Index

Page numbers followed by f denotes figures, t denotes tables

0-9

1967 Referendum, 76

A

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC), 29–30, 77
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Women's Task Force on Violence, 91, 204
Aboriginal community-controlled health services, 199–202
funding conditions, 202–3
Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act 1976, 201
Aboriginal Embassy, 113
Aboriginal freedom fighters, 15
Aboriginal Health Worker and Torres Strait Islander Health Worker National Competency Standards, 182
Aboriginal Health Workers (AHW), 166, 182–3, 195
importance of role in community case study, 182
partnerships, 158–9
Aboriginal Housing Corporation, 58, 69
Aboriginal Land Act 1991, 30
Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976, 31
Aboriginal Medical Services (AMS), 199
Aboriginal nations’ shared fundamental principles, 5
Aboriginal politics, 75–9
systemic frustration of aspirations, 78–9
union-related work strikes, 75–6, 111–12
Aboriginal population, impact from colonisation, 19–20
Aboriginal Regional Housing Authority case study, 59
Aborigines Protection Board, 75
acceptable behaviours, 133–5
disrespectful interaction case study, 133–4
accountability in Primary Health Care, 172, 174
adaptation process, 3–5, 41, 80, 81f, 100
developing trust, 153
professional, 141–2
adjustment phase, 124
affiliative values, 105
alienation, 82
Alma Ata Declaration, 171, 173
ambivalent rational suicide, 94
anomie, 82
anonymous authority, 204, 205–6, 217
Anti-Discrimination Act, 31
anxiety as stressor, 83–5
appealing suicide, 95
assets analysis, 70–1
assimilation period, 22t, 25–7, 27–8, 42
Assimilation Policy, 27–8
ATSIC See Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC)
Australia AC (After Cook), 6
Australia BC (Before Cook), 5–6, 14, 19
Australian Council of Social Services (ACOSS), 47–8

B

balanced anarchy, 105
base component, 66
beginning resolution phase, 159
biomedical models, 162, 164–8, 173, 195
birthing policies critique, 151–3
birthing policies ethical dilemma case study, 151–2
bottom-up health care, 216

C

Canadian cultural safety health policies, 194
Cape York Partnership, 69–70, 208–9
Cape York Trial, 208–9
CDEP See Community Development Employment Programs (CDEP)
child abuse, 90–3, 97
government intervention programs, 91–2
child decision-making case study, 107–8
Circle Sentencing, 213
client advocacy, 134–5
Closing the Gap, 63, 144, 210
collective trauma, 169
colonisation, 5–6, 13–21, 42
cumulative effects on Aboriginal groups, 18f
denying impact resulting from, 10–11, 17
government policies directed towards Aboriginalst, 22–5
Howard Coalition government refusal to acknowledge, 30–1
principles underlying, 7–13
Commonwealth Native Title Act 1993, 30
communication
adapting patterns according to cultural context, 135
cross-cultural barriers, 135–6
cultural differences between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal interactions, 128t
impact of negative, 136
interpreting silence, 130–1
medical jargon, 145
pressure points, 150
community, 66
community capacity building, 66, 70–1
community control, 199
Community Development Employment Programs (CDEP), 55–7
remote communities case study, 57
community health reform collaborations, 181
community participation, 172–4, 195, 212
empowerment case study, 214
levels of, 173–4
community-controlled health services, 69
popularity of, 200–1
underlying principles, 199–200
compassionate listening, 131–2
compliance as major stressor, 145
compound families, 101, 120
Comprehensive Nursing Registration, 184
conflict resolution, 157–8, 160
conventional health care and people-centred care, 180t
Council of Australian Governments (COAG), 33–4, 72, 208
employment strategies, 57
crisis phase, 124
cross-cultural communication awareness, 160
cross-cultural conflict resolution, 157–8
Crown Land, 6, 41
gaining access to, 118
cultural awareness, 186
cultural brokers, 134–5, 182
cultural bumps, 158, 160
cultural context awareness, 135
cultural exclusion, 82–3
cultural identity awareness, 187
cultural isolation, 139–40
cultural relativism, 6–7
cultural safety, 183–8, 195
defining, 185
history of, 184
links between Primary Health Care, 194–5
process for achieving, 186f
relevance in Australian setting, 193–4
underlying assumptions, 185
unsafe, 187, 188
cultural sensitivity, 186
cultural violence, 13, 17, 18, 20f, 41, 42
incorporation into dominant value systems, 205
interconnectedness with whiteness, 190
cultural vitality, 99, 120
connectedness to health, 164
land claims case study, 116–7
principle of reciprocity case study, 118–19
processes associated with, 101–19
culture, 2–3
interrelationship with environmentf, 3
culture clash, 3–4, 14, 41
culture conflict, 3, 4, 41
culture shock, 3, 5, 122–7
defining, 122
generational adaptation case study, 123
hospitalisation, 144–53
managing, 153–8
phases of, 124–5, 125f
signs and symptoms, 127t, 159
signs and symptoms case study, 126
stressors, 126–53, 160

D

deaths in custody, 93–4
decision-making patterns, 104–8
childrearing case study, 107–8
decolonisation process, 170, 195
Deeds of Grant in Trust communities, 209, 212, 213
discrimination, 4
disempowerment, 199
external disempowerment case study, 210
factionalism in communities case study, 207
underlying factors case study, 206
disenchantment phase, 159
disengaged youths case study, 67–9
disengagement in communities case study, 67–9
multidimensional nature, 68f
dispirited client responses, 144
dispossession, 13
domination, 206
dry communities, 86
dying at home customs, 142

E

earned reputation theory, 18
economic power, 46, 204
education system, 59–62
alternative schooling approaches, 70
discrimination in white schools case study, 35–6
literacy and numeracy levels, 60
retention rates, 59–60
senior school completion rates, 61–2
effective functioning phase, 124, 159
egalitarian ethic, 26
empathy, 153–4, 160
employment
employment statistics, 54–5
old master-servant laws, 49, 51
empowerment, 172, 195, 197
alternative social justice systems, 213
community participation case study, 214
inhibiting factors, 202–7, 217
Primary Health Care approach case study, 215–16
proactive community participation case study, 216–17
programs for suicide intervention case study, 214–15
qualities inherent in, 196–8
remote area nursing case study, 176
types of, 197
empowerment suicide, 95
environmental stress models, 82–3
Equal Wage Decision, 54
equal wages fight, 111–12
ethnocentricism, 4
basic, 7–8, 20, 41
extreme, 5
exploitation of Aboriginals, 12–13
extended family structures, 101–2, 120
extended kin case study, 102
external authority, 204–5, 206, 207, 217
external violence, 85

F

factionalism in communities, 105–6, 206–7
disempowerment case study, 207
Family Income Management programs, 92
family violence, 87–90, 97
factors underlying, 87, 89
funding programs, 201
lack of funding for programs, 91–2
prevention programs, 95–6
Family Violence Partnerships, 201
Family Wellbeing Program, 108
suicide intervention case study, 214–15
Federal Council for the Advancement of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI), 76
Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines (FCAA), 76
feedback loopf, 2, 3
forcible state removal from land, 26
forcible state removal of children from families, 27–8
fringe settlements, 37–9
health discrimination case study, 39–40
frontier states, 14, 15
funerary customs, 142

G

gender relationships etiquette, 134
gender roles, evolving, 90
geographic isolation, 139
Gordon Inquiry, 91, 204
Gove Land Rights 1971 case, 113
government funding conditions, 201–2, 203
government policies directed towards Aboriginals, 21–5
grandparent families, 101, 120
grieving suicide, 94
gross environmental stress, 204
gross stress, 83
group empowerment, 197
group friction, 157

H

half-case classifications, 35–7
hard religion, 13, 14
health See also Primary Health Care
Aboriginal perspective, 163–4
defining, 64
determinants for Indigenous, 169–70, 195
government funding conditions, 201–2, 203
government infrastructure, 167–8
multicultural perspectives, 163
people-centred, 165
successful outcomes, 176
technological developments, 164
world view, 162–3, 195
health care services
benchmarks for partnerships, 194
reasons for avoiding mainstream case study, 200
taking into account cultural and historical context, 161
whiteness in mainstream, 190–2
health determinants, 168–170
health professionals, 136–7, 195
health promotion, 166
health statistics, 62, 63
health system
bureaucratic barriers within, 166
mainstream limitations, 173
reforms, 180, 181
health workers
changing belief systems, 143
reflective practice case study, 165
Henderson's Poverty Reports, 47, 48
holistic model of health, 167–8, 172, 174–6
honeymoon phase, 124, 159
hospitalisation, 145
levels of compliance, 148
recovery at home case study, 147
hospitalisation rates, 144–5
housing, 57–9
home ownership rates, 58
regional case study, 59

I

identifying with language groups, 110, 120
imposing degrees of ‘Aboriginality’ on people, 34–7
discrimination in white schools case study, 35–6
income management, 33, 92, 198
income poverty, 48, 55
indentured labour, 51, 72
Indigenous Coordinating Centres (ICC), 77–8
shared responsibility case study, 78
Indigenous population
nationwide statistics, 50t, 51, 52
Remoteness Areas statistics, 51t
Indigenous trial sites, 208
individualism, 105
industrialisation, 12–13, 42
infant mortality rates, 62
health interventions, 64–5
intervention programs, 143
in-groups, 4, 9
institutional discrimination, 46–7 See also systemic bias
institutional racism, 17–19
intensifying, 20
interplay of scientific racism, 42, 72
legitimising, 34–7
integration period, 22t, 28, 42
interference with vital strivings, 83
internal authority, 204
internal violence, 97, 206
interrelated areas, 85–96
interpersonal communication, 128
Intervention, the, 31–2, 91
involuntary hospitalisation, 145
isolation, 138–42
stressors, 147
types of, 139–42

K

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck Value Orientation Schedule, 104
Kriol, 128–9

L

land alienation, 16
land rights
connectedness to health, 164
land claims, 112–18
legal recognition, 30
legislation, 113, 114
movements, 113
using scientific racism to argue against issues, 10–11
language groups, 110, 120
land claims case study, 116–17
language interpreting services, 129
learned culture, 2
life expectancy rates, 62–3
life on reserves, 25
listening skills, 131–2
Little Children are Sacred report, 92, 204
local protocols in communities, 142
looking-glass self, 82
lost suicide, 95
low living, 18

M

Mabo, Eddy, 30, 114, 115
mechanical differences, 137–8, 147
mental health illness rates in rural communities, 84
mental health status, 63
Miller Report, 54, 59

N

National Aboriginal and Islander Health Organisation (NAIHO), 64, 200
National Aboriginal Congress (NAC), 29, 76, 77
National Aboriginal Consultative Committee (NACC), 29, 76
National Aboriginal Health Strategy (NAHS) (1989), 63, 64, 168, 201
National Indigenous Council (NIC), 77–8
National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families, 28, 82, 88, 139, 204
National Report to Parliament on Indigenous Education and Training, 60, 61
National Strategic Framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health, 211
Native Labourers’ Protection Bill 1884, 51
Native Police, 15, 16
Native Title Act 1993, 114, 115
Native Title Amendment Act 1998, 115
Native Title Bill 1997, 115
New South Wales Land Rights Act 1983, 29
New South Wales Task Force Report on Aboriginal Health, 62–3
New Start Allowance, 55
New Zealand
cultural safety, 183
nursing education, 184
Noble Savage concept, 7
non-compliance in health settings, 148
non-verbal communication, 128, 129–30
normlessness, 82 See also anomie
Northern Territory Emergency Response (NTER), 31–2
child abuse intervention programs, 91, 92
efficacy of interventions, 65
health service programs case study, 92–3
inadequacies, 198
income management policies, 139, 198
major areas of concern, 31
substance abuse intervention, 86
Northern Territory Land Rights Act 1976, 29, 114
NSW Protection Act, 75
NSW Protection Board, 26
NTER See Northern Territory Emergency Response (NTER)
nuclear families, 101, 103, 120
Nursing Council of New Zealand (NCoNZ), 184, 185
nursing education in New Zealand, 184

O

oral history, importance, 213
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 47
otherness concept, 4
out-groups, 4
Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage Report, 213, 214, 216

P

participatory decision making, 197, 217
partnerships
Aboriginal Health Workers (AHW), 158–9
partnerships (Continued)
community-controlled health services, 202–3
critical analysis, 211–12
defining, 209
inadequacies of external agents case study, 210
whole-of-government approach, 208–12
passive client compliance, 144, 149
pastoral leases, 115
Patient Transport Scheme (PTS), 139
people-centred health care, 176–8, 179–82
distinguishing between conventional health care, 180t
personal beliefs, evaluating, 189
personal empowerment, 197
petrol sniffing intervention programs, 86–7, 92
physical violence, 74
political power, 45, 46, 204, 207
political suicide, 94
positive determinants of health, 170
poverty cycle, 47–65, 48f
breaking, 65–71
education factors, 59–62
employment factors, 49–57
groups at risk, 49
health factors, 62–5
housing factors, 57–9
interrelated factors, 47–9
poverty line, 47–8
power, 45–6, 74
power relationships, 148, 160, 166–7, 192
compliance risk case study, 149
rebalancing, 188
types of, 204
urban health setting, 136
precipitating causes of violence, 87
prejudgements, 4 See also prejudice
prejudice, 4
cycle of, 157f
primary care, 180, 181
Primary Health Care, 170–83
comprehensive, 179, 211
defining, 171
difference from primary care, 180
empowerment case study, 215–16
holistic model of health, 174–6
links between cultural safety, 194–5
national strategic framework, 211
outcomes, 176–8
principles underlying, 171–8
selective, 178–9, 210
types of health promotion, 166
primary stressors, 128–34
principle of reciprocity, 86, 102–4, 120, 209
proactive community participation case study, 216–17
professional belief systems, 143–4, 147
evaluating, 189
negative attitudes, 150
professional culture, 188–90
professional health practice, critique of, 151
professional socialisation, 154, 184
Protection Policy, 21–5
Protestant ethic, 12–13, 14, 42
psychological power, 207
psychological violence, 74
public health intervention programs, 197

Q

Queensland Aboriginal and Islander Health Council, 169, 173, 181
Queensland Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Policy, 202–3

R

Racial Discrimination Act, 31, 91, 93, 198
Racism, 9, 140–1 See also institutional racism See also scientific racism
reconciliation or rationalism periodt, 23–4
recovery phase, 124
Redfern Aboriginal Medical Service, 98
re-entry stress, 125, 159
reflective practice, 163, 165
self identity evaluation, 187–8
relatedness, forms of, 137
remote area nurses
critique of birthing policies, 151–3
culture shock case study, 126
Primary Health Care approach case study, 176
remote communities
Aboriginal Health Workers’ role case study, 182
birthing policies critique, 151–3
decision-making patterns, 104–5
familial and community case study, 106–7
mental health illness rates, 84
professional isolation, 141–2
reserves, 25
resistant clients in health settings, 149
respect, 133–4, 193
respect suicide, 94
Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RCIADIC 1991), 30, 82, 94, 139, 204
Rudd Labor government, 78
changes to intervention policies, 93
indigenous policy development, 32–4
Stolen Generations public apology, 33
rules and conventions, 132–3
rural settlements, 37–9, 104–5
health discrimination case study, 39–40

S

scientific racism, 8–12, 18–19, 34
interplay of institutional racism, 42, 72
measuring degrees of Aboriginality, 35–6
segregation period, 22t, 42
self identity, 81–2
self-determination, 164, 217
self-determination period, 22t, 28–30, 42
change in policy, 76
self-management approaches, 28, 29
self-management stage 1 period, 23t, 42
self-management stage 2 period, 23t, 30, 42
self-reliance, 172, 176, 195
community health projects case study, 177–8
Shared Responsibility Agreements (SRA), 77–8
case study, 78
shorthand language, 132
silence as communication form, 130–1
single-parent families, 101, 103, 120
situational factors of violence, 87, 89
social class, 45
Social Darwinism, 8
social determinants of health, 195
social determinants of ill health, 168–9
social disintegration, 82–3
social isolation, 140–1
social justice systems, 213
social power, 46, 204, 207
social status, 204
social stratification, 44–5, 71
socio-cultural changes, 79–81
traumatic effects from rapid, 82–3, 107–8, 110–11
spiritual beliefs, traditional, 109–10
spiritual health, 108–10
squattocracy, 14
stereotypes, 4, 12
early ethnocentric stereotypes, 7–8
positive, 104
using scientific racism to justify, 9
Stolen Generations
public apology perceptions, 33
social isolation, 140–1
trauma from, 89
stolen wages, 51–4
stress cycle, 83–5, 84f, 150
stressors contributing to culture shock, 126–53, 160
hospitalisation, 144–53
six major factors affecting hospitalisation, 146f
types of, 128–34
structural anomie, 82
structural empowerment, 197
structural violence, 73–4, 206
incorporation into dominant value systems, 212
substance abuse, 85–7, 96
suicide, 93–6
community case study, 94
prevention programs, 95–6
youth case study, 95
Sunshine Coast Reconciliation Group, 86–7
support systems in communities, 153
suspending judgement, 155
sympathy, 153
systemic bias, 46–7
systemic frustration of aspirations, 74, 198, 201
contributing factors, 75f
health service, 175

T

Tent Embassy, 113
terra nullius concept, 5–6, 114, 115
The Day of Mourning, 75
tolerance of ambiguity, 155–7
varying interpretations, 156f
top-down hierarchical health care, 164–5, 178
traditions, playing down distinctive, 99–100
Treaty of Waitangi, 184
trust in relationships, 130, 153, 192–3

U

UN Declaration of Indigenous Peoples, 33
unemployment levels, 54–5
unilineal culture continuum, 79, 80f
unions supporting Aboriginal work claims, 76, 111–12
urban communities decision-making patterns, 104–5

V

Value Orientation Schedule, 104
victim blaming, 19, 71, 188
violence, underlying factors, 87

W

wards of the State, 16–17, 27
Welfare and the Ward's Employment Ordinances 1953, 27
welfare payments, 56
Western healthcare models See biomedical models
whiteness concept, 190–2, 195
interconnectedness with cultural violence, 190
nursing profession, 191–2
nursing workplace culture case study, 191
whole-of-community approaches, 69–70
whole-of-government approaches, 208–212
Wik Decision, 30, 115
women
empowerment through community case study, 214
role in families, 102
World Health Organization (WHO), 170
comprehensive primary health care, 179
Primary Health Care principles, 172
Social Determinants of Health, 168
World Health Report–Primary Health Care: Now More Than Ever, 170, 171, 176
world view of health, 162–3, 195
ill health from different perspectives, 162f

X

xenophobia, 7, 41

Y

Yarrabah Life Promotion program, 96, 108
case study, 214–15
Youth Allowance, 55
Yumba settlement, 37–9