Chapter 1
Bergonzelli, G.E., et al. Probiotics as a treatment strategy for gastro-intestinal diseases? Digestion, 2005; 72:57-68.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and
World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. Accessed on December 7, 2006.
Gibson, G.R. and Roberfroid, M.B. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition, 1995; 125:1401-1412.
Marteau, P., Seksik, P., and R. Jian. Probiotics and intestinal health effects: a clinical perspective. British Journal of Nutrition, 2002; 88(1): S51-57.
Ouwehand, A. and S. Vesterlund. Health aspects of probiotics. The Investigational Drugs Journal, 2003; 6(6):573-580.
What Canadians should know about Gastro-Intestinal disease. Press Release. Canadian Association of Gastroenterology, September 2005.
Chapter 2
Leahy, S.C. et al. Getting better with bifidobacteria. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2005; 98:1303-1315.
Schrezenmeir, Jürgen and de Vrese, Michael. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics—approaching a definition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2001; 73(2):361S-364S.
Chapter 3
Ashara, T., et al. Probiotic bifidobacteria protect mice from lethal infection with shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli 0157:H7. Infection and Immunity, 2000; 72:2240-2247.
Axelsson, L., et al. Production of a broad spectrum antimicrobial substance by Lactobacillus reuteri. Microbial Ecology Health Disease, 1989; 2:2131-2136.
Banasaz, M., et al. Increased enterocyte production in gnotobiotic rats mono-associated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Environmental Microbioogy, 2002 June; 68(6):3031-3034.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases/Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases November 4, 2006.
Dai, D. and Walker, W. A. Protective nutrients and bacterial colonization in the immature human gut. Advances in Pediatrics, 1999; 46:353-382.
Falagas, M.E., et al. Probiotics for prevention of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a review. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2006; 58(2):266-72.
Fooks, L.J. and Gibson, G. R. Mixed culture fermentation studies on the effect of synbiotics on the human intestinal pathogens Campylobacter jejuni and Escherichia coli. Anaerobe, 2003; 9:231-242.
Fooks, L.J. and Gibson, G. R. Probiotics as modulators of the gut flora. British Journal of Nutrition, 2002; 88(S1); S39-S49.
Gagnon, M., et al. In vitro inhibition of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 by bifidobacterial strains of human origin. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 2004; 92:69-78.
Guandalini, S.L., et al. Lactobacillus GG administered in oral rehydration solution to children with acute diarrhea: a multicenter European trial. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2000, 30:54-60.
Hatakka, K., et al. Probiotics reduce the prevalence of oral candida in the elderly—a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Dental Research, 2007; 86(2):125-130.
Isolauri, E., et al. Probiotics: effects on immunity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2001; 73(2):444S-450S.
Johnson-Henry, K.C., et al. Probiotics in models of GI bacterial infections. Nutrafood, 2005; 4(2/3):29-36.
Kaewsrichan, J., et al. Selection and identification of anaerobic lactobacilli producing inhibitory compounds against vaginal pathogens. FEMS Immunological Medical Microbiology, 2006; 48(1):75-83.
Lu, L. and Walker, W.A. Pathologic and physiologic interactions of bacteria with the gastrointestinal epithelium. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2001; 73:1124S-1130.
Ma, D., et al. Live Lactobacillus reuteri is essential for the inhibitory effect on tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced interleukin-8 expression. Infection and Immunity, 2004; 72(9):5308-5314.
Rakoff-Nahoum, S., et al. Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell, 2004; 118:229-241.
Ruiz-Palacios, G., et al. Feeding of a probiotic for the prevention of community-acquired diarrhea in young Mexican children. Pediatric Research, 1996; 39:184.
Saggioro, A., et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication with lactobacillus reuteri. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Digestive and Liver Disease, 2005; 37(1):S88.
Sharif, S. Antibiotic replacement therapy for control of food-borne pathogens in poultry. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, June 2006.
Shiba, T., et al. The suppressive effect of bifidobacteria on Bacteroides vulgatas, a putatitve pathogenic microbe in inflammatory bowel disease. Microbiology and Immunology, 2003; 47:371-378.
Shornikova, A., et al. Lactobacillus reuteri as a therapeutic agent in acute diarrhea in young children. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 1997; 24:399-404.
Shornikova, A., et al. Bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus reuteri in rotavirus gastroenteritis. Pediatric Infectious Disease, 1997; 16:1103-1107.
Silva, A.M., et al. Protective effect of bifidus milk on the experimental infection with Salmonella enteritidis subsp. typhimurium in conventional and gnotobiotic mice. J Appl Microbiol, 1999; 86:331-336.
Steer, T., et al. Perspectives on the role of the human gut microbiota and its modulation by pro and prebiotics. Nutrition Research Reviews, 2000; 13:229-254.
Strus, M., et al. The in vitro activity of vaginal Lactobacillus with probiotic properties against Candida. Infectious Disease in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2005; 13(2):69-75.
Tomsen, M. Probiotics—enhancing health with beneficial bacteria. Alternative and Complementary Therapy, 2006 Feb.: 14-21.
Toure, R, et al. Production of antibacterial substances by bifidobacterial isolates from infant stool active against Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2003; 95:1058-1069.
Chapter 4
Bentley, R. and R. Meganathan. Biosynthesis of vitamin K (menaquinone) in bacteria. Bacteriological Reviews, 1982; 46(3):241-280.
Imase, K., et al. Lactobacillus reuteri tablets suppress Helicobacter pylori infection—a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled cross-over clinical study. The Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Disease, 2007; 81(4):387-93.
Leahy, S.C., et al. Getting better with bifidobacteria. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2005; 98:1303-1315.
Lionetti, E., et al. Lactobacillus reuteri therapy to reduce side-effects during anti-Helicobacter pylori treatment in children: a randomized placebo controlled trial. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2006 Nov 15; 24(10):1461-8.
Ouwehand, A. and Vesterlund, S. Health aspects of probiotics. The Investigational Drugs Journal, 2003; 6(6):573-580.
Rosenfeldt, V., et al. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains on acute diarrhea in a cohort of non-hospitalized children attending day-care centres. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2002; 21:417-9.
Tomsen, M. Probiotics—enhancing health with beneficial bacteria. Alternative Complementary Therapy, 2006: 14-21.
Chapter 5
Brighenti, F., et al. One month consumption of ready-to-eat breakfast cereal containing inulin markedly lowers serum lipids in normolipidemic men. 7th European Nutrition Conference. Vienna, Austria, May 24-28, 1995.
Coudray, C., et al. Effect of soluble or partly soluble dietary fibres supplementation on absorption and balance of calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc in healthy young men. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1997; 51:375-380.
Fiordaliso, M., et al. Dietary oligofructose lowers triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol in serum and very low density liporpoteins in rats. Lipids, 1995; 30:163-167.
Gibson, G.R. and Roberfroid, M.B. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition, 1995; 125:1401-1412.
Manning, T.S. and Gibson, G.R. Prebiotics. Best Practice and Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 2004; 18:287-298.
Niness, K. Inulin and oligofructose: what are they? Journal of Nutrition, 1999; 129:1402S-1406S.
Taper, H., et al. Protective effect of dietary fructo-oligosaccharide in young rats against exocrine pancreas atrophy induced by high fructose and partial copper deficiency. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 1995; 33:631-639.
Van Loo, J., et al. On the presence of inulin and oligofructose as natural ingredients in the Western diet. CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1995; 35:525-552.
Chapter 6
Bae, E.A., et al. Purification of rotavirus infection-inhibitory protein from Bifidobacterium breve K-110. Journal of Microbiology Biotechnology, 2002; 12:553-556.
Beaugerie, L. and Petit, J.C. Microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. Antibiotic associated diarrhea. Best Practice and Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 2004; 18:337-352.
Chouraqui, J.P., et al. Acidified milk formula supplemented with Bifidobacterium lactis: impact on infant diarrhea in residential care settings. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2004; 38:288-292.
Colombel, J.F., et al. Yoghurt with Bifidobacterium longum reduces erythromycin-induced gastrointestinal effects. Lancet, 1987; 2:43. Consumer Attitudes about Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance. Ipsos-Reid National Survey, January 29, 2002.
D’Souza, A.L., et al. Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea: meta-analysis. British Medical Journal, 2002; 324(7350):1361. Isolauri, E. Probiotics for infectious diarrhea. Gut, 2003; 52: 435-437.
Marteau. P., et al. Probiotics and intestinal health effects: a clinical perspective. British Journal of Nutrition, 2002; 88(1):S51-S57.
Orrhage, K., et al. Effect of supplements of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus acidophilus on intestinal microbiota during administration of clindamycin. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 1994; 7:17-25.
Ouwehand, A. and S. Vesterlund. Health aspects of probiotcs. The Investigational Drugs Journal, 2003; 6(6):573-580.
Pedone, C.A., et al. Multicentric study of the effect of milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei on the incidence of diarrhea. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 2000; 54(9):568-71.
Plummer, S., et al. Clostridium difficile pilot study: effect of probiotic supplementation on the incidence of C. difficile diarrhea. International Microbiology, 2004; 7:59-62.
Rosenfeldt, V., et al. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in young children hospitalized with acute diarrhea. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2002; 21:411-16.
Saavedra, J.M., et al. Feeding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus to infants in hospital for prevention of diarrhea and shedding of rotavirus. Lancet, 1994; 344:1046-1049.
Shornikova, A.V., et al. Bacteriotherapy with Lactobacillus reuteri in rotavirus gastroenteritis. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 1997; 16:1103-1107.
Chapter 7
Bennet, R. and Nord, C.E. The human intestinal microflora during the first year of life. Department of Paediatrics, St. Görans Hospital, S-112 81 Stockholm, Sweden, and Department of Microbiology, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, S-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden.
Marteau, P., et al. Probiotics and intestinal health effects: a clinical perspective. British Journal of Nutrition, 2002; 88(1):S51-S57.
Saavedra, J.M. Feeding of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Streptococcus thermophilus to infants in hospital for prevention of diarrhoea and shedding of rotavirus. Lancet, 1994; 344(8929):1046-1049.
Saavedra, J.M., et al. Long-term consumption of infant formulas containing live probiotic bacteria: tolerance and safety. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2004 Feb.; 79(2):261-7.
Savino, F., et al. Lactobacillus reuteri (American Type Culture Collection Strain 55730) versus simethicone in the treatment of infantile colic: a prospective randomized study. Pediatrics, 2007 Jan.; 119(1): e124-130.
Savino, F., et al. Intestinal microflora in breastfed colicky and non-colicky infants. Acta Paediatrica, 2004 June; 93(6):825-829.
Seppo, J., et al. Probiotics That Modify Disease Risk. Journal of Nutrition, May 2005; 135:1294-1298.
Szajewska, H. and Mrukowicz, J.Z. Use of probiotics in children with acute diarrhea. Paediatric Drugs, 2005; 7(2):111-122.
Weizman, A., et al. Effect of a probiotic infant formula on infections in child care centres: comparison of two probiotic agents. Pediatrics, 2005; 115:5-9.
Chapter 8
Bergonzelli, G.E., et al. Probiotics as a treatment strategy for gastro-intestinal diseases? Digestion, 2005; 72:57-68.
Bittner, A.C., et al. Prescript-assist probiotic-prebiotic treatment for irritable bowel syndrome: an open-label, partially controlled, 1-year extension of a previously published controlled clinical trial. Clinical Therapy, 2007; 29(6):1153-60.
Faber, S., et al. The use of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: two case reports. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 2005; 11:60-62.
Goh, J., Morain, C. Review article: Nutrition and adult inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2003; 17:307-320.
Gordon, L.V., et al. Epithelial cell growth and differentiation. III. Promoting diversity in the intestine: conversations between the microflora, epithelium, and diffuse GALT. American Journal of Physiology, 1997; 273:G565-G570.
Guslandi, M. Probiotics for chronic intestinal disorders. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2003; 98:520-521.
Jonkers, D. and Stockbrügger, R. Probiotics and inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 2003; 96:167-171.
Kanauchi, O., et al. Modification of intestional flora in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2003; 9:333-346.
Kanauchi, O., et al. The beneficial effects of microflora, especially obligate anaerobes, and their products on the colonic environment in inflammatory bowel disease. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2005; 8(11)1047-1053.
Mahida, Y.R. and Rolfe, V.E. Host-bacterial interactions in inflammatory bowel disease. Clinical Science, 2004; 107:331-341.
Marteau, P., et al. Manipulation of the bacterial flora in inflammatory bowel disease. Best Practice and Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 2003; 17(1):47-61.
Marteau, P., et al. Probiotics and intestinal health effects: a clinical perspective. British Journal of Nutrition, 2002; 88(1):S51-S57.
Mimura, T., et al. Once daily high dose probitoic therapy (VSL#3) for maintaining remission in recurrent or refactory pouchitis. Gut, 2004; 53:108-114.
Niedzielin, K., et al. A controlled, double-blind, randomized study on the efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum 299V in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2001; 13:1143-1147.
Nobaek, S., et al. Alteration of intestinal microflora is associated with reduction in abdominal bloating and pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2000; 13:1143-1147.
O’Mahony, L., et al. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: Symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles. Gastroenterology, 2005; 128:541-551.
Rath, H.C., et al. Differential Induction of Colitis and Gastritis in HLA-B 27 Transgenic Rats Selectively Colonized with Bacteroides vulgatus or Escherichia coli. Gastroenterology, 1988; 114:519-526.
Seksik, P., et al. Review article: The role of bacteria in onset and perpetuation of inflammatory bowel disease. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2006; 24(3):11-18.
Shanahan, F. Probiotics and inflammatory bowel disease: from fads and fantasy to facts and future. British Journal of Nutrition, 2002; 88(S1):S5-S9.
Shanahan, F. Probiotics and inflammatory bowel disease: is there a scientific rationale? Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 2000; 6:107-115. Shanahan, F. Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut, 2001; 48:609.
Steidler, L., et al. Treatment of murine colitis by Lactococcus lactis secreting interleukin-10. Science, 2000; 289:1352-1355.
Szilagyi, A. Use of prebiotics for inflammatory bowel disease. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2005; 19(8):505-10.
Tomsen, M. Probiotics—enhancing health with beneficial bacteria. Alternative Complementary Therapy, 2006 Feb.:14-21.
Xavier, R.J. and D.K. Podolsky. How to get along—friendly microbes in a hostile world. Science, 2000; 289:1560-1563.
Chapter 9
Abrahamsson, T.R., et al. Probiotics in prevention of IgE-associated eczema: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2007; 119(5):1174-1180. Barbeau, M. and H.L. Bpharm. Burden of atopic dermatitis in Canada. International Journal of Dermatology, 2006; 45(1):31-36.
Bongaerts, G.P. and Severijnen, R.S. Preventive and curative effects of probiotics in atopic patients. Medical Hypotheses, 2005; 64(6):1089-1092.
Boyle, R.J. and Tang, M.L.The role of probiotics in the management of allergic disease. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 2006; 36(5):568-576.
Brouwer, M.L., et al. No effects of probiotics on atopic dermatitis in infancy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 2006; 36(7):899-906.
Del Giudice, M.M., et al. Probiotics in the atopic march: highlights and new insights. Digestive and Liver Disease, 2006; 38(2):S288-290.
Forsythe, P., et al. Oral treatment with live probiotics may help alleviate allergic asthmatic response. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2007; 175:561-569.
Furrie, E. Probiotics and allergy. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2005; 64(4):465-469.
Holt, P., et al. A potential vaccine strategy for asthma and allied atopic diseases during early childhood. Lancet, 1994; 344:456-458. Isolauri, E., et al. Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 2000; 30(11):1604-10.
Kalliomaki, M., et al. Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003; 361:1869-1871.
Kim, H., et al. Oral probiotic bacterial administration suppressed allergic responses in an ovalbumin-induced allergy mouse model. Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 2005; 45(4):259-67.
Kirjavainen, P., et al. Aberrant composition of gut microbiota of allergic infants: a target of bifidobacterial therapy at weaning? Gut, 2002; 51:51-55.
Kukkonen, K., et al. Probiotics and prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides in the prevention of allergic diseases: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2007 Jan.; 119(1):192-8. E-publication 2006 Oct. 23.
Laitinen, K. and Isolarui, E. Management of food allergy: vitamins, fatty acids or probiotics? European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2005; 17(12):1305-11.
Majamaa, H. and Isolauri, E. Probiotics: A novel approach in the management of food allergy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 1997; 99:179-185.
Muñoz-López, F. Mucosae, allergy and probiotics. Allergologia et immunopathologia , 2004; 32:313-315.
Ouwehand, A., and Vesterlund, S. Health aspects of probiotics. Investigational Drugs Journal, 2003; 6(6):573-580.
Presentation: The Clinical and Immunological Effects of Early Probiotic Supplementation in Infants at High Risk of Allergic Disease: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Abstract 161. Freiburger Allergy Prevention Study (FAPS): Effect of Lactobacillus GG on the Proliferative Response and Cytokine Levels in Isolated Mononuclear Cells of Mothers and Their Neonates. Abstract 162. Congress of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, June 10-14, 2006.
Rosenfeldt, V., et al. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in children with atopic dermatitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 2003; 111:389-395.
Sistek, D., et al. Is the effect of probiotics on atopic dermatitis confined to food sensitized children? Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 2006; 36(5):629-33.
Tomsen, M. Probiotics—enhancing health with beneficial bacteria. Alternative and Complementary Therapy, Feb. 2006:14-21. Vanderhoof, J.A. and Young, R. J. Probiotics in pediatrics. Pediatrics, 2002; 109:956-958.
Viljanen, M, et al. Probiotic effects of faecal inflammatory markers and on faecal IgA in food allgeric atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome infants. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 2005; 16(1):65-71. Weston S, et al. Effects of probiotics on atopic dermatitis: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 2005; 90:892-897.
Chapter 10
Leahy, S.C., et al. Getting better with bifidobacteria. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2005; 98:1303-1315.
Levri, K.M., et al. Do probiotics reduce adult lactose intolerance? A systemic review. Journal of Family Practice, 2005; 54(7):613-20.
Lin, M.Y., et al. Management of lactose maldigestion by consuming milk containing lactobacilli. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 1998; 43(1):133-137.
Marteau, P., et al. Probiotics and intestinal health effects: a clinical perspective. British Journal of Nutrition, 2002; 88(1):S51-S57.
Saltzman, J.R., et al. A randomized trial of Lactobacillus acidophilus BG2FO4 to treat lactose intolerance. American Journal of Clinical Nutriton, 1999; 69(1):140-6.
Vonk, R.J., et al. Lactose intolerance: analysis of underlying factors. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2003; 33(1):70-75.
Yesovitch, R., et al. Failure to improve parameters of lactose maldigestion using the multiprobiotic product VSL3 in lactose maldigesters: a pilot study. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2004; 18(2):83-86.
Zhong, Y., et al. Effect of probiotics and yogurt on colonic microflora in subjects with lactose intolerance. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu, 2006; 35(5):587-591.
Zhong, Y., et al. The role of colonic microbiota in lactose intolerance. Digestive Disease Science, 2004; 49(1):78-83.
Chapter 11
Aslim, B. and Kilic, E. Some probiotic properties of vaginal lactobacilli isolated from healthy women. Japanese Journal of Infectious Disease, 2006; 59(4):249-253.
Falagus, M.E., et al. Probiotics for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections in women: a review of the evidence from microbiological and clinical studies. Drugs, 2006; 66(9):1253-1261.
Falagas, M.E., et al. Probiotics for prevention of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a review. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2006; 58(2):266-272.
Korshunov, V.M., et al. The vaginal Bifidobacterium flora in women of reproductive age. Zhurnal mikrobiologii, epidemiologii, i immunobiologii, 1999; 4:74-78.
Marelli, G., et al. Lactobacilli for prevention of urogenital infections: a review. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 2004; 8(2):87-95.
McLean, N.M, and Rosenstein, I.J. Characterisation and selection of a Lactobacillus species to recolonise the vagina of women with recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2000; 49(6):543-552.
Reid, G. Could probiotics be an option for treating and preventing urogential infections? Medscape General Media, 2001; 3. Online document at
www.medscape.com.viewarticle/408951. Accessed January 19, 2006.
Reid, G., et al. Probiotic Lactobacillus dose required to restore and maintain a normal vaginal flora. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 2001; 132:37-41.
Reid, G., et al. Oral use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and L. fermentum RC-14 significantly alters vaginal flora: Randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 64 healthy women. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 2003; 35:131-134.
Reid, G. Probiotic agents to protect the urogenitial tract against infection. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2001; 73(2[suppl]):437S-443S.
Rousseau, V., et al. Prebiotic effects of oligosaccharides on selected vaginal lactobacilli and pathogenic microorganisms. Anaerobe, 2005; 11(3):145-153.
Tomsen, M. Probiotics—enhancing health with beneficial bacteria. Alternative and Complementary Therapry, Feb. 2006: 14-21.
Zarate, G. and Nader-Macias, M.E. Influence of probiotic vagainal lactobacilli on in vitro adhesion of urogenital pathogens to vaginal epithelial cells. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 2006; 43(2):174-180.
Zarate, G., et al. Protective effect of vaginal Lactobacillis paracasei CRL 1289 against urogenital infection produced by Staphylococcus aureus in a mouse animal mode. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology 2007, Mar. 28; 48358 (e-publication).
Chapter 12
Devareddy, L., et al. The effects of fructo-oligosaccharides in combination with soy protein on bone in osteopenic ovariectomized rats. Menopause, 2006; 13(4):692-699.
Graci, S., DeMarco, C. and Rao, L. The Bone-Building Solution. Wiley; Mississauga, 2006.
Knapen, M.H.J., Schurgers, L.J., and Vermeer, C. Vitamin K2 supplementation improves hip bone geometry and bone strength indices in postmenopausal women. Osteoporosis International, 2007; Published online, 10.1007/s00198-007-0337-9.
Mutus, R., et al. The effect of dietary probiotic supplementation on tibial bone characteristics and strength in broilers. Poultry Science, 2006; 85(9):1621-1625.
Scholz-Ahrens, K.E., et al. Effects of prebiotics on mineral absorption. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2001; 73(2):459S-464S. Scholz-Ahrens, K.E., et al. Prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics affect mineral absorption, bone mineral content and bone structure. Journal of Nutrition, 2007; 137(S2):838S-846S.
Chapter 13
Agerholm-Larsen, L., et al. The effect of a probiotic milk product on plasma cholesterol: A meta-analysis of short-term intervention studies. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2000; 54:856-860.
Aihara, K., et al. Effect of powdered fermented milk with Lactobacillus helveticus on subjects with high-normal blood pressure or mild hypertension. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2005; 24(4):257-65.
De Smet, I., et al. Cholesterol lowering in pigs through enhanced bacterial bile salt hydrolase activity. British Journal of Nutrition, 998; 79:185-194.
Gill, H.S. and Guarner, F. Probiotics and human health: A clinical perspective. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 2004; 80:516-526. Jauhiainen, T. and Korpela, R. Milk peptides and blood pressure. Journal of Nutrition, 2007; 137(3 Suppl 2):825S-9S.
Kiessling, G., et al. Long-term consumption of fermented dairy products over 6 months increases HDL cholesterol. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2002; 56:843-849.
Klaver, F.A.M. and Van der Meer, R. The assumed assimilation of cholesterol by lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium bifidum is due to their bile salt-deconjugating activity. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1993; 59:1120-1124.
Liong, M. T. and Shah, N.P. Bile salt deconjugation ability, bile salt hydrolase activity and cholesterol co-precipitation ability of Lactobacilli strains. International Dairy Journal 2005; 15:391-398.
Liong, M.T. Probiotics: a critical review of their potential role as antihypertensives, immune modulators, hypocholesterolemics, and peri-menopausal treatments. Nutrition Reviews, 2007; 65(7):316-28.
Moser, S.A. and Savage, D.C. Bile salt hydrolase activity and resistance to toxicity of conjugated bile salts are unrelated properties in lactobacilli. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2001; 67(8):3476-3480.
Murray, B.A. and R.J. FitzGerald. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from food proteins: biochemistry, bioactivity and production. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 2007; 13(8):773-91.
Naruszewicz, M., et al. Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on cardiovascular disease risk factors in smokers. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2002; 76:1249-1255.
Pereira, D.I. and Gibson, G.R. Effects of consumption of probiotics and prebiotics on serum lipid levels in humans. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2002; 37:259-281.
Sarkar, S. Potential of acidophilus milk to lower cholesterol. Nutrition and Food Science, 2003; 33(6):273-277.
St-Onge, M.P., et al. Consumption of fermented and nonfermented dairy products: effects on cholesterol concentrations and metabolism. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2000; 71:674-681.
Tanaka, H., et al. Screening of lactic acid bacteria for bile salt hydrolase activity. Journal of Dairy Science, 1999; 82:2530-2535.
Tomsen, M. Probiotics—enhancing health with beneficial bacteria. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 2006 Feb.: 14-21.
Chapter 14
Benno, Y., et al. Human fecal flora in health and colon cancer. Acta chirurgica Scandinavica, 1991; S562:15-23.
Bergonzelli, G.E., et al. Probiotics as a treatment strategy for gastro-intestinal diseases? Digestion, 2005; 72:57-68.
Boutron, M.C., et al. Calcium, phospohorus, vitamin D, dairy products and colorectal carcinogenesis: a French case-control study. British Journal of Cancer, 1996; 74:145-151.
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Chapter 15
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Chapter 16
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Chapter 17
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