Contents
Preface
Prologue
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter Objectives
Key Terms
Introduction
Overview of Program Planning and Evaluation
Role of Stakeholders
Needs Assessment
Review of the Literature
Completing the Literature Review
Development of Goals and Objectives
Implementation
Internal and External Evaluators
Types of Evaluations
Formative Evaluation
Summative Evaluation
Process Evaluation
Outcome Evaluation
Impact Evaluation
Logic Models
Goal Statements and Objectives
Inputs
Activities
Outputs
Outcomes
Summary
Case Study: Healthy Food/Healthy Students (HFHS)
Goal Statement
Objectives
Case Study Discussion Questions
Student Activities
References
Chapter 2 Ethics
Chapter Objectives
Key Terms
Introduction
Historical Background of Ethical Principles
Basic Ethical Principles
Ethical Links between Research and Evaluation
Institutional Review Board
Informed Consent
Risk–Benefit Assessment
Selection of Individuals and Special Populations
Ethical Guidelines for Evaluators
Challenges Faced by Evaluators
Confidentiality of Personal Information
Summary
Case Study: Diaz versus Hillsborough County Hospital Authority
An Inquiry
The Next Step
The Lawsuit
Doctors’ Perspective
The Settlement
A Postscript
Case Study Discussion Questions
Student Activities
References
Chapter 3 Determinants of Health
Chapter Objectives
Key Terms
Introduction
Historical View of Achievement in Health
Overview of the Healthy People Initiative
Using Healthy People 2020: Goals and Objectives
Determinants of Health
Policymaking
Social Determinants
Physical Determinants
Health Services
Health Disparities and Health Equity
Health Disparities
Health Equity
Using Healthy People 2020
DATA2020
Evidence-Based Resources
Healthy People in Action
Individual Health Risks and Behaviors
Health Risks and Life Expectancy
Biology and Genetics
Health Literacy
Summary
Case Study
Family One
Family Two
Family Three
Student Activity
References
Chapter 4 Theories and Models
Chapter Objectives
Key Terms
Introduction
Types of Theories and Models
Communities and Organizations
Individual Behavior Theories and Models
Strategic Planning Models
Gantt Charts
Action Plans
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) Analysis
Summary
Case Study
Case Study Discussion Questions
Student Activities
References
Chapter 5 Reliability and Validity
Chapter Objectives
Key Terms
Introduction
Reliability
Stability
Internal Consistency
Validity
Types of Validity
Threats to Internal Validity
Threats to External Validity
Relationship Between Internal and External Validity
Measurement Error
Random Errors
Systematic Errors
Reliable and Valid Research
Randomized Controlled Trial Designs
Adequate Sample Size
Free of Bias
Pilot Testing
Sample of Respondents
Data Collection for Pilot Tests
Data Analysis
Outcome
Summary
Case Study
Step 1: Review Existing Survey Data Step
2: Reliability of Existing Survey
Step 3: Validity of Existing Survey
Step 4: Creating a New Survey
Step 5: Pilot Testing
Step 6: One Year Later
Case Study Discussion Questions
Student Activity
Questions
Answers
References
Chapter 6 Qualitative Data
Chapter Objectives
Key Terms
Introduction
The Qualitative-Quantitative Debate
Qualitative Research: Validity and Reliability
Types of Qualitative Design
Interviews
Observations
Case Studies
Phenomenology
Historical Documents
Content Analysis
Ethnography
Grounded Theory
Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research
Analyses of Qualitative Data
Data Organization
Coding Data
Data Display
Summary
Case Study
Summary
Case Study Discussion Questions
Student Activity
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Case Study 4
References
Chapter 7 Evaluation Design
Chapter Objectives
Key Terms
Introduction
Elements of Design
Operational Definitions
Variables
Observations or Measurements
Treatments or Programs
Group Assignment
Constructs
Types of Design
True Experimental Design
Quasi-Experimental Design
Non-Experimental Design
Summary
Case Study
Operational Definition
Recruitment
Study Design
Data Collection
Case Study Discussion Questions
Student Activities
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
References
Chapter 8 Surveys
Chapter Objectives
Key Terms
Introduction
Survey Selection
Creating a Survey
Survey Data Collection
Types of Surveys
Tests
Personality Inventories
Scales
Cultural and Diversity Influences in Data Collection
Survey: Reliability and Validity
Summary
Case Study
Research Questions
Operational Definitions
Data Collection and Data Entry Training
Data Analysis
Case Study Discussion Questions
Student Activities
Questions
Answers
References
Chapter 9 Data Tools
Chapter Objectives
Key Terms
Introduction
Data Classification
Categorical Data
Continuous Data
Data Organization
Descriptive Data
Graphic Presentation
Measures of Central Tendency
Normal Curve
Standard Deviation and Variance
Summary
Case Study
Survey Questions
Case Study Discussion Questions
Student Activities
Answers
References
Chapter 10 Populations and Samples
Chapter Objectives
Key Terms
Introduction
Populations and Samples
Probability and Inferential Statistics
Null Hypothesis
Level of Significance
Sample Size Considerations
Margin of Error
Population, Sample, and Variability
Confidence Level
Budget and Budget Justification
Timeline
Probability and Nonprobability Samples
Probability Sampling
Nonprobability Sampling
Sampling Bias
Item Nonresponse Bias
Unit Nonresponse Bias
Summary
Case Study
Case Study Discussion Questions
Student Activity
Answers
References
Chapter 11 Inferential Statistics
Chapter Objectives
Key Terms
Introduction
Types of Statistics
The Need for Statistics
Inferential Statistics
Development of Research Questions
Null Hypothesis and Alternate Hypothesis
Basic Inferential Statistical Tests
One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Statistical Tests
Using Excel for Statistics
Chi-Square Test
t-Tests
Correlation Coefficients
Confidence Intervals
Type I and Type II Errors
Summary
Case Study
Case Study Discussion Questions
Student Activities
Answers
References
Chapter 12 Budgets and Cost Analyses
Chapter Objectives
Key Terms
Introduction
Budgets
Personal Budgets
Evaluation and Research Project Budgets
Budget Summaries: Profit and Loss Statements
Cost Analysis
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Cost-Utility Analysis
Cost-Feasibility Analysis
Summary
Case Study
Case Study Questions
Student Activities
Answers
References
Chapter 13 Reports and Presentations
Chapter Objectives
Key Terms
Introduction
Types of Written Reports
Elements of the Report
Title Page
Table of Contents
Abstract or Executive Summary
Introduction
Literature Review or Background
Methods
Results
Discussion, Conclusion, Recommendations, and Future Research
References and Appendices
Writer’s Block Causes and Solutions
Presentation of Results
Oral Presentations
Tips for Successful Presentations
Poster Presentations
Summary
Case Study
Case Study Discussion Questions
Student Activities
References
Chapter 14 Case Study: Learn, Experience, and Achieve Program (LEAP): Program Planning and Evaluation
Year 1: Planning
Goals and Objectives
Theoretical Framework
Curriculum
Target Population and Sample Size
Study Design
Year 1: Program Planning
Personnel
LEAP Training
Website Development
Institutional Review Board
School Recruitment
Year 2: Implementation
Review of Program Planning
LEAP Curriculum
Cultural Competency
Development of Data Collection
Pilot Testing
Data Collection
Year 3: Evaluation
Process Evaluation
Outcome Evaluation
Data Analysis
Year 5: Results
Facilitators
Students
Parents
Principals and School Staff
Case Study Questions
Index