2014
13.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 221
14.Ibid, p. 221
15.David Jones and Peter Nunan, US Subs Down Under: Brisbane, 1942–1945 (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2005), p. 240
16.Ibid, p. 243
17.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Fifth Monthly General Letter – April and May 1945, 18 June 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
18.‘Lt Cdr Max Shean DSO* RANR retd. Wednesday, 22nd March 1995. X-craft service in the British Royal Navy. A paper prepared by Lt Cdr Max Shean to accompany his talk at the International Submarine Convention, Fremantle’
19.Ibid.
20.Ibid.
21.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 139
22.‘Lt Cdr Max Shean DSO* RANR retd. Wednesday, 22nd March 1995. X-craft service in the British Royal Navy. A paper prepared by Lt Cdr Max Shean to accompany his talk at the International Submarine Convention, Fremantle’
23.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Fifth Monthly General Letter – April and May 1945, 18 June 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
24.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 240
25.Ibid, p. 240
26.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 220
27.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Fifth Monthly General Letter – April and May 1945, 18 June 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
28.Richard Hough, Mountbatten: Hero of Our Time (London: Book Club Association, 1981), p. 197
29.Philip Ziegler, Mountbatten: A Biography (London: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), p. 298
30.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 134
31.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 148
32.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 135
33.Ibid, p. 136
Chapter 8
1.Ibid, p. 136
2.Ibid, p. 136
3.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 148
4.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 240
5.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 148
6.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 137
7.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Sixth Monthly General Letter – June 1945, 5 July 1945’, Fell 03 006, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
8.Ibid.
9.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 223
10.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Sixth Monthly General Letter – June 1945, 5 July 1945’, Fell 03 006, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
11.C.E.T. Warren and James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), p. 216
12.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 224
13.Ibid, p. 224
14.Ibid, p. 224
15.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 138
16.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 226
17.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Seventh Monthly General Letter – July 1945, 1 August 1945’, Fell 03 006, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
18.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 226
19.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 138
20.Ibid, pp. 141–2
21.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Seventh Monthly General Letter – July 1945, 1 August 1945’, Fell 03 006, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
22.Ibid, p. 151
23.Interview with Ian Edward Fraser, 1987, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
24.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Chief of Intelligence Staff, British Pacific Fleet, 11 August 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
25.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 227
Chapter 9
1.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 156
2.Ibid, p. 156
3.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Seventh Monthly General Letter – July 1945, 1 August 1945’, Fell 03 006, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
4.Ibid.
5.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 227
6.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 241
7.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Seventh Monthly General Letter – July 1945, 1 August 1945’, Fell 03 006, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
8.Ibid.
9.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 241
10.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 228
11.Ibid, p. 229
12.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Fifth Monthly General Letter–July 1945, 1 August 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
13.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 241
14.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Fifth Monthly General Letter–July 1945, 1 August 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
15.Ibid.
16.Ibid.
17.Ibid.
18.Interview with Anthony William Clarke Eldridge, 1989, 11259, Reel 4, Imperial War Museum, London
19.Ibid.
Chapter 10
1.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
2.Guy Clarabut obituary, The Telegraph, 21 May 2008
3.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Fifth Monthly General Letter–August 1945, 18 September, 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
4.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 232
5.C.E.T. Warren and James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), p. 220
6.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 232
7.C.E.T. Warren and James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), p. 220
8.Adam Bergius to the author, 2 June 2014
9.Leon V. Sigal, Fighting to a Finish: the Politics of War Termination in the United States and Japan (New York: Cornell University Press, 1988), p. 7
10.David Jones and Peter Nunan, US Subs Down Under (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2005), p. 249
11.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 140
12.C.E.T. Warren and James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), p. 122
13.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 242
14.Interview with Ian Edward Fraser, 1987, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
15.Ralph Shaw, Sin City (London: Warner Books, 1997), p. 207
16.Stella Dong, Shanghai: The Rise and Fall of a Decadent City (New York: Perennial, 2001), pp. 272–3
17.Box 252, Exhibit 1462, Allied Translation and Interpreter Section South West Pacific Area, Document No. 552, Research Report No. 65 (Suppl. No. 1), 29 March 1945, MacMillan Brown Library, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
18.Mark Felton, Japan’s Gestapo: Murder, Mayhem and Torture in Wartime Asia (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2009), p. 30
Chapter 11
1.‘Lt Cdr Max Shean DSO* RANR retd. Wednesday, 22nd March 1995. X-craft service in the British Royal Navy. A paper prepared by Lt Cdr Max Shean to accompany his talk at the International Submarine Convention, Fremantle’
2.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 143
3.Ibid, p. 145
4.Ibid, p. 145
5.Ibid, p. 147
6.C.E.T. Warren and James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), p. 229
7.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 243
8.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 149
9.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 151
10.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 150
11.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Captain S/M 14, 11 August 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
12.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 152
13.‘Lt Cdr Max Shean DSO* RANR retd. Wednesday, 22nd March 1995. X-craft service in the British Royal Navy. A paper prepared by Lt Cdr Max Shean to accompany his talk at the International Submarine Convention, Fremantle’
14.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 154
15.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Captain S/M 14, 11 August 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
16.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 155
17.‘Lt Cdr Max Shean DSO* RANR retd. Wednesday, 22nd March 1995. X-craft service in the British Royal Navy. A paper prepared by Lt Cdr Max Shean to accompany his talk at the International Submarine Convention, Fremantle’
18.C.E.T. Warren and James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), p. 229
19.‘Lt Cdr Max Shean DSO* RANR retd. Wednesday, 22nd March 1995. X-craft service in the British Royal Navy. A paper prepared by Lt Cdr Max Shean to accompany his talk at the International Submarine Convention, Fremantle’
Chapter 12
1.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
2.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 159
3.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 169
4.Ibid, p. 237
5.Ibid, p. 237
6.‘X Craft Operations in the Pacific Theatre by William Fell’, FELL 03 006, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
7.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 237
8.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 155
9.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 151
10.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 157
11.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Captain S/M 14, 11 August 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
12.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
13.David Jones and Peter Nunan, US Subs Down Under (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2005), p. 244
14.‘Submarine Mine Defense of Hong Kong’, Coast Defense Study Group Newsletter, February 2009
15.Ibid.
16.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), pp. 158–9
17.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 245
18.‘Lt Cdr Max Shean DSO* RANR retd. Wednesday, 22nd March 1995. X-craft service in the British Royal Navy. A paper prepared by Lt Cdr Max Shean to accompany his talk at the International Submarine Convention, Fremantle’
19.Interview with Ian Edward Fraser, 1987, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
20.Ibid.
21.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 161
22.Ibid, p. 162
23.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
24.Interview with Ian Edward Fraser, 1987, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
25.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 163
Chapter 13
1.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
2.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 163
3.‘Lt Cdr Max Shean DSO* RANR retd. Wednesday, 22nd March 1995. X-craft service in the British Royal Navy. A paper prepared by Lt Cdr Max Shean to accompany his talk at the International Submarine Convention, Fremantle’
4.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 248
5.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 236
6.‘Lt Cdr Max Shean DSO* RANR retd. Wednesday, 22nd March 1995. X-craft service in the British Royal Navy. A paper prepared by Lt Cdr Max Shean to accompany his talk at the International Submarine Convention, Fremantle’
7.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
8.‘Lt Cdr Max Shean DSO* RANR retd. Wednesday, 22nd March 1995. X-craft service in the British Royal Navy. A paper prepared by Lt Cdr Max Shean to accompany his talk at the International Submarine Convention, Fremantle’
9.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 246
10.Ibid, p. 247
11.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 165
12.Ibid, p. 165
13.C.E.T. Warren and James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), p. 247
14.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 166
15.Ibid, p. 166
16.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla, Eighth Monthly General Letter – August 1945, 18 September 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
17.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 166
18.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Captain S/M 14, 11 August 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
19.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla, Eighth Monthly General Letter – August 1945, 18 September 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
20.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
21.Ibid.
22.‘Lt Cdr Max Shean DSO* RANR retd. Wednesday, 22nd March 1995. X-craft service in the British Royal Navy. A paper prepared by Lt Cdr Max Shean to accompany his talk at the International Submarine Convention, Fremantle’
23.C.E.T. Warren and James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), p. 230
24.Audio Interview with Vernon Coles, undated, provided to the author by his daughter Jane Gilbert
25.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), pp. 124–5
26.Audio Interview with Vernon Coles, undated, provided to the author by his daughter Jane Gilbert
27.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 167
28.Interview with Ian Fraser, Reel 2, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
29.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
30.Interview with Ian Fraser, Reel 2, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
31.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 168
32.Ibid, p. 168
Chapter 14
1.Adam Bergius to the author, 14 April 2014
2.Interview with Ian Fraser, Reel 2, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
3.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 153
4.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 170
5.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 248
6.Audio Interview with Vernon Coles, undated, provided to the author by his daughter Jane Gilbert
7.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla, Eighth Monthly General Letter – August 1945, 18 September 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
8.Audio Interview with Vernon Coles, undated, provided to the author by his daughter Jane Gilbert
9.Ibid.
10.C.E.T. Warren and James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), p. 231
11.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
12.Ibid.
13.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 171
14.Ibid, p. 171
15.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
16.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 175
17.Ibid, p. 175
18.Ibid, p. 176
19.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 154
20.Interview with Ian Fraser, Reel 2, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
21.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
22.David Jones and Peter Nunan, US Subs Down Under (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2005), p. 247
1.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 248
2.Adam Bergius to the author, 2 June 2014
3.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 178
4.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Captain S/M 14, 11 August 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
5.Ibid.
6.Ibid.
7.Adam Bergius to the author, 2 June 2014
8.Patrick Bishop, Target Tirpitz: X-Craft, Agents and Dambusters – The Epic Quest to Destroy Hitler’s Mightiest Warship (London: Harper Press, 2012), p. 228
9.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 248
10.Ibid, p. 248
11.Adam Bergius to the author, 2 June 2014
12.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Captain S/M 14, 11 August 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
13.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
14.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Captain S/M 14, 11 August 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
15.Interview with Ian Fraser, Reel 2, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
16.Ibid.
17.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
18.Adam Bergius to the author, 2 June 2014
19.Audio Interview with Vernon Coles, undated, provided to the author by his daughter Jane Gilbert
20.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Captain S/M 14, 11 August 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
21.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 179
22.Interview with Ian Fraser, Reel 2, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
23.Ibid.
24.‘Lt Cdr Max Shean DSO* RANR retd. Wednesday, 22nd March 1995. X-craft service in the British Royal Navy. A paper prepared by Lt Cdr Max Shean to accompany his talk at the International Submarine Convention, Fremantle’
25.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 180
26.Ibid, p. 180
27.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 249
28.Ibid, p. 249
29.Audio Interview with Vernon Coles, undated, provided to the author by his daughter Jane Gilbert
30.‘Lt Cdr Max Shean DSO* RANR retd. Wednesday, 22nd March 1995. X-craft service in the British Royal Navy. A paper prepared by Lt Cdr Max Shean to accompany his talk at the International Submarine Convention, Fremantle’
Chapter 16
1.Ibid.
2.Ibid.
3.Ibid.
4.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 250
5.C.E.T. Warren and James Benson, Above Us The Waves: The Story of Midget Submarines & Human Torpedoes (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2006), p. 229
6.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), pp. 181–2
7.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
8.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 182
9.Ibid, p. 182
10.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
11.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Captain S/M 14, 11 August 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
12.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
13.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 156
14.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Captain S/M 14, 11 August 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
15.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 183
16.Ibid, p. 183
Chapter 17
1.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Captain S/M 14, 11 August 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
2.‘British “X” Class Submarines in the Second World War’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
3.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
4.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 185
5.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 250
6.Ibid, p. 250
7.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 185
8.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
9.Interview with Ian Fraser, Reel 2, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
10.Mark Felton, The Fujita Plan: Japanese Attacks on the United States and Australia during the Second World War (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2007), pp. 124–5
11.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Captain S/M 14, 11 August 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
12.Mark Felton, The Fujita Plan: Japanese Attacks on the United States and Australia during the Second World War (Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books, 2007), p. 125
13.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 186
14.Ibid, p. 186
15.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
16.Ibid.
17.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 186
18.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 158
19.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Captain S/M 14, 11 August 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
20.Ibid.
21.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
Chapter 18
1.‘British “X” Class Submarines in the Second World War’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
2.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
3.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 158
4.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 187
5.Ibid, p. 187
6.Interview with Ian Fraser, Reel 2, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
7.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
8.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 188
9.Ibid, p. 188
10.Ibid, p. 188
11.Audio Interview with Vernon Coles, undated, provided to the author by his daughter Jane Gilbert
12.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 159
13.Interview with Ian Fraser, Reel 2, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
14.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Captain S/M 14, 11 August 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
15.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 159
16.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
17.Interview with Ian Fraser, Reel 2, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
18.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 159
19.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 189
20.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 159
Chapter 19
1.Interview with Ian Fraser, Reel 2, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
2.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 189
3.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 159
4.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 189
5.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Captain S/M 14, 11 August 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
6.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla, Eighth Monthly General Letter – August 1945, 18 September 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
7.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Captain S/M 14, 11 August 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
8.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
9.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 189
10.‘Attack on Japanese Cruiser Takao by XE3 and XE1’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
11.Interview with Ian Fraser, Reel 2, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
12.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 190
13.Ibid, p. 191
14.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 160
15.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 191
Chapter 20
1.Ibid, p. 193
2.Ibid, p. 193
3.Interview with Ian Fraser, Reel 2, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
4.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 194
5.Ibid, p. 194
6.Interview with Ian Fraser, Reel 2, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
7.Ibid.
8.Ibid.
9.Max Shean, Corvette and Submarine (Privately published, 1992), p. 250
10.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Fifth Monthly General Letter – August 1945, 18 September 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
11.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 194
12.Interview with Ian Fraser, Reel 2, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
13.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Captain S/M 14, 11 August 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
14.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 242
15.Ibid, p. 234
16.Interview with Ian Fraser, Reel 2, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
17.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla – Fifth Monthly General Letter – August 1945, 18 September 1945’, Fell 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
18.Interview with Ian Fraser, Reel 2, 9822, Imperial War Museum, London
19.‘British “X” Craft Submarines in the 2nd World War’, ADM1/21999, The National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew
20.George Fleming, Magennis VC: The Story of Northern Ireland’s only winner of the Victoria Cross (Dublin: History Ireland Limited, 1998), p. 160
Epilogue
1.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla, Eighth Monthly General Letter – August 1945, 18 September 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
2.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Captain S/M 14, 11 August 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
3.Audio Interview with Vernon Coles, undated, provided to the author by his daughter Jane Gilbert
4.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 237
5.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla, Eighth Monthly General Letter – August 1945, 18 September 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
6.Ibid.
7.‘Staff Officer (Intelligence) to Captain S/M 14, 11 August 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
8.‘Fourteenth Submarine Flotilla, Eighth Monthly General Letter – August 1945, 18 September 1945’, FELL 03 008, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
9.William Fell, The Sea Our Shield: The Story of the Human Torpedo and the Midget Submarine in World War II (London: Corgi, 1970), p. 246
10.Ian Fraser, Frogman VC (London: Odhams Beacon Books, 1958), p. 203