1 T. Hayashi, K. Murakami, “The Effects of Laughter on Post-Prandial Glucose Levels and Gene Expression in Type 2 Diabetic Patients,” Life Sciences Journal,85, 5-6 ( July 2009): 185-7.
2 Y. Ohtsuka, N. Yabunaka, S. Takayama, “Shinrin-Yoku (Forest-Air Bathing and Walking) Effectively Decreases Blood Glucose Levels in Diabetic Patients,” International Journal of Biometeorology,41,3 (February 1998): 125-7.
3 N. Jutapakdeegul, S.O. Casalotti, P. Govitrapong, N. Kotchabhakdi, “Postnatal Touch Stimulation Acutely Alters Corticosterone Levels and Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Expression in the Neonatal Rat,” Developmental Neuroscience,25, 1 ( January-February 2003): 26-33.
4 K. Uvnas-Moberg, M. Petersson. “Oxytocin, A Mediator of Anti-Stress, Well-Being, Social Interaction, Growth, and Healing,” Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie,51, 1 (2005): 57-80.
5 G.S. Liu, H.E. Tsai, W.T. Weng, et al, “Systemic Pro-Opiomelanocortin Expression Induces Melanogenic Differentiation and Inhibits Tumor Angiogenesis in Established Mouse Melanoma,” Human Gene Therapy, 22, 3 (March 14, 2011): 325-35.
6 S.V. Ramagopalan, A. Heger, et al, “A ChIP-seq Defined Genome-Wide Map of Vitamin D Receptor Binding: Associations With Disease and Evolution,” Genome Research,20 (October 2010): 1352-1360.
7 K. Berridge, e-mail to author on October 15, 2012.
8 N. Wade, “Eden? Maybe. But Where’s the Apple Tree?” New York Times (April 30, 2009) Science Section.
1 A. Williams, “Friends of a Certain Age: Why Is It Hard to Make Friends Over 30?” The New York Times ( July 13, 2012) Fashion Section.
2 D.G. Myers, “The Powers and Perils of Intuition,” Psychology Today(November 1, 2002). http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200212/the-powers-and-perils-intuition.
3 R. Wolff, Original Wisdom: Stories of an Ancient Way of Knowing (Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions International, 2001).
4 B. Dehghan, E. Enjedani, F.A. Meybodi, S. Sadeghi, “The Study of Immediate, Unconscious, and Conscious Thought Condition in the Post Choice Satisfaction: A Replicated Study,” Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences,30 (2011): 1201-1204.
5 A. Dijksterhuis, T. Meurs, “Where Creativity Resides: The Generative Power of Unconscious Thought,” Consciousness and Cognition15, 1 (March 2006): 135-146.
6 M.E. McCullough, “The Forgiveness Instinct,” Greater Good: The Science of a Meaningful Life(Spring 2008) http://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/forgiveness_instinct.
7 N. Wolchover, “Why Humans Prevailed Over Neanderthals,” Discovery News (June 5, 2012) http://news. discovery.com/history/humans-neanderthals-120605.html.
1 W.J. Cromie, “Of Hugs and Hormones: Lack of Touch Puts Kids Out of Touch,” The Harvard University Gazette ( June 11, 1998).
2 K.M. Grewen, S.S. Girdler, J. Amico, K.C. Light, “Effects of Partner Support on Resting Oxytocin, Cortisol, Norepinephrine, and Blood Pressure Before and After Warm Partner Contact,” Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 4 ( July 1, 2005): 531-538.
3 N. Dworkin-McDaniel, “Touching Makes You Healthier,” CNN.com ( January 5, 2011). http://www.cnn. com/2011/HEALTH/01/05/touching.makes.you.healthier.health/index.html.
4 T. Field, M. Hernandez-Reif, M. Diego, S. Schanberg, C. Kuhn, “Cortisol Decreases and Serotonin and Dopamine Increase Following Massage Therapy,” International Journal of Neuroscience,115, 10 (October 2005): 1397-1413.
5 T. Field, M. Hernandez-Reif, M.Diego, S. Schanberg, C. Kuhn, “Cortisol Decreases and Serotonin and Dopamine Increase Following Massage Therapy.”
6 N. Dworkin-McDaniel, “Touching Makes You Healthier,” CNN.com.
7 B. Leuner, E.R. Glasper, E. Gould, “Sexual Experience Promotes Adult Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus Despite an Initial Elevation in Stress Hormones,” Public Library of Science,5, 7 ( July 14, 2010): e11597.
8 M.H. Rapaport, P. Schettler, C. Bresee, “A Preliminary Study of the Effects of a Single Session of Swedish Massage on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal and Immune Function in Normal Individuals,” The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16, 10 (September 1, 2010): 1-10.
9 B. Holmes, “Achilles Tendon Is Key to Evolution of Human Running,” New Scientist (April 1, 2010) http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18728-achilles-tendon-is-key-to-evolution-of-human-running.html.
10 F.M. Painter, “Forward Head Posture Page,” Chiro.org (blog). Updated April 2, 2012, http://www.chiro.org/ LINKS/Forward_Head_Posture.shtml.
11 R. Sakakibara, K. Tsunoyama, et al, “Influence of Body Position on Defecation in Humans,” LUTS: Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms, 2, 1 ( Janurary 11, 2010): 16-21.
12 E. Barclay, “For Best Toilet Health: Squat or Sit?” NPR (September 28, 2012) http://www.npr.org/blogs/ health/2012/09/20/161501413/for-best-toilet-health-squat-or-sit; D. Sikirov, “Management of Hemorrhoids: A New Approach,” Israel Journal of Medical Sciences (1987): 23, 284-286.
13 D. Sikirov, “Comparison of Straining During Defecation in Three Positions,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 48, 7 ( July 2003): 1201-1205.
14 C. Cotman, N. Berchtold, “Exercise: A Behavioral Intervention to Enhance Brain Health and Plasticity,” Trends in Neurosciences, 25, 6 ( June 2002): 295–301
15 Ibid.
16 O. Judson, “Stand Up While You Read This!” The New York Times(February 23, 2010) http://opinionator. blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/23/stand-up-while-you-read-this/.
17 T. Yates, et al, “Self-Reported Sitting Time and Markers of Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, and Adiposity,” American Journal of Preventative Medicine,42, 1 ( January 2012): 1-7.
18 A. Bankston, “Office-Dwellers Stand Up to ‘Sitting Disease,’” Star Tribune ( January 27, 2012). www. startribune.com/local/138174639.html?refer=y.
19 S.J. Colcombe, et al, “Aerobic Fitness Reduces Brain Tissue Loss in Aging Humans,” The Journals of Gerontology, Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 58, 2 (February 2003): 176-180.
20 L.E. Hill, S.K. Droste, et al, “Voluntary Exercise Alters GABA(A) Receptor Subunit and Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-67 Gene Expression in the Rat Forebrain,” Journal of Psychopharmacology, 24, 5 (May 2010): 745-756.
21 C.C. Streeter, et al, “Effects of Yoga Versus Walking on Mood, Anxiety, and Brain GABA Levels: A Randomized Controlled MRS Study,” The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine,16, 11 (November 2010): 1145-1152.
1 A. Stevens, The Two Million-Year-Old Self (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 1993).
2 S. Kumar, K. Kriegstein, K. Friston, T. Griffeths, “Features Versus Feelings: Dissociable Representations of the Acoustic Features and Valence of Aversive Sounds,” The Journal of Neuroscience,32, 41 (October 10, 2012): 14184-14192.
3 D. March, “Nature’s Sights, Sounds Ease Pain During Bone Marrow Extraction,” The Johns Hopkins Gazette (Oct. 18, 2010) http://gazette.jhu.edu/2010/10/18/nature%E2%80%99s-sights-sounds-ease-pain-during-bone-marrow-extraction/.
4 B.J. Park, Y. Tsunetsugu, T. Kasetani, T. Kagawa, Y. Miyazaki, “The Physiological Effects of Shinrin-Yoku (Taking in the Forest Atmosphere or Forest Bathing): Evidence From Field Experiments in 24 Forests Across Japan ,” Environmental Health and Preventative Medicine,15, 1 ( January 2010): 18-26.
5 Q. Li, “Effect of Forest Bathing Trips on Human Immune Function,” Environmental Health and Preventative Medicine, 15, 1 ( January 2010): 9-17.
6 M. Roberts, “The Touchy-Feely (but Totally Scientific!) Methods of Wallace J. Nichols,” Outside Magazine (November 8, 2011) http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/nature/The-Touchy-Feely-But-Totally-Scientific-Methods-Of-Wallace-J-Nichols.html?page=all.
7 Ibid.
8 F. Soyka, The Ion Effect (Toronto, Canada: Lester and Orpen Limited, 1977): 145-146.
9 D. Reid, The Tao of Health, Sex, and Longevity: A Modern Practical Guide to the Ancient Way (New York: Touchstone Publishing, 1989).
10 C. Ober, M. Zucker, Earthing: The Most Important Health Discovery Ever?(Laguna Beach, CA: Basic Health Publications, Inc., 2010).
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 P.H. Kahn Jr., et al, “A Plasma Display Window?—The Shifting Baseline Problem in a Technologically Mediated Natural World,” Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28, 2 (May 8, 2008): 192-199.
14 “Dogs That Changed the World: What Caused the Domestication of Wolves?” PBS.org http://www.pbs.org/ wnet/nature/episodes/dogs-that-changed-the-world/what-caused-the-domestication-of-wolves/1276/.
15 N.A. Shevchuk, S. Radoja, “Possible Stimulation of Anti-Tumor Immunity Using Repeated Cold Stress: A Hypothesis,” Infectious Agents and Cancer 2, 20 (November 12, 2007); regarding muscle recovery: C. Bleakley, S. McDonough, E. Gardner, G.D. Baxter, J.T. Hopkins, G.W. Davison, “Cold-Water Immersion (Cryotherapy) for Preventing and Treating Muscle Soreness After Exercise,” The Cochrane Library, 2 (February 15, 2012).
16 W. Davis, The Wayfinders: Why Ancient Wisdom Matters in the Modern World (Toronto: House of Anansi Press, Inc., 2009).
17 R. Louv, The Nature Principle (Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, 2011).
18 Hui-Mei Chen, Hung-Ming Tu, Chaang-Iuan Ho, “Exploring Dimensions of Attitudes Toward Horticultural Activities,” HortScience, 45(7), ( July 2010). http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/45/7/1120.abstract.
19 A.E. Van Den Berg, et all, “Allotment Gardening and Health: A Comparative Survey Among Allotment Gardeners and Their Neighbors Without an Allotment,” Environmental Health, 9, 74 (2010) http://www.ehjournal. net/content/9/1/74
20 A.J. Sommerfeld, T.M. Waliczek, J.M. Zajicek, “Growing Minds: Evaluating the Effect of Gardening on Quality of Life and Physical Activity Level of Older Adults.” Hort Technology, 20, (2010) http://horttech.ashspublications.org/ content/20/4/705.abstract.
1T. Saitoa, R. Okamotoa, T. Harituniansa, J. O’Kellya, et al., “Novel Gemini Vitamin D3 Analogs Have Potent Antitumor Activity,” The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 112, 1-3 (November 2008): 151-56.
2 K. Than, “Americans Are Info-Junkies,” Tech News Daily, (December 14, 2009) http://www.technewsdaily. com/16-americans-are-info-junkies-.html.
3 M. Richtel, “Attached to Technology and Paying a Price,” The New York Times ( June 6, 2010). Technology section.
4 T.F. Juster, et al., “Changing Times of American Youth: 1981-2003,” Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Child Development Supplement (2004), http://www.ns.umich.edu/Releases/2004/Nov04/teen_time_ report.pdf.
5 V. Rideout, et al, “Generation M: Media in the Lives of 8-18 Year-Olds,” The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (2005). http://www.kff.org/entmedia/entmedia030905pkg.cfm.
6 M. Richtel, “Attached to Technology and Paying a Price,” The New York Times( June 6, 2010) http://www. nytimes.com/2010/06/07/technology/07brain.html?pagewanted=all
7 “The Sourcebook for Teaching Science,” California State University, Northridge. http://www.csun.edu/science/ health/docs/tv&health.html.
8 “Watching TV Linked to Post Traumatic Stress Disorder,” University of Bolton. (April 1, 2009) http://www.bolton.ac.uk/News/News-Articles/2009/apr2009-2.aspx
9 Jakob Nielsen’s Alert Box (blog). http://www.useit.com/alertbox/page-abandonment-time.html.
10 T. Tamkins, “Drop That BlackBerry! Multitasking May Be Harmful,” CNN.com (August 25, 2009) http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/08/25/multitasking.harmful/index.html?iref=allsearch.
11 J. Hamilton, “Think You’re Multitasking? Think Again,” NPR.org(October 2, 2008). http://www.npr.org/ templates/story/story.php?storyId=95256794
12 Regarding metabolic syndrome: “Moderate Exercise Cuts Rate of Metabolic Syndrome,” Duke Health. org (Dec. 17, 2007). http://www.dukehealth.org/health_library/news/10205; regarding breast cancer: S.A. Adams, et al., “Association of Physical Activity with Hormone Receptor Status: The Shanghai Breast Cancer Study,” Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention,15 ( June 2006); regarding cardiovascular and mortality: J. Myers, et al., “Exercise Capacity and Mortality among Men Referred for Exercise Testing,” New England Journal of Medicine (March 14, 2002): 793-801
13 D. Avni-Babad, “Routine and Feelings of Safety, Confidence, and Well-Being,” British Journal of Psychology,102, 2 (March 11, 2011): 223-44.
14 M. Csikszentmihalyi, Finding Flow: The Psychology of Engagement with Everyday Life, (New York: Basic Books, 1997).
15 M. Csikszentmihalyi, “Finding Flow,” Psychology Today ( July 1, 1997). http://www.psychologytoday.com/ articles/199707/finding-flow.
16 M. Csikszentmihalyi, Finding Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience.
17 Sat Bir S. Khalsa, et al., “Yoga Ameliorates Performance Anxiety and Mood Disturbance in Young Professional Musicians,” Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback,34, 4 (December 2009): 278-89.
1 Early Human Kinship: From Sex to Social Reproduction, N. J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar, W. James, Eds. (West Sussex, U.K.: Blackwell-Wiley, 2011); S. Mithen, After the Ice: A Global Human History 20,000-5000 BC, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003).
2 Early Human Kinship: From Sex to Social Reproduction, N.J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar, W. James, Eds.
3 T. Ingold, “On the Social Relations of the Hunter-gatherer Band,” The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers, Richard B. Lee, Richard Daly, Eds., (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
4 Regarding motor skill retention: A.S. Buchman, et al., “Association Between Late-Life Social Activity and Motor Decline in Older Adults,” Archives of Internal Medicine,169, 12 ( June 22, 2009): 1139-46; regarding cancer survival: C.H. Kroenke, “Social Networks, Social Support, and Survival After Breast Cancer Diagnosis,” Journal of Clinical Oncology24, 7 (March 1, 2006): 1105-11; regarding immune response: S.D. Pressman, et al., “Loneliness, Social Network Size, and Immune Response to Influenza Vaccination in College Freshmen,” Health Psychology,24, 3 ( July 2005): 348; regarding memory preservation: K.A. Ertel, et al., “Effects of Social Integration on Preserving Memory Function in a Nationally Representative U.S. Elderly Population,” American Journal of Public Health 98, 7 (May 29, 2008): 1215-20; regarding longevity: L.C. Giles, “Effect of Social Networks on 10 Year Survival in Very Old Australians: the Australian Longitudinal Study of Aging,” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 59 (2005).
5 Regarding Alzheimer’s: R.S. Wilson, et al., “Loneliness and Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease,” Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 2 (2007): 234-40; regarding heart disease: K. Orth-Gomer, et al., “Lack of Social Support and Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease in Middle-Aged Swedish Men,” Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 1 ( Jan-Feb, 1993): 37-43.
6 J. Holt-Lunstad, T.B. Smith, J.B. Layton, “Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review,” PLOS Medicine ( July 27, 2010). http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316
7 L. F. Berkman, S. L. Syme, “Social Networks, Host Resistance, and Mortality: A Nine-Year Follow-Up Study of Alameda County Residents,” American Journal of Epidemiology,109, 2 ( July 25, 1978): 186-204.
8 E.M. Friedman, “Sleep Quality, Social Well-Being, Gender, and Inflammation: An Integrative Analysis in a National Sample,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1231 (August 2011): 23-34.
9 R. Dunbar, “Neocortex Size as a Constraint on Group Size in Primates,” Journal of Human Evolution,22 (December 1992): 20, 469-93; R. Dunbar, “Kinship in Biological Perspective,” Early Human Kinship: From Sex to Social Reproduction, N.J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar, W. James, Eds. (West Sussex, U.K.: Blackwell-Wiley, 2011): 131-50.
10 R. Dunbar, “Neocortex Size as a Constraint on Group Size in Primates,” Journal of Human Evolution, 22.
11 M. Connelly, “More Americans Sense a Downside to an Always Plugged-In Existence,” The New York Times ( June 6, 2010). Technology section.
12 L. Jaremka, et al., “What Makes Us Feel the Best Also Makes Us Feel the Worst: The Emotional Impact of Independent and Interdependent Experiences,” Self and Identity10 (March 23, 2010): 44-63.
13 G.J. Stephens, “Speaker-listener Neural Coupling Underlies Successful Communication,” PNAS107, 32 ( July 26, 2010). http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2010/07/13/1008662107.abstract
14 D.J. Hruschka, et al., “Shared Norms and Their Explanation for the Social Clustering of Obesity,” American Journal of Public Health,101, Suppl.1 (May 9, 2011): S295-300.
15 J. Gokee LaRose, T.M. Leahey, B.M. Weinberg, R. Kumar, R.R. Wing, “Young Adults’ Performance in a Low Intensity Weight Loss Campaign,” Obesity20, 11 (November 2012): 2314-6.
16 D. Marron, “Memories Are a Durable Investment,” The Christian Science Monitor (blog: May 1, 2012). http://www.csmonitor.com/Business/Donald-Marron/2012/0501/Memories-are-a-durable-investment.
17 Ibid.
18 C. Sedikides, et al.,”Nostalgia: Past, Present, and Future,” Current Directions in Psychological Science,17, 5 (Oct. 2008): 304-07.
19 P. Arnstein, et al., “From Chronic Pain Patient to Peer: Benefits and Risks of Volunteering,” Pain Management Nursing,3, 3 (September 2002): 94-103.
20 N. Krause, et al., “Providing Support to Others and Well-Being in Later Life,” Journal of Gerontology,47, 5 (September 1992): 301-11.
21 Handbook of Mind-Body Medicine for Primary Care, ed. D. Moss, et al., (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2003).
22 P. Arnstein, “From Chronic Pain Patient to Peer: Benefits and Risks of Volunteering,” Pain Management Nursing,3, 3 (Sept. 2002): 94-103.
23 Emory University. “Compassion Meditation May Improve Physical And Emotional Responses To Psychological Stress.” ScienceDaily, 7 Oct. 2008. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081007172902.htm
1 P. Sims, “The Montessori Mafia,” The Wall Street Journal (April 5, 2011). Review section.
2 B. Elgin, “Managing Google’s Idea Factory,” Businessweek.com (Oct. 2, 2005). http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-10-02/managing-googles-idea-factory
3”The Weight of the Nation,” HBO (website). http://theweightofthenation.hbo.com/films/main-films/Consequences.
4 Ilanit Gordon, et. al., “Oxytocin and the Development of Parenting in Humans,” Biological Psychiatry, 68, 4 (Aug. 15, 2010): 377-82.
5 “Use It or Lose It: Mind Games Help Healthy Older People Too,” BioMed Central (March 27, 2012). http://www.biomedcentral.com/presscenter/pressreleases/20120327
6 D. Jopp, C. Rott, “Adaptation in Very Old Age: Exploring the Role of Resources, Beliefs, and Attitudes for Centenarians’ Happiness,” Psychology and Aging, 21, 2 (2006): 266-280
7 Marian Vanhaeren, et al., “Middle Paleolithic Shell Beads in Israel and Algeria,” Science Magazine, 12, 5781 ( June 23, 2006): 1785-88.
8 Stuart Brown, Play: How It Shapes the Brain, Opens the Imagination, and Invigorates the Soul (New York: Penguin Group, 2009).
9 Clive Gamble, “Kinship and Material Culture: Archeological Implications of the Human Global Diaspora,” Early Human Kinship: From Sex to Social Reproduction, eds. N.J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar, W. James (West Sussex, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2011).
10 “Weaving Traditional Arts into the Fabric of Community Health,” Alliance for California Traditional Arts (Oct. 2011). http://www.actaonline.org/sites/default/files/images/docs/briefing.pdf.
11. P. Ghosh, “Oldest Musical Instrument Found,” BBC News ( June 25, 2009). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8117915.stm.
12 G. Marcus, G. Miller, “Did Humans Invent Music?” The Atlantic (April 16, 2012). http://m.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/04/did-humans-invent-music/255945/
13 N. Uedo, et al., “Reduction in Salivary Cortisol Level by Music Therapy During Colonoscopic Examination,” Hepato-gastroenterology, 51, 56 (Mar-Apr 2004): 451-3; T. Yamamoto, et al., “Effects of Pre-exercise Listening to Slow and Fast Rhythm Music on Supramaximal Cycle Performance and Selected Metabolic Variables,” Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry3, 3 ( July 2003): 211-14; C. Conrad, et al., “Overture for Growth Hormone: Requiem for Interleukin-6?” Critical Care Medicine 35, 12 (December 2007).
14 N.K. Dess, “Music On the Mind,” Psychology Today(September 1, 2000). http://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/200008/music-the-mind; “Music Training Enhances Brainstem Sensitivity to Speech Sounds, Neuroscientist Says,” Science Daily (February 22, 2010). http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/02/100220184327.htm
15 D. Ackerman, A Natural History of the Senses (New York: Random House, 1990).