Leadership At Scale: Better leadership, better results

2 The State of Human Capital 2012 – False Summit: Why the Human Capital Function Still Has Far to Go, a joint report from the Conference Board and McKinsey, October 2012, available from https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/dotcom/client_service/organization/pdfs/state_of_human_capital_2012.ashx (accessed March 2018)

3 McKinsey Org Solutions, Relationship between Leadership and average TRS, December 2015 (MID)

4 McKinsey Quarterly Transformational Change survey, January 2010 (MID); McKinsey Global Survey Results June 2009 (MID)

5 Meindl, J.R. and Ehrlich, S.B. (1987) ‘The romance of leadership and the evaluation of organizational performance’, Academy of Management Journal, 30(1), 91–109

6 Bligh, M.C., Kohles, J.C. and Pillai, R. (2011) ‘Romancing leadership: past, present, and future’ The Leadership Quarterly 22, 1058–1077

7 McKinsey Leadership Development survey, 2016 (MID)

9 Beer, M., Finnström, M. and Schrader D. (2016) ‘Why leadership training fails – and what to do about it’, Harvard Business Review, October

10 Gitsham, M. (2009) ‘Developing the global leader of tomorrow’, Ashridge Business School

11 Trainingindustry.com (2017) ‘Training industry report’, available from: https://trainingmag.com/trgmag-article/2017-training-industry-report (accessed March 2018)

12 Kellerman, B. (2012) The End of Leadership, HarperCollins

13 2014 MCB global executive survey on capability building (MID)

15 Pfeffer, J. (2015) Leadership BS, HarperCollins

16 Within the leadership field there is a large literature on contingency theories and studies on effective leadership behaviours. A search on Google Scholar (April 2017) for example using the terms ‘contingency theories of leadership’ results in 165,000 hits.

1 McKinsey Org Solutions, Relationship between Leadership and average TRS, December 2015 (MID)

2 Organizational Health Index database (n = 60,000); ‘Return on Leadership – Competencies that Generate Growth’ report by Egon Zehnder International and McKinsey, available from: https://www.egonzehnder.com/files/return_on_leadership.pdf (accessed March 2018)

3 McKinsey Quarterly Transformational Change survey, January 2010 (MID); June 2009 McKinsey Global survey results, available from https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/leadership/the-value-of-centered-leadership-mckinsey-global-survey-results (accessed March 2018)

4 Barsh, J., Mogelof, J. and Webb, C. (2010) ‘How centered leaders achieve extraordinary results’ McKinsey Quarterly, October.

5 www.amazon.com (September 2016): search term “Leadership”, filtered by search category “books”

6 Factiva search, December 2016

7 See for example, https://www.kenblanchard.com/Products-Services/Situational-Leadership-II

8 See in the work of Belbin, Tuckman and Wheelan.

9 See Developing Leaders, A British Army Guide (RMAS, 2014) and Cavanagh, R., Hesselbein, F. and Shinseki, E.K. (2004) Be-Know-Do: Leadership the Army Way, Jossey-Bass. Adapted from the US Army’s leadership thinking.

10 Yukl, G. (2012, 8th edition), Leadership in Organizations, Pearson Education.

11 See Bazigos, M., De Smet, A. and Gagnon, C. (2015), ‘Why agility pays’, McKinsey Quarterly, December; Aghina, W., De Smet, A. and Weerda, K. (2015) ‘Agility: it rhymes with stability’, McKinsey Quarterly

12 Return on Leadership - Competencies that Generate Growth’ report by Egon Zehnder International and McKinsey, available from: https://www.egonzehnder.com/files/return_on_leadership.pdf (Accessed March 2018)

13 Stogdill, R.M. (1948) ‘Personal factors associated with leadership: A survey of the literature’, Journal of Psychology, 25, 35–71

14 Keeping the focus on economics, VoT 3 (2009)

15 Mintzberg, H. (1973) The Nature of Managerial Work, McGill University School of Management, Harper & Row

16 Our view is supported by the seminal research published by Scott Derue, of the University of Michigan, and others in Personnel Psychology in 2011. Their findings suggest that behaviour is by far the most important predictor of leadership effectiveness. Compare Derue, D. S., Nahrgang, J. D., Wellman, N., Humphrey, S. E. (2011). ‘Trait and behavioural theories of leadership: An integration and meta‐analytic test of their relative validity’, Personnel Psychology, 64(1), 7–52.

17 Barsh, J., Mogelof, J. and Webb, C. (2010) ‘The Value of Centered Leadership: McKinsey Global Survey results McKinsey Quarterly, October

18 Three notable models of psychological theories of leadership are: Scouller's Three Levels of Leadership model. See Scouller, J. (2016), The Three Levels of Leadership: How to Develop Your Leadership Presence, Knowhow and Skill, Management Books; Kegan, R. and Lahey, L.L. (2009) Immunity to Change, Harvard Business Press; and the works of Manfred Kets de Fries at INSEAD.

19 Keller, S. and Price, C. (2011) Beyond Performance: How Great Organizations Build Ultimate Competitive Advantage, Wiley.

20 OHI (Organizational Health Index), McKinsey, 2010 (MID)

21 Cavanagh, R., Hesselbein, F. and Shinseki, E.K. (2004) Be-Know-Do, Leadership the Army Way, Jossey Bass.

1 McKinsey Leadership Development survey, 2016 (MID)

3 See for example: Bazigos, M., Gagnon, C. and Schaninger, B. (2016) ‘Leadership in context, McKinsey Quarterly, January; Gurdjian, P., Halbeisen, T. and Lane, K. (2014) ‘Why leadership-development programmes fail’, McKinsey Quarterly, January; Alexander, H., Feser, C., Kegan, R., Meaney, M., Mohamed, N., Webb, A and, Welsh, T. (2015) ‘When to Change How You Lead’ McKinsey Quarterly, June; Barsh, J., Mogelof, J. and Webb, C. (2010) ‘The value of centered leadership: McKinsey Global Survey results McKinsey Quarterly, October; Feser, C., Mayol, F., Shrinivasan, R. (2015) ‘Decoding leadership: What really matters’, McKinsey Quarterly, January; Barton, D., Grant, A., Horn, M. (2012) ‘Leading in the 21st century’, McKinsey Quarterly, June; Feser, C. (2016) ‘Debate – Leading in the digital age’, McKinsey Quarterly, March.

4 Gurdjian, P., Halbeisen, T. and Lane, K. (2014) ‘Why leadership-development programmes fail’, McKinsey Quarterly, January

5 Atabaki, A., Dietsch, S. and Sperling, J.M. (2015) ‘How to separate learning myths from reality’, McKinsey Quarterly, July

1 Gurdjian, P., Halbeisen, T. and Lane, K. (2014) ‘Why leadership-development programmes fail’, McKinsey Quarterly, January

2 Fiedler, F. (1964) ‘A contingency model of leadership effectiveness’, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 1: 149–190. New York, NY: Academic Press

3 Bass, B. and Bass, R. (2008) ‘The Hersey-Blanchard situational leadership theory’, The Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, & Managerial Implications, 4: 516–522. New York, NY: The Free Press

4 Vroom, V. H. and Jago, A. G. (2007) ‘The role of the situation in leadership’, American Psychologist, 62(1), 17–24

5 De Smet, A., Schaninger, B. and Smith M. (2014) ‘The hidden value of organizational health and how to capture it’, McKinsey Quarterly, April

6 McKinsey OrgSolutions, “The recipe is the recipe”, January 2016 (MID); See also De Smet, A., Schaninger, B. and Smith M. (2014) ‘The hidden value of organizational health and how to capture it’, McKinsey Quarterly, April

7 Bazigos M. and Caruso, E. (2016) ‘Why frontline workers are disengaged’, McKinsey Quarterly, March

8 Readers seeking an online assessment of their organization’s health quartile are invited to take McKinsey’s nine-question quiz ‘How healthy is your organization?’ available at ohisolution.com

9 The four leadership styles included in the OHI are informative in their own right in terms of helping organizations increase their leadership effectiveness. Our OHI research shows, for example, that authoritative leadership and consultative leadership have minimum and maximum threshold levels. If organizations are not decisive enough to make decisions, their performance and health will likely suffer, but being too autocratic has limitations as well. The same goes for consultative leadership, where it is generally a good idea to consult employees, but not to the point where decision-making speed and quality suffers. On the other hand, for challenging leadership and supportive leadership, the research indicates that more seems to be better, especially when they work in concert. In most contexts, the best leaders seem to challenge people to do more than they thought possible, but support them enough to reduce fear and stress.

10 Psychologist Abraham H. Maslow contended that human needs are structured in a hierarchy; as each level of needs is satisfied, the next higher level of unfulfilled needs becomes predominant. See Maslow, A.H. (1943) ‘A theory of human motivation’, Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–96; and Maslow, A.H. (1954) Motivation and Personality, New York: Harper & Brothers

11 Brenneman, G. (1998) ‘Right away and all at once: How we saved Continental’, Harvard Business Review

12 Organizational health in banks: Insights from an industry sample, McKinsey research, October 2014 (MID)

13 See for example, in the work of Jean Piaget, Commons and Richards, Kurt Fischer, and Charles Alexander

14 See for example, in the work of Erik Erikson, Jane Loevinger, Don Beck, Robert Kegan, and Richard Barrett

15 Talent Matters – McKinsey conference document (MID); Barton, D., Carey, D., Charan, R. (2018) Talent Wins, Harvard Business Review Press

16 McKinsey Global Institute publication, drawing on MGI and PWC sources

17 Dobbs, R. Manyika, J. and Woetzel, J. ‘The four global forces breaking all the trends’, McKinsey Global Institute available from: http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/strategy/the_four_global_forces_breaking_all_the_trends (accessed March 2018)

18 McKinsey 9 Golden Rules report, 2013 (MID)

19 Barton, D., Grant, A. and Horn, M. (2012) ‘Leading in the 21^st Century’, McKinsey Quarterly

20 Webb, A. (ed) (2015) ‘When to change how you lead’, McKinsey Quarterly, June

21 McKinsey Transformational Change and Capability for Performance Service Line, McKinsey’s Ten Truths of Change Management, (MID)

22 Heifetz, R. (1998) Leadership Without Easy Answers, Harvard University Press

23 Anderson, R.J. and Adams, W.A. (2015) Mastering Leadership: An Integrated Framework for Breakthrough Performance and Extraordinary Business Results, Wiley, page 156

24 Anterasian, C., Resch-Fingerlos R.S. (2010) ‘Understanding executive potential’, https://www.spencerstuart.com/research-and-insight/understanding-executive-potential-the-underappreciated-leadership-traits (accessed July 2018)

25 Birkel, F., Kelly C.L. and Wlech G. (2013) ‘Survival of the most adaptable’, SpencerStuart, available from: https://www.spencerstuart.com/research-and-insight/survival-of-the-most-adaptable-becoming-a-change-ready-culture (accessed July 2018)

26 Bureau of Labor Statistics, available from: https://www.bls.gov/news.release/tenure.nr0.htm (accessed December 2016).

27 Gray, Al. (2016) ‘The 10 skills you need to thrive in the Fourth Industrial Revolution’, World Economic Forum, available from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-10-skills-you-need-to-thrive-in-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/ (accessed March 2018).

28 Barsh, J., Mogelof, J. and Webb, C. (2010) ‘The Value of Centered Leadership: McKinsey Global Survey results McKinsey Quarterly, October

29 Barsh J. and Lavoie, J. (2014) Centered Leadership, Crown Business; see also ‘How executives put centered leadership into action: McKinsey Global Survey Results’ available from: http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/organization/our-insights/how-executives-put-centered-leadership-into-action-mckinsey-global-survey-results (accessed March 2018); Barsh, J. and De Smet, A. (2009) ‘Centered leadership through the crisis: McKinsey Survey results’, available at: http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/leadership/centered-leadership-through-the-crisis-mckinsey-survey-results (accessed March 2018); Barsh, J., Mogelof, J. and Webb, C. (2010) ‘How centered leaders achieve extraordinary results’, available from: http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/leadership/how-centered-leaders-achieve-extraordinary-results (accessed March 2018); Barsh, J. and Lavoie J. (2014) ‘Lead at your best’, McKinsey Quarterly, April

30 Hunter, M. and Ibarra, H. (2007) ‘How leaders create and use networks’, Harvard Business Review, January.

31 Csíkszentmihályi, M. (2002) Flow: The Psychology of Happiness, Rider.

32 Kegan, R. and Laskow L.L. (2016) An Everyone Culture: Becoming a Deliberately Developmental Organization, Harvard Business Review Press

33 MBTI basics (2014) The Myers-Briggs Foundation, available from: https://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/

34 Patton, B., Fisher R. and Ury, W. (1981) Getting to Yes, Random House Publishing

35 Bughin, J., Chui, M., Dewhurst, M., George, K., Manyika, J., Miremadi, M. and Willmott, P (2017) Harnessing Automation for a Future that Works, McKinsey Global Institute

36 McKinsey Global Institute, Independent work: choice, necessity, and the gig economy, October 2016, available from: https://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-and-growth/independent-work-choice-necessity-and-the-gig-economy (accessed March 2018)

1 McKinsey Leadership Development survey, 2016 (MID)

3 Barabasi, A-L (2002) Linked : The New Science of Networks, Perseus Publishing

4 Gladwell, M. (2000) The Tipping Point, Little, Brown Book Group

5 Kotter, J. (1996) Leading Change, Chapter 4, Harvard Business Review Press

6 Cross, R.L., Martin, R.D., and Weiss, L.M (2006) ‘Mapping the value of employee collaboration, McKinsey Quarterly.

7 Heath, C. and Heath, D. (2007) Made to Stick, Random House

8 Return on Leadership – Competencies that Generate Growth, February 2011, Egon Zhender and McKinsey, available from: https://www.egonzehnder.com/files/return_on_leadership.pdf (accessed March 2018)

9 Keller S. and Meaney, M. (2017) Leading Organizations: Ten Timeless Truths, Bloomsbury

10 Retrieved from World Economic Forum’s Future of Jobs report, available from: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs.pdf (accessed March 2018)

11 See Handy, C. (2015) The Second Curve, Random House Business

12 Van Dam, N. Inaugural lecture, Nyenrode Business School, 25 November 2016

13 Johnson, W. and Mendez, J.C. (2012) ‘Throw your life a curve’, Harvard Business Review, September

14 Association for Talent Development (2016) State of the Industry, available from: https://www.td.org/research-reports/2017-state-of-the-industry (accessed March 2018

1 From the free search engine accessing the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics (PubMed)

2 Howard-Jones, P.A. (2014) ‘Neuroscience and education: Myths and messages’, Nature Reviews Neuroscience

3 Atabaki, A., Dietsch, S. and Sperling, J.M. (2015) ‘How to separate learning myths from reality’, McKinsey Quarterly, July

4 Whitmore, J. (1996) Coaching for Performance, Nicholas Brealey Publishing

5 Lombardo, M. M, Eichinger, R.W (1996), The Career Architect Development Planner Minneapolis: Lominger, p. iv.

6 Meaney M. and Keller S. (2017) Leading Organizations, Bloomsbury

7 Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (1987) ‘Development of cortical circuitry and cognitive function, Child Development, pp. 601–622

8 Cunha, F., Heckman, J., Lochner, L. and Masterov, D. (2006) ‘Interpreting the evidence on life cycle skill formation’, Handbook of the Economics of Education, 1: 697–812

9 Rakic, P. (2002) ‘Neurogenesis in adult primate neocortex: an evaluation of the evidence’, Annual Reviews Neuroscience 3(1): 65–71.

10 Doidge, N. (2007) The Brain That Changes Itself, Viking); and (2015) The Brain’s Way of Healing: Stories of Remarkable Recoveries and Discoveries, Penguin) Eagleman, D. (2015) The Brain: The Story of You, Pantheon.

11 Yerkes, R.M. and Dodson, J.D. (1908), ‘The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation’, Journal Of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18, 459–482.

12 Gazzaniga, M.S. (2005) ‘Forty-five years of split-brain research and still going strong’ Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6(8): 653–9; Paschler, H., McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D. and Bjork, R. (2010) c. Psychological Science in the Public Interest 9, pp. 105-119.

13 Maguire E.A., Woollett K. and Spiers H.J. (2006) ‘London taxi drivers and bus drivers: a structural MRI and neuropsychological analysis’, published online 5 October at Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com)

14 Hebb, D.O. (1949) The Organization of Behavior, Wiley & Sons

15 Salzman C.D. and Fusi S. (2101) ‘Emotion, cognition, and mental state representation in amygdala and prefrontal cortex’, Nature Reviews Neuroscience

16 McGaugh, J.L. (2004) ‘The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences’, Annual Review of Neuroscience 27: 1–28

17 See for example, Sylwester, R. (1994) ‘How emotions affect learning’, Educational Leadership, October, 52(2): 60–65; Pekrum, R. (1992) ‘The impact of emotions on learning and achievement: Towards a theory of cognitive/motivational mediators’, Applied Psychology, 41(4), October: 359–376

18 Nieoullon, A. and Coquere A. (2003) ‘Dopamine: A key regulator to adapt action, emotion, motivation and cognition’, Current Opinion in Neurology, Suppl 2: S3–S9.

19 Schultz, W. (1998) ‘Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons’, The Journal of Neurophysiology, 80: 1–27

20 Kirschenbaum, D.S., Ordman, A. M., Tomarken, A. J. et. al. (1982) ‘Effects of differential self-monitoring and level of mastery on sports performance: Brain power bowling’, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 6: 335–41

21 Jones-Smith, E. (2013) Strengths-Based Therapy: Connecting Theory, Practice and Skills, SAGE Publications

22 See, for example, Kahneman, D. and Tversky, A. (1979) ‘Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk’, Econometrica, 47: 263–291; and Baumeister, R.F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C. and Vohs, K.D. (2001) ‘Bad is stronger than good’, Review of General Psychology, 5: 323–370d

23 Robertson, I. (2012) The Winner Effect, Bloomsbury

24 Return on Leadership – Competencies that Generate Growth, report by Egon Zehnder International and McKinsey, available from: https://www.egonzehnder.com/files/return_on_leadership.pdf (accessed March 2018)

25 Corporate Leadership Council (2002), Building the High-Performance Workforce: A Quantitative Analysis of the Effectiveness of Performance Management Strategies, Washington, DC

26 McKinsey Quarterly Transformational Change Survey, January 2010 (MID)

27 Kegan, R., Lahey, L.L. (2009) Immunity to Change: How to Overcome it and Unlock the Potential in Yourself and Your Orgnaization, Harvard Business Review Press.

28 Fleming S.M., Weil R.S., Nagy Z., Dolan R.J., Rees G. (2010) ‘Relating introspective accuracy to individual differences in brain structure’, Science September 17; 329(5998):1541-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1191883.

29 Dweck, C.S. (2006) Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, Ballantine Books

30 Kahneman, D. (2012)Thinking Fast and Slow, Penguin Books

31 Schumpeter (2013) ‘The mindful business’, The Economist November

32 See https://vhil.stanford.edu/projects/, accessed March 2018.

33 Van Dam, N. and Van der Helm, E. (2016) ‘The organizational cost of insufficient sleep’, McKinsey Quarterly, February

34 See for example, Kegan, R. and Lahey, L.L. (2009) ‘Immunity to Change’, Harvard Business Press; Duhigg, C. (2014) The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business, Random House; Goldsmith, M. (2015) Triggers: Creating Behavior that Lasts – Becoming the Person You Want to Be, Crown Business

1 Schein, E. (1996) ‘Culture: The missing concept in organizational studies’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 41: 229–240; Ostroff, K. Kinicki, A.J. and Tamkins, M.M., ‘Organizational culture and climate’, in Borma, W.C., Ilgen, D.R. and Klimoski R.J. (eds.) (2003) Handbook of Psychology 12, Industrial and Organizational Psychology (pp. 565–593).

2 Lawson E. and Price, C. (2003) ‘The psychology of change management’ McKinsey Quarterly, June

3 McKinsey Quarterly Transformational Change survey; January 2010 (MID)

4 Harvard Business Review staff (2013) ‘The uses (and abuses) of influence’, Harvard Business Review; Cialdini, R.B. (2006) Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion, Revised Edition, Harper Business, 2006

5 Festinger, L. (1957) A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, Stanford University Press

6 Paul, M.P. (2012) ‘Your brain on fiction’, The New York Times; Monarth, (H.) (2014) ‘The irresistible power of storytelling as a strategic business tool’, Harvard Business Review

7 Basford, T.E. and Molberg A. (2013) ‘Dale Carnegie's leadership principles: Examining the theoretical and empirical support’, Journal of Leadership Studies, 6(4): 25-47

8 Locke, E. A. and Latham, G.P. (2002) ‘Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation’, American Psychologist 705–717; and Sherif, M. (1966) In a common predicament: Social psychology of intergroup conflict and cooperation, Houghton Mifflin comp.

9 Argyle, M., Alkema, G., and Gilmour, R. (1971) The communication of friendly and hostile attitudes by verbal and non-verbal signals. European Journal of Social Psychology, I, 385-402

10 Chartrwhy and et al., ‘You're just a chameleon: The automatic nature and social significance of mimicry’, Natura Automatyzmow (Nature of Automaticity), 19–14

11 Pugh, S. (2001) ‘Service with a smile: Emotional contagion in the service encounter’, Academy of Management Journal, 55(5): 1018-1027

13 Cialdini, R.B. (2009) Influence: Science and Practice (5th edition), Pearson Higher Ed

14 Skinner, B.F. (1961) ‘Teaching machines’, Scientific American, 205: 91–102

15 Pavlov, I.P. (1927) Conditioned Reflexes: An Investigation of the Physiological Activity of the Cerebral Cortex, Oxford University Press

16 Bandura, A. (1971) ‘Vicarious and self-reinforcement processes’, in R. Glaser (ed) The Nature of Reinforcement, New York: Academic Press 228–278

17 Kerr, S. (1975) ‘On the folly of rewarding A, while hoping for B’, Academy of Management Journal, 18: 769-783

18 McClelland, D.C. (1975) Power: The Inner Experience, Irvington Publishers

19 Deci, E. L. (1975) Intrinsic Motivation, Plenum Press; Robbins, S.P and Judge, T.A. (2009) Organizational Behavior (13th edition), Pearson Education

20 Hackman, J.R. (1980) ‘Motivation through the design of work: test of a theory’, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 250-279; Hackman, J.R. and Oldham, G.R. (1980) Work Redesign, Addison-Wesley

21 Burns, T. and Stalker, G.M. (1961) The Management of Innovation, Tavistock Publications; Robbins, S.P. and Judge, T.A. (2009) Organizational Behavior (13th edition), Pearson Education

22 McKinsey leadership development survey 2016 (MID)

23 Kirkpatrick D.L. and Kirkpatrick, J.D. (2006) Evaluating Training Programmes: The Four Levels (3rd Edition), Berrett-Koehler Publishers

24 Organizational Health Index database (n = 60,000) (MID)

25 McKinsey Quarterly Transformational Change survey, January 2010; June 2009 McKinsey Global survey results (MID)

26 Cernak, J. and Mcgurk M. (2010) ‘Putting a value on training’ McKinsey Quarterly, July

27 Bower, M. (1996) The Will to Manage New York: McGraw-Hill

1 Whitmore, J. (1996) Coaching for Performance, Nicholas Brealey Publishing

2 See Freedman, L. (2013) Strategy: A History, Oxford University Press

3 Strategies to Scale the Power Curve (McKinsey Strategy & Finance, September 2016) (MID); See also Bradley, C., Hurt, M., Smit, S. (2018) Strategy Beyond the Hockey Stick, Wiley

4 See Hall S. and Lovallo, D. (2012) ‘How to put your money where your strategy is, McKinsey Quarterly; and see: Bradley, C., Hirt, M., and Smit, A. (2018) Strategy Beyond the Hockey Stick: People, Probabilities, and Big Moves to Beat the Odds, Wiley

5 Senge, Peter, The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization, Random House Business, 2nd edition, 2006

6 Kegan, R., Lahey, L.L., Miller, M.L., Fleming, A. and Helsing, D. An Everyone Culture: Becoming a Deliberately Developmental Organization, Harvard Business Review Press

1 See for example, Adair, J. (1987) Effective Teambuilding: How to Make a Winning Team, Pan Books; Belbin R. M. (2004) Management Teams, Routledge; Hill, L. A. and Anteby, M. (2006) Analyzing Work Groups, Harvard Business School Publishing; Lencioni, P. M. (2005) Overcoming The Five Dysfunctions of a Team: A Field Guide for Leaders, Managers, and Facilitators, Jossey-Bass; and theoretical work by Belbin, Maslow and Tuckman

2 McKinsey Transformational Change Practice (MID).

3 Collins J. and Porras, J.I. (2004) Built to Last, HarperBusiness; (10th revised edition) November

4 Mandeville, B. (1957 edition) The Fable of the Bees: Or Private Vices, Publick Benefits, Oxford University Press. Mandeville’s poem prefigures that of Adam Smith (invisible hand and division of labour) in this fictive account of a beehive.

5 Greiner, L. (1972) ‘Evolution and revolution as organizations grow’, Harvard Business Review, 37–46. The phases are growth through creativity, direction, delegation, coordination, collaboration and (a sixth, added in 1998) extra-organization solutions

6 McKinsey OrgSolutions, ‘The recipe is the recipe’, January 2016 (MID)

7 NHS, UK: Developing People – Improving Care: Evidenced-based national framework to guide action on improvement skill-building, leadership development and talent management for people in NHS-funded roles (2016), available from: https://improvement.nhs.uk/resources/developing-people-improving-care/ (accessed March 2018)

8 Gallup, 2015 (n=3956); See https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/organization/our-insights/revisiting-the-matrix-organization (accessed July 2018)

9 Fecheyr-Lippens, B., Schaninger B. and Tanner, K. (2015) ‘Power to the new people analytics’ McKinsey Quarterly, March

10 de Romrée, H., Fecheyr-Lippens, B. and Schaninger, B. (2016) ‘People analytics reveals three things HR may be getting wrong’, McKinsey Quarterly, July

11 See Björnberg, Å. and Feser, C. (2015) ‘CEO succession starts with developing your leaders’, McKinsey Quarterly, May

1 Manyika, J. (2017) ‘Technology jobs and the future of work’ McKinsey &Company available from: http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-and-growth/technology-jobs-and-the-future-of-work (accessed March 2018)

2 World Economic Forum. (2016) The Future of Jobs: Employment, Skills, and Workforce Strategy for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, available from: http://reports.weforum.org/future-of-jobs-2016/ (accessed March 2018)

3 Van Dam, N. (2016) ‘Learn or Lose’, Inaugural lecture, 25 November, Nyenrode Business Universiteit

4 World Economic Forum. (2016) The Future of Jobs: Employment, Skills, and Workforce Strategy for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, available from: http://reports.weforum.org/future-of-jobs-2016/ (accessed March 2018)

6 Frey, C.B. and Osborne, M. (2013)The Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation?, University of Oxford

7 ‘Automation and anxiety’ (2016) The Economist, 25 June

8 Manyika, J. (2017) ‘Technology, jobs, and the future of work’, McKinsey & Company, available from: http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/employment-and-growth/technology-jobs-and-the-future-of-work (accessed March 2013)

9 Harress, C. (2013) ‘The sad end of Blockbuster Video’, International Business Times, 5 December

10 Live presentation by John Kao, ‘The World in 2030’, Athens, 3 December 2016

11 World Economic Forum. (2016) The Future of Jobs: Employment, Skills, and Workforce Strategy for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, available from: http://reports.weforum.org/future-of-jobs-2016/ (accessed March 2018)

12 Grothaus, M. (2015) ‘The top jobs in 10 years might not be what you expect’, Fast Company, 18 May

13 DESI indicator on digital skills (2015). Eurostat data available from: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/desi (accessed March 2018)

14 Gray, A. (2016) ‘The 10 skills you need to thrive in the Fourth Industrial Revolution’ World Economic forum, available from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-10-skills-you-need-to-thrive-in-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/ (accessed March 2018).

15 Deming, D. (2017) The Growing Importance of Social Skills in the Labor Market, Harvard University and NBER, August; graphic from The Quarterly Journal of Economics (2017) 132(4): 1593-1640

16 Gratton, L. (2011) The Shift: The Future of Work is Already Here. London: Collins

17 Van Dam, N. ‘Learn or lose’, Inaugural lecture, 25 November, Nyenrode Business Universiteit

18 Vuorikari, R., Punie, Y., Carretero, S. and Van den Branden, L. (2016), DigComp 2.0: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens. EC, EUR 27948 EN.

19 Vuorikari, R., Punie, Y., Carretero, S. and Van den Branden, L. (2016), DigComp 2.0: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens. EC, EUR 27948 EN.

20 Rashid, B. (2016) ‘The rise of the freelancer economy’ Forbes, available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianrashid/2016/01/26/the-rise-of-the-freelancer-economy/#31a014e33bdf (accessed March 2018)

21 See Aghina, W., De Smet, A. and Weerda, K. (2015) ‘Agility: It rhymes with stability’, McKinsey Quarterly, December

22 Schwartz, N.D. ‘The decline of the baronial CEO’, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/17/business/ge-whole-foods-ceo.html

23 Puthiyamadam, T. (2017) ‘How the meaning of digital transformation has evolved’, Harvard Business Review, 29 May

24 Gratton, L. and Scott, A. (2016). The 100 Year Life: Living and Working in the Age of Longevity, Bloomsbury.

25 Senge, P. (2010) The Fifth Discipline, Random House

26 Watkins, Karen E. and Marsick, Victoria J. (eds.), (May 2003). ‘Making learning count! Diagnosing the learning culture in organizations, Advances in Developing Human Resources, 5(2)

27 Kegan R. and Lahey, L.L. (2016) An Everyone Culture: Becoming a Deliberately Developmental Organization, Harvard Business School Press

28 For the interested reader, an assessment can be taken on www.reachingyourpotential.org

29 McKinsey Mind the Gap research (MID)

31 Barsh, J., Brown, L, and Kian, K. (2016) Millennials: Burden, Blessing, or Both? McKinsey & Co

32 See: Mind the Gap p15 (MID)

33 Van Dam, N. (2016) ‘Learn or lose’, Inaugural lecture, 25 November, Nyenrode Business Universiteit

34 Association for Talent Development (2016) State of the Industry, available from: https://www.td.org/research-reports/2017-state-of-the-industry (accessed March 2018)

36 Penfold S. (2016) ‘Profile of the modern learner – helpful facts and stats (infographic)’ Elucidat blog, available from: https://blog.elucidat.com/modern-learner-profile-infographic/?utm_campaign=elearningindustry.com&utm_source=%2Ftop-10-elearning-trends-to-watch-in-2017&utm_medium=link (accessed (March 2018)

1 For a more detailed review of a substantially similar list of such leadership behaviours, see Feser, C., Mayol, F. and Srinivasan, R. (2015) ‘Decoding leadership: What really matters’, McKinsey Quarterly, January

2 Psychologist Abraham H. Maslow contended that human needs are structured in a hierarchy; as each level of needs is satisfied, the next higher level of unfulfilled needs becomes predominant. See Maslow, A.H. (1943) ‘A theory of human motivation’, Psychological Review, 50(4): 370–96; and Maslow, A.H. (1954) Motivation and Personality (first edition), Harper & Brothers

3 Herzberg, F. (1987) ‘One more time: How do you motivate employees?’, Harvard Business Review, 65(5): 109–120

4 For further details, see Bazigos, M.N. (2016) ‘Leading for long-term performance: Matching the behavior to the situation’, Journal of Leadership Studies, August

5 There are many sources of the GROW model (and variations of the model itself). See for example Alexander, G., Fine, A., Whitmore J. as well as Landsberg, M. (2003) The Tao of Coaching (Profile Books)

6 Maister, D.H., Green, C.H. and Galford, R.M. (2000) The Trusted Advisor, Free Press

7 Minto, B. (2010) The Pyramid Principle: Logic in Writing and Thinking, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall

8 De Bono, E. (1985) Six Thinking Hats, Little Brown and Company

9 Feser, C., Mayol, F. and Srinivasan, R. (2015) ‘Decoding leadership’, McKinsey Quarterly, January

10 Seligman, M. (1998) Learned Optimism, New York: Pocket Books

11 Pohlmann, T. and Thomas, N.M. (2015) ‘Relearning the art of asking questions’, available at: https://hbr.org/2015/03/relearning-the-art-of-asking-questions (accessed July 2018)

12 Covey, S.R. (2015) The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People: Powerful Lessons in Personal Change, FranklinCovey Co.

13 We measure speed by asking survey respondents how often they observed their leaders (and, separately, managers) making important decisions quickly and their organizations adjusting rapidly to new ways of doing things. We measure stability by asking respondents how often they observed their organizations implementing clear operating goals and metrics, setting clear standards and objectives for work, establishing structures that promote accountability, designing jobs with clear objectives, and devising processes to document knowledge and ideas. See Bazigos, M., De Smet, A. and Gagnon, C. (2015) ‘Why agility pays’, and Aghina, W., De Smet A. and Weerda, K. ‘Agility: It rhymes with stability’, both McKinsey Quarterly, December

16 Rogers, E. and Van Dam, N. (2014) You! The Positive Force in Change, Lulu

17 Jezzard P., Matthews P.M. and Smith S.M. (2001) Functional MRI: An Introduction to Methods, Oxford University Press

18 Ophir E., Nass C., Wagner A.D. (2009) ‘Cognitive control in media multi-tasker’, PNAS, 15;106(37):2

19 See for example, Foerde, K., Knowlton, B. J. and Poldrack, R. A. (2006) ‘Modulation of competing memory systems by distraction’ PNAS, 10: 11778–11783; Rubinstein, J.S., et al. (2001) 'Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching’ Journal of Experimental Psychology 27: 763–71; Czerwinski, M., et al.(2000) 'Instant messaging and interruption: Influence of task type on performance', Proceedings of OZCHI 356: 361.

20 Begley, S. (2000) ‘The stereotype trap’ Newsweek, available from: http://www.newsweek.com/stereotype-trap-157203 (accessed March 2018)

21 Steele, C.M. (2010) Whistling Vivaldi and Other Clues to How Stereotypes Affect Us, W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.

22 Dweck, C. (2006) Mindset: The New Psychology of Success, Random House

23 Blackwell, L. S., Trzesniewski, K. H. and Dweck, C.S. (2007) ‘Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention’, Child Development, 78(1): 246–263.

24 Kahneman, D. (2012) Thinking Fast and Slow, Penguin Books

25 Van Dam, N. and Van der Helm, E. (2016) ‘The organizational cost of insufficient sleep’, McKinsey Quarterly, February

26 Goel, N. et al., (2009) ‘Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation’, Seminars in Neurology, 29(4):320–39; Verweij, I.M. et al. (2014) ‘Sleep deprivation leads to a loss of functional connectivity in frontal brain regions’, BMC Neuroscience, 15(88), biomedcentral.com

27 Williamson, A.M. and Feyer, A.M. (2000) ‘Moderate sleep deprivation produces impairments in cognitive and motor performance equivalent to legally prescribed levels of alcohol intoxication’, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57(10): 649–55, oem.bmj.com

28 Van der Helm, E., Gujar, N. and Walker, M.P. (2010) ‘Sleep deprivation impairs the accurate recognition of human emotions’, Sleep, 33(3): 335–42, journalsleep.org; Van der Helm, E. et al., (2011) ‘REM sleep depotentiates amygdala activity to previous emotional experiences’, Current Biology, 21(23): 2029–32

29 McGlinchey, E.L. et al., (2011) ‘The effect of sleep deprivation on vocal expression of emotion in adolescents and adults’, Sleep, 34(9): 1233–41, journalsleep.org

30 Macey, W.H. and Schneider, B. (2008) ‘The meaning of employee engagement’, Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(1): 3–30 and Stumpf, S.A., Tymon W.G. Jr. and Van Dam, N. (2013) ‘Felt and behavioral engagement in workgroups of professionals’, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3): 255–64, available from: journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-vocational-behavior

31 See for example, Bryant, P.A., Trinder J. and Curtis, N. (2004) ‘Sick and tired: does sleep have a vital role in the immune system?’, Nature Reviews Immunology 4: 457–467 (June); Ayas N.T., White D.P/, Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., Speizer F.E., Malhotra A., Hu F.B. (2003) ‘A prospective study of sleep duration and coronary heart disease in women’, Archives of Internal Medicine. 163(2):205–209. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.2.205; Alhola, P. and Polo-Kantola, P. (2007) ‘Sleep deprivation: Impact on cognitive performance’, Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. October; 3(5): 553–567; Ferrie J.E., Shipley M.J., Akbaraly T.N., Marmot M.G., Kivimäki M. and Singh-Manoux A. (2011) ‘Change in sleep duration and cognitive function: findings from the Whitehall II study’ Sleep, 34 (5): 565–573; and ‘How much sleep do we really need?’ National Sleep Foundation, available from: https://sleepfoundation.org/excessivesleepiness/content/how-much-sleep-do-we-really-need-0 (accessed March 2018)

32 Van Dam, N. and Van der Helm, E. (2016) ‘The organizational cost of insufficient sleep’, McKinsey Quarterly, February

33 See for example, Kramer A.F., Erickson K.I. and Colcombe S.J. (1985) ‘Exercise, cognition, and the aging brain’, Journal of Applied Physiology 101(4):1237-42; Churchill, J.D. et al. (2002) ‘Exercise, experience and the aging brain’ Neurobiology of Aging 23: 941–55.; Cotman, C.W. and Berchtold, N.C. (2002) ‘Exercise: A behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity’. Trends in Neuroscience 25: 295–301; Dillner, L. (2017) ‘Is running the best exercise?’ Guardian, available from: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/apr/24/is-running-best-exercise-reduce-risk-heart-disease?CMP=share_btn_link (accessed March 2018)

34 See for example, Ratey J.J. and Loehr J.E. (2011) ‘The positive impact of physical activity on cognition during adulthood: a review of underlying mechanisms, evidence and recommendations’, Reviews in Neuroscience 22(2):171–85; Scholey, A.B., Moss, M.C., Neave, N. and Wesnes, K. (1999) ‘Cognitive performance, hyperoxia, and heart rate following oxygen administration in healthy young adults’ Physiology & Behavior, 67(5): 783–789

35 See for example, Taras, H. (2005) ‘Physical activity and student performance at school’ Journal of School Health, 75: 214–18; Hillman, C. and Buck. S. (2004) ‘Physical fitness and cognitive function in healthy pre-adolescent children’, Paper presented at the Annual meeting of the Society of Psychophysiological Research; Summerford, C. (2001) ‘What is the impact of exercise on brain function for academic learning?’ Teaching Elementary Physical Education 12: 6-8; Hillman, C.H. Erickson, K.L. and Kramer, A.F. (2008) ‘Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition’, Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9: 58-65 (January)

36 Singh-Manoux, A. PhD, Hillsdon, M. PhD, Brunner, E. PhD, and Marmot, M. PhD, MBBS, FFPHM, FRCP (2005) ‘Effects of physical activity on cognitive functioning in middle age: Evidence From the Whitehall II Prospective Cohort Study’ American Journal of Public Health, December 95(12): 2252–2258

37 Harada, T., Okagawa, S. and Kubota, K. (2004) ‘Jogging improved performance of a behavioral branching task: implications for prefrontal activation’, Neuroscience Research, 49(3): 325–337

38 Steinberg H., Sykes E.A., Moss T., et al. (1997) ‘Exercise enhances creativity independently of mood’ British Journal of Sports Medicine 31:240–245

39 Young, S.N. (2007) ‘How to increase serotonin in the human brain without drugs’, Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, November, 32(6): 394–399.; Korb, A. (2011) ‘Boosting your serotonin activity’, Psychology Today, available from: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/prefrontal-nudity/201111/boosting-your-serotonin-activity (accessed March 2018)

40 Harber V.J. and Sutton J.R., (1984) ‘Endorphins and exercise’, Sports Medicine. Mar-Apr, 1(2):154–71; ‘Depression guide’ available from: http://www.webmd.com/depression/guide/exercise-depression#1 (accessed March 2018)

41 Sutoo D., Akiyama K., (2003) ‘Regulation of brain function by exercise’, Neurobiology of Disease, Jun, 13(1):1–14, McNary, T. (2017) ‘Exercise and its effects on serotonin & dopamine levels’ available from: http://www.livestrong.com/article/251785-exercise-and-its-effects-on-serotonin-dopamine-levels/ (accessed March 2018)

42 Medina, J. (2014) Brain Rules, Scribe Publications

43 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, available from https://health.gov/paguidelines/pdf/paguide.pdf, accessed 29 April 2017

44 Tomporowski, P.D. (2003) ‘Effects of acute bouts of exercise on cognition’, Acta Psychologica (Amst), 112: 297–324

45 Levine J.A. (2002) ‘Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)’, Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, December,16(4):679–702

46 Gómez-Pinilla, F. (2008) ‘Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function’, Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 9(7): 568–78

47 See for example, Edwards, S. (2016) ‘Sugar and the brain’, Harvard Mahoney Neuroscience Institute, available from: http://neuro.hms.harvard.edu/harvard-mahoney-neuroscience-institute/brain-newsletter/and-brain-series/sugar-and-brain (accessed April 2017); Barnes, J.N. and Joyner, M.J. (2012) ‘Sugar highs and lows: the impact of diet on cognitive function’, Journal of Physiology, June, 15: 590(Pt 12): 2831; Greenwood C.E. and Winocur G. (2005) ‘High-fat diets, insulin resistance and declining cognitive function’, Neurobiology of Aging. December 2015

48 Carabotti, M., Scirocco, A., Maselli, M.A. and Severi, C.(2014) ‘The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems’, Annals of Gastroenterology, April–June, 28(2): 203–209; Galland, L. (2014) ‘The gut microbiome and the brain’, Journal of Medicinal Food, 1 December 17(12): 1261–1272 Mayer, E.A.,, Knight, R., Mazmanian, S.K. Cryan, J.F. andand Tillisch, K. (2014) ‘Gut microbes and the brain: paradigm shift in neuroscience ‘, The Journal of Neuroscience. 34(46): 15490–15496.; Kohn, D. (2015) ‘When gut bacteria change brain function’, The Atlantic, available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/06/gut-bacteria-on-the-brain/395918/ (accessed March 2018); Andrew Smith, P. (2015) ‘The tantalizing links between gut microbes and the brain’ Nature, available from: http://www.nature.com/news/the-tantalizing-links-between-gut-microbes-and-the-brain-1.18557 (accessed March 2018)

49 Armstrong, L.E. et. al. (2012) ‘Mild Dehydration Affects Mood in Healthy Young Women’, The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 142, Issue 2, February 2012, available at https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/142/2/382/4743487 (accessed March 2018); Heid M. ‘Your brain on: dehydration’, Shape, available from: http://www.shape.com/lifestyle/mind-and-body/your-brain-dehydration (accessed March 2018)

50 See for example, American Psychological Association (2017) ‘Many Americans Stressed about Future of Our Nation, New APA Stress in America™ Survey Reveals’, available from: http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2017/02/stressed-nation.aspx (accessed March 2018); Fink, G. (2016) ‘Stress: The Health Epidemic of the 21st Century’, Elsevier SciTechConnect available from: http://scitechconnect.elsevier.com/stress-health-epidemic-21st-century/ (accessed March 2018); ‘Stress facts’, available from: http://www.gostress.com/stress-facts/ (accessed March 2018)

51 Lippelt D. P. (2014) ‘Focused attention, open monitoring and loving kindness meditation: effects on attention, conflict monitoring, and creativity – a review’, Frontiers in Psychology

52 Chiesa A., Calati R. and Serretti A. (2011) ‘Does mindfulness training improve cognitive abilities? A systematic review of neuropsychological findings’ Clinical Psychology Review 31(3), April

53 Geng L., Zhang D. and Zhang, L. (2011) ‘Improving spatial abilities through mindfulness: effects on the mental rotation task’, Consciousness and Cognition

54 Matthieu R., Lutz A. and Davidson R. (2014) ‘The neuroscience of meditation’, Scientific American, October

55 Tjan, A.K. (2015) ‘5 ways to become more self-aware’, Harvard Business Review, February

56 Singleton, O. et al. (2014) ‘Change in brainstem gray matter concentration following a mindfulness-based intervention is correlated with improvement in psychological well-being’, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 18 February, frontiersin.org