BRIAN BETTS was born in Sydney in July 1934 and enlisted in the Australian Army in December 1953. From April 1955 to January 1965 he served with 1 RAR including the post-armistice period in Korea and a tour in Malaya. He had two tours in Vietnam, with the AATTV in 1965 and as CSM in 3 RAR in 1971. He served in 3 RAR from 1969 to 1972, at the Infantry Centre from 1974 to 1977, and was RSM of the Recruit Training Battalion at Kapooka from 1977 to 1979. His last appointments before retiring in April 1983 were at the Infantry Directorate and as RSM Joint Service Ceremonial at Russell Offices. He contributed to chapter 16 of this book.
COLONEL JOHN C. BLAXLAND is a serving officer in the Australian Army posted to Joint Operations Command in Sydney. Born in Chile, he is a graduate of RMC, Duntroon; the Royal Thai Army Command and Staff College; the University of New South Wales (BA Honours); the Australian National University (MA in History); and the Royal Military College of Canada (PhD in War Studies). He has served in staff, instructional and intelligence postings, including as the 3rd Brigade Intelligence Officer for the deployment to East Timor in 1999 and exchange officer at the US Defense Intelligence Agency, where he was awarded a US Meritorious Service Medal. His publications include: Organising an Army: The Australian Experience, 1957–1965 (1989); Signals, Swift and Sure: A History of the Royal Australian Corps of Signals, 1947–1972 (1999); Information Era Manoeuvre:The Australian Led Mission to East Timor (2002); Strategic Cousins: Canadian and Australian Expeditionary Forces and the British and American Empires (2006); and Revisiting Counterinsurgency: A Manoeuvrist Response to the ‘War on Terror’ for the Australian Army (2006). He is the author of chapters 6 and 15 of this book.
CAPTAIN JEAN BOU is presently at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University where he is working on the ‘Official History of Australian Peacekeeping and Post-Cold War Operations’. He holds a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) from the University of Queensland (1995) and a Doctor of Philosophy from the University of New South Wales (2005). He is the author of a number of published journal articles and book entries on Australian military history and is an associate editor for the second edition of the Oxford Companion to Australian Military History. An officer in the Royal Australian Armoured Corps, he has served in both the Army Reserve and the Australian Regular Army. As a reserve officer he is presently a historian posted to the Army History Unit in Canberra and co-edited this book.
COLONEL BOB BREEN is a research fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University, working on the ‘Official History of Australian Peacekeeping and Post-Cold War Operations’. A graduate of RMC, Duntroon in 1973, his regimental service included being a platoon commander in 5/7 RAR, adjutant/quartermaster at Monash University Regiment and a company commander in 8/9 RAR. Since 1992, he has served as the Land Commander’s operations analyst, conducting research in Somalia, Rwanda, Mozambique, the Middle East, Bougainville and East Timor. He has a doctorate and a master’s degree in contemporary Australian military history. He is the author of two monographs on battles fought by 3 RAR in Korea at Kapyong and Maryang San as well as First to Fight, the history of 1 RAR’s first tour of Vietnam in 1965–66, A Little Bit of Hope, 1 RAR’s tour in Somalia in 1993, and Mission Accomplished, an illustrated history of ADF participation in the International Force—East Timor in 1999–2000. He is the author of chapter 9 of this book and revised chapter 10 for this edition.
MAJOR GENERAL DAVID BUTLER, AO, DSO, was born in September 1928 and graduated from RMC, Duntroon in 1948. He served as a platoon commander in 3 RAR in Japan and Korea in 1949 and 1950, was ADC to the Commander-in-Chief, British Commonwealth Occupation Force, was PA to the commander of the 1st Commonwealth Division in Korea, and was signal officer of 2 RAR in Korea. After a variety of staff and regimental appointments, from January 1968 to May 1970 he was commanding officer of 6 RAR, including the battalion’s second tour in Vietnam. From January 1977 to December 1978 he commanded 1st Task Force. His last appointment, before he retired in January 1984, was GOC Training Command. With A. Argent and J. Shelton he is the author of The Fight Leaders, an account of the 3 RAR commanders in Korea and contributed to chapter 16 of this book.
LIEUTENANT COLONEL BARRY CALIGARI was born in Daylesford in 1938, and spent time on the family farm before enlisting in the army and being subsequently allocated to the infantry in 1956 as a private soldier. He served with 3 RAR during the Malayan Emergency and Confrontation and in 1965 as Sergeant Caligari qualified for a direct commission and was posted to 7 RAR as a founding member. He served with the battalion in Vietnam 1967–68. A number of staff appointments at Army Headquarters was rewarded with a tour of duty with the AATTV in 1970–71. He attended the Malaysian Armed Forces Staff College in 1974 as the first Australian student and was then appointed MA to the VCGS. In 1979 he was responsible for raising and preparing the reconnaissance party for Australia’s UN commitment to Namibia. He attended the Joint Service Staff College in 1980 and was subsequently appointed commanding officer of 1 RAR. He is the only soldier promoted directly through the ranks of the Royal Australian Regiment to command a battalion of the regiment. He retired in 1983 and returned to farming. He contributed to chapter 16 of this book with his son, Brigadier John Caligari.
BRIGADIER JOHN CALIGARI, AM, DSC, was born in Brisbane in 1960 and graduated from RMC, Duntroon in 1982. As an infantry graduate he was posted to 1 RAR. He served as a military observer on the Lebanese border in 1989, as operations officer of the 1 RAR Group in Somalia in 1993, and as commanding officer of the 1 RAR Group deployment to East Timor in 2000. He has held a number of key appointments including operations officer on Land Headquarters, plans officer in Strategic Command Division and Director General of Military Strategy in Defence Headquarters. He has also been MA to two Chiefs of Army (Lieutenant Generals Cosgrove and Leahy). He holds a Bachelor of Arts and two Master’s Degrees and is a graduate of the United States Army Command and General Staff College and the Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies. In 1999 he was the Chief of Army’s Visiting Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University. In 2007 he was Commander 3rd Brigade and contributed to chapter 16 of this book with his father.
COLONEL DAVID CHINN, MBE, was born in Sydney in 1931 and joined the 30th Infantry Battalion (CMF) in 1948, attaining the rank of sergeant before entering RMC, Duntroon in 1951. Graduating into the infantry, he served with 2 RAR in Malaya during the Emergency, later commanding a company of 2 RAR (Pentropic) in 1963–64. In South Vietnam in 1968–69 he was operations officer of 1 RAR and GSO2 (Ops) 1 ATF. A graduate of the British Army Staff College, he was in 1970– 73 an instructor at the Australian Army Staff College, then an exchange instructor at the Canadian Land Forces Command and Staff College. As both a fixed and rotary wing pilot, he commanded the Army Aviation Centre in 1976–78. He then served as an Army Reserve officer, later a consultant with Army Headquarters in 1986–96 responsible for the Army Colour Patch Project and the Review of the Australian Army System of Battle Honours. At the Australian War Memorial since 1989, he was initially a member of the Official History Unit researching Australian Army operations in South Vietnam; in 2001–03 he was the Oral History Officer coordinating and conducting interviews with veterans of the Korean War and Malayan Emergency. Since then he has been a volunteer assisting the Senior Curator—Technology with research into the Memorial’s Australian combat aircraft of the Vietnam War. He is the author of chapter 1 of this book.
MAJOR GENERAL JIM CONNOLLY, AO, CSC, was born in Kyogle, northern New South Wales in 1943 and graduated from RMC, Duntroon, in 1965 with the Sword of Honour and Queen’s Medal. Commissioned into the infantry, he was posted to 2 RAR during which time he served as a rifle platoon commander in South Vietnam. Thereafter he held a variety of instructional appointments at the Infantry School and the Royal Military College, spent time as a staff officer, attended the British Army Staff College and served in 1 RAR. He then commanded 3 RAR during the period of its conversion to a parachute battalion. Following this he was Chief Instructor, Tactics at the Land Warfare Centre, before attending the Joint Services Staff College. Subsequently he was Chief of Staff, Headquarters 1st Division and then commanded 3 Brigade (the Operational Deployment Force) in Townsville. As a major general he was appointed Assistant Chief of the General Staff—Personnel and was then the Assistant Chief of the Defence Force (Operations). He became the Director, Defence Intelligence Organisation in 1995 and later commanded the newly created Australian Theatre from 1997. Major General Connolly retired from the army in 1999 and was appointed Colonel Commandant of the Royal Australian Regiment 2003.
MAJOR JAMES CRUICKSHANK, MBE, was born in Glasgow, Scotland in 1929, enlisted in the Royal Marines in 1946 and served with the Mediterranean Fleet, reaching the rank of corporal. Transferring to the Australian Army in 1950, he was posted to 1 RAR and served with that unit until 1955, including two tours of duty in Korea as a sergeant. He later served with the PIR and 3 RAR and was RSM of 6 RAR from September 1967 to June 1970, including the battalion’s second tour in Vietnam, for which he was mentioned in despatches. He was commissioned in 1970 and was quartermaster of 6 RAR from 1971 to 1974. He was subsequently head of the Warrant Officer Wing at the Infantry Centre, SO2 (Personnel) in the Directorate of Infantry, and SO2 (Personnel—Coordination) on Headquarters 1st Military District, before retiring in November 1980. He contributed to chapter 16 of this book.
COLONEL COLIN EAST, MBE, was born in 1921 and joined the militia in 1938. During the Second World War he served in the AIF in the United Kingdom, the Middle East, Darwin and Balikpapan, rising through the ranks to command an infantry company. He was wounded during the siege of Tobruk. He served with the 67th Battalion in BCOF from 1946 to 1948, with 1 RAR in Korea in 1952 and 1953, and during the Malayan Emergency was brigade major of the 28th Commonwealth Brigade. In 1963–64 he was the first foreign officer to attend the Indonesian Command and Staff College. He was commanding officer of 4 RAR in Malaysia in 1967–68, commanded the 1st Recruit Training Battalion, and was later Deputy Commander of the Papua New Guinea Defence Force. After retirement in 1976 he joined the Department of Foreign Affairs until 1980 and then the Department of Veterans’ Affairs until 1986. After 1978 he was a regular contributor to the Pacific Defence Reporter on Papua New Guinea and Indonesian politics and defence. He contributed to chapter 16 of this book.
ALAN GILLMAN, OAM, CSM, enlisted into the Regular Army in January 1977 and on completion of recruit training was allocated to the Royal Australian Infantry Corps. He was then posted to 2/4 RAR in Townsville where he served for most of his regimental career. Other postings included 8/9 RAR, 5th/6th Battalion, the Royal Victorian Regiment and Battle Wing Canungra. He was the Company Sergeant Major of B Company, 2 RAR during Operation Tamar in Rwanda (UNAMIR). Subsequently he was the RSM of 12th/40th Battalion, the Royal Tasmanian Regiment and then joined 1 RAR as the RSM whilst the battalion was on operational service in East Timor. His final appointment was as RSM of the Royal Military College of Australia and he retired from the army in July 2005. He contributed to chapter 16 of this book.
JEFFREY GREY is professor of history in the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University College, Australian Defence Force Academy in Canberra. He holds the degrees of Bachelor of Arts (Honours) from the Australian National University (1983) and Doctor of Philosophy from the University of New South Wales (1986). He is the author or editor of 25 books in the fields of Australian and comparative and international military history, and has published numerous articles, chapters and reviews in these fields. In (northern) academic years 2000–2002 he held the Major General Matthew C. Horner Chair in Military Theory at the Marine Corps University in Quantico, Virginia. He is a trustee and parliamentarian of the Society for Military History (US), and is or has been a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Military History (US), War in History (UK), World War II (US) and Scientia Militaria (South Africa). In March 2004, he was appointed Director of the University of New South Wales Defence Studies Forum. His father and one uncle served in the Royal Australian Regiment, each commanding platoons in Korea and battalions in Vietnam. He is the author of chapter 4 of this book.
BRIGADIER SIMON GOULD, DSC, was born in Melbourne in 1960 and entered RMC, Duntroon in 1979. After graduating to the Infantry Corps in 1982 he enjoyed five postings within the regiment, serving in 8/9 RAR, 5/7 RAR, 2/4 RAR and Depot Company. These appointments included operational service in Malaysia, Rwanda and East Timor. He has served with the UK Armed Forces twice, initially at the School of Infantry, Warminster; and then as the Australian member of the Directing Staff at the Joint Services Command and Staff College, Watchfield. In 1998, as the Chief of Army Fellow, he was seconded to the Australian Parliament’s Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, responsible for their seminar program. He has also held senior staff appointments with Australian Defence Headquarters and Training Command—Army. In 2007 he was the Director General of Defence Force Recruiting. He contributed to chapter 16 of this book.
LIEUTENANT COLONEL RICK HAINES retired from the Australian Army in 1983 and worked for some years as the Executive Officer (Plans) in the Natural Disasters Organisation. He graduated from the Officer Cadet School, Portsea in December 1963 and was posted to 2 RAR at Enoggera. From December 1966 to November 1970 he served with 8 RAR, including service in Malaysia, an attachment to 4 RAR in Vietnam in mid-1968, and 8 RAR’s Vietnam tour in 1969–70. He was second-in-command of a company, intelligence officer, adjutant and company commander. He was later a company commander in 3 RAR, and before retirement was an instructor at the RAAF Staff College. He helped write the history of 8 RAR’s tour in Vietnam, worked as a curator of archives at the Australian War Memorial, and has obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from the University of Queensland. He is the author of chapter 10 of this book.
GENERAL SIR FRANCIS HASSETT, AC, KBE, CB, DSO, MVO, was born in April 1918 and graduated from RMC, Duntroon in 1938. During the Second World War he served in the Middle East and the South-West Pacific, reaching the rank of lieutenant colonel shortly before his 24th birthday. By the end of the war he was GSO1 of the 3rd Division fighting in Bougainville. He commanded 3 RAR in Korea in 1951 and 1952, and the 28th Commonwealth Brigade in Malaya from 1960 to 1962. After attending the Imperial Defence College in London he became Deputy Chief of the General Staff in 1964. He was later Commander of Northern Command, Vice Chief of the General Staff, Chief of the General Staff from 1973 to 1975 and, before he retired in 1977, the first Chief of the Defence Force Staff. He was Colonel Commandant of the Royal Australian Regiment from January 1978 to December 1980 and contributed to chapter 16 of this book.
COLONEL JOHN HEALY was born in September 1935 and graduated from RMC, Duntroon in 1956. He served with 3 RAR in the Malayan Emergency, and in Vietnam with the AATTV and in 1 RAR. He was the commanding officer of 6 RAR from December 1972 to March 1974. He was later Deputy Commandant of the Land Warfare Centre, was Director of Infantry and Regimental Colonel of the RAR from 1978 to 1981, served with the Multinational Force and Observers in the Sinai in 1982 and 1983, and was commandant of the 1st Recruit Training Battalion from 1983 to 1985. He retired on 18 August 1987, the anniversary of the Battle of Long Tan. He then worked as a consultant to the Archives Section of the Department of Defence and led RSL tour groups to battlefields at Gallipoli, and in France, Egypt and Israel. He is the author of chapter 8 of this history.
COLONEL DAVID HORNER is professor of Australian Defence History in the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University. A graduate of RMC, Duntroon, he served as a platoon commander in 3 RAR in Vietnam in 1971, had a variety of regimental and staff appointments, including both adjutant and company commander in 1 RAR, and was on the directing staff of the Joint Services Staff College before he retired from the Regular Army as a lieutenant colonel in 1990. He has degrees from the University of New South Wales and the Australian National University and is a graduate of the Australian Army’s Command and Staff College. He is the author or editor of 25 books on Australian military history, strategy and defence, including Crisis of Command (1978), High Command (1982), SAS: Phantoms of the Jungle (1989), Inside the War Cabinet (1996), Blamey: The Commander-in-Chief (1998), Defence Supremo (2000), Making the Australian Defence Force (2001) and Strategic Command, General Sir John Wilton and Australia’s Asian Wars (2005). He is the editor of the Australian Army’s military history series and has been the historical consultant for various television programs. As an Army Reserve colonel, from 1998 to 2002 he was the first Head of the Australian Army’s Land Warfare Studies Centre. In 2004 he was appointed the Official Historian of Australian Peacekeeping and Post-Cold War Operations. He is the author of chapters 7 and 13 and edited this book.
LIEUTENANT GENERAL DAVID HURLEY, AO, DSC, graduated from RMC, Duntroon in December 1975 and was posted to 1 RAR. He later served as Adjutant, Sydney University Regiment, as Regimental Adjutant, the Royal Australian Regiment and as an exchange officer with the 1st Battalion Irish Guards. He was then a company commander and operations officer in 5/7 RAR before attending Command and Staff College. Non-corps postings followed, including an appointment as the Mechanised Infantry Adviser, Australian Army Project Team Malaysia. In 1991 he assumed command of 1 RAR and commanded the battalion group during Operation Solace (Somalia) in 1993, for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. He has been the SO1 (Operations) and Chief of Staff, Headquarters 1st Division and attended the US Army War College in 1996–97. As the commander of the 1st Brigade in 1999 he oversaw the brigade’s transition to a higher degree of operational readiness and its support to Australian-led operations in East Timor. Subsequently he was Director General Land Development and Head, Capability Systems. In December 2002, was appointed Land Commander Australia. In December 2003, he was promoted to lieutenant general to assume the new appointment of Chief of Capability Development Group. He has a Bachelor of Arts and Graduate Diploma in Defence Studies, and contributed to chapter 16 of this book.
MAJOR WAYNE KLINTWORTH graduated from RMC, Duntroon in 1975 and has served as a platoon commander in 8/9 RAR, a mortar platoon commander and company second-in-command in 5/7 RAR, and has been an instructor Battle Wing, Land Warfare Centre. He has a Bachelor of Arts in Military Studies and a Master of Arts in History from the University of New South Wales. He is also a graduate of the Royal Military College of Science. He was a requirements project officer in Materiel Division, Army Office and then Headquarters ADF before retiring from the army in 1993. He has since worked in the defence industry sector and now runs his own consulting business in Australia and overseas. He is the author of chapters 2 and 3, and assisted with the selection of illustrations for this book.
MAJOR GENERAL JIM MOLAN, AO, DSC, wrote the original of his chapter just prior to taking command of 6 RAR in 1990. General Molan has now commanded at platoon, troop, company, battalion, brigade and division level with 1 PIR, 1st Aviation Regiment, 3 RAR, 6 RAR, 1st Brigade and 1st Division, and was the Commander of the Australian Defence College. He is a graduate of the Army Command and Staff College, the Joint Services Staff College and the Australian College of Defence and Strategic Studies. He has also served as Army Attaché and later as Defence Attaché in Jakarta. For his service in Indonesia and in East Timor he was promoted to Officer of the Order of Australia. In 2000, as Commander of the Deployable Joint Force Headquarters, he was commander of the Australian evacuation force from the Solomon Islands. In April 2004, he deployed for a year to Iraq as the Chief of Operations, Headquarters Multinational Force—Iraq during continuous and intense combat operations. For this service he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, and the Legion of Merit by the United States. He holds a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of New South Wales and a Bachelor of Economics degree from the University of Queensland. He is a graduate of the ADF School of Languages where he studied bahasa Indonesia. He maintains an interest in aviation and is the author of chapter 5 of this book.
MAJOR GENERAL ALAN MORRISON, AO, DSO, MBE, was born in 1927 and graduated from RMC, Duntroon in 1947. He served as a platoon commander in 3 RAR, and later as a captain on the staff of Headquarters 28th Brigade in Korea. After attending the British Staff College he served in 1 RAR in 1962 and 1963, was instructor at the Australian Staff College, and raised and commanded 9 RAR from 1967 to 1970, including the battalion’s only tour to Vietnam. He commanded the 1st Task Force in 1976–77, was Commandant of RMC, Duntroon from 1977 to 1981, and was Chief of Personnel before his appointment as service member of the Repatriation Commission in 1981. He retired in 1989. He was Colonel Commandant of the Royal Australian Regiment from 1986 to February 1993 and wrote the preface for the 1990 edition of this book.
LIEUTENANT COLONEL PETER PEDERSEN graduated from the RMC, Duntroon in 1974 and served in 5/7 RAR as platoon commander, adjutant, company commander and commanding officer. He is a graduate of the Command and Staff College. He holds the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy from the University of New South Wales, and he is recognised as one of Australia’s leading historians of the First World War. His writings on the First World War include Monash as Military Commander; the introduction to the reprint of C.E.W. Bean’s Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, volume 3; chapters on Monash for The Commanders; and on the Western Front for Australia: Two Centuries of War and Peace. His most recent book, The Anzacs: Gallipoli to the Western Front, was published in 2007. He contributed as a consultant to and participant in the television program Gallipoli: The Fatal Shore. He is the author of chapter 12 of this book.
HARRY SMITH was born in the Channel Islands in 1926 and before the German invasion in 1940 escaped to England where he joined the British Army and became a motorcycle despatch rider. Severely injured in an accident he was discharged and later migrated to Australia, enlisting in the Australian Army in 1951. After joining 2 RAR, he served as an instructor during the National Service scheme, before rejoining 2 RAR for operations during the Malayan Emergency. He was an instructor at the Jungle Warfare Centre at Kota Tinggi, rejoined 2 RAR for its second tour to Malaya, was a CSM in 1 RAR during its first tour of Vietnam, served in 5 RAR and was appointed RSM of 8 RAR in 1971. He was RSM of a total of six units and formations, and before retirement in 1981 was RSM of Field Force Command. For some years he contributed the ‘Harry the Emu’ segment to the Australian Army newspaper and contributed to chapter 16 of this book.
CAPTAIN CRAIG STOCKINGS is currently a lecturer in the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University College, Australian Defence Force Academy in Canberra. He was born in Sydney in 1974 and graduated from the Australian Defence Force Academy with a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in History and Politics (1995). After graduating from RMC, Duntroon in 1996 he was posted to 3 RAR, serving in a range of regimental appointments including those of platoon commander, company second-in-command and battalion intelligence officer. He served in East Timor as part of INTERFET in 1999–2000. Following a posting as a staff officer at Headquarters Training Command he was appointed as ADC to the Governor-General in 2003. His last posting before transferring to the Army Reserve in 2005 was as military staff member at ADFA. He holds a Graduate Diploma of Education (Monash), a Master of Education (Deakin), a Master of Arts (International Relations) (Deakin), and a PhD in History (UNSW). He is the author of chapter 14 of this book.
LIEUTENANT COLONEL JERRY TAYLOR, AM, MC, was born in August 1939, joined the British Army as an infantry private soldier in 1957, and graduated from the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst in July 1969. He was commissioned into the 22nd (Cheshire) Regiment, and served with them in Singapore, Northern Ireland, West Germany and Cyprus, before joining the Australian Army in August 1965. He served in South Vietnam with 2 RAR from April 1967 to May 1968, returning to Vietnam with 4 RAR in May 1971 where, as officer commanding D Company, he was awarded the Military Cross. He was chief instructor at the Infantry Centre, Singleton in 1979–80 and chief instructor at the 1st Recruit Training Battalion, Kapooka in 1981–83. He retired from the Regular Army in 1986 and is the author of Last Out: 4 RAR/NZ (ANZAC) Battalion’s second tour in Vietnam and chapter 11 of this book.
WALLY THOMPSON, OAM, was born in Sydney in 1932, and enlisted in the Australian Regular Army in 1954 after previous service in the CMF, in which he reached the rank of sergeant. He had also been in the first national service intake in 1951. From 1954 to 1961 he served in 2 RAR including the battalion’s tour in Malaya. From 1961 to 1963 he was an instructor at the Jungle Warfare School in Malaya, and then served in 1 RAR in 1963 and 1964. He had three tours in Vietnam: in 1964 with the AATTV during which he was awarded the Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry with silver star; in 1968 as CSM in 1 RAR when he was mentioned in despatches; and in 1970 as RSM of 4 RAR. He was also RSM of the Jungle Training Centre, the Infantry Centre, 1st Brigade and Training Command, and in January 1983 became the first RSM of the Army. He retired in January 1987 and contributed to chapter 16 of this book.