Chinese Communist Espionage: An Intelligence Primer

◆ Notes ◆

Preface

1. See the bibliography for the works of Michael Dutton, Michael Schoenhals, Scot Tanner, Frederic Wakeman, Miles Maochun Yu, and William Hannas, James Mulvenon, and Anna Puglisi to expand on this text. Theirs are among the better-quality works about Chinese clandestine operations. The forthcoming work by David Chambers will also be of interest for its in-depth treatment of CCP intelligence in the Chinese Revolution.

2. “The Elephant and the Blind Men,” https://www.jainworld.com/literature/story25.htm.

Introduction

1. Chinese definitions of intelligence resemble those of other countries but have their own precision. For example, a PRC dictionary defines intelligence (情报, qingbao) as “investigative and other methods to collect confidential information on military, political, economic, diplomatic, scientific, and various aspects of the other side.” A Taiwan military textbook defines intelligence as “specific reports that use secret, open, and semi-open methods to compile information on an adversary, including military preparation and development, intent, and future battle area layout.” Li Zengqun, ed., Shiyong Gong’an Xiao cidian [A Practical Public Security Mini-Dictionary] (Harbin: Heilongjiang Renmin Chubanshe, 1987), 345, 363; Hu Wenlin, ed., Qingbao Xue [The Study of Intelligence] (Taipei: Zhongyang Junshi Yuanxiao, 1989), 1–2, 5–6.

2. See the web-based glossary of Chinese espionage and security terms for further definitions of qingbao [intelligence], anquan [security], gong’an [public security], baowei [protection], and other related ideas. As we will see in subsequent chapters, the term tewu [special operations] is a catch-all that includes qingbao [intelligence] and baowei [protection], with its subset of assassination work, and zhencha [“detection” or scouting, which seems to be a combination of tactical intelligence and counterintelligence field work], while gong’an [public security] included both jingcha [policing] and chanchu hanjian [digging out or “weeding” traitors to the Han Chinese—people who illegitimately assist foreigners]. Hao Zaijin, Zhongguo mimi zhan—zhonggong qingbao, baowei gongzuo jishi [China’s Secret War—The Record of Chinese Communist Intelligence and Protection Work] (Beijing: Zuojia Chubanshe, 2005), 3. An American definition of security, the “establishment and maintenance of protective measures which are intended to ensure a state of inviolability from hostile acts or influences,” seems to include Chinese ideas of baowei [protection of important persons] and gong’an [public security]. Leo D. Carl, CIA Insider’s Dictionary of U.S. and Foreign Intelligence, Counterintelligence, and Tradecraft (Washington, DC: NIBC Press, 1996), 566.

3. Chen Yung-fa, Zhongguo Gongchandang Qishi Nian [Seventy Years of the Chinese Communist Party] (Taipei: Linking Books, 1998), 221; Feng Xiaomei, ed., 1921–1933: Zhonggong Zhongyang zai Shanghai (Shanghai: Zhonggong Dangshi Chubanshe, 2006), 368.

4. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 1, 6–8; Mu Xin, Yinbi zhanxian tongshuai Zhou Enlai [Zhou Enlai, Guru of the Hidden Battlefront] (Beijing: Zhongguo Qingnian Chubanshe, 2002), 8–9, 14–15, 133–34; Chen, Zhongguo Gongchandang Qishi Nian, 109–10; U. T. Hsu, The Invisible Conflict (Hong Kong: China Viewpoints, 1958), 10; Xue Yu, “Guanyu zhonggong zhongyang teke nuogan wenti de tantao” [An Investigation into Certain Issues Regarding the CCP Central Committee Special Branch], Zhonggong Dangshi Yanjiu [The Study of Chinese Communist History], no. 3 (1999), 2–3.

5. Because he was a traitor, some PRC accounts avoid admitting Gu was in charge of the SSS, but authoritative sources there and from Taiwan make clear that Gu had “actual responsibility” for the whole organ “in the long term” until his capture. Hsu, The Invisible Conflict, 56–57; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 5, 8; Chang Jun-mei, ed., Chinese Communist Who’s Who, vol. 2 (Taipei: Institute of International Relations, 1970), 435; Liu Wusheng, ed., Zhou Enlai Da Cidian [The Dictionary of Zhou Enlai] (Nanchang: Jiangxi Renmin Chubanshe, 1998), 31.

6. Zhao Yongtian, Huxue Shuxun [In the Lair of the Tiger] (Beijing: Junshi Kexue Chubanshe, 1994), 3.

7. Frederick C. Teiwes, Politics and Purges in China: Rectification and the Decline of Party Norms, 1950–65 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1979), 159.

8. A similar hazard was faced by cadres who had conducted dangerous “underground” work in enemy areas for the CCP organization and propaganda departments. The most prominent in this last category was former PRC president Liu Shaoqi, who suffered and died in prison during the Cultural Revolution.

9. An ideal that was at its height in the Cultural Revolution (1966–76) but has roots in the pre-1949 revolution. For brief explanations, see Frederick C. Teiwes and Warren Sun, The End of the Maoist Era: Chinese Politics During the Twilight of the Cultural Revolution (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2007), 329, 390n17; Alexander V. Pantsov and Steven I. Levin, Mao: The Real Story (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2012), 555–56; Andrew G. Walder, China Under Mao: A Revolution Derailed (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2015), 336–37.

10. Central Intelligence Agency, “Beijing Institute for International Strategic Studies Established,” December 14, 1979, CIA Electronic Reading Room, https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0001257059.pdf.

11. Peter Mattis, “Assessing the Foreign Policy Influence of the Ministry of State Security,” China Brief, January 14, 2011, https://jamestown.org/program/assessing-the-foreign-policy-influence-of-the-ministry-of-state-security/.

12. Lu Ning, “The Central Leadership, Supraministry Coordinating Bodies, State Council Ministries, and Party Departments,” in The Making of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy in the Era of Reform, 1978–2000, ed. David Lampton (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001), 50, 414.

13. Kan Zhongguo, “Intelligence Agencies Exist in Great Numbers, Spies Are Present Everywhere; China’s Major Intelligence Departments Fully Exposed,” Chien Shao (Hong Kong), January 1, 2006.

14. “Leadership Changes at the Fourteenth Party Congress,” in China Review 1993, ed. Maurice Brosseau and Joseph Cheng Yu-shek (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1993), 2.23.

15. Willy Wo-Lap Lam, “Surprise Elevation for Conservative Patriarch’s Protégé Given Security Post,” South China Morning Post, March 17, 1998.

16. “Renwu Ku: Chen Wenqing, 人物库: 陈文清 [Personalities Database: Chen Wenqing],” Xinhua, February 28, 2013, http://news.xinhuanet.com/rwk/2013–02/28/c_124400603.htm.

17. Dean Cheng, “Chinese Lessons from the Gulf Wars,” in Chinese Lessons from Other Peoples’ Wars, ed. Andrew Scobell, David Lai, and Roy Kamphausen (Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute, 2011), 153–200.

18. Kai Cheng, Li Kenong, Zhonggong yinbi zhanxian de zhuoyue lingdao ren [Li Kenong: Outstanding Leader of the CCP’s Hidden Battlefront] (Beijing: Zhongguo Youyi Chubanshe, 1996), 430–32.

19. Peter Mattis, “Modernizing Military Intelligence: Realigning Organizations to Match Concepts,” in China’s Evolving Military Strategy, ed. Joe McReynolds (Washington, DC: The Jamestown Foundation, 2016), 308–33.

20. Peter Mattis, “PLA Personnel Shifts Highlight Intelligence’s Growing Military Role,” China Brief, November 5, 2012, https://jamestown.org/program/pla-personnel-shifts-highlight-intelligences-growing-military-role/.

21. Authors’ interview, Beijing, August 2017.

22. The following paragraphs draw from Peter Mattis, “China Reorients Strategic Military Intelligence,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, March 3, 2017.

23. Nathan Thornburgh, “Inside the Chinese Hack Attack,” Time, August 25, 2005, http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1098371,00.html; Richard Norton-Taylor, “Titan Rain—How Chinese Hackers Targeted Whitehall,” The Guardian, September 4, 2007, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/sep/04/news.internet.

24. See https://citizenlab.ca/2009/03/tracking-ghostnet-investigating-a-cyber-espionage-network.

25. Ellen Nakashima, “Report on ‘Operation Shady RAT’ Identifies Widespread Cyber-spying,” Washington Post, August 3, 2011, https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national-security/report-identifies-widespread-cyber-spying/2011/07/29/gIQAoTUmqI_story.html?utm_term=.dea6a5a91ff3; Kim Zetter, “Google Hack Attack Was Ultra Sophisticated, New Details Show,” Wired, January 14, 2010, https://www.wired.com/2010/01/operation-aurora/.

26. Ellen Nakashima, “Chinese Hackers Who Breached Google Gained Access to Sensitive Data, U.S. Officials Say,” Washington Post, May 20, 2013, https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/chinese-hackers-who-breached-google-gained-access-to-sensitive-data-us-officials-say/2013/05/20/51330428-be34–11e2–89c9–3be8095fe767_story.html?utm_term=.5623b53c1113.

27. Brian Bennett and W. J. Hennigan, “China and Russia Are Using Hacked Data to Target U.S. Spies, Officials Say,” Los Angeles Times, August 31, 2015, http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-cyber-spy-20150831-story.html.

28. “APT1: Exposing One of China’s Cyber Espionage Units,” Mandiant, February 19, 2013, https://www.fireeye.com/content/dam/fireeye-www/services/pdfs/mandiant-apt1-report.pdf.

29. Insikt Group, “Recorded Future Research Concludes Chinese Ministry of State Security Behind APT3,” Recorded Future, May 17, 2017, https://www.recordedfuture.com/chinese-mss-behind-apt3/.

30. See entry for Geng Huichang in chapter 2 of this book.

31. Mark Mazzetti et al., “Killing C.I.A. Informants, China Crippled U.S. Spying Operations,” New York Times, May 20, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/20/world/asia/china-cia-spies-espionage.html. This account is bolstered by the authors’ interviews with several U.S. and allied intelligence officers throughout 2017.

32. Winston Lord to Henry Kissinger, “Memcon of Your Conversations with Chou En-lai,” Office of the President, National Security Council, July 29, 1971, Digital National Security Archive, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB66/.

33. Ernest May, “Conclusions: Capabilities and Proclivities,” in Knowing One’s Enemies: Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars, ed. Ernest May (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 532–33.

34. For example, Peter Mattis, “New Law Reshapes Chinese Counterterrorism Policy and Operations,” China Brief, January 25, 2016, https://jamestown.org/program/new-law-reshapes-chinese-counterterrorism-policy-and-operations/.

35. Authors’ interview, Washington, DC, July 2012.

Chapter 1. Chinese Communist Intelligence Organizations

1. For example, Zhang Shaohong and Xu Wenlong, Hongse guoji tegong [Red International Agents] (Haerbin: Haerbin Chubanshe, 2005); Yu Tianming, Hongse jiandie—daihao Bashan [Red Spy—Code Name Bashan] (Beijing: Zuojia Chubanshe, 1993).

2. Mark Kelton, “Putin’s Bold Attempt to Deny Skripal Attack,” The Cipher Brief, September 19, 2018, https://www.thecipherbrief.com/putins-bold-attempt-to-deny-skripal-attack.

3. Yu, Hongse jiandie—daihao Bashan; Shen Xueming, ed., Zhonggong diyi jie zhi diwu jie Zhongyang weiyuan [Central Committee Members from the First CCP Congress to the Fifteenth] (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 2001), 621; Mu Xin, Chen Geng tongzhi zai Shanghai [Comrade Chen Geng in Shanghai] (Beijing: Wenshi Zike Chubanshe, 1980), 6–8.

4. Mu, Yinbi zhanxian tongshuai Zhou Enlai, 6–9.

5. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 2.

6. Hao, 2; Mu, Yinbi zhanxian tongshuai Zhou Enlai, 7.

7. Xue, “Guanyu zhonggong zhongyang teke,” 2.

8. Different PRC sources provide varying accounts of the earliest days of CCP intelligence, but the most convincing and rigorously analytical account is by Xue, “Guanyu Zhonggong Zhongyang Teke.”

9. Xue, 2–4; Zhou Enlai nianpu 1898–1949 [Annals of Zhou Enlai, 1898–1949] (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 1989), 128.

10. Xue, “Guanyu zhonggong zhongyang teke,” 3–4.

11. Most sources admit that Gu was at least the de facto head of the SSS: “the actual head” (shiji fuze ren) in Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 5; the “leader” (bu zhang) in Zhongguo gongchandang lingdao jigou yange he chengyuan minglu [Directory of Organizations and Personnel of the Communist Party of China During the Revolution] (Beijing: Zhonggong Dangshi Chubanshe, 2000), 117. See also Chang, Chinese Communist Who’s Who, v. 2, 435; Frederic Wakeman Jr., Policing Shanghai, 1927–1937 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 138–39.

12. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 9; Maochun Yu, OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996), 34–35; Barbara Barnouin and Yu Changgen, Zhou Enlai, A Political Life (Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006), 45–46; Mu, Chen Geng tongzhi zai Shanghai, 34–40.

13. Mu, Yinbi zhanxian tongshuai Zhou Enlai, 12.

14. In Ruijin from 1932 to 1934, Li Kenong was simultaneously the head of the Enforcement Department of the PPB (Zhengzhi baoweiju zhixingbu buzhang) and of the PPB in the First Front Army. “Li Kenong,” News of the Communist Party of China, http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/34136/2543750.html, and http://www.xwwb.com/web/wb2008/wb2008news.php?db=15&;thisid=95528.

15. Zhao Shaojing, “Suqu ‘Guojia zhengzhi baoweiju’ yu sufan kuodahua went banzheng” [The Soviet Area State Political Protection Bureau and the Question of Enlarging the Purge of Counter-revolutionaries], http://www.scuphilosophy.org/research_display.asp?cat_id=94&;art_id=7873, Sichuan University Institute for Philosophy, 9 May 2009.

16. January 1931 (Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 15) or May that year (Xu Zehao, Wang Jiaxiang nianpu [Annals of Wang Jiaxiang] (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 2001), 56–57).

17. Tan Zhenlin, Li Yimang, Li Yutang, Wu Lie, Hai Jinglin, and Ma Zhulin were also noted in leadership positions for the new bureau. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 13; Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 322.

18. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 10; Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 99; He Jinzhou, Deng Fa Zhuan [A Biography of Deng Fa] (Beijing: Zhonggong Dangshi Chubanshe, 2008), 70–71.

19. As already noted, while in Ruijin, Li was simultaneously the head of the Enforcement Department of the PPB and of the PPB in the First Front Army.

20. Warren Kuo, Analytical History of the Chinese Communist Party, vol. 3 (Taipei: Institute of International Relations, 1970), 6.

21. Kuo; “Zhang Shunqing,” Baidu Encyclopedia online, http://baike.baidu.com/view/2710205.htm. Zhang was also on the army political officer career track. He attained a party committee position in Guangdong in 1942 but was captured and killed there by the KMT in 1944.

22. Kuo, Analytical History, 7.

23. Mu, Yinbi zhanxian tongshuai Zhou Enlai, 463–64, 466; interview with Taiwan academic, 2016. Available organization directories are not specific about Qian’s duties.

24. Yang Shilan, “Deng Fa,” in Zhonggong Dangshi Renwu Zhuan [Biographies of Personalities in Chinese Communist Party History], vol. 1 (Xi’an: Xi’an Renmin Chubanshe, 1980), 359.

25. Interview, 2016.

26. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 19–20.

27. Edgar Snow, Red Star Over China (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1938), 431; Edgar Snow, Random Notes on Red China (1936–1945) (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957), 42, 43, 46.

28. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 54.

29. Kang Sheng ran all party intelligence by August 1938. Zhong Kan, Kang Sheng Pingzhuan [A Critical Biography of Kang Sheng] (Beijing: Hongqi Chubanshe, 1982), 77. The third predecessor absorbed into the SAD was the Guard Division (保卫处, Baowei chu), Mao’s protection unit in Yan’an.

30. Donald W. Klein and Anne B. Clark, Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism, 1921–1965, vol. 1 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), 425; interview with party historian, 2016.

31. Kuo’s writings were the only publicly available, comprehensive information in English about CCP intelligence from 1968–71 until the 1980s, and they remain useful today. When Kuo died in August 1985, qian’gu floral wreath inscriptions were written for him by Chiang Ching-kuo and Lee Teng-hui. Interview, Taipei archivist, 2008, and extract of unclassified collection on Warren Kuo viewed in 2008.

32. CCP Secretariat, “Guanyu chengli shehui bu de jueding” [Concerning the Decision to Establish the Central Social Department], February 18, 1939, in Kangzhan shiqi chubao wenjian [Documents on Digging Out Traitors and Protection in the Anti-Japanese War], December 1948.

33. Warren Kuo, Analytical History of the Communist Party of China, vol. 4 (Taipei: Institute of International Relations, 1971), 374–35.

34. One of the SAD’s public names was the Enemy Area Work Commission. Li Kenong became a deputy director in March 1941, when he also became a SAD deputy director. Zhongguo Gongchandang zuzhi shi ziliao, 4, 1945.8–1949.9 [Materials on CCP Organizational History, vol. 4, August 1945–1949] (Beijing: Zhonggong Dangshi Chubanshe, 2000), 549; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 54, 59.

35. Kai, Li Kenong, 364; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 105.

36. Zhongguo Gongchandang zuzhi shi ziliao, vol. 4, 549.

37. Xu Aihua, “Zhongguo de Fu’er Mosi, yuan Gongan buzhang Zhao Cangbi de Yan’an baowei gongzuo” [China’s Sherlock Holmes: Former MPS Minister Zhao Cangbi’s Protection Work in Yan’an], Renminwang, November 12, 2009, http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/85038/10366238.html; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 137.

38. Yan’an Anti-Japanese University (延安抗大, Yan’an Kangda), North Shaanxi Public School (陕北公学, Shaanbei Gongxue), the Marx-Lenin Institute (马列学院, Malie Xueyuan). Yin Qi, Pan Hannian de qingbao shengya [The Intelligence Career of Pan Hannian] (Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe, 1996), 83–88, 125–27.

39. Yin, 83–88.

40. Definitions of “illegal” agents: Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen, The Encyclopedia of Espionage (New York: Gramercy Books, 1997), 277; Carl, CIA Insider’s Dictionary, 271–72; Ilya Dzhirkvelov, Secret Servant: My Life with the KGB and the Soviet Elite (London: Collins, 1987), 106–8, 178; Robert Whymant, Stalin’s Spy: Richard Sorge and the Tokyo Espionage Ring (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996) 26–39; Ruth Werner, Sonya’s Report (London: Chatto and Windus, 1991), 42–46, 98–111.

41. Frederic Wakeman Jr., Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 341, 523.

42. Ji Chaozhu, The Man on Mao’s Right (New York: Random House, 2008), 19–22, 32–34.

43. Wakeman, Spymaster, 523; Kai, Li Kenong, 285, 287.

44. Kuo, Analytical History, vol. 4, 148.

45. Michael Dutton, Policing Chinese Politics (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2005), 106–7.

46. Frederick C. Teiwes and Warren Sun, “From a Leninist to a Charismatic Party: The CCP’s Changing Leadership, 1937–1945,” in New Perspectives on the Chinese Communist Revolution, ed. Tony Saich and Hans Van de Ven (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1995), 346–47.

47. He, Deng Fa Zhuan, 165; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 189; Jin Chongji, ed., Chen Yun zhuan [The Biography of Chen Yun] (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 2005), 335.

48. Suimengqu Gonganshi changbian [A Public Security History of Suiyuan and Inner Mongolia in Draft] (Hohhot: Neimenggu Gongan Ting Gongan Shi Yanjiu Shi, 1986), 122–23.

49. Gao, Hong taiyang zenyang shengqi de, 465–66; Gao Wenqian, Wannian Zhou Enlai [Zhou Enlai’s Later Years] (Hong Kong: Mirror Books, 2003), 82; Peter Vladimirov, The Vladimirov Diaries, Yenan, China: 1942–1945 (New York: Doubleday and Company, 1975), 136, 190–94.

50. Chen Yung-fa, “Suspect History and the Mass Line: Another Yan’an Way,” in Twentieth Century China: New Approaches, ed. Jeffrey S. Wasserstrom (London: Routledge, 2003), 182–83; Lin Qingshan, Kang Sheng Zhuan (Jilin: Jilin Renmin Chubanshe, 1996), 112; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 318–321; Jin, Mao Zedong Zhuan, 655.

51. Kai, Li Kenong, 266–68; Yin, Pan Hannian de qingbo Shengya, 185–87.

52. Kai, Li Kenong, 279.

53. See State Council of the People’s Republic of China, http://english.gov.cn/state_council/2014/09/09/content_281474986284154.htm.

54. Gu Chunwang, Jianguo Yilai Gong’an Gongzuo Da Shi Yaolan [Major Highlights in Police Work Since the Founding of the Nation] (Beijing: Qunzhong Chubanshe, 2003), 2–3; Shu Yun, Luo Ruiqing Dajiang [General Luo Ruiqing] (Beijing: Jiefangjun Wenyi Chubanshe, second ed., 2011), 258–59; Zhou Enlai nianpu 1949–1976 [Annals of Zhou Enlai, 1949–1976], 3 vols. (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 1997), 6; Michael Schoenhals, Spying for the People: Mao’s Secret Agents, 1949–1967 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 27; Kai, Li Kenong, 364–65; Guo Xuezhi, China’s Security State, Philosophy, Evolution, and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 73–74, 355; Dutton, Policing Chinese Politics, 139, 157.

55. Shu, Luo Ruiqing Dajiang, 258–59.

56. Public Security Police Station Organization Regulations (December 1954), http://www.npc.gov.cn/wxzl/wxzl/2000–12/10/content_4274.htm.

57. Børge Bakken, “Transition, Age, and Inequality: Core Causes of Chinese Crime,” delivered at the 20th International Conference of the Hong Kong Sociological Association, Chinese University of Hong Kong, December 1, 2018; Shu, Luo Ruiqing Dajiang, 259–61; Wakeman, Spymaster, 361.

58. Shu Guang Zhang, Deterrence and Strategic Culture: Chinese-American Confrontations, 1949–1958 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992), 66; Gu, Gong’an Gongzuo, 19.

59. Maury Allen, China Spy: The Story of Hugh Francis Redmond (New York: Gazette Press, 1998), 108–9, 178; “Ben DeFelice Dies,” Washington Post, April 9, 2004; Gu, Gong’an Gongzuo, 53; Nicholas Dujmovic, “Two CIA Prisoners in China, 1952–1973: Extraordinary Fidelity,” Studies in Intelligence 50, no. 4 (2006).

60. Dutton, Policing Chinese Politics, 147.

61. Dutton, 167–68, 175.

62. David Ian Chambers, “Edging in from the Cold: The Past and Present State of Chinese Intelligence Historiography,” Studies in Intelligence 56, no. 3 (September 2012): 34, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol.-56-no.-3/pdfs/Chambers-Chinese%20Intel%20Historiography.pdf; Zhang Yun, Pan Hannian Zhuan [Biography of Pan Hannian] (Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, 1996), 317; Kai, Li Kenong, 406; Guo, China’s Security State, 72–75, 345–48; Gu, Gong’an Gongzuo, 82–83; Dutton, Policing Chinese Politics, 176–78.

63. Guo, China’s Security State, 72–75; Dutton, Policing Chinese Politics, 172–73.

64. “身份证意识将代替户口意识” [Substituting the national ID card for the hukou in people’s consciousness], Fazhi Ribao, December 26, 2002, http://www.people.com.cn/GB/14576/28320/28321/28332/1926520.html; authors’ interviews with Public Security officers in 2008 and 2015; interviews with PRC citizens in 2018.

65. Andrew Nathan and Andrew Scobell, China’s Search for Security (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 295.

66. BBC News, “In Your Face: China’s All-seeing State,” December 10, 2017, https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-china-42248056/in-your-face-china-s-all-seeing-state.

67. ZDNet, “Chinese Company Leaves Muslim-tracking Facial Recognition Database Exposed Online,” February 14, 2019, https://www.zdnet.com/article/chinese-company-leaves-muslim-tracking-facial-recognition-database-exposed-online/.

68. Nathan and Scobell, China’s Search for Security, 295; Yao Gen, “姚艮在与苏联专家工作的日子里” [In the days of working with Soviet advisors], 公安史话 [Public Security History], http://www.mps.gov.cn/n2254860/n2254883/n2254884/c3590085/content.html.

69. Schoenhals, Spying for the People, 24.

70. Schoenhals, 25.

71. Tsering Shakya, The Dragon in the Land of Snows (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999) 170–84, 282–86, 358–60; James Lilley and Jeffrey Lilley, China Hands: Nine Decades of Adventure, Espionage, and Diplomacy in Asia (New York: Public Affairs, 2004), 136–37.

72. Gu, Gong’an Gongzuo, 304, 307, 317; Dutton, Policing Chinese Politics, 224–26; Roderick MacFarquhar and Michael Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), 97–98, 225; Guo, China’s Security State, 79–83; Schoenhals, Spying for the People, 26–28; Yang Shengqun, Deng Xiaoping nianpu 1904–1974, v. 2 [Annals of Deng Xiaoping, 1904–1974] (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 2009), 1930.

73. Shen, Zhonggong diyi, 304; Li Haiwen, “Hua Guofeng feng Zhou Enlai zhiming diaocha Li Zhen shijian” [Hua Guofeng and Zhou Enlai Investigate the Li Zhen incident], Zhongguo Gongchandang Xinwen Wang [Chinese Communist Party News Network], http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2013/1216/c85037-23851428.html. Within a year Kang Sheng, his mentor, would become inactive due to illness.

74. Zhou Enlai nianpu 1949–1976, vol. 3, 629, 174–80; Lilley and Lilley, China Hands, 181–84.

75. Lilley and Lilley, China Hands, 162–66, 177–78, 180.

76. Gu, Gong’an Gongzuo, 358.

77. Gu, entries at the end of each year (see especially 1959–62 and 1970–81); Dutton, Policing Chinese Politics, 239, 257–58.

78. Gu, Gong’an Gongzuo, 362; CIA, “Soviet Diplomats Expelled from China on Espionage Charges,” January 19, 1974, https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP78S01932A000100010083-6.pdf.

79. Dutton, Policing Chinese Politics, 237.

80. Dutton, 270–71.

81. Ding Zhaoshen, Duan wei Yang Fan [The Broken Mast, Yang Fan] (Beijing: Qunzhong Chubanshe, 2001), 6; Kai, Li Kenong, 409; Chambers, “Edging in from the Cold,” 34.

82. Washington Post, July 7, 1983.

83. CIA Directorate of Intelligence, “China: Reorganization of Security Organs” (Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency, August 1, 1983, declassified copy, U.S. Library of Congress); Peter Mattis, “The Analytic Challenge of Understanding Chinese Intelligence Services,” Studies in Intelligence 56, no. 3 (September 2012), https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol.-56-no.-3/pdfs/Mattis-Understanding%20Chinese%20Intel.pdf.

84. Author interview with municipal PSB official, 2009.

85. “Mou shi ming gan danweiqingbao” [The weak password of the intelligence platform of a sensitive unit in a certain city] (Bao’an District Government, Shenzhen), April-May 2015, https://wooyun.shuimugan.com/bug/view?bug_no=107569.

86. Gu, Gong’an Gongzuo, 828 (line 5), 834 (list of concerns in 1991 summary).

87. Sarah Cook and Leeshai Lemish, “The 610 Office: Policing the Chinese Spirit,” China Brief 11, issue 17 (September 16, 2011), https://jamestown.org/program/the-610-office-policing-the-chinese-spirit/.

88. Gu, Gong’an Gongzuo, 1087.

89. Gu, 1320.

90. Confidential interviews.

91. Bing Lin, “Tiqu dianzi shuju ye xu quanzhaogongmin yinsi” [Extraction of electronic data requires attention to citizen privacy], Beijing Shibao, September 22, 2016; “China: New Rules on Electronic Data Collection Take Effect,” Duihua Human Rights Journal, October 11, 2016, duihuahrjournal.org; State Council Document 692, “Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Fan Jiandie Fa Shishi Xize” [PRC Counterespionage Law Detailed Regulations], December 6, 2017, http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017–12/06/content_5244819.htm.

92. Operation Mekong, Bona Film Group, China, Thailand, 2016.

93. “One organ, two name plates” (一个机构, 两块牌子, Yige jigou, lian kuai paizi); Kai, Li Kenong, 364; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 105, 411.

94. Schoenhals, “A Brief History of the CID of the CCP.”

95. The full agency name was 中共中央军事委员会总参谋部情报部, Zhong-gong Zhongyang Junshi Weiyuanhui Zongcanmou bu Qingbao bu.

96. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 411; Kai, Li Kenong, 343.

97. Robert J. Alexander, International Maoism in the Developing World (Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 1999), 280–82; Andrew Hall Wedeman, The East Wind Subsides: Chinese Foreign Policy and the Origins of the Chinese Cultural Revolution (Washington, DC: The Washington Institute Press, 1987), 184–87; Schoenhals, “Brief History of the CID of the CCP,” 269–70.

98. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 375–76; Kai, Li Kenong, 344–45.

99. Joyce Wadler, Liaison: The Real Story of the Affair that Inspired M. Butterfly (New York: Bantam, 1994); see also Joyce Wadler, “The True Story of M. Butterfly,” New York Times, August 15, 1993, https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/15/magazine/the-true-story-of-m-butterfly-the-spy-who-fell-in-love-with-a-shadow.html; Robert David Booth, State Department Counterintelligence: Leaks, Spies, and Lies (Dallas, TX: Brown Books Pub. Group, 2014), 108–9; C. S. Trahair, Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004), 165–66.

100. Schoenhals, “Brief History of the CID of the CCP,” 270.

101. Schoenhals.

102. Schoenhals.

103. Shen Zhihua, Mao Zedong, Shidalin yu Chaoxian zhanzheng [Mao Zedong, Stalin and the Korean War] (Guangzhou: Guangdong Renmin Chubanshe, 2003), 465–66. Mao probably learned of Stalin’s death a few hours after telling Li Kenong to take sick leave. Zhou Enlai nianpu 1949–1976, vol. 1, 288.

104. Schoenhals, “Brief History of the CID of the CCP,” 270–71.

105. A military intelligence department remained in the CMC.

106. Schoenhals, “Brief History of the CID of the CCP”; Yang Shangkun, Yang Shangkun Riji, Shang [The Diary of Yang Shangkun, 2 vols.] (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 2001), 161, 165, 169, 185 (separate military intelligence from the CMC: “决定把军情由军委分开, 在党内成为一调查部, 由克农兼部长,” 169). Confidential document.

107. Even in 1969, a classified CIA report referred to the SAD and did not note the existence of the CID. See Central Intelligence Agency, “Communist China: The Political Security Apparatus,” POLO 35, February 20, 1969 (declassified), ii-iv, 10–16, 22–25, 29, 31, 33–35, 65, 70–71.

108. Schoenhals, “Brief History of the CID of the CCP,” 15–16; Yang, Yang Shangkun Riji, vol. 1, 1, 185, 359, vol. 2, 226.

109. The MSS Intelligence History and Research Division (情报室研究处, Qingbao shi yanjiu chu) conducts such prepublication vetting. Chambers, “Edging in from the Cold,” 37.

110. Gu, Gong’an Gongzuo, 82–84, entries for March 21 to April 11, 1955.

111. Gu, 89, entry for August 25, 1955.

112. Andrew G. Walder, China Under Mao: A Revolution Derailed (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015), 135.

113. Kai, Li Kenong, 406–9.

114. Kai, 406–8; Gu, Gong’an Gongzuo, 82; Chambers, “Edging in from the Cold,” 34.

115. Kai, Li Kenong, 405–8; Zhu Zi’an, “Chuanqi Jiangjun Li Kenong” [Legendary General Li Kenong], in Dangshi Zonglan [Party History Survey], no. 9 (2009): 7.

116. For a colorful account of such operations, see Frank Holober, Raiders of the China Coast: CIA Covert Operations During the Korean War (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1999).

117. Schoenhals, “Brief History of the CID of the CCP.”

118. PRC Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “The Second Upsurge in the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations,” http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ziliao_665539/3602_665543/3604_665547/t18056.shtml.

119. Confidential document.

120. Schoenhals, “Brief History of the CID of the CCP,” 15.

121. Gu, Gong’an Gongzuo, 93–94.

122. China eventually supported national liberation movements and governments confronting the PRC’s opponents in Southeast Asia and elsewhere. Alexander, International Maoism in the Developing World, 280–82; Wedeman, The East Wind Subsides, 184–87; C. C. Chin and Karl Hack, Dialogues with Chin Peng: New Light on the Malayan Communist Party (Singapore: Singapore University Press, 2004).

123. Schoenhals, “Brief History of the CID of the CCP.”

124. The Nam Kwong Company, founded in August 1949, became the CCP’s unofficial office in Macau through 1987, when Xinhua, the New China News Agency, assumed that role. Geoffrey C. Gunn, Encountering Macau: A Portuguese City-State on the Periphery of China, 1557–1999 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996), 174.

125. Schoenhals, “Brief History of the CID of the CCP”; Yang, Yang Shangkun Riji, v. 1, 337, 352, 359–60, v. 2, 79.

126. Schoenhals, “Brief History of the CID of the CCP,” 10; Klein and Clark, Biographic Dictionary, vol. 1, 511; Kai, Li Kenong, 418–20.

127. Yang, Yang Shangkun Riji, v. 2, 216–32.

128. Zhonggong Diyi, 513.

129. Obituary, “Luo Qingchang: cengren Zhongyang Diaocha Bu buzhang Zhou Zongli linzhong qian zhaojian” [Luo Qingchang: the former Central Investigation Department Director whom Zhou Enlai summoned on his deathbed], dangshi.people.com.cn, April 21, 2014.

130. Yang Shengqun, ed., Deng Xiaoping nianpu, 1940–1974, Xia [The Annals of Deng Xiaoping, 1940–1974, vol. 3] (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 2009), 1930.

131. Tong Xiaopeng, Fengyu sishinian [Forty years of trial and hardships] (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 1997), 403–6; MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 98.

132. Confidential document.

133. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 98.

134. Guo, China’s Security State, 359, 361; Obituary, “Luo Qingchang: cengren” puts the revival date at 1973, while Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 513, says the date was 1975.

135. Zhonggong Zhongyang Wenxian Yanjiushi, Deng Xiaoping nianpu, 1904–1974, Xia [The Annals of Deng Xiaoping, 1904–1974, vol. 3] (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 2009), 1972; Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, vol. 18, China, January 1973–May 1973, “Kissinger’s Visits to Beijing and the Establishment of the Liaison Offices, January 1973–May 1973,” https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v18/ch1; Guo, China’s Security State, 361–62.

136. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 415; obituary, “Luo Qingchang: cengren,” April 21, 2014.

137. William C. Hannas, James Mulvenon, and Anna B. Puglisi, Chinese Industrial Espionage: Technology Acquisition and Military Modernization (New York: Routledge, 2013), 20–23.

138. Roderick MacFarquhar, “Succession to Mao and the End of Maoism,” in The Politics of China: Sixty Years of the People’s Republic of China, 3rd ed., ed. Roderick MacFarquhar (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 314.

139. Confidential document.

140. Jonathan D. Pollack, “The Opening to America,” in Cambridge History of China, vol. 15 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 458–60.

141. Maurice Meisner, Mao’s China and After: A History of the People’s Republic (New York: The Free Press, 1999), 453–66.

142. Meisner, 483–84, 486–87; Richard Baum, “The Road to Tiananmen,” in MacFarquhar, The Politics of China, 350–54; Orville Schell and John Delury, Wealth and Power: China’s Long March to the Twenty-First Century (New York: Random House, 2013), 281–82.

143. Maurice Meisner, Mao’s China and After, 461–66.

144. Mark Stokes and Ian Easton, “The Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Staff Department: Evolving Organization and Missions,” in The People’s Liberation Army as Organization 2.0, ed. Kevin Pollpeter and Kenneth W. Allen (Vienna, VA: DGI Inc., 2015), 146–47.

145. The U.S. sting operation in 1987 against a 2PLA military attaché in Washington, Hou Desheng, is the only publicly discussed example of a Chinese military attaché engaged in clandestine human intelligence operations. James Mann and Ronald Ostrow, “U.S. Ousts Two Chinese Envoys for Espionage,” Los Angeles Times, December 31, 1987.

146. Depending which sources are relied upon, the PLA also possessed a Seventh Bureau, variously described as belonging to the 2PLA technical system or as a fourth analytic bureau. Nicholas Eftimiades, Chinese Intelligence Operations (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994), 78–84, 86; Kan Zhongguo, “Intelligence Agencies Exist in Great Numbers, Spies Are Present Everywhere; China’s Major Intelligence Departments Fully Exposed,” Chien Shao (Hong Kong), January 1, 2006; Howard DeVore, China’s Intelligence and Internal Security Forces (Coulsdon, UK: Jane’s Information Group, 1999), sec. 4–2.

147. These geographic areas of responsibility are the best available information, even if they appear outdated and insufficient for Beijing’s likely intelligence needs. This is an area where circular reporting is difficult if not impossible to identify.

148. “Character and Aim,” China Institute for International Strategic Studies, undated, http://www.ciiss.org.cn/xzyzz.

149. Bates Gill and James Mulvenon, “Chinese Military-Related Think Tanks and Research Institutes,” The China Quarterly, no. 171 (September 2002): 619.

150. Gill and Mulvenon, 621–62. CFISS was a major partner in an effort centered at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace on crisis management in U.S.-China relations; see Managing Sino-American Crises: Cast Studies and Analysis, ed. Michael D. Swaine, Zhang Tuosheng, and Danielle F. S. Cohen (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2006).

151. Elsa Kania and Peter Mattis, “Modernizing Military Intelligence: Playing Catchup (Part Two),” China Brief 16, issue 9 (December 21, 2016), https://jamestown.org/program/modernizing-military-intelligence-playing-catchup-part-two/.

152. Authors’ interviews, August 2017.

153. “China Names Head of New Security Ministry,” Associated Press, June 21, 1983; “Functions of New Ministry of State Security,” Xinhua, June 20, 1983.

154. “Inaugural Meeting of the Ministry of State Security,” Xinhua, July 1, 1983.

155. “Vice Minister of Public Security Ling Yun Discusses Counter-revolutionary Offenses,” Xinhua, June 30, 1979.

156. According to one former senior intelligence official, even minister Xu Yongyue’s princeling status in the security services and decade-long service as personal secretary to Chen Yun was insufficient for acceptance by MSS headquarters elite. Authors’ interview, November 2013.

157. Zhao Xiangru, “Ministry of State Security Holds First Meeting,” People’s Daily, July 2, 1983.

158. Jane Li, “China to Prosecute Former Spy Chief for Corruption,” South China Morning Post, December 30, 2016, http://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2058244/china-prosecute-ex-deputy-spy-chief-corruption.

159. “Chen Xitong resigns from office, Beijing takes more intensive action against corruption,” Ming Pao, April 28, 1995.

160. The latter, however, somehow managed to survive, resurfacing after his successor in charge of counterespionage went down. Peter Mattis, “The Dragon’s Eyes and Ears: Chinese Intelligence at the Crossroads,” The National Interest, January 20, 2015, https://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-dragons-eyes-ears-chinese-intelligence-the-crossroads-12062.

161. These dates are estimated based upon provincial-level personnel appointments and news reports of espionage arrests inside China.

162. Samantha Hoffman and Peter Mattis, “Managing the Power Within: China’s Central State Security Commission,” War on the Rocks, July 18, 2016, https://warontherocks.com/2016/07/managing-the-power-within-chinas-state-security-commission/.

163. Authors’ interviews, July 2012, March 2015, September 2017, November 2017; Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, “China and Cybersecurity: Political, Economic, and Strategic Dimensions,” Report from Workshops held at the University of California, San Diego, April 2012, 6; “Taiwan Unveils Chinese Spy Master,” The Straits Times, December 7, 2000; “Guo’an bu die bao renyuan 10 wan ren: guowai 4 wan duo guonei 5 wan duo” [Ministry of State Security espionage personnel number 100,000 with more than 40,000 abroad and 50,000 at home], China Digital Times, June 1, 2015, https://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/2015/06/; Ding Ke, “Tegong-minyun-Falungong: yi ge shengming de zhenshi gushi [Secret Agent—Democracy Movement—Falungong: The True Story of a Life (Part I)],” Ming Hui Net, September 12, 2003, http://www.minghui.org/mh/articles/2003/9/12/57232.html; Jon R. Lindsay, Tai-ming Cheung, and Derek S. Reveron, China and Cybersecurity: Espionage, Strategy, and Politics in the Digital Domain (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 32.

Chapter 2. Chinese Communist Intelligence Leaders

1. Jin, Chen Yun Zhuan, 105.

2. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 13.

3. Mu Xin, “Chen Geng,” in Zhonggong dangshi renwu zhuan, vol. 3, 2.

4. Donald W. Klein and Anne B. Clark, Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism, 1921–1965, vol. 2 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), 190–92; Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 460–61.

5. He Lin, ed., Chen Geng Zhuan [Biography of Chen Geng] (Beijing: Dangdai Zhongguo Chubanshe, 2007), 16; Mu, “Chen Geng,” 3–4.

6. He, Chen Geng Zhuan, 19; Mu, “Chen Geng,” 5–6. Chen saving Chiang Kai-shek is also recorded in Howard L. Boorman, Biographic Dictionary of Republican China, vol. 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970), 190, and in other mainland sources, but not in Jay Taylor, The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2009). On the wider campaign see C. Martin Wilbur, “The Nationalist Revolution: From Canton to Nanking, 1923–28,” in Cambridge History of China, vol. 12, ed. John K. Fairbank (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 555.

7. Mu Xin, Chen Geng tongzhi zai Shanghai, 4–6; Mu, “Chen Geng,” 6–8.

8. Mu, Chen Geng tongzhi zai Shanghai, 6.

9. Warren Kuo, Analytical History of the Chinese Communist Party, vol. 2 (Taipei: Institute of International Relations, 1968), 55, 92nn18–19.

10. He, Chen Geng Zhuan, 45. For more details, see the entry on Ke Lin.

11. He, 40–41; Mu, Chen Geng tongzhi zai Shanghai, 34–40; Yin, Pan Hannian de qingbao shengya, 9–10, 14–16; Quan Yanchi, Zhongguo miwen neimu [Secrets and Insider Stories of China] (Lanzhou: Gansu wenhua chubanshe, 2004), 44; Kuo, Analytical History, vol. 2, 285–87; Yu, OSS in China, 34–35; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 9.

12. He, Chen Geng Zhuan, 41.

13. Mu, Chen Geng tongzhi zai Shanghai, 23–24.

14. Mu, 25.

15. Robert Bickers, “Changing Shanghai’s ‘Mind’: Publicity, Reform, and the British in Shanghai, 1928–1931,” China Society Occasional Papers no. 26, 1992, 8–9.

16. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 6.

17. He, Chen Geng Zhuan, 41–42.

18. He, 48–51; Mu, “Chen Geng,” 13–15.

19. Mu, “Chen Geng,” 16–18.

20. Li Songde, Liao Chengzhi (Singapore: Yongsheng Books, 1992), 431–32; Wang Junyan, Liao Chengzhi Zhuan [The Biography of Liao Chengzhi] (Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe, 2006), 3, 33–34, 678.

21. Mu, “Chen Geng,” 19–22; Snow, Random Notes on Red China, 92–99.

22. Mu, “Chen Geng,” 22–25, 68–78, 83–85; Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 127.

23. Mu, “Chen Geng,” 85–88.

24. “陈文清任国家安全部部长耿惠昌不再担任 [Chen Wenqing becomes minister of state security as Geng Huichang steps down],” China Economic News via 163.com, November 7, 2016, http://news.163.com/16/1107/10/C58T707V000187V8.html.

25. “陈小工：全国人大外事委员会委员、中将 [Chen Xiaogong: National People’s Congress Foreign Affairs Committee Member, Lieutenant General],” 环球网[Global Times Online], November 21, 2013, http://world.huanqiu.com/hot/2013–11/4588673.html.

26. Mattis, “PLA Personnel Shifts Highlight Intelligence’s Growing Military Role.”

27. “陈小工 [Chen Xiaogong].”

28. James Mulvenon, “Chen Xiaogong: A Political Biography,” China Leadership Monitor no. 22 (Fall 2007).

29. Mulvenon; Ray Cheung, “Knives Being Sharpened Behind Sino-U.S. Smiles,” South China Morning Post, October 26, 2003; Kevin Pollpeter, “U.S.-China Security Management: Assessing the Military-to-Military Relationship” (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2004), 26.

30. Mulvenon, “Chen Xiaogong,” 3–4.

31. Kenneth W. Allen et al., “China’s Defense Minister and Ministry of National Defense,” in Pollpeter and Allen, The PLA as Organization 2.0, 111, 117.

32. “Central Asia Expert to Head PLA Intelligence,” South China Morning Post, January 12, 2012, http://www.scmp.com/article/989896/central-asia-expert-head-pla-intelligence.

33. Yang Shilan, “Deng Fa,” in Zhonggong dangshi renwu zhuan, vol. 1, 347–48.

34. Yang, 348–55.

35. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 12, 14–15; Yang, “Deng Fa,” 356–57; Jiang Liuqing, Zhonggong Chanchu Baowei Shiji [A History of Chinese Communist Weeding and Protection] (Beijing: Jiefangjun Chubanshe, 2014), 63–65; Stephen C. Averill, “The Origins of the Futian Incident,” in New Perspectives on the Chinese Communist Revolution, ed. Tony Saich and Hans Van de Ven (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1995), 85–86, 91.

36. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 13–15; Xu, Wang Jiaxiang Nianpu, 56–57; Jiang Guansheng, Zhonggong zai Xianggang, Shang [The Chinese Communists in Hong Kong, vol. 1] (Hong Kong: Cosmos Books, Inc., 2011), 118–19; Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 322.

37. Yang, “Deng Fa,” 356–57; Teiwes and Sun, “From a Leninist to a Charismatic Party,” 370, 387n140.

38. “Yifen juemi qingbao cushi hongjun tiaoshang changzhenglu” [Secret Intelligence Prompted Red Army to Embark on Long March], Zhongguo Gongchandang xinwenwang, April 8, 2009, http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/144956/9090941.html.

39. “Order of battle” is the military term for the details about a military force.

40. Zhonggong dangshi renwu zhuan, vol. 31, 357–58.

41. Yang, “Deng Fa,” 359; Zhou Enlai nianpu 1898–1949, 293; Warren Kuo, Analytical History of the Chinese Communist Party, vol. 3 (Taipei: Institute of International Relations, 1970), 133.

42. He Jinzhou, Deng Fa zhuan [Biography of Deng Fa] (Beijing: Zhonggong Dangshi Chubanshe, 2008), 123–27; Yang, “Deng Fa,” 359; Snow, Red Star Over China, 52–53.

43. Teiwes and Sun, “From a Leninist to a Charismatic Party,” 387n140; Otto Braun, A Comintern Agent in China 1932–1939 (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1982), 31, 152; Dieter Heinzig, The Soviet Union and Communist China 1945–1950 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), 26; Yang, “Deng Fa,” 360–62.

44. He, Deng Fa zhuan, 127; Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 99.

45. Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 99; Yang, “Deng Fa,” 361–63; He, Deng Fa zhuan, 144.

46. Yang, “Deng Fa,” 363.

47. Vladimirov, The Vladimirov Diaries, 130–31; Gao Hua, Hong taiyang shi zeyang shengqi de [How Did the Red Sun Rise Over Yan’an: A History of the Rectification Movement] (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2000), 508–9.

48. Teiwes and Sun, “From a Leninist to a Charismatic Party,” 374.

49. Mayumi Itoh, The Making of China’s War with Japan: Zhou Enlai and Zhang Xueliang (New York: Palgrave, 2016), 212.

50. “人物名片: 耿惠昌[Personality Card: Geng Huichang],” Xinhua, March 17, 2013 http://news.xinhuanet.com/rwk/2013–03/17/c_124468635.htm; “Chen Wenqing becomes minister of state security as Geng Huichang steps down.”

51. Chi Hsiao-hua, “Scholar Minister Who Is Low-Profiled and Withdrawn,” Sing Tao Jih Pao, August 31, 2007.

52. 刘之根 [Liu Zhigen], 耿惠昌 [Geng Huichang], “一九八四年美国大选形势展望 [Forecasting the 1984 U.S. Presidential Election],” 现代国际关系 [Contemporary International Relations], no. 6 (1984): 7–10, 62.

53. “The Five Fresh Faces in the Political Reshuffle,” South China Morning Post, August 31, 2007; Chi, “Scholar Minister Who Is Low-Profiled and Withdrawn.”

54. “Geng Huichang,” China Vitae, http://www.chinavitae.com/biography/Geng_Huichang/career.

55. Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 621.

56. Mu, Chen Geng tongzhi zai Shanghai, 4–6; Mu, “Chen Geng,” 6–8.

57. Wang Jianying, ed., Zhongguo gongchandang zuzhi shi ziliao huibian, vol. 2 [A Compilation of Chinese Communist Party Organizational History, vol. 2] (Beijing: Zhonggong Zhongyang Dangxiao Chubanshe, 1995), 35.

58. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 5–7.

59. The Eyuwan soviet base area (鄂豫皖根据地, Eyuwan genjudi) was in the border areas of Hunan, Anhui, and Henan, about five hundred miles west of Shanghai. The closest nearby city was Wuhan.

60. Wakeman, Spymaster, 42–45; Hsu Kai-yu, Chou En-lai, China’s Gray Eminence (New York: Doubleday, 1968), 128.

61. Liu, Zhou Enlai da cidian 31–32; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 8–9; Barnouin and Yu, Zhou Enlai, 45–48.

62. Jin, Chen Yun Zhuan, 104; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 9–10.

63. Jin, Chen Yun Zhuan, 104; Liu, Zhou Enlai da cidian, 31–32; Zhou Enlai nianpu 1898–1949, 210–11.

64. Wakeman, Spymaster, 178; Li Tien-min, Chou En-lai (Taipei: Institute of International Relations, 1970), 152–53; Wu Hao: Blood Soaked Secrets in the Dark Shadows of History, in Dangshi Wencong, no. 88 (2003) describes the murder of Gu’s entire family in a matter-of-fact style.

65. Stuart Schram, Stephen C. Averill, and Nancy Hodes, Mao’s Road to Power: Revolutionary Writings 1912–1949, vol. 4 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1992), 163–65, has the translated text of “Order the Arrest of Gu Shunzhang, a Traitor to the Revolution, A General Order Issued by the Council of People’s Commissars of the Provisional Central Soviet Government, 10 Dec 1931.”

66. Wakeman, Spymaster, 466; Hsu, The Invisible Conflict, 62–63.

67. Little information is available on Hua’s parents. An underground circular written in 1977 by supporters of Deng Xiaoping claimed that Hua’s mother had many lovers, including Kang Sheng, who protected him. Robert Weatherly, Mao’s Forgotten Successor: The Political Career of Hua Guofeng (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), 23–26.

68. Wang Yongjun and Liu Jianbai, eds., Zhongguo Xiandaishi Renwu Zhuan [Biographies of Personalities in Modern Chinese History] (Chengdu: Sichuan Renmin Chubanshe, 1986). Hua is absent in this account. See also Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 183–84.

69. Weatherly, Mao’s Forgotten Successor, 30–33.

70. Weatherly, 36–38, 69.

71. Weatherly, 70, 75, 83, 90.

72. Weatherly, 4–6, 78; Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 183.

73. Weatherly, Mao’s Forgotten Successor, 84–89, 94–96. The other four provinces Mao viewed favorably were Hebei, Hubei, Zhejiang, and Henan.

74. Weatherly, Mao’s Forgotten Successor, 100–10; Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 183.

75. Teiwes and Sun, The End of the Maoist Era, 36–37, 270; Weatherly, Mao’s Forgotten Successor, 114–16.

76. Zhou Enlai nianpu 1949–1976, vol. 3, 629.

77. Teiwes and Sun, The End of the Maoist Era, 119.

78. Zhou Enlai nianpu 1949–1976, vol. 3, 629, 694; Teiwes and Sun, The End of the Maoist Era, 443–45, 448–56, 492–98.

79. Teiwes and Sun, The End of the Maoist Era, 496–98; Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 183; MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 419–20.

80. Teiwes and Sun, The End of the Maoist Era, 158, 206, 208, 327–31, 383–87.

81. Teiwes and Sun, 574–81; MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 443–49.

82. Hannas, Mulvenon, and Puglisi, Chinese Industrial Espionage, 20–23.

83. MacFarquhar, “Succession to Mao and the End of Maoism,” 314.

84. The authors are grateful to Frederick Teiwes for this observation.

85. Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 183.

86. “中国人民解放军总参谋部有多少位将军 [The Chinese PLA General Staff Department Has How Many Generals],” 铁血网 [Iron and Blood Online Forums], October 29, 2008, http://bbs.tiexue.net/post2_3140644_1.html.

87. “第七届欧中论坛在乌克兰成功举行 [Seventh Europe-China Forum Successfully Held in Ukraine],” Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in Ukraine, September 20, 2008, http://ua.china-embassy.org/chn/dsxxpd/dwhd/t513763.htm; “500 Representatives to Attend the Sixth Xiangshan Forum,” China Military Online, October 13, 2015, http://english.chinamil.com.cn/news-channels/china-military-news/2015–10/13/content_6721282.htm.

88. Willy Wo-Lap Lam, “Meeting Endorses New Leadership for Army; Seal of Approval for New Military Lineup,” South China Morning Post, October 19, 1992.

89. Authors’ interview, July 2016.

90. Roberto Suro, “Not Chinese Agent, Says Chung,” Washington Post, May 12, 1999.

91. This entry is adapted from Mattis, “Assessing the Foreign Policy Influence of the Ministry of State Security.”

92. “贾春旺同志简历 [Biographical Notes on Comrade Jia Chunwang],” 人民网领导人资料库 [People’s Net Leadership Database], November 27, 2002, http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/252/9667/9683/20021127/875910.html.

93. Cheng Li, China’s Leaders: The New Generation (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2001), 89–90, 104–6; Long Hua, “How China Developed the ‘Jiang-Zhu Structure’,” Hong Kong Economic Journal, March 23, 1998.

94. “Chen Xitong resigns from office, Beijing takes more intensive action against corruption,” Ming Pao, April 28, 1995.

95. Willy Wo-Lap Lam, “Security Boss Tipped to Leap Forward,” South China Morning Post, May 29, 1997.

96. Kai, Li Kenong, 430–32.

97. Willy Wo-Lap Lam, “Jiang and Li Grasp Control of Security; Proteges of President and Premier Moved Up,” South China Morning Post, March 2, 1998; Willy Wo-Lap Lam, “Zhu Cabinet a Blend of Four Generations; Leaders Have Say in Achieving Factional Balance,” South China Morning Post, March 19, 1998.

98. In spite of his many name changes, we will use Kang Sheng throughout. Sources disagree on Kang’s birth year and date for joining the CCP, but the official records document 1898 and 1925, respectively. Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 701; Wang and Liu, Zhongguo Xiandaishi Renwu Zhuan, 733.

99. John Byron and Robert Pack, The Claws of the Dragon: Kang Sheng—The Evil Genius Behind Mao and His Legacy of Terror in the People’s Republic of China (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 42–44.

100. Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 701; Zhong, Kang Sheng Pingzhuan, 25. Though based on party records and insider accounts, the bitter and accusatory style of Kang Sheng Pingzhuan, released to justify Kang’s expulsion from the CCP, make it reliable only when confirmed by other sources.

101. Zhong, Kang Sheng Pingzhuan, 36; Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 701.

102. Mu, Yinbi zhanxian tongshuai Zhou Enlai, 377; Yin, Pan Hannian de qingbao shengya, 30–31.

103. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 56; Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 701.

104. Wang Qun, “Kang Sheng Zai Zhongyang Shehuibu” [Kang Sheng in the Central Social Affairs Department], Bainian Chao [Hundred Year Tide], May 2003, http://mall.cnki.net/magazine/Article/BNCH200305004.htm; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 56; Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 701.

105. Wang and Liu, 734.

106. Robert Conquest, Inside Stalin’s Secret Police: NKVD Politics 1936–1939 (London: MacMillan Press Ltd., 1985), 1; Robert Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 33–35.

107. Interview with party historian, 2016; Chen, “Suspect History and the Mass Line,” 243.

108. Including Li Lisan and Ho Chi Minh, both later released. William J. Duiker, Ho Chi Minh: A Life (New York: Hyperion, 2000), 211–14.

109. Zhong, Kang Sheng Pingzhuan, 57–60.

110. Sophie Quinn-Judge, Ho Chi Minh, The Missing Years (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 202, 207–8; Duiker, Ho Chi Minh, 213; Pantsov and Levine, Mao: The Real Story, 271.

111. Kuo, Analytical History, vol. 3, 340–41, 392–93.

112. Pantsov and Levine, Mao: The Real Story, 328–29; Teiwes and Sun, “From a Leninist to a Charismatic Party,” 343–45, 371; Zhong, Kang Sheng Pingzhuan, 75–77.

113. Pantsov and Levine, Mao: The Real Story, 333–34.

114. Spies as thick as fur: “特务如麻” (tewu ru ma); Zhong, Kang Sheng Pingzhuan, 54–55; Wang and Liu, Zhongguo Xiandaishi Renwu Zhuan, 734–35; Wang, “Kang Sheng Zai Zhongyang Shehuibu”; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 287.

115. Gao, Hong taiyang zenyang shengqi de, 465.

116. Gao, Wannian Zhou Enlai, 82; Gao, Hong taiyang zenyang shengqi de, 465; Roger Faligot, Les Services Secrets Chinois de Mao aux Jo [The Chinese Secret Services of Mao and Zhou] (Paris: Nouveau Monde, 2008), 81–82.

117. Schoenhals, “A Brief History of the CID of the CCP,” 4; Kai, Li Kenong, 279–80.

118. Wang and Liu, Zhongguo Xiandaishi Renwu Zhuan, 735; Roderick MacFarquhar, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution, vol. 2: Contradictions Among the People, 1956–1957 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), 148–49, 359–60.

119. Wang and Liu, Zhongguo Xiandaishi Renwu Zhuan, 735.

120. The handover from Deng to Kang occurred during the Eleventh Plenum of the Eighth Central Committee, led by Lin Biao, held August 13–23, 1966. Yang Shengqun, ed., Deng Xiaoping nianpu 1904–1974 [The Annals of Deng Xiaoping], vol. 2 (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 2012), 1930.

121. An Ziwen and Lu Dingyi, respectively. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 96–98.

122. Kang Sheng claiming to be able to tell a spy simply by looking (我看你就像特务, Wo kan ni jiu xiang tewu). Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 280–81. For a definition of “mysticism” specific to security work, see Li Zengqun, ed., Shiyong Gong’an xiao cidian [A Practical Public Security Mini-Dictionary] (Harbin: Heilongjiang Renmin Chubanshe, 1987), 345.

123. Li Zhisui, The Private Life of Chairman Mao: The Memoirs of Mao’s Personal Physician (London: Chatto and Windus, 1994), 549; Wang and Liu, Zhong-guo Xiandaishi Renwu Zhuan, 737.

124. Deng remained silent on Kang Sheng even as Kang was posthumously expelled from the CCP. Teiwes and Sun, The End of the Maoist Era, 14–15, 366–67.

125. Interview, Frederick Teiwes, citing a CCP historian, 2017.

126. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 33.

127. Originally named Chen Kaiyuan, Kong used a number of aliases including Tian Fu, Chen Tiezheng and Shi Xin.

128. Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 111–12. See also Tian Changlie, ed., Zhonggong Jilinshi dangshi renwu [Personalities in Party History in Jilin Municipality] (Jilin: Dongbei Shida Chubanshe, 1999).

129. Who’s Who in Communist China (Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1966), 312.

130. Mao Zedong later described this development one of as the “14 great events” in his “Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan” (March 28, 1927). See Tony Saich, ed., The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1996), 205–6.

131. Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan; Tian, Zhonggong Jilinshi dangshi renwu.

132. See “Mosike Dongfang Daxue: Peiyangle yi pi Zhongguo geming de zhongjian” [Moscow University of the East: training the backbone of the Chinese revolution], http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/16079450.html.

133. Wang Jianying, ed., Zhongguo Gongchandang zuzhi shi ziliao huibian [Compilation of Materials on CCP Organizational History], vol. 2 (Beijing: Hongqi Chubanshe, 1983), 172.

134. See http://www.cqvip.com/read/read.aspx?id=1000063937.

135. According to a Chinese researcher, the details on training are less available in the PRC and in Chinese records than they might be if Russian archives were available. Interview, 2016.

136. Kong served as SAD deputy for eighteen months before being replaced by Li Kenong. Gongan Shi Zhishi Wenda [Public security knowledge questions and answers] (Beijing: Zhongguo Jingcha Xuehui Qunzhong Chubanshe, 1994), 21; “Kong Yuan,” biography, on Zhongguo zheng fu wang (official web site of the PRC central government), http://www.gov.cn/gjjg/2008-10/16/content_1122294.htm; “Kong Yuan jianli jieshao, Kong Yuan Xu Ming de guanxi” [A brief introduction to Kong Yuan, the Kong Yuan and Xu Ming relationship], Lishi shang de jintian [Today on History], April 6, 2017, http://www.todayonhistory.com/people/201704/25081.html.

137. The Communist no. 1 (October 1939), cited in Warren Kuo, Analytical History of the Chinese Communist Party, vol. 4 (Taipei: Institute of International Relations, 1971), 124–25, 382. For other expressions of concern about agents and undesirables among the 100,000 people who arrived in Yan’an after July 1937, see “Zhongyang guanyu shencha ganbu wenti de zhishi” [Central Committee Instruction Concerning the Question of Investigating Cadres], August 1, 1940, in Zhonggong zhongyang wenjian xuanji, vol. 12 [Selected Documents of the CCP Central Committee] (Beijing: Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao chubanshe, 1992), 444–47; Lyman Van Slyke, “The Chinese Communist Movement During the Sino-Japanese War,” in Fairbank, Cambridge History of China, vol. 13, 620–21, 634–35.

138. “Kong Yuan,” http://www.jlsds.cn/yanjiu/renwu/kongyuan.html.

139. Yu, Hongse jiandie—daohao bashan, 242–43, 555–57.

140. Van Slyke, “The Chinese Communist Movement During the Sino-Japanese War,” 718.

141. Though Deng Xiaoping also lost office during the Cultural Revolution, he was relatively immune from harm because his background was “totally clear”: he had never worked in enemy areas and was a partisan of Mao, a 毛泽东的人 (Mao Zedong de ren). Interview with party historian, 2016.

142. See http://www.cqvip.com/read/read.aspx?id=1000063937.

143. The CCP Central Committee Finance Commission (Zhonggong Zhongyang Caijing Weiyuanhui) and the Government Administration Council Finance and Economic Commission (Zhengwuyuan Caizheng Jingji Weiyuanhui). Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 111.

144. “Kong Yuan, 1906–1990,” Jilin Dangshi Renwu [Personalities in Jilin party history], http://www.jldsyjs.org/news_view.aspx?id=724.

145. “Kong Yuan, 1906–1990”; Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 111.

146. Shen.

147. Kai, Li Kenong, 417–18.

148. CCP-approved books by Hao Zaijin, Kai Cheng, and Li Li describe Li Kenong’s life and times. See also http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/170835/175363/10479349.html.

149. Michael Schoenhals, “The Central Case Examination Group, 1966–1979,” China Quarterly, no. 145 (March 1996): 97.

150. “Kong Yuan,” http://www.jlsds.cn/yanjiu/renwu/kongyuan.html.

151. Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 112.

152. Kai, Li Kenong, 1–2.

153. Kai, 6–7; Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 322; Klein and Clark, Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism, 1921–1965, vol. 1, 509.

154. Kai, Li Kenong, 7–11; Faligot, Les Services Secrets Chinois de Mao aux Jo, 51–52; Chang Jun-mei, ed., Chinese Communist Who’s Who, vol. 2 (Taipei: Institute for International Relations, 1970), 438; Mu, Chen Geng tongzhi zai Shanghai, 34–40; Barnouin and Yu, Zhou Enlai, 45–46; Yu, OSS in China, 34–35; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 9; Kuo, Analytical History, vol. 2, 55, 92nn18–19; “Yifen juemi qingbao cushi hongjun tiaoshang changzhenglu.”

155. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 11–12. The “Order the Arrest of Gu Shunzhang” was issued in Ruijin on December 10, 1931, about when Zhou Enlai arrived there. Schram, Averill, and Hodes, Mao’s Road to Power, vol. 4, 163–65.

156. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 10, 13–15; Xu, Wang Jiaxiang Nianpu, 56–57; Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 99, 322; He, Deng Fa Zhuan, 70–71.

157. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 20; Kai, Li Kenong, 74–80.

158. Wang Fang, Wang Fang Huiyi Lu [The Memoirs of Wang Fang] (Hangzhou: Zhejiang Renmin Chubanshe, 2006), 14.

159. Snow, Red Star Over China, 69. While in Ruijin, Li Kenong was simultaneously the head of the PPB Enforcement Department (Zhixingbu buzhang) and of the PPB in the First Front Army. See http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/34136/2543750.html.

160. Kai, Li Kenong, 374, 396, 406; Fan Shuo, Ye Jianying zai guanjian shike [Ye Jianying in Crucial Moments] (Shenyang: Liaoning Renmin Chubanshe, 2001), 197–200; Chang, Chinese Communist Who’s Who, vol. 2, 439.

161. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 54, 59; Kai, Li Kenong, 232.

162. Kai, 232; Ba lu jun huiyi shiliao [Eighth Route Army Memoirs and Historical Materials] 3 (Beijing: Jiefangjun Chubanshe, 1991), 18, 19, 21; Fang Ke, Zhonggong Qingbao Shou Nao, Li Kenong [Chinese Communist Intelligence Chief, Li Kenong] (Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe, 1996), 304–6.

163. Kai, Li Kenong, 127.

164. Kai, 127–29; Yin, Pan Hannian de qingbao shengya, 92; Zhou Enlai nianpu 1949–1976, vol. 3, 341–71; Ba lu jun huiyi shiliao, 19.

165. Wakeman, Spymaster, 341, 523.

166. Wakeman, 523.

167. Gao, Hong taiyang shi zeyang shengqi de, 509; “Zhongyang guanyu shencha ganbu de jueding” [Central Committee Decision Concerning Cadre Examination], August 15, 1943, in Zhonggong zhongyang wenjian xuanji, vol. 14, 89–96.

168. Vladimirov, The Vladimirov Diaries, 100, 154, 218.

169. Chen Yung-fa, “The Blooming Poppy Under the Red Sun: The Yan’an Way and the Opium Trade,” in Saich and Van de Ven, New Perspectives on the Chinese Communist Revolution, 273–75.

170. Gao, Hong taiyang shi zeyang shengqi de, 465.

171. David D. Barrett, Dixie Mission: The United States Army Observer Group in Yenan, 1944 (Berkeley: University of California Center for Chinese Studies, 1970), 34.

172. Teiwes and Sun, The Formation of the Maoist Leadership, 374; Zeng Qinghong, ed., Zhongguo gongchandang zuzhishi ziliao, vol. 4, no. 1 [Materials on Chinese Communist Organizational History] (Beijing: Zhongguo gongchandang zuzhishi ziliao bianshen weiyuanhui, 2000), 41; Kai, Li Kenong, 279–80, 295–96, 364; Schoenhals, “A Brief History of the CID of the CCP,” 4.

173. Kai, Li Kenong, 266–67.

174. Chambers, “Edging in from the Cold,” cf. 266n62.

175. Schoenhals, “A Brief History of the CID of the CCP,” 7.

176. “Pan Hannian Yang Fan sheng si lian: yuanyu yi zuo 24 nian” [Pan Hannian and Yang Fan’s life and death: a 24-year miscarriage of justice], Xinwen Wu Bao, December 4, 2005.

177. Kai, Li Kenong, 406–8.

178. Kai, 405–8; Zhu Zi’an, “Chuanqi Jiangjun Li Kenong” [Legendary General Li Kenong], Dangshi Zonglan [Party History Survey], no. 9 (2009): 7.

179. Schoenhals, “A Brief History of the CID of the CCP,” 10; Kai, Li Kenong, 417–18.

180. Kai, 418–20.

181. Schoenhals, “A Brief History of the CID of the CCP,” 26; Kai, Li Kenong, 412.

182. Major General: Shaojiang (少将), appointed 1955. Li Haiwen, “Hua Guofeng feng Zhou Enlai zhiming diaocha Li Zhen shijian” [Hua Guofeng and Zhou Enlai Investigate the Li Zhen incident], Zhongguo Gongchandang Xinwen Wang [Chinese Communist Party News Network], http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2013/1216/c85037–23851428.html.

183. Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 304; Li, “Hua Guofeng feng Zhou Enlai zhiming diaocha Li Zhen shijian.”

184. Teiwes and Sun, The End of the Maoist Era, 119, 119n26.

185. No relation to Liu Fuzhi. The two men were both ministers of public security but at different times: Xie Fuzhi from 1959 to 1972, and Liu Fuzhi from 1983 to 1985.

186. Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 304; more detail in Li, “Hua Guofeng feng Zhou Enlai.”

187. Shen, 304; Li, “Hua Guofeng feng Zhou Enlai.”

188. Teiwes and Sun, The End of the Maoist Era, 93–94.

189. Telephone interviews, Jan Wong and Norman Shulman, April 2016. See http://www.janwong.ca/redchinablues.html.

190. Lilley and Lilley, China Hands, 174–84.

191. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 228–29, 233–39; Ma Jisen, The Cultural Revolution in the Foreign Ministry of China (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2004), 267–84.

192. Li Haiwen notes that Li’s family life and career were both satisfactory.

193. Sidney Rittenberg and Amanda Bennett, The Man Who Stayed Behind (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993), 170–72; Byron and Pack, The Claws of the Dragon, 189.

194. Byron and Pack, The Claws of the Dragon, 334–35.

195. Ye Maozhi and Liu Ziwei, Zhongguo guo’an wei [China’s National Security Commission] (New York and Hong Kong: Leader Press and Mirror Books, 2014), 79–80.

196. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 10.

197. “凌云同志逝世 [Comrade Ling Yun Passes Away],” Xinhua, http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018–03/21/c_1122569805.htm.

198. “解密：中国解放军最神秘的部门—总参谋部 [Decoded: Chinese People’s Liberation Army’s Most Secretive Department, the General Staff Department],” 看历史 [Reading History Online], January 30, 2015, http://www.readlishi.com/ysmw/20150130/2201.html.

199. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 91.

200. Hao; Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 513; obituary, “Luo Qingchang”; Hu Jie, Zhongguo Xibu mimi zhan [Western China’s Secret War] (Beijing: Jincheng Chubanshe, 2015), 343–46.

201. Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 513.

202. Obituary, “Luo Qingchang.”

203. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 98.

204. Xuezhi Guo, China’s Security State: Philosophy, Evolution, and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 359, 361.

205. Obituary, “Luo Qingchang,” puts the revival date at 1973, while Shen, Zhong-yang weiyuan, 513, says the date was 1975.

206. Yang, Deng Xiaoping nianpu 1904–1974, vol. 3, 1972; Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, vol. 18, China, January 1973–May 1973, “Kissinger’s Visits to Beijing and the Establishment of the Liaison Offices, January 1973–May 1973”; Xuezhi, China’s Security State, 361–62.

207. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 415; obituary, “Luo Qingchang.”

208. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, 413–30, 446–49.

209. Alexander V. Pantsov and Steven I. Levine, Deng Xiaoping: A Revolutionary Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 345–57; Vogel, Deng Xiaoping, 266–93.

210. Confidential document.

211. Confidential document.

212. Ezra F. Vogel, Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013), 373–79.

213. Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 513.

214. Dutton, Policing Chinese Politics, 218–21, 227–30; MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 98–99.

215. Shu, Luo Ruiqing dajiang, 126–27.

216. Klein and Clark, Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism, 1921–1965, vol. 2, 642.

217. Schoenhals, Spying for the People, 27; Huang Lei, “Luo Ruiqing: zhi xiang shang qianxian de xin Zhongguo di yi ren Gong’an bu zhang” [Luo Ruiqing: the first Minister of Public Security for New China who only wanted to go to the front lines], http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64172/85037/85038/6580245.html.

218. Gu, Jianguo yilai Gong’an gongzuo da shi yaolan, 4, 5, 7; Yu Yongbo and Xu Caihou, eds., Chen Yi Zhuan [Biography of Chen Yi] (Beijing: Dangdai Zhongguo Chubanshe, 1997), 463; Shu, Deterrence and Strategic Culture, 66.

219. Dutton, Policing Chinese Politics, 146–47.

220. Gu, Jianguo yilai Gong’an gongzuo da shi yaolan, 53–56; Pantsov and Levine, Mao: The Real Story, 392–93.

221. Gu, Jianguo yilai Gong’an gongzuo da shi yaolan, 76.

222. Dutton, Policing Chinese Politics, 205–8.

223. MacFarquhar, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution, vol. 2, 242–43.

224. Dutton, Policing Chinese Politics, 218.

225. Dutton, 219–22.

226. Qiu Jin, The Culture of Power: The Lin Biao Incident in the Cultural Revolution (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), 206.

227. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 378.

228. Shu, Luo Ruiqing dajiang, 388–89.

229. Wang Yongjun, ed., Zhongguo Xiandai Shi Renwu Zhuan [Biographies of Modern Chinese Historical Figures] (Chengdu: Sichuan Renmin Chubanshe, 1986), 806–7; Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 759–60.

230. Teiwes and Sun, The End of the Maoist Era, 15–16n41.

231. Wang, Zhongguo Xiandai Shi Renwu Zhuan, 808; Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 759–60; MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 474–75.

232. Schoenhals, Spying for the People, 171.

233. Guo Jian, Yongyi Song, and Yuan Zhou, Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution (Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, 2006), 328–29; Teiwes and Sun, The End of the Maoist Era, 15–16.

234. Agents were reinstated after statements by Zhou Enlai and Ye Jianying. Schoenhals, Spying for the People, 1–5.

235. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 207–10.

236. Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 760.

237. Cheng, China’s Leaders, 222–23.

238. “Minister of State Security Xu Yongyue,” China News Service, March 17, 2003; “许永跃简历 [Xu Yongyue’s Resume],” Xinhua; Kung Shuang-yin, “Special Dispatch: New Minister of State Security Xu Yongyue on Handling Internal Contradictions,” Ta Kung Pao, March 19, 1998.

239. Lam, “Surprise Elevation for Conservative Patriarch’s Protégé Given Security Post.”

240. “耿惠昌任国家安全部部长 [Geng Huichang Becomes Minister of State Security],” Xinhua, August 30, 2007, http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2007–08/30/content_6634183.htm; Bill Savadove, “Beijing Surprises with Five New Ministers,” South China Morning Post, August 31, 2007, http://www.scmp.com/article/606160/beijing-surprises-five-new-ministers.

241. Mattis, “Assessing the Foreign Policy Influence of the Ministry of State Security.”

242. Authors’ interview, November 2013.

243. Kung, “Special Dispatch.”

244. “港媒统计称解放军新晋升18名中将凸显科技强军 [Hong Kong Media State 18 Promotions Will Highlight S&T-strengthened Army],” 中国新闻网 [China News Service], http://www.chinanews.com/hb/2013/08–06/5126903.shtml.

245. [YueHuairang],”杨晖、顾祥兵、孙和荣、王平出任东部战区领导[Yang Hui, Gu Xiangbing, Sun Herong, Wang Ping Become the Leadership of the Eastern Theater Command],” 澎拜[The Paper], February 4, 2016, http://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1429364.

246. “Intelligence Chief under the Spotlight in U.S.,” China Daily, May 20, 2011, http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/epaper/2011–05/20/content_12547895.htm; 杨晖 [Yang Hui], “杨晖、顾祥兵、孙和荣、王平出任东部战区领导 [Gu Xiangbing, Sun Herong, Wang Ping Become the Leadership of the Eastern Theater Command],” 澎拜 [The Paper], February 4, 2016.

247. 杨晖 [Yang Hui], “中俄军事安全合作概述 [Outline of Sino-Russian Military Security Cooperation],” 俄罗斯中亚东欧研究 [East European, Russian, and Central Asian Studies], no. 1 (2005), 87–88.

248. Zhou Enlai nianpu 1898–1949, 31, 33–35, 37–38, 40; Chae-Jin Lee, Zhou Enlai: The Early Years (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994), 141–49.

249. In 1985 Zhou’s affiliation with the CCP officially starts in “Spring 1921.” Zhou Enlai nianpu 1898–1949, 47.

250. Liu, Zhou Enlai da cidian, 18.

251. Li, Chou En-lai, 84–85, 150–51; Chang, Chinese Communist Who’s Who, vol. 1, 435.

252. “Nie Rongzhen,” in Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 612–13.

253. Jin, Chen Yun Zhuan, 105; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 2–3.

254. Klein and Clark, Biographic Dictionary, vol. 1, 207.

255. Xue, “Guanyu zhonggong zhongyang teke nuogan wenti de tantao,” 3.

256. Zhou Enlai nianpu 1898–1949, 128; Xue, “Guanyu zhonggong zhongyang teke nuogan wenti de tantao,” 4.

257. Xue, “Guanyu zhonggong zhongyang teke nuogan wenti de tantao,” 4.

258. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 5.

259. Mu, Yinbi zhanxian tongshuai Zhou Enlai, 14; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 7–8.

260. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 8; Jin, Chen Yun Zhuan, 103; Kai-yu Hsu, Chou En-lai, China’s Gray Eminence 94; Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 621.

261. On August 24, 1928, the KMT raided an address on Hsin Chai Road in Shanghai based on information supplied by Bai Xin. They arrested CCP CMC director Yang Yin, CMC member Yan Changyi, Jiangsu CMC cadre Xing Shizhen, and CCP member Zhang Jichun. See Mu, Yinbi zhanxian tongshi Zhou Enlai, 187. Yang Yin was also an early CCP member (1922) and a major figure in the Guangdong CCP. He became a member of the CCP Central Committee in 1928. In October 1933 the CCP renamed the Chinese Soviet Republic No. 1 Red Army Infantry School after Peng and Yang. Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 68–269; Kuo, Analytical History, vol. 2, 92, 312.

262. Mu, Yinbi zhanxian tongshuai Zhou Enlai, 194; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 6–7.

263. Mu, Yinbi zhanxian tongshuai Zhou Enlai, 195; Liu, Zhou Enlai da cidian, 8–29.

264. Kuo, Analytical History, vol. 2, 292.

265. Mu, Yinbi zhanxian tongshuai Zhou Enlai, 97–198.

266. Mu, 200.

267. Mu, 212–14; Zhou Enlai nianpu 1898–1949, 166–67; Kuo, Analytical History, vol. 2, 93–294.

268. Liu, Zhou Enlai da cidian, 1–32; Zhou Enlai nianpu 1898–1949, 166–67, 210–11.

269. Wakeman, Spymaster, 178; Wu Hao: Blood Soaked Secrets; Li, Chou En-lai, 52–53.

270. The number murdered in Gu’s family was between four and twenty-four. Gao Wenqian, Zhou Enlai: The Last Perfect Revolutionary (New York: Public Affairs, 2007), 168; Kai-yu Hsu, Chou En-lai: China’s Gray Eminence, 94–97; Dick Wilson, Chou, The Story of Zhou Enlai, 1898–1976 (London: Hutchinson and Co., 1984), 110–12.

271. Zhou departed Shanghai in December 1931. Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 540; Liu, Zhou Enlai da cidian, 32.

272. Averill, “The Origins of the Futian Incident,” 81–83, 107–9; Chang, Chinese Communist Who’s Who, vol. 2, 104, vol. 1, 171; Pantsov and Levine, Mao: The Real Story, 264.

273. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 13.

274. He, Deng Fa zhuan, 70–71.

275. Pantsov and Levine, Mao: The Real Story, 27–81.

276. Pantsov and Levine, 95–96.

277. Kai, Li Kenong, 74, 396, 406; Fan, Ye Jianying zai guanjian shike, 97–200; Chang, Chinese Communist Who’s Who, vol. 2, 439.

278. Teiwes and Sun, The Formation of the Maoist Leadership, 342–44.

279. Zhou Enlai nianpu 1898–1949, 394.

280. Jin, Chen Yun Zhuan, 231; Kuo, Analytical History, vol. 3, 336–40.

281. Wang Ming, Chen Yun, and Kang Sheng were appointed to the Secretariat, and the top nine members of the Central Committee were Zhang Wentian, Mao Zedong, Wang Ming, Chen Yun, Zhou Enlai, Zhang Guotao, Bo Gu, and Xiang Ying. Jin, Chen Yun Zhuan, 231. For the analysis on Zhou Enlai’s predicament during this period, see Teiwes and Sun, “From a Leninist to a Charismatic Party,” 363–65.

282. Kuo, Analytical History, vol. 3, 341.

283. Yu, OSS in China, 3–44; Feng Kaiwen, “Zhang Luping,” in Zhonggong dangshi renwu zhuan, vol. 27, 196.

284. His story is fascinating. See Rittenberg and Bennett, The Man Who Stayed Behind.

285. Barnouin and Yu, Zhou Enlai, 89–90; Chae-Jin Lee, Zhou Enlai: The Early Years, 1.

286. Gao, Hong taiyang shi zeyang shengqi de, 465.

287. Teiwes and Sun, “The Formation of the Maoist Leadership,” 374; Roderick MacFarquhar, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution, vol. 3: The Coming of the Cataclysm 1961–1966 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 292–93; Zeng, Zhongguo gongchandang zuzhishi ziliao, vol. 4, no. 1, 41; Vladimirov, The Vladimirov Diaries, 486, 488, 514, 517; Byron and Pack, Claws of the Dragon, 89, 192; Kai, Li Kenong, 295–96, 364.

288. Schoenhals, “A Brief History of the CID of the CCP,” 3; Chang, Chinese Communist Who’s Who, vol. 1, 172.

289. Schoenhals, “A Brief History of the CID of the CCP,” 3.

290. “Kang Sheng,” in Zhongguo Xiandaishi Renwu Zhuan, 734.

291. In 1947, Xiong warned of a planned Nationalist attack on Yan’an. John Gittings, “Xiong Xianghui” (obituary), The Guardian, September 25, 2005, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/sep/26/guardianobituaries.china. Kissinger held few illusions, writing to Nixon that the Chinese were “tough ideologues who totally disagree with us on where the world is going. At the same time, they are hard realists who calculate they need us because of a threatening Soviet Union, a resurgent Japan, and a potentially independent Taiwan.” “Kissinger’s Second Visit to China, October 1971,” from Xin Zhong-guo waijiao fengyun [The Diplomacy of New China], vol. 3, 9–70, https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//NSAEBB/NSAEBB70/doc21.pdf.

292. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 415; obituary, “Luo Qingchang.”

Chapter 3. Notable Spies of the Chinese Revolution and the Early PRC

1. John N. Hart, The Making of an Army “Old China Hand”: A Memoir of Colonel David D. Barrett (Berkeley: University of California Institute of East Asian Studies, 1985).

2. “Zhonggong Taiwan shuji Cai Xiaogan panbian, Taiwan dixia zuzhi quan jun fumo” [The defection of the CCP Taiwan secretary Cai Xiaogan sinks the entire Taiwan underground organization], Sohu News, May 26, 2014, http://history.sohu.com/20140526/n400044379.shtml.

3. Taylor, The Generalissimo, 370–71; “Zhonggong Taiwan shuji Cai Xiaogan panbian.”

4. “Zhonggong Taiwan shuji Cai Xiaogan panbian.”

5. “Zhonggong Taiwan shuji Cai Xiaogan panbian.”

6. Ian Easton, The Chinese Invasion Threat: Taiwan’s Defense and America’s Strategy in Asia (Arlington, VA: Project 2019 Institute, 2017), 48–52.

7. John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), 129.

8. James C. Van Hook, review of R. Bruce Craig, Treasonable Doubt: the Harry Dexter White Spy Case (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004), in Intelligence in Recent Public Literature, April 2007.

9. Haynes and Klehr, Venona, 139–40, 143–45.

10. Anne-Marie Brady, Making the Foreign Serve China: Managing Foreigners in the People’s Republic (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003), 195.

11. Edgar A. Porter, The People’s Doctor: George Hatem and China’s Revolution (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997), 249, 268; Ji Chaozhu, The Man on Mao’s Right (New York: Random House, 2008), 267.

12. John Pomfret, The Beautiful Country and the Middle Kingdom (New York: Henry Holt, 2016), 346–47, 644; Richard Trahair, Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004), 298; Frank Coe [柯弗兰], “Mao Zedong shi dangdai zui weida de Ma Kesi zhuyi zhe” (Mao Zedong Is the Greatest Marxist of the Modern Era), Renmin Ribao (People’s Daily), December 28, 1976, http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_ec9c21c00102vlco.html.

13. Mao and Jiang married on November 20, 1938. Pei Yiran, Hongse shenghuo shi: geming suiyue nei xie shi, 1921–1949 [Red Life: Those Years of Revolution, 1921–1949] (Taipei: Showwe Information Co. Ltd., 2015), 349. See also “Yang Yinlu’s Secret: Mao and Jiang’s Marriage Was Not a Failure of Choice,” March 3, 2013.

14. Zhou Hui, “Dong Jianwu,” in Zhonggong dangshi renwu zhuan, vol. 68, 323; Dong Xiafei and Dong Yunfei, Shenmi de Hongse Mushi, Dong Jianwu [The Mysterious Red Pastor, Dong Jianwu] (Beijing: Beijing Chubanshe, 2001), 1–2; Snow, Red Star Over China, 56.

15. Zhang Yiyu, ed., Shanghai Yinglie Zhuan Qi Zhuan [Biographies of Shanghai’s Brave Martyrs, vol. 7] (Shanghai: Zhonggong Shanghai Shiwei Dangshi Yanjiushi, and Shanghai Shi Minzheng Ju, 1991), 149–50.

16. Zhang, Shanghai Yinglie Zhuan Qi Zhuan, 150; Hong Kong Police Force, “Provisional List, Hong Kong Police Deaths in the Course of Duty, 1841–1941,” https://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/788/eng/n10.htm; Chan Lau Kitching, From Nothing to Nothing: The Chinese Communist Movement in Hong Kong, 1921–1936 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999), 179.

17. Zhang, Shanghai Yinglie Zhuan Qi Zhuan, 151.

18. Zhang, 151–52.

19. Zhang, 154–56.

20. Pomfret, The Beautiful Country and the Middle Kingdom, 346–47, 644; Trahair, Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations, 298.

21. Haynes and Klehr, Venona, 140.

22. Kai-yu Hsu, Chou En-lai: China’s Grey Eminence, 27, 45; Shinkichi Eto, “China’s International Relations, 1911–1931,” in Fairbank, Cambridge History of China, vol. 13, 109–10; Boorman, Biographical Dictionary of Republican China, 293–97; Josephine Fowler, Japanese and Chinese Immigrant Activists: Organizing in American and International Communist Movements (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2007), 51.

23. The account herein draws both on sources cited below and the hagiographic documentary “History Legend Dr. Ke Lin,” featured on China Central Television, August 12, 2016.

24. Xiao Zhihao, Zhonggong Tegong [Chinese Communist Special Operations] (Beijing: Shidai Wenxian Chubanshe, 2010), 205–6. Thanks to Dr. David Chambers for this reference.

25. Mu, Chen Geng Tongzhi zai Shanghai, 54–55, 58–59; Xiao, Zhonggong Tegong, 205.

26. Per these references, the former Fan Zhengbo residence is at the modern-day 淮海中路五二六弄, 43号 [No. 43, Lane 526, Huaihai Zhong Road].

27. Mu, Chen Geng Tongzhi zai Shanghai, 59–65; Mu Xin, Yinbi zhanxian tongshuai Zhou Enlai [Zhou Enlai, Guru of the Hidden Battlefront] (Beijing: Zhongguo Qingnian Chubanshe, 2002), 212–14; Zhou Enlai nianpu 1898–1949, 166–67; Kuo, Analytical History, vol. 2, 293–94; Xiao, Zhonggong Tegong, 205–6.

28. Xiao, Zhonggong Tegong, 204, 206; Hui Guisong, “Aomen Zhonggong dixia dang ren Ke Lin” [Ke Lin of the Macau CCP Underground Party], Guangxi Shenji, no. 5 (1999): 34.

29. Hui, “Aomen Zhonggong dixia dang ren Ke Lin,” 34–35.

30. Geoffrey C. Gunn, Encountering Macau: A Portuguese City-State on the Periphery of China, 1557–1999 (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996), 128–29.

31. Gunn, 153–55.

32. Vasco Silverio Marques and Anibal Mesquita Borges, O Ouro no Eixo Hong Kong Macau, 1946–1973 [The Gold on the Axis of Hong Kong and Macau, 1946–1973] (Macau: Instituto Português do Oriente, 2012), 183, 217, 237, 246, 488; Gunn, Encountering Macau, 145–46.

33. Xiao, Zhonggong Tegong, 206–7. Thanks to Macau historian João Guedes for his comments on this entry.

34. Ding Jizhong, “Li Qiang,” in Zhonggong dangshi renwu zhuan, vol. 72, 230–33.

35. Ding, 234–36.

36. Ding, 235–36.

37. Mu, Yinbi zhanxian tongshuai Zhou Enlai, 8–9.

38. Ding, “Li Qiang,” 237–38.

39. Ding, 238; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 2.

40. According to references on the web, the house is located at the modern address of Number 9, Alley 420, Yan’an West Road, Shanghai (中共中央第一个秘密电台旧址: 延安西路420弄 (原大西路福康里) 9号.

41. Ding, “Li Qiang,” 238–39.

42. Ding, 239–40; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 7.

43. Mu, Yinbi zhanxian tongshuai Zhou Enlai, 197–98.

44. Kuo, Analytical History, vol. 2, 292, 312; Mu, Yinbi zhanxian tongshuai Zhou Enlai, 187, 194–95; Liu, Zhou Enlai da cidian, 28–29; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 6–7; Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 100, 268–69.

45. Ding, “Li Qiang,” 240–41.

46. Ding, 241–43.

47. Ding, 241–44.

48. Ding, 244, 250.

49. Ding, 252–56.

50. Yibin Xinwen Wang [Yibin Sichuan, News Network]: Liu Ding, http://www.ybxww.com/content/2011–6/13/2011613190904_2.htm.

51. Yibin Xinwen Wang.

52. Intelligence training during Russian study tours was often included for some CCP cadre during this period. Interview with party historian, 2016.

53. Tong, Fengyu sishinian, vol. 1, 19–20.

54. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 6.

55. Yibin Xinwen Wang.

56. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 24–25; Kai, Li Kenong, 113–15; Zhou Enlai nianpu 1898–1949, 300–2 (entries for February 20 and March 5, 1936); Hans Van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945 (New York: Routledge, 2003), 170, 177–89; Wu Dianyao, “Liu Ding,” in Zhonggong dangshi renwu zhuan, vol. 43, 303. Thanks to Dr. David Chambers for drawing this reference to our attention.

57. Henan Guangbo Dianshi Daxue Xuebao [Journal of the Henan Radio and Television University], no. 3, 2005, http://baike.baidu.com/subview/159034/9278390.htm.

58. North University of China, http://new.nuc.edu.cn/xxgk/lrxz.htm.

59. Yibin Xinwen Wang.

60. Yibin Xinwen Wang.

61. Yibin Xinwen Wang.

62. Chang, Chinese Communist Who’s Who, vol. 2, 111–12.

63. Wilbur, “The Nationalist Revolution,” in Fairbank, Cambridge History of China, vol. 12, 694; Chang, Chinese Communist Who’s Who, vol. 2, 112; “Song juemi qingbao de qiren qigong Mo Xiong” [The Exceptional Talent and Rare Service of Mo Xiong], Renmin Wang, August 2013, http://dangshi.people.com.cn/n/2013/0815/c85037–22572055.html.

64. “Yifen juemi qingbao cushi hongjun tiaoshang changzhenglu” [Secret Intelligence Prompted Red Army to Embark on Long March].

65. Zhonggong Fujian Shengwei Xuanchuan Bu [Fujian CCP Committee Propaganda Department, ed.], Changzheng, Changzheng: Cong Min Xibei dao Shaanbei [Long March, Long March: From Northwest Fujian to Northern Shaanxi] (Fuzhou: Fujian Jiaoyu Chubanshe, 2006), 390–91.

66. Chang, Chinese Communist Who’s Who, vol. 2, 112.

67. “Nie Rongzhen,” in Shen, Zhongyang weiyuan, 612–13.

68. Timothy Cheek, “The Honorable Vocation: Intellectual Service in CCP Propaganda Institutions in Jin-Cha-Ji, 1937–1945,” in Saich and Van de Ven, New Perspectives on the Chinese Communist Revolution, 255–57; Vladimirov, The Vladimirov Diaries, 164.

69. “Nie Rongzhen,” in Klein and Clark, Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism, 2, 696–701; Xiaobing Li, China at War: An Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC CLIO, 2012), 322–23.

70. Liu, Zhou Enlai da cidian, 32; Larry Wortzel and Robin Higham, Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC CLIO, 1999), 188–89; “Yi kaiguo yuanshuai ceng zai Zhonggong Teke zuo tegong bei Mao Zedong xicheng wei Lu Zhishen” [Marshal of the nation’s founding was a special agent and nicknamed Lu Zhishen by Mao Zedong], January 25, 2016, http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/history/2016–01–25/doc-ifxnurxn9928426.shtml.

71. David Chambers is the author of a forthcoming biography of Pan Hannian and generously assisted the authors.

72. Chen Xiuliang, “Pan Hannian,” in Zhonggong dangshi renwu zhuan, vol. 25, 24.

73. Chen, 25.

74. Shu-mei Shih, The Lure of the Modern: Writing Modernism in Semicolonial China, 1917–1937 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 239, 256; Yin, Pan Hannian de qingbao shengya, 8, 14–15; Chen Xiulang, “Pan Hannian,” 26–28.

75. Yin, Pan Hannian de qingbao shengya, 8–9, 14–15; Chen, “Pan Hannian,” 31.

76. Yin, Pan Hannian de qingbao shengya, 73–77; Chen, “Pan Hannian,” 31–32.

77. Chen, “Pan Hannian,” 31–33.

78. Yin, Pan Hannian de qingbao shengya, 8, 14–15, 71–72; Van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China 1925–1945, 149, 164.

79. Chen, “Pan Hannian,” 34–35.

80. Wang Junyan, Liao Chengzhi zhuan [The Biography of Liao Chengzhi] (Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe, 2006), 48; Van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 181; Yin, Pan Hannian de qingbao shengya, 79–80.

81. Wang Junyan, Liao Chengzhi zhuan, 44; Yin, Pan Hannian de qingbao shengya, 90–92, 126–27; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 59–60; Chen, “Pan Hannian,” 35.

82. The KMT Juntong’s Research Institute on International Questions (Juntong Guoji Wenti Yanjiusuo).

83. The security training included basic points such as: don’t be photographed except for office business; don’t write letters to family or friends; and don’t discuss this work with anyone. Yin, Pan Hannian de qingbao shengya, 90, 92–94.

84. Kai, Li Kenong, 430.

85. Yin, Pan Hannian de qingbao shengya, 131–35, 139.

86. Li Shiqun requested that a family friend, Hu Xiufeng, be used for this work. She was already deployed elsewhere, but Pan discovered that her sister, Hu Xiumei was available.

87. Chen Xiuliang, “Pan Hannian,” in Zhonggong dangshi renwu zhuan, vol. 25, 41.

88. Kai, Li Kenong, 428–33; Yin, Pan Hannian de qingbao shengya, 158–60.

89. Yin, Pan Hannian de qingbao shengya, 185; Chen, “Pan Hannian,” 43.

90. John Burns, “The Structure of Communist Party Control in Hong Kong,” Asian Survey 30, no. 8 (August 1990), 749; Chen, “Pan Hannian,” 43–44.

91. Yin Qi, Pan Hannian Zhuan [The Biography of Pan Hannian] (Beijing: Zhongguo Renmin Gong’an Daxue Chubanshe, 1996), 283–84, 416–17.

92. Liu Shufa, ed., Chen Yi nianpu [The Annals of Chen Yi], vol. 2 (Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe, 1995), 672–73. This account of the period between the CCP National Conference (March 21–31, 1955) and the Fifth Plenum of the Seventh Central Committee, which began on April 4, omits Chen’s fatal encounters with Pan Hannian and Mao Zedong on April 1–2.

93. Mao Zedong, opening speech, National Conference of the Communist Party of China, March 21, 1955, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-5/mswv5_41.htm.

94. Yin, Pan Hannian Zhuan, 344–45; Mao, opening speech.

95. Yin, Pan Hannian Zhuan, 344–45.

96. Yin, 346–48.

97. Gu, Gong’an Gongzuo, 82–83; Zhang Yun, Pan Hannian Zhuan [Biography of Pan Hannian] (Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe, 1996), 317; Kai, Li Kenong, 406; Xuezhi, China’s Security State, 345–48; Yin, Pan Hannian de qingbao shengya, 348.

98. Gu, Gong’an Gongzuo, 83.

99. Yin, Pan Hannian de qingbao shengya, 220.

100. Kai, Li Kenong, 406–8.

101. Chambers, “Edging in from the Cold,” 34; Teiwes, Politics and Purges in China, 140–41.

102. Frederick Teiwes, Politics at Mao’s Court: Gao Gang and Party Factionalism in the Early 1950s (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1990), 131–34.

103. Kai, Li Kenong, 408.

104. Kai, 408–9.

105. Chen Jingtan, Xie gei Xianggang ren de Zhongguo xiandai shi [Modern History of China for Hong Kong People] (Hong Kong: Zhonghua Shu ju youxian gongsi, 2014), 198–200; Luo Linhu, “Pan Jing’an,” Renmin Wang, May 2, 2012, http://blog.people.com.cn/article/1335940968010.html; Hong Kong Apple Daily video, “Pan Jing’an Xianggang Jishi” (Chronicle of Pan Jing’an in Hong Kong), September 8, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kr7xTz65GwE.

106. Jiang Hongbin, “Song Qingling,” in Zhonggong dangshi renwu zhuan, vol. 28, 8–11.

107. “China: Whispers of Woe,” Time Magazine, May 30, 1927.

108. Located at the present-day address of 7 Xiangshan Road (香山路7号). Jiang, “Song Qingling,” 13; Baruch Hirson, Arthur Knodel, and Gregor Benton, Reporting the Chinese Revolution: The Letters of Rayna Prohme (Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press, 2007), 77–81.

109. Jiang, “Song Qingling,” 12–13.

110. Hirson, Knodel, and Benton, Reporting the Chinese Revolution, 12–13, 88–92, 96.

111. Jonathan Spence, The Search for Modern China (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1999), 343–44. Meiling’s sister, Ailing, married H. H. Kung (孔祥熙, Kong Xiangxi), the banker who later held ministerial posts and became the republic’s premier. Their brother, Paul T. V. Soong, (Song Ziwen, 宋子文) became the KMT Central Government’s finance minister and minister of foreign affairs. Daniel H. Bays, A New History of Christianity in China (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), 124–25.

112. Jiang, “Song Qingling,” 14; Kenneth R. Whiting, The Soviet Union Today: A Concise Handbook (New York: Praeger, 1966), 134, 155.

113. Jiang, “Song Qingling,” 15.

114. Jiang, “Song Qingling,” 18; Wakeman, Spymaster, 175–77.

115. Wakeman, Spymaster, 153, 449n110.

116. Wang, Liao Chengzhi Zhuan, 33–34, 678; Klein and Clark, Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism, 1921–1965, vol. 2, 783–84; Jiang, “Song Qingling,” 21.

117. Zhou Enlai nianpu 1898–1949, 301.

118. Jiang, “Song Qingling,” 28–29.

119. Snow, Red Star Over China, 16–17, 21–24, 42–43; Schram, Mao’s Road to Power, 152–53.

120. Jiang, “Song Qingling,” 41.

121. Jiang, 43.

122. Alexander V. Pantsov and Steven I. Levine, Deng Xiaoping: A Revolutionary Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 138.

123. Jiang, “Song Qingling,” 69–70; MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 576n3.

124. Soong Ch’ing-ling, “Women’s Liberation in China,” Peking Review, February 11, 1972, https://www.marxists.org/subject/china/peking-review/1972/PR1972–06a.htm.

125. Hu, Zhongguo Xibu mimi zhan, 341–42.

126. Hu, 343–45.

127. Hu, 344–46; Hu Jie and Sun Guoda, “Wo Dang qingbao shishang de yici da jienan” [A catastrophe in the history of our party’s intelligence services], Beijing Ribao [Beijing Daily], August 31, 2009, http://theory.people.com.cn/GB/9953216.htm; Hao Zaijin, “Gongchandang de qingbao gongzuo yizhi bi Guomindang gaoming” [The Communist Party’s Intelligence Works has Always Been Brilliant Compared to the KMT], June 8, 2015, https://www.boxun.com/news/gb/z_special/2015/06/201506081843.shtml.

128. Confidential document.

129. Nu Jiaotong Yuan [The Woman Courier] (Changchun: Changchun dianying zhipian chang, 1977), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OH1nfXaOGqY. Although Wang was a courier in World War II, the film was set a few years later during the Chinese civil war.

130. Dianying “Nu Jiaotong Yuan” yuanxing Wang Xirong jinri lishi [Inspiration for the film “The Woman Courier” Wang Xirong passed away today], November 4, 2011, http://dlguodj.blog.163.com/blog/static/468443332011104104245168/.

131. Author interviews with Madame Wang Xirong, August 2008, arranged courtesy of the Dalian Municipal Government.

132. Author interviews; film, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OH1nfXaOGqY.

133. Author interviews.

134. Author interviews; CRI Online, “Nu Jiaotong Yuan,” http://gb.cri.cn/3821/2005/07/05/1545@608488.htm.

135. Ying Ruocheng and Claire Conceison, Voices Carry: Behind Bars and Backstage During China’s Cultural Revolution (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009).

136. Schoenhals, Spying for the People, 150–51, 225.

137. Some sources date Zeng’s entry into the Hong Kong Police as 1947 and some as 1948. “Zao zhu chujing Xianggang di yi jiandie Zeng Zhaoke qushi” [Zeng Zhaoke, Hong Kong’s first spy who was expelled, dies], Apple Nextmedia, December 29, 2014, http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20141229/18984529; Gene Gleason, Hong Kong (New York: John Day Company, 1963), 109.

138. Steve Tsang, “Target Zhou Enlai: The ‘Kashmir Princess’ Incident of 1955,” The China Quarterly no. 139 (September 1994): 775.

139. Gleason, Hong Kong, 109.

140. “High profile funeral for ‘James Bond’,” The Standard (Hong Kong), December 30, 2014, http://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news.php?id=152765&;story_id=43611882&d_str=20141230&sid=4.

141. “Zao zhu chujing Xianggang di yi jiandie Zeng Zhaoke qushi”; Gleason, Hong Kong, 109. The courier was rumored to have been carrying instructions from a controller in Macau. There may be more to this story since carrying a lot of cash would not seem unusual for someone arriving from Macau, a gambling haven.

142. Wen Hui Po (Wenhui Bao), December 26, 2006, http://paper.wenweipo.com/2006/12/26/CH0612260002.htm.

143. Wen Hui Po.

144. Interview with a Western diplomat based in China during the 1980s and 1990s.

145. Guan Qingning, “Wo suo zhidaode Zeng Zhaoke xiansheng” [Zeng Zhaoke as I knew him], Ming Pao, January 19, 2015, https://news.mingpao.com.

146. MacFarquhar, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution, vol. 3, 205–6; Gleason, Hong Kong, 110–11.

147. Maochun Yu, OSS in China, 43–44; Feng Kaiwen, “Zhang Luping,” in Zhong-gong dangshi renwu zhuan, vol. 27, 196–97, 199–202, 206–7.

Chapter 4. Economic Espionage Cases

1. Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 219–20.

2. Hannas, Mulvenon, and Puglisi, Chinese Industrial Espionage, 13–14, 189–90.

3. Grant Rodgers, “FBI: Plot to Steal Seed Corn a National Security Threat,” Des Moines Register, March 29, 2015, https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/crime-and-courts/2015/03/29/seed-corn-theft-plot-national-security-fbi/70643462.

4. “DBN Biotech,” www.dbnbc.com/en/nlist.asp?ncid=15&;c=2&stl=0.

5. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, “Chinese National Pleads Guilty to Conspiring to Violate Arms Export Control Act,” December 15, 2014, https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/chinese-national-pleads-guilty-conspiring-violate-arms-export-control-act.

6. Department of Justice, “Chinese Nationals Sentenced in New Mexico for Conspiring to Violate Arms Export Control Act,” April 23, 2015, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-nationals-sentenced-new-mexico-conspiring-violate-arms-export-control-act.

7. “Chinese Nationals Sentenced.”

8. “Chinese Nationals Sentenced.”

9. U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, 2012, United States of America v. Hui Sheng Shen and Huan Ling Chang—Amended Complaint, https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/nj/Press/files/pdffiles/2012/Shen,%20Hui%20Sheng%20and%20Chang,%20Ling%20Huan%20amended%20Complaint.pdf.

10. Department of Justice, “Summary of Major U.S. Export Enforcement, Economic Espionage, Trade Secret and Embargo-Related Criminal Cases (January 2009 to the Present: Updated May 13, 2015),” May 2015, https://www.justice.gov/file/438491/download.

11. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “California Couple Charged with Conspiring to Export Sensitive Technology to People’s Republic of China,” October 15, 2010, https://www.fbi.gov/losangeles/press-releases/2010/la101510–1.htm.

12. “Summary of Major U.S. Cases (January 2009 to the Present).”

13. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Chinese Man Found Guilty of Illegally Exporting Sensitive Thermal-Imaging Technology to China,” https://www.fbi.gov/losangeles/press-releases/2009/la022309usa.htm; Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Three Sentenced to Federal Prison for Illegally Exporting Highly Sensitive U.S. Technology to China,” https://www.fbi.gov/losangeles/press-releases/2009/la080409.htm.

14. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Chinese Man Found Guilty of Illegally Exporting Sensitive Thermal-Imaging Technology to China”; Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Three Sentenced to Federal Prison for Illegally Exporting Highly Sensitive U.S. Technology to China.”

15. Eileen M. Albanese, U.S. Department of Commerce, “Order Denying Export Privileges,” November 27, 2007. https://efoia.bis.doc.gov/index.php/documents/export-violations/412-e2020/file.

16. Robert E. Kessler, “N.Y. Man Charged with Illegal Export of Military Parts—Equipment Headed for China in Shipment of Scrap,” Seattle Times, January 6, 1998, http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19980106&;slug=2727275.

17. Kessler.

18. Andrew Backover, “Feds: Trio Stole Lucent’s Trade Secrets,” USA Today, May 3, 2001, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2001–05–03-lucent-scientists-china.htm; “New Indictment Expands Charges Against Former Lucent Scientists Accused of Passing Trade Secrets to Chinese Company,” April 11, 2002, https://www.justice.gov/archive/criminal/cybercrime/press-releases/2002/lucentSupIndict.htm.

19. Jeffrey Gold, “Firm Guilty of Stealing Lucent Information,” The Record, March 18, 2005.

20. “集团介绍-中国电子科技集团公司,” http://www.cetc.com.cn/zgdzkj/_300891/_300895/index.html.

21. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security, “Entity List: Supplement No. 4 to Part 744 of the Export Administration Regulations,” September 20, 2016, https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/policy-guidance/lists-of-parties-of-concern/entity-list.

22. “U.S. Nuclear Engineer, China General Nuclear Power Company and Energy Technology International Indicted in Nuclear Power Conspiracy against the United States,” https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-nuclear-engineer-china-general-nuclear-power-company-and-energy-technology-international. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-nuclear-engineer-pleads-guilty-violating-atomic-energy-act.

23. Department of Justice, “Former Boeing Engineer Charged with Economic Espionage in Theft of Space Shuttle Secrets for China,” February 11, 2008, https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2008/February/08_nsd_106.html.

24. Rob Davies, “Espionage Arrest of Nuclear Engineer Fuels U.S. Suspicions of Chinese Tactics,” The Guardian, August 11, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/aug/11/espionage-arrest-of-nuclear-engineer-fuels-us-suspicions-of-chinese-tactics.

25. John R. Wilke, “Two Silicon Valley Cases Raise Fears of Chinese Espionage—Authorities Suspect Alleged Trade-Secret Thefts Tied to Government-Controlled Companies,” Wall Street Journal, January 15, 2003.

26. Department of Justice, “Major U.S. Export Enforcement Prosecutions During the Past Two Years,” October 28, 2008, https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2008/October/08-nsd-959.html.

27. “Major U.S. Export Enforcement Prosecutions.”

28. Troy Graham, “Camden Firm Pleads Guilty to Missile-Parts Export State Metal Industries Sold the Scrap, Officials Said, to a Company with Ties to China,” Philadelphia Inquirer, June 15, 2006.

29. Cleopatra Andreadis, “Couple Charged: Sold GM Secrets to China?” ABC News, July 23, 2010, http://abcnews.go.com/TheLaw/Business/michigan-couple-charged-corporate-espionage/story?id=11236400.

30. Jonathan Stempel, “Former GM Engineer, Husband Sentenced in Trade Secret Theft Case,” Reuters, May 1, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/generalmotors-tradesecrets-sentencing-idUSL2N0DI25Z20130501.

31. “Major U.S. Export Enforcement Prosecutions.”

32. “Summary of Major U.S. Cases (January 2009 to the Present).”

33. Josh Gerstein, “Spy Charges In High-Stakes Microchip Race,” The New York Sun, June 19, 2006, http://www.nysun.com/national/spy-charges-in-high-stakes-microchip-race/34620/.

34. Howard Mintz, “Silicon Valley Espionage Case Only Second of Kind in Nation to Go to Trial,” San Jose Mercury News, October 18, 2009, http://www.mercurynews.com/2009/10/18/silicon-valley-espionage-case-only-second-of-kind-in-nation-to-go-to-trial/.

35. Howard Mintz, “Federal Jury Deadlocks on Most of Espionage Case against Two Silicon Valley Engineers,” San Jose Mercury News, November 20, 2009, http://www.mercurynews.com/2009/11/20/federal-jury-deadlocks-on-most-of-espionage-case-against-two-silicon-valley-engineers/.

36. Mintz; “North Wales Man Sentenced For Illegally Exporting Goods,” January 17, 2013, https://www.justice.gov/usao-edpa/pr/north-wales-man-sentenced-illegally-exporting-goods.

37. Peter Boylan, “Secrets Sold: ‘I Did It for the Money’,” Honolulu Advertiser, October 28, 2005.

38. Mark A. Kellner, “Engineer Pleads Not Guilty in Espionage Case,” Air Force Times, November 27, 2006, 44.

39. “Hawaii Man Sentenced to 32 Years in Prison for Providing Defense Information and Services to People’s Republic of China,” U.S. Federal News Service, January 25, 2011, http://search.proquest.com/docview/847323491/citation/77C368FB08EB4D70PQ/2.

40. “Hawaii Man Sentenced.”

41. “Chinese Man Found Guilty.”

42. “Three Sentenced to Federal Prison.”

43. Mortimer, “Maryland Woman Charged with ITAR Offences.”

44. Burnett, “U.S. Export Enforcement Examples.” Undated.

45. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security, “Order Relating to Yaming Nina Qi Hanson,” July 15, 2013, https://efoia.bis.doc.gov/index.php/component/docman/doc_view/868-e2332?Itemid=.

46. “Summary of Major U.S. Export Enforcement, Economic Espionage, Trade Secret and Embargo-Related Criminal Cases (January 2009 to the Present: Updated May 13, 2015).”

47. John Shiffman and Duff Wilson, “Special Report: How China’s Weapon Snatchers Are Penetrating U.S. Defenses,” Reuters, December 17, 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/breakout-sting-idUSL2N0JV1UV20131217.

48. “Summary of Major U.S. Cases (January 2009 to the Present).”

49. Rob Davies, “Who Is the U.S. Engineer Accused of Nuclear Espionage?” The Guardian, August 11, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/aug/11/nuclear-consultant-accused-espionage-china-us-szuhsiung-allen-ho; Maria L. La Ganga, “Nuclear Espionage Charge for China Firm with One-Third Stake in UK’s Hinkley Point,” The Guardian, August 10, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/aug/11/nuclear-espionage-charge-for-china-firm-with-one-third-stake-in-hinkley-point.

50. “U.S. Nuclear Engineer, China General Nuclear Power Company and Energy Technology International Indicted in Nuclear Power Conspiracy against the United States,” https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-nuclear-engineer-china-general-nuclear-power-company-and-energy-technology-international.

51. Department of Justice, “U.S. and Chinese Defendants Charged with Economic Espionage and Theft of Trade Secrets in Connection with Conspiracy to Sell Trade Secrets to Chinese Companies,” https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-and-chinese-defendants-charged-economic-espionage-andtheft-trade-secrets-connection.

52. Christopher Marquis, “2 Arrested in Case on Selling Encryption Device,” New York Times, August 30, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/30/us/2-arrested-in-case-on-selling-encryption-device.html.

53. Gail Gibson, “Chinese Nationals Held in Attempted Export of Encryption Devices,” Baltimore Sun, August 30, 2001, http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2001–08–30/news/0108300163_1_encryption-hsu-undercover-agents.

54. “Two Are Sentenced for Trying to Export Encryption Device,” Associated Press, October 20, 2002.

55. Paul Shukovsky, “Charge against Bellevue Man Linked to Spy Case,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, March 7, 2005, http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Charge-against-Bellevue-man-linked-to-spy-case-1168039.php.

56. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, “Select ICE Arms and Strategic Technology Investigations,” November 2006, http://fas.org/asmp/iceasti.htm.

57. “Eastside News: Guilty Plea for Illegal Exports,” The Seattle Times, http://old.seattletimes.com/html/eastsidenews/2002669960_hsy07e.html.

58. U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Western District of Washington, “Bellevue Man Sentenced for Violating Arms Export Act: Illegally Exported Night Vision Goggles to Taiwan—Co-Conspirator Sent Them to China,” March 23, 2006, https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/waw/press/2006/mar/hsy.html.

59. “Summary of Major U.S. Cases (January 2009 to the Present).”

60. Department of Justice, “Chinese Business Owner, Employee Plead Guilty, Sentenced for Stealing Trade Secrets from Sedalia Plant,” https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdmo/pr/chinese-business-owner-employee-plead-guilty-sentenced-stealing-trade-secrets-sedalia.

61. Christopher Drew, “New Breed of Spy Steals Employer’s Secrets U.S. Companies at Risk of Spying by Own Workers,” New York Times, October 17, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/18/business/global/18espionage.html.

62. Jeremy Pelofsky, “Chinese Man Pleads Guilty for U.S. Trade Secret Theft,” Reuters, October 18, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-crime-china-theft-idUSTRE79H78R20111018.

63. Department of Justice, “Chinese National Sentenced to 87 Months in Prison for Economic Espionage and Theft of Trade Secrets,” https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-national-sentenced-87-months-prison-economic-espionage-and-theft-trade-secrets.

64. “California Couple Charged.”

65. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security, “Order Relating to Leping Huang, A.K.A. Nicole Huang, A.K.A. Nicola Huang,” June 12, 2012, https://efoia.bis.doc.gov/index.php/component/docman/doc_view/782-e2272?Itemid=.

66. “Chinese National Sentenced.”

67. Matt Richtel, “Handful of Indictments Over Technology,” New York Times, January 15, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/15/business/handful-of-indictments-over-technology.html.

68. “About Us_CETC 54,” http://en.cti.ac.cn/About_Us/.

69. Laurie J. Flynn, “Chinese Businessman Acquitted of Illegal High-Technology Exports,” New York Times, May 10, 2005, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html.

70. Jason Keyser, “Motorola Trade Secrets Thief Gets 4-Year Term,” Associated Press, August 29, 2012, http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/technology/story/2012–08–29/motorola-trade-secrets-thief/57409376/1.

71. Richard Posner, United States of America v. Hanjuan Jin, Dissent U.S. Court of Appeals for Seventh Circuit, 2013.

72. “Summary of Major U.S. Cases (January 2009 to the Present).”

73. Keyser, “Motorola Trade Secrets Thief Gets 4-Year Term”; Posner, United States of America v. Hanjuan Jin.

74. Erin Ailworth, “Files Trace Betrayal of a Prized China-Mass. Partnership,” Boston Globe, July 10, 2013, https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/07/09/global-chase-cracked-corporate-espionage-case/8HC7wKBJezDkNFNSWB5dFO/story.html.

75. Michael Riley and Ashlee Vance, “Inside the Chinese Boom in Corporate Espionage,” Bloomberg.com, March 15, 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012–03–15/inside-the-chinese-boom-in-corporate-espionage.

76. Kevin Poulsen, “Chinese Spying Claimed in Purchases of NSA Crypto Gear,” Wired, July 9, 2009, https://www.wired.com/2009/07/export/.

77. Jeremy Pelofsky, “Chinese Man Convicted on U.S. Smuggling Charges,” Reuters, May 12, 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-smuggling-idUSTRE64B61V20100512.

78. Poulsen, “Chinese Spying Claimed in Purchases of NSA Crypto Gear.”

79. Pelofsky, “Chinese Man Convicted on U.S. Smuggling Charges.”

80. United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, United States v. Chi Tong Kuok, http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1591353.html.

81. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Chinese Man Indicted for Attempting to Illegally Export Thermal Imaging Cameras,” https://www.fbi.gov/cincinnati/press-releases/2009/i061009.htm; “Summary of Major U.S. Cases (January 2009 to the Present).”

82. Department of Justice, “Summary of Major U.S. Export Enforcement, Economic Espionage, Trade Secret, and Embargo-Related Criminal Cases (January 2010 to the Present: Updated June 27, 2016),” June 28, 2016, https://www.justice.gov/nsd/files/export_case_list_june_2016_2.pdf/download.

83. Gerstein, “Spy Charges in High-Stakes Microchip Race.”

84. Mintz, “Silicon Valley Espionage Case Only Second of Kind in Nation to Go to Trial.”

85. Mintz, “Federal Jury Deadlocks on Most of Espionage Case against Two Silicon Valley Engineers.”

86. Some former U.S. officials believe Dr. Lee was involved with the Chinese intelligence services; however, no public information corroborated these assertions. Therefore, the Lee case appears in this chapter rather those involving the intelligence services.

87. The Peter Lee Case: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Courts of the Committee on the Judiciary, Senate 106th Cong. 2 (2000).

88. “Summary of Major U.S. Export Enforcement, Economic Espionage, Trade Secret, and Embargo-Related Criminal Cases (January 2010 to the Present: Updated June 27, 2016).”

89. U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Virginia, “Chinese Nationals Sentenced 24 Months for Illegally Attempting to Export RadiationHardened Microchips to the PRC,” https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/vae/news/2011/09/20110930Chinesenr.html; “Two Chinese Nationals Charged with Illegally Attempting to Export Military Satellite Components to the PRC,” https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/two-chinese-nationals-charged-illegally-attempting-export-military-satellite-components-prc.

90. “Woman Charged in Effort to Smuggle O.C. Sensors,” Associated Press, October 18, 2007, http://www.ocregister.com/articles/company-78962-china-san.html.

91. Department of Justice, “Woman Charged in Plot to Illegally Export Military Accelerometers to China,” October 18, 2007, https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2007/October/07_nsd_833.html.

92. “Woman Charged in Effort to Smuggle O.C. Sensors.”

93. “Summary of Major U.S. Cases (January 2009 to the Present).”

94. David Martin, “Unraveling the Great Chinese Corn Seed Spy Ring,” Al-Jazeera America, October 6, 2014, http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/america-tonight/articles/2014/10/6/unraveling-the-greatchinesecornseedspyring.html.

95. “Couple Charged in Export Fraud,” Courier Post, July 30, 2004.

96. Graham, “Camden Firm Pleads Guilty.”

97. “Summary of Major U.S. Cases (January 2009 to the Present)”; David Voreacos, “Former Sanofi Chemist Gets 18 Months for Trade Secrets Theft,” Bloomberg.com, May 7, 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012–05–07/former-sanofi-chemist-gets-18-months-for-trade-secrets-theft-1-.

98. “Summary of Major U.S. Cases (January 2009 to the Present); R. Scott Moxley, “Huntington Beach Businessman Nailed for Exporting Thermal Imaging Cameras to China,” OC Weekly, April 25, 2012, http://www.ocweekly.com/news/huntington-beach-businessman-nailed-for-exporting-thermal-imaging-cameras-to-china-6464727.

99. Steve Chawkins, “Thousand Oaks Arms Exporter Is Sentenced,” Los Angeles Times, December 16, 2003, http://articles.latimes.com/2003/dec/16/local/me-vnexport16.

100. “Select ICE Arms and Strategic Technology Investigations.”

101. “U.S. and Chinese Defendants Charged.”

102. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Walter Liew Sentenced to 15 Years in Prison for Economic Espionage,” https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/sanfrancisco/news/press-releases/walter-liew-sentenced-to-15-years-in-prisonfor-economic-espionage.

103. Backover, “Feds: Trio Stole Lucent’s Trade Secrets”; Department of Justice, “New Indictment Expands Charges Against Former Lucent Scientists Accused of Passing Trade Secrets to Chinese Company,” April 11, 2002, https://www.justice.gov/archive/criminal/cybercrime/press-releases/2002/lucentSupIndict.htm.

104. Gold, “Firm Guilty of Stealing Lucent Information.”

105. Gold.

106. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Former Employee of New Jersey Defense Contractor Sentenced to 70 Months in Prison for Exporting Sensitive Military Technology to China,” https://www.fbi.gov/newark/press-releases/2013/former-employee-of-new-jersey-defense-contractor-sentenced-to-70-monthsin-prison-for-exporting-sensitive-military-technology-to-china.

107. Bill Singer, “Industrial Espionage at Dow Chemical,” Forbes, February 8, 2011, http://www.forbes.com/sites/billsinger/2011/02/08/industrial-espionage-dow/.

108. Department of Justice, “Former Dow Research Scientist Sentenced to 60 Months in Prison for Stealing Trade Secrets and Perjury,” January 13, 2012, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-dow-research-scientist-sentenced-60-months-prison-stealing-trade-secrets-and-perjury.

109. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Former Connecticut Resident Charged with Attempting to Travel to China with Stolen U.S. Military Program Documents,” December 9, 2014, https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/newhaven/news/press-releases/former-connecticut-resident-charged-withattempting-to-travel-to-china-with-stolen-u.s.-military-program-documents.

110. “Summary of Major U.S. Cases (January 2009 to the Present).”

111. “Summary of Major U.S. Cases (January 2009 to the Present).”

112. “U.S. and Chinese Defendants Charged.”

113. Department of Justice, “Two Individuals and Company Found Guilty of Conspiracy to Sell Trade Secrets to Chinese Companies,” https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/two-individuals-and-company-found-guilty-conspiracy-sell-trade-secrets-chinese-companies.

114. Wendell Minnick, “Chinese National Convicted of Export Violations,” Defense News, June 10, 2016, http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/international/2016/06/10/chinese-national-convicted-export-violations/85695920/.

115. Department of Justice, “California Resident Convicted of Conspiring to Illegally Export Fighter Jet Engines and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle to China,” https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/california-resident-convicted-conspiring-illegally-export-fighter-jet-engines-and-unmanned.

116. Wendell Minnick, “China Accused of Trying to Acquire Fighter Engines, UAV,” Defense News, October 27, 2015, http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/policy-budget/industry/2015/10/27/china-accused-trying-acquire-fighter-engines-uav/74676946/.

117. Associated Press, “California Woman Sentenced for Conspiring to Send China Military Gear,” The Guardian, August 20, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/aug/20/us-military-equipment-export-china-wenxia-man-sentencing.

118. Jaikumar Vijayan, “Former DuPont Researcher Hit with Federal Data Theft Charges,” Reuters, October 7, 2009, http://www.reuters.com/article/urnidgns852573c40069388000257647006e70d-idUS416454660020091007.

119. Randy Boswell, “Canadian in Silicon Valley Charged with Spying, Theft: Technology Worker Accused of Trying to Sell Stolen Flight Simulation Software,” Vancouver Sun, December 15, 2006; Connie Skipitares, “Cupertino Man Charged in Alleged Theft of Trade Secrets,” San Jose Mercury News, December 14, 2006.

120. Howard Mintz, “Silicon Valley Engineer Sentenced for Economic Espionage,” The Mercury News, June 18, 2008, http://www.mercurynews.com/2008/06/18/silicon-valley-engineer-sentenced-for-economic-espionage/.

121. Martin, “Unraveling the Great Chinese Corn Seed Spy Ring.”

122. John Eligon and Patrick Zuo, “U.S. Suspects Chinese in Theft of Seed Research,” New York Times, February 6, 2014.

123. Davies, “Espionage Arrest of Nuclear Engineer Fuels U.S. Suspicions of Chinese Tactics.”

124. Davies.

125. Grant Rodgers, “FBI: Plot to Steal Seed Corn a National Security Threat,” Des Moines Register, March 30, 2015, http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/crime-and-courts/2015/03/29/seed-corn-theft-plot-national-security-fbi/70643462/.

126. “Two S. Koreans Charged with Arms Export to China,” Washington Times, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/may/10/20040510-113348-1076r/.

127. “Summary of Major U.S. Cases (January 2009 to the Present).”

128. “Summary of Major U.S. Cases (January 2009 to the Present).”

129. Andreadis, “Couple Charged.”

130. Stempel, “Former GM Engineer, Husband Sentenced in Trade Secret Theft Case.”

131. “Summary of Major U.S. Cases (January 2009 to the Present).”

132. Marius Meland, “TSMC Refiles Trade-Secret Suit vs. Mainland Foundry,” Law360, July 28, 2004, http://www.law360.com/articles/1857/tsmc-refiles-trade-secret-suit-vs-mainland-foundry.

133. Marius Meland, “Asian Chip Makers Settle Trade-Secrets, Patent Suit in $175M Deal,” Law360, January 31, 2005, http://www.law360.com/articles/2941/asian-chip-makers-settle-trade-secrets-patent-suit-in-175m-deal.

134. Dan Nystedt, “TSMC in US$290M Settlement with China’s Biggest Chip Maker,” PCWorld, November 10, 2009, http://www.pcworld.com/article/181803/article.html.

135. Richtel, “Handful of Indictments Over Technology.”

136. Wilke, “Two Silicon Valley Cases Raise Fears of Chinese Espionage.”

137. K. Oanh Ha, “Stealing a Head Start: Trade Secrets Lost to Students, Businessmen, Researchers,” San Jose Mercury News, September 28, 2006.

138. Jay Solomon, “Phantom Menace: FBI Sees Big Threat from Chinese Spies; Businesses Wonder; Bureau Adds Manpower, Builds Technology-Theft Cases; Charges of Racial Profiling; Mixed Feelings at 3DGeo,” Wall Street Journal, August 10, 2005.

139. “Summary of Major U.S. Cases (January 2009 to the Present).”

140. “San Jose Company Indicted for Illegal Exports,” Silicon Valley Business Journal, May 31, 2004, http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2004/05/31/daily34.html.

141. Henry K. Lee, “Cupertino Man Gets 2 Years for Exporting Military Technology to China,” SFGate, December 5, 2007, http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Cupertino-man-gets-2-years-for-exporting-military-3235173.php.

142. Department of Justice, “Virginia Physicist Arrested for Illegally Exporting Space Launch Data to China and Offering Bribes to Chinese Officials,” September 24, 2008, https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2008/September/08-nsd-851.html.

143. Department of Justice, “Virginia Physicist Sentenced to 51 Months in Prison for Illegally Exporting Space Launch Data to China and Offering Bribes to Chinese Officials,” April 7, 2009, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/virginia-physicist-sentenced-51-months-prison-illegally-exporting-spacelaunch-data-china-and.

144. “Guilty Plea for Illegal Exports.”

145. “Select ICE Arms and Strategic Technology Investigations.”

146. “Guilty Plea for Illegal Exports.”

147. “Bellevue Man Sentenced for Violating Arms Export Act.”

148. U.S. District Court for the District of Oregon, 2011, United States of America v. Wan Li Yuan and Jiang Song—indictment.

149. Hannas, Mulvenon, and Puglisi, Chinese Industrial Espionage, 79.

150. “Overseas Talents Wooed to Improve Social Management,” Xinhua News Agency—CEIS, February 23, 2012, http://search.proquest.com/docview/923237960/abstract/387BA67931074398PQ/17.

151. “China Engages Foreign Experts in Rural Development,” Xinhua News Agency—CEIS, December 31, 2006.

152. “New Programs Envisioned to Import Foreign Experts,” China Today, March 5, 2012, http://search.proquest.com/docview/1222299381/citation/E8BF44F3B18F4C87PQ/107.

153. Han Ximin, “Over 4,500 Overseas Exhibitors at CIEP,” Shenzhen Daily, April 15, 2016, 500, http://search.proquest.com/docview/1785209702/abstract/E8BF44F3B18F4C87PQ/221.

154. “China to Recruit up to 1,000 High-Caliber Overseas Experts in 10 Years,” Xinhua News Agency—CEIS, January 10, 2012, http://search.proquest.com/docview/915067667/abstract/E8BF44F3B18F4C87PQ/51.

155. Authors’ interviews, Washington, DC, June 2016.

156. Department of Justice, “Sinovel Corporation and Three Individuals Charged in Wisconsin with Theft of AMSC Trade Secrets,” https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/sinovel-corporation-and-three-individuals-charged-wisconsintheft-amsc-trade-secrets.

157. “Sinovel Corporation and Three Individuals Charged.”

158. “Sinovel Corporation and Three Individuals Charged.”

159. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Three Sentenced to Federal Prison for Illegally Exporting Highly Sensitive U.S. Technology to China,” https://www.fbi.gov/losangeles/press-releases/2009/la080409.htm.

160. Kaitlin Gurney, “Pair Accused of Exporting Sensitive Goods to China,” Philadelphia Inquirer, July 30, 2004.

161. Graham, “Camden Firm Pleads Guilty.”

162. “U.S. Charges Five Chinese Military Hackers for Cyber Espionage Against U.S. Corporations and a Labor Organization for Commercial Advantage,” accessed September 23, 2016, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-charges-five-chinese-military-hackers-cyber-espionage-against-us-corporationsand-labor.

163. Martin, “Unraveling the Great Chinese Corn Seed Spy Ring.”

164. Eligon and Zuo, “U.S. Suspects Chinese in Theft of Seed Research.”

165. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Six Chinese Nationals Indicted for Conspiring to Steal Trade Secrets from U.S. Seed Companies,” https://www.fbi.gov/omaha/press-releases/2013/six-chinese-nationals-indicted-for-conspiring-to-steal-trade-secrets-from-u.s.-seed-companies.

166. U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, 2008, United States of America v. Wavelab, Inc.—Plea Agreement.

167. “Summary of Major U.S. Cases (January 2009 to the Present).”

168. Department of Justice, “Woman Sentenced for Illegally Exporting Electronics Components Used in Military Radar, Electronic Warfare and Missile Systems to China,” https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/woman-sentenced-illegally-exporting-electronics-components-used-military-radar-electronic; Department of Justice, “Two Chinese Nationals Convicted of Illegally Exporting Electronics Components Used in Military Radar and Electronic Warfare,” https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/two-chinese-nationals-convicted-illegally-exporting-electronics-components-used-military.

169. “Two Chinese Nationals Convicted of Illegally Exporting Electronics Components Used in Military Radar and Electronic Warfare.”

170. “Two Chinese Nationals Convicted of Illegally Exporting Electronics Components”; Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Chinese National Sentenced for Illegally Exporting Military Electronics Components,” https://www.fbi.gov/boston/press-releases/2013/chinese-national-sentenced-for-illegally-exporting-military-electronics-components.

171. United States Attorney’s Office, Eastern District of Virginia, “Chinese Nationals Sentenced 24 Months for Illegally Attempting to Export Radiation-Hardened Microchips to the PRC,” September 30, 2011, https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/vae/news/2011/09/20110930Chinesenr.html; “Two Chinese Nationals Charged with Illegally Attempting to Export Military Satellite Components to the PRC.”

172. U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, United States of America v. Bing Xu, INDICTMENT.

173. Department of Justice, “Chinese National Sentenced to 22 Months in Prison for Trying to Buy Night Vision Technology for Export to China,” July 1, 2009, https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/usao-nj/legacy/2013/11/29/xu0701%20rel.pdf.

174. Backover, “Feds: Trio Stole Lucent’s Trade Secrets”; “New Indictment Expands Charges Against Former Lucent Scientists Accused of Passing Trade Secrets to Chinese Company.”

175. Gold, “Firm Guilty of Stealing Lucent Information.”

176. John Shiffman and Sam Wood, “7 Indicted in Export of Military Circuitry,” Philadelphia Inquirer, July 2, 2004.

177. “Four Owners/Operators of Mount Laurel Company Sentenced for Illegally Selling National-Security Sensitive Items to Chinese Interests,” U.S. Federal News Service, May 1, 2006.

178. “Four Owners/Operators of Mount Laurel Company Sentenced.”

179. “Summary of Major U.S. Cases (January 2009 to the Present).”

180. Terry Baynes, “Ex-CME Programmer Pleads Guilty to Trade Secret Theft,” Reuters, September 20, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-cme-theft-plea-idUSBRE88J02U20120920.

181. Kim Janssen, “Chinese Immigrant Spared Prison for Chicago Merc Trade Secrets Theft,” Chicago Sun-Times, March 3, 2015, http://chicago.suntimes.com/news/chinese-immigrant-spared-prison-for-chicago-merc-trade-secrets-theft/.

182. “Major U.S. Export Enforcement Prosecutions.”

183. Mike Carter, “Woodinville Man Pleads Guilty to Attempted Sale of Banned Technology to China,” The Seattle Times, March 24, 2011, http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/woodinville-man-pleads-guilty-to-attempted-sale-of-banned-technology-to-china/; Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Washington Man Charged in Connection with Attempts to Ship Sensitive Military Technology to China Man Arrested in FBI Sting Operation After Attempting to Smuggle Parts Out of United States,” https://www.fbi.gov/seattle/press-releases/2010/se120610.htm.

184. Sindhu Sundar, “Wash. Man Gets 18 Months for Satellite Smuggling Plan,” Law 360, October 28, 2011, http://www.law360.com/articles/281685/wash-man-gets-18-months-for-satellite-smuggling-plan.

185. “Major U.S. Export Enforcement Prosecutions.”

186. Gibson, “Chinese Nationals Held in Attempted Export of Encryption Devices.”

187. Marquis, “2 Arrested in Case on Selling Encryption Device”; Joe Eaton, “Court Upholds Convictions of Men Who Tried to Export Military Goods to China,” Capital News Service, April 15, 2004, https://cnsmaryland.org/2004/04/15/court-upholds-convictions-of-men-who-tried-to-export-military-goods-to-china/.

188. Howard Mintz, “Former Silicon Valley Engineers Sentenced for Trying to Sell Technology Secrets to China,” The Mercury News, November 21, 2008, https://www.mercurynews.com/2008/11/21/former-silicon-valley-engineers-sentenced-for-trying-to-sell-technology-secrets-to-china-2/.

189. Ariana Eunjung Cha, “Even Spies Embrace China’s Free Market: U.S. Says Some Tech Thieves Are Entrepreneurs, Not Government Agents,” Washington Post, February 15, 2008, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/14/AR2008021403550.html.

190. Richtel, “Handful of Indictments Over Technology.”

191. Richtel.

192. United States of America v. Wan Li Yuan and Jiang Song.

193. “Summary of Major U.S. Cases (January 2009 to the Present).”

194. Basil Katz, “U.S. Charges Chinese Man with NY Fed Software Theft,” Reuters, January 19, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-nyfed-theft-idUSTRE80H27L20120119; Jonathan Stempel and Nate Raymond, “Chinese Man Avoids Prison for New York Fed Cyber Theft,” Reuters, December 4, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-crime-fed-idUSBRE8B30WF20121204.

195. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Two Men Arrested in Connection with the Illegal Export of Sensitive Technology to China Without a License, and Conspiracy to Purchase Counterfeit Electronic Components,” January 21, 2009, https://www.fbi.gov/losangeles/press-releases/2009/la012109a.htm.

196. “Summary of Major U.S. Cases (January 2009 to the Present).”

197. “Chinese National Pleads Guilty to Attempting to Illegally Export Aerospace-Grade Carbon Fiber to China,” https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/chinese-national-pleads-guilty-attempting-illegally-export-aerospace-grade-carbon-fiber.

198. Robert Beckhusen, “Chinese Smuggler Tried to Sneak Carbon Fiber for Fighter Jets, Feds Claim,” Wired, September 28, 2012, https://www.wired.com/2012/09/carbon-fiber/.

199. Christie Smythe, “Chinese Man Gets Almost Five Years for Export Scheme,” Bloomberg.com, December 10, 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013–12–10/chinese-man-gets-almost-five-years-for-export-scheme.

200. Eligon and Zuo, “U.S. Suspects Chinese in Theft of Seed Research.”

201. “California Resident Convicted of Conspiring to Illegally Export Fighter Jet Engines and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle to China.”

202. “California Resident Convicted.”

203. Minnick, “China Accused of Trying to Acquire Fighter Engines, UAV.”

204. “Chinese Exports Case Lands in Spokane,” Spokesman.com, http://www.spokesman.com/blogs/sirens/2012/aug/01/chinese-exports-case-lands-spokane/.

205. “Chinese Exports Case Lands in Spokane.”

206. Dinesh Ramde, “Researcher Stole Cancer Data for China, Says Prosecutor,” Associated Press, April 3, 2013, https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2013/04/02/prosecutor-researcher-stole-cancer-data-for-china/MSEYuIprfxWcPE5mUZmlcM/story.html.

207. Ramde.

208. “Former Silicon Valley Engineers Sentenced for Trying to Sell Technology Secrets to China,” The Mercury News, November 21, 2008, http://www.mercurynews.com/2008/11/21/former-silicon-valley-engineers-sentenced-for-trying-to-sell-technology-secrets-to-china/.

209. Cha, “Even Spies Embrace China’s Free Market.”

210. Cha.

211. U.S. Department of Commerce, “Don’t Let This Happen to You! An Introduction to U.S. Export Control Law: Actual Investigations of Export Control and Antiboycott Violations,” September 2010, https://www.bis.doc.gov/index.php/forms-documents/doc_view/535-don-t-let-thishappen-to-you.

212. Chawkins, “Thousand Oaks Arms Exporter Is Sentenced”; “Select ICE Arms and Strategic Technology Investigations.”

Chapter 5. Espionage during the Revolution and the Early People’s Republic

1. Jonathan Unger, Using the Past to Serve the Present: Historiography and Politics in Contemporary China (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), 6–7.

2. MacFarquhar, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution, vol. 2, 408; Gao Yuan, Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1987), 121.

3. Tong, Fengyu sishinian, 403–4.

4. Tong, 404–5.

5. Tong, 405–6.

6. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 98.

7. Zhou Enlai nianpu 1949–1976, vol. 3, 137.

8. Zhou Enlai nianpu 1949–1976, vol. 3, 138.

9. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals, Mao’s Last Revolution, 97–98; Zhou Enlai nianpu 1949–1976, vol. 3, 151.

10. G. C. Allen, Western Enterprise in Far Eastern Economic Development: China and Japan (New York: MacMillan Company, 1954), 217; Felix Patrikeef, “Railway as Political Catalyst: The Chinese Eastern Railway and the 1929 Sino-Soviet Conflict,” in Manchurian Railways and the Opening of China: An International History, ed. Bruce Elleman and Stephen Kotkin (New York: Routledge, 2015), 90–92.

11. Viktor Usov, Soviet Intelligence Services in China in the Early 1920s (Moscow: Olma Press, 2002); Henry Wei, China and Soviet Russia (New York: Van Nostrand Company, 1956), 67–70; C. Martin Wilbur and Julie Lien-ying How, Documents on Communism, Nationalism, and Soviet Advisors in China, 1918–1927: Papers Seized in the 1927 Peking Raid (New York: Columbia University Press, 1956), 8–10.

12. Robert T. Pollard, China’s Foreign Relations: 1917–1931 (New York: Macmillan Company, 1933), 336–37.

13. Renmin Ribao, May 11, 2007, http://theory.people.com.cn/GB/40534/5717308.html.

14. Gu, Gong’an Gongzuo, 53; Dujmovic, “Extraordinary Fidelity”; video, “Extraordinary Fidelity,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0Mh7EiXRJI.

15. Jiang, Zhonggong zai Xianggang, vol. 1, 29–39; Christine Loh, Underground Front: The Chinese Communist Party in Hong Kong (Pokfulam: Hong Kong University Press, 2010), 47–53.

16. Jiang, Zhonggong zai Xianggang, 92–94.

17. Wang, Liao Chengzhi zhuan, 43–44.

18. Yin, Pan Hannian de qingbao shengya, 93.

19. Wang, Liao Chengzhi zhuan, 44, 91.

20. Wang, 142–45; Chan Sui-jeung, East River Column (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2009), 41–43.

21. Kangri zhanzheng shiqide Zhongguo renmin jiefangjun [The Chinese People’s Liberation Army During the Anti-Japanese War] (Beijing: Renmin Chubanshe, 1953), 169–72; Wang, Liao Chengzhi zhuan, 127–31, 145, 150.

22. Chan, East River Column, 41–43, 50–55.

23. Wang, Liao Chengzhi zhuan, 129–131; Kangri zhanzheng shiqide Zhongguo renmin jiefangjun, 172–73; Chan, East River Column, 17, 63–64, 83–84.

24. Chan, East River Column, 50, 57–61; Wang, Liao Chengzhi zhuan, 149.

25. Near Lechang, Shaoguan County. Wang, Liao Chengzhi zhuan, 153.

26. Wang, 139, 143–47, 149–53; Chan, East River Column, 20–23.

27. Wang, Liao Chengzhi zhuan, 145.

28. Tod Hoffman, The Spy Within (Hanover, NH: Steerforth Press, 2008), 158–59.

29. Cathy Zhou Jinyu, Wode zhang fu Jin Wudai zhi si [The death of my husband Jin Wudai] (Taipei: Dong Huang Wenhua Chuban Shiye Gongsi, 1998), 49, 164, 267, 272, 307–13, 340–42, 447.

30. Hoffman, The Spy Within, 42–67; James R. Lilley, “Blame Clinton, Not China, for the Lapse at Los Alamos,” Wall Street Journal, March 17, 1999, http://www.aei.org/publication/blame-clinton-not-china-for-the-lapse-at-los-alamos/print/.

31. Li Hong, “The Truth Behind the Kashmir Princess Incident,” in Selected Essays on the History of Contemporary China, ed. Zhang Xingxing (Leiden: Brill, 2015), 234; Steve Tsang, “Target Zhou Enlai: The ‘Kashmir Princess’ Incident of 1955,” The China Quarterly 139 (September 1994): 766–82.

32. Li, “The Truth,” 237; Tsang, “Target Zhou Enlai,” 774–75.

33. Tsang, “Target Zhou Enlai,” 767–70; Li, “The Truth,” 237–38.

34. “Waijiao bu jie mi mi ‘Keshenmi’er gongzhu hao’ Zhou Zongli zuoji bei zha an” [Ministry of Foreign Affairs unveils secret case on the bombing of Zhou Enlai’s plane the Kashmir Princess], Xinhuanet, July 20, 2004, http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2004–07/20/content_1616252.htm.

35. Tsang, “Target Zhou Enlai,” 770–73.

36. Tsang, 770, 780–81.

37. Tsang, 775–76.

38. Gu, Gong’an Gongzuo, 82, entry for March 21–31, 1955.

39. Gu, 82–84, entry for March 21–April 11, 1955; Kai, Li Kenong, 426.

40. Interview with former U.S. diplomat, 2004.

41. Peter Wesley-Smith, Unequal Treaty 1898–1997: China, Great Britain, and Hong Kong’s New Territories (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1980), 17–19, 32, 36.

42. Wesley-Smith, 123.

43. Authors’ interview with Hong Kong Police officers at the Walled City, November 1989.

44. Frederick Forsyth, The Outsider: My Life in Intrigue (New York: Putnam, 2015), 270–73.

45. Interview, 2017. See entry on Pan Jing’an for details.

46. http://www.discoverhongkong.com/us/see-do/culture-heritage/historical-sites/chinese/kowloon-walled-city-park.jsp.

47. Gunn, Encountering Macau, 96, 99; Steve Tsang, Hong Kong: An Appointment with China (London: I. B. Tauris and Co., 1997), 70.

48. João Guedes, Macau Confidencial (Macau: Instituto Internacional Macau, 2015), 113–19; Gunn, Encountering Macau, 96, 112–13, 116n60.

49. Gunn, Encountering Macau, 117–18.

50. “Japan Wants to Buy Macao from Portugal,” The Daily Mail, May 15, 1935. See also Macau Antiga, May 6, 2017.

51. João F. O. Botas, Macau 1937–1945, os Anos da Guerra [Macau 1937–1945, the war years] (Macau: Instituto Internacional de Macau, 2012), 293–94, 323.

52. Guedes, Macau Confidencial, 147–49; Gunn, Encountering Macau, 118–28.

53. Xiao, Zhonggong Tegong, 205–6. Thanks to Dr. David Chambers for this reference.

54. Guedes, Macau Confidencial, 166–67.

55. Gunn, Encountering Macau, 128–29.

56. Gunn, 174.

57. Marques and Borges, O Ouro no Eixo Hong Kong Macau, 1946–1973, 183, 217, 237, 246, 488.

58. Fernando Lima, Macau: as duas Transições [Macau: The Two Transitions] (Macau: Fundação Macau, 1999), 600–5.

59. Lima, 606–8.

60. Interview.

61. Barbara Demick, “Macau Bank Freeze Angers North Korea,” Los Angeles Times, April 7, 2006; Chris McGreal, “China Feared CIA Worked with Sheldon Adelson’s Macau Casinos to Snare Officials,” The Guardian, July 22, 2015; James Ball and Harry Davies, “How China’s Crackdown Threatens Big U.S. Casino Moguls,” The Guardian, April 23, 2015; Sands China, Inc., “Findings of a Discreet Consulting Exercise in Macau, Hong Kong, and Beijing,” June 25, 2010, http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2170141-sands-asia-cia-report-redacted.html#document/p1. Thanks to João Guedes for his comments.

62. Choe Sang-Hun, “North Korea Revives Coded Spy Broadcasts After 16-Year Silence,” New York Times, July 21, 2016.

63. STC booklets have been sold for decades at PRC post offices, and STC was used from the early twentieth century in telegraphic messaging. See Zhonghua Renmin Gonghe Guo You Dian Bu [PRC Ministry of Posts and Telegraph], Biaozhun dianma ben [Standard Telegraphic Code Book] (Beijing: Ministry of Posts and Telegraph, 1983).

64. The Americans, FX Productions.

65. Zhou Enlai nianpu 1949–1976¸ vol. 2, 666; Schoenhals, Spying for the People, 109; Joyce Wadler, “Shi Beipu, Singer, Dies at 70,” New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/02/world/asia/02shi.html.

66. Joyce Wadler, “Shi Beipu.” The Shi-Boursicot relationship is detailed in Wadler, Liaison, and in Hoffman, The Spy Within, 68–80. Public Radio International, “At 83, the embassy worker at the center of the ‘M. Butterfly’ story is still an enigma,” September 21, 2017, https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-09-21/83-embassy-worker-center-m-butterfly-story-still-enigma.

67. Kai, Li Kenong, 2.

68. Kai, 2.

69. Kai, 9; Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 9; Mu, Yinbi zhanxian tongshuai Zhou Enlai, 104.

70. Kai, Li Kenong, 8–10, 12; Hsu, The Invisible Conflict, 59–60.

71. Mu, Chen Geng Tongzhi zai Shanghai, 34–40; Kai, Li Kenong, 15, 34–40.

72. Hsu, The Invisible Conflict, 67–69. This practice, but not the specific incident, is discussed in Mu, Yinbi zhanxian tongshuai Zhou Enlai, 16.

73. Yin, Pan Hannian de Qingbao Shengya, 4–5; Hsu, The Invisible Conflict, 58–59, 62.

74. Mu, Chen Geng Tongzhi zai Shanghai, 82–85; Jin, Chen Yun zhuan, 104; Wakeman, Spymaster, 42–45; Hsu, Chou En-lai, China’s Gray Eminence, 128; Liu, Zhou Enlai da cidian, 31–32; Barnouin and Yu, Zhou Enlai, A Political Life, 45–48.

75. Zhou departed Shanghai in December 1931. Shen, Zhongyang Weiyuan, 540; Liu, Zhou Enlai da cidian, 32.

76. Hao, Zhongguo mimi zhan, 106.

77. Schoenhals, Spying for the People, 65.

78. John Kenneth Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival (New York: Public Affairs, 2000), 147–48; Mikel Dunham, Buddha’s Warriors: The Story of the CIA-Backed Tibetan Freedom Fighters, the Chinese Communist Invasion, and the Ultimate Fall of Tibet (New York: Jeremy Tarcher Inc., 2014), 227–31; Schoenhals, Spying for the People, 24–25.

79. “Memorandum for the 303 Committee, 26 January 1968, Tibet,” in Harriet Dashiel Schwar, ed., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, vol. 30, China (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1998), 741.

80. Shu Yun, Luo Ruiqing dajiang [General Luo Ruiqing] (Beijing: Jiefang Jun Wenyi Chubanshe, 2005), 304–9; Gu, Gong’an Gongzuo, 92.

81. Liu Gengsheng, Hai Rui baguan yu wenge [Hai Rui Dismissed from Office and the Cultural Revolution] (Taipei: Yuan Liou Publishing Company Ltd., 2011), 320; Shu, Luo Ruiqing dajiang, 306–7.

82. Shu, Luo Ruiqing dajiang, 309–10.

83. Shu, 310.

84. Li, The Private Life of Chairman Mao, 203.

85. Li, 476.

Chapter 6. Espionage during China’s Rise

1. Dual-use technology refers to software, hardware, and other items that may be employed for both civilian and military purposes. Examples include electronics, aerospace designs, artificial intelligence applications, sophisticated machine tools, chemical engineering processes, night vision equipment, and nuclear technology.

2. Christoph Giesen and Ronen Steinke, “Wie chinesische Agenten den Bundestag ausspionieren,” Süddeutsche Zeitung, July 6, 2018, https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/einflussnahme-auf-politiker-wie-chinesische-agenten-den-bundestag-ausspionieren-1.4042673.

3. Hiroko Nakata, “China Slammed Over Cryptographer Honey Trap Suicide,” Japan Times, April 1, 2006, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2006/04/01/national/china-slammed-over-cryptographer-honey-trap-suicide/#.Wbi-dxmGPrc.

4. Authors’ interview, June 2012.

5. Department of Justice, “Former Defense Department Official Sentenced to 57 Months in Prison for Espionage Violation,” July 11, 2008; David Wise, Tiger Trap: America’s Secret Spy War with China (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011), 222–24.

6. “U.S. Contractor Gets 7 Years for Passing Secrets to Chinese Girlfriend,” Reuters, September 17, 2014; authors’ interviews, December 2016, June 2017.

7. “Retired Officers Sentenced for Helping to Recruit Spies for China,” Central News Agency (Taiwan), February 21, 2014, http://focustaiwan.tw/search/201402210015.aspx; Rich Chang and Chris Wang, “Three Ex-Officers Arrested for Spying,” Taipei Times, October 30, 2012, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2012/10/30/2003546431; “Retired Naval Officer Gets 15 Years for Spying for China,” Central News Agency, December 15, 2014, http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201412150021.aspx.

8. Jason Pan, “High Court Rules in Favor of Chen Chu-fan in Spy Case,” Taipei Times, May 19, 2016, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/05/19/2003646621.

9. Pan.

10. “The Supreme Court Upholds Ex-major’s Jail Term for Spying,” Central News Agency (Taiwan), October 14, 2014, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/10/14/2003602029.

11. J. Michael Cole, “Former Officer Gets 12 Life Terms in China Spy Case,” Taipei Times, February 7, 2013, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2013/02/07/2003554439.

12. Chen Chao-fu and Sofia Wu, “Ex-Naval Officer in Taiwan Given Jail Term for Spying for China,” Central News Agency (Taiwan), March 1, 2013, http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201303010028.aspx.

13. Jason Pan, “Six Indicted in Chinese Espionage Ring Case,” Taipei Times, January 17, 2015, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2015/01/17/2003609431; P. C. Tsai and Lillian Lin, “Chinese Spy Ring to Be Sentenced on Sept. 1,” Central News Agency (Taiwan), August 29, 2015, http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aipl/201508290015.aspx.

14. Department of Justice, “FBI Employee Pleads Guilty to Acting in the United States as an Agent of the Chinese Government,” August 1, 2016, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/fbi-employee-pleads-guilty-acting-united-states-agent-chinese-government.

15. Nate Raymond and Brendan Pierson, “FBI Employee Gets Two Years in Prison for Acting as Chinese Agent,” Reuters, January 20, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-fbi/fbi-employee-gets-two-years-in-prison-for-acting-as-chinese-agent-idUSKBN1542RO.

16. Department of Justice, “State Department Employee Arrested and Charged with Concealing Extensive Contacts with Foreign Agents,” March 29, 2017, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/state-department-employee-arrested-and-charged-concealing-extensive-contacts-foreign-agents.

17. Criminal Complaint, United States of America v. Candace Marie Claiborne, U.S. District Court for Washington, DC, No. 1:17-mj-00173, March 28, 2017.

18. Robert David Booth, State Department Counterintelligence: Leaks, Spies, and Lies (Dallas, TX: Brown Books Publishing Group, 2014).

19. Department of Justice, “Defense Department Official Sentenced to 36 Months for Espionage, False Statement Charges,” January 22, 2010, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/defense-department-official-sentenced-36-months-espionage-false-statement-charges; Department of Justice, “Defense Department Official Charged with Espionage Conspiracy,” May 13, 2009, https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/washingtondc/press-releases/2009/wfo051309.htm.

20. Affidavit in Support of an Application for a Search Warrant, U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland, No. 14–2641, November 17, 2014.

21. “Tibetan Charged in Sweden Denies Spying for China,” Radio Free Asia, April 18, 2018, https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/spying-04182018133403.html.

22. Jan M. Olsen, “Swedish Court Finds Man Guilty of Spying for China,” Associated Press, June 15, 2018, https://apnews.com/2c3ed87f9eec48d786b4f57f5c8c8b9e.

23. Criminal Complaint, United States of America v. Ron Rockwell Hansen, U.S. District Court for Utah, No. 2:18-mj-00324-PMW, June 2, 2017.

24. Authors’ interviews, December 2016, June 2017.

25. Lin Chang-shun and Bear Lee, “Taiwanese Businessman Indicted for Spying for China,” Central News Agency (Taiwan), April 15, 2010, http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aall/201004150035.aspx.

26. Jason Pan, “Second Suspect Investigated in Spy Case,” Taipei Times, May 11, 2017, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2017/05/11/2003670361.

27. Pan.

28. Pan, “Six Indicted in Chinese Espionage Ring Case”; Yu Kai-hsiang and Elizabeth Hsu, “Ex-PLA Spy Fails Appeal in Taiwan after 4-Year Sentence,” Central News Agency (Taiwan), April 27, 2016, http://focustaiwan.tw/news/acs/201604270006.aspx.

29. Department of Justice, “Chinese Intelligence Officers and Their Recruited Hackers and Insiders Conspired to Steal Sensitive Commercial Aviation and Technological Data for Years,” October 30, 2018, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-intelligence-officers-and-their-recruited-hackers-and-insiders-conspired-steal; Department of Justice, “Chinese National Arrested for Allegedly Acting Within the United States as an Illegal Agent of the People’s Republic of China,” September 25, 2018, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-national-arrested-allegedly-acting-within-united-states-illegal-agent-people-s; Department of Justice, “Chinese Intelligence Officer Charged with Economic Espionage Involving Theft of Trade Secrets from Leading U.S. Aviation Companies,” October 10, 2018, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-intelligence-officer-charged-economic-espionage-involving-theft-trade-secrets-leading.

30. Jason Pan, “Top Navy Brass Gets 14 Months in Prison for Spying for China,” Taipei Times, October 3, 2014, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/10/03/2003601166; Philip Dorling, “Australian Man Shen Ping-kang Jailed in Taiwan for Spying for China,” Sydney Morning Herald, October 4, 2014, http://www.smh.com.au/national/australian-man-shen-pingkang-jailed-in-taiwan-for-spying-for-china-20141003–10pxk7.html.

31. “Ex-Air Force Officer Accused of Spying for Chinese Network,” Central News Agency (Taiwan), June 23, 2015, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2015/06/23/2003621353.

32. Matthew Strong, “Taiwan Air Force Hero Charged with Spying for China,” Taiwan News, March 3, 2017, https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3110600.

33. Wise, Tiger Trap, 221.

34. Affidavit.

35. Wise, Tiger Trap, 226.

36. David Hammer, “Businessman’s Spy Case Stuns Associates,” The Times Picayune, February 12, 2008, https://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2008/02/businessmans_spycase_arrest_st.html; Bruce Alpert, “Spy for China with N.O. Ties is Back in Federal Court,” The Times Picayune, September 22, 2009, https://www.nola.com/crime/index.ssf/2009/09/spy_for_china_is_back_in_feder.html.

37. Criminal Indictment of Jerry Chun Shing Lee, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, No. 1:18-cr-89, May 8, 2018.

38. Bill Gertz, Enemies: How America’s Foes Steal Our Vital Secrets—and How We Let It Happen (New York: Crown Forum, 2006), 23.

39. Gertz, 24–39, 43–46; Federal Bureau of Investigation, Office of the Inspector General, “A Review of the FBI’s Handling and Oversight of FBI Asset Katrina Leung,” May 2006, https://oig.justice.gov/special/s0605/.

40. Amy Argetsinger, “Spy Case Dismissed for Misconduct; Plea Deal Silenced Defendant’s Ex-Lover,” Washington Post, January 7, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A54571-2005Jan6.html.

41. “Shuang mian die Li Zhihao” [Double agent Li Zhihao], China Times, October 11, 2015, http://www.chinatimes.com/cn/newspapers/20151011000278–260106; “China Releases Taiwanese Spies,” Central News Agency (Taiwan), December 1, 2015, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2015/12/01/2003633726.

42. Strong, “Taiwan Air Force Hero Charged with Spying for China.”

43. Authors’ interview, Washington, DC, July 2012.

44. Dorling, “Australian Man Shen Ping-kang Jailed in Taiwan for Spying for China”; “China Lured General with Sex,” Taiwan News, February 11, 2011, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2011/02/11/2003495608/1.

45. “Life Term for China Spy Justified: Ministry of Defense,” Central News Agency (Taiwan), January 19, 2014, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/01/19/2003581633.

46. Y. F. Low, “Retired Officers Sentenced for Helping to Recruit Spies for China,” Central News Agency (Taiwan), February 21, 2014, http://focustaiwan.tw/search/201402210015.aspx.

47. “Sweden Jails Uighur Chinese Man for Spying,” Reuters, March 8, 2010, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sweden-china-spy/sweden-jails-uighur-chinese-man-for-spying-idUSTRE6274U620100308; Paul O’Mahony, “Pensioner Indicted over China Spy Scandal,” Agence France Presse, December 15, 2009, https://www.thelocal.se/20091215/23864.

48. Wise, Tiger Trap, 217.

49. Department of Justice, “Chinese Agent Sentenced to Over 24 Years in Prison for Exporting United States Defense Articles to China,” https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2008/March/08_nsd_229.html; Edward M. Roche, Snake Fish: The Chi Mak Spy Ring (New York: Barraclough, 2008), 1–21, 29–31, 50, 87–89, 143, 184–86.

50. Roche, Snake Fish; Gertz, Enemies, 68.

51. Criminal complaint, United States of America v. Kevin Patrick Mallory, U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, No. 1:17MJ-288, June 21, 2017; Josh Gerstein, “Ex-CIA Officer Charged with Spying for China,” Politico, June 22, 2017, http://www.politico.com/story/2017/06/22/kevin-mallory-ex-cia-officer-arrested-spying-china-239877.

52. Peter Mattis, “Everything We Know about China’s Secretive State Security Bureau,” The National Interest, July 9, 2017, http://nationalinterest.org/feature/everything-we-know-about-chinas-secretive-state-security-21459.

53. Pan, “Top Navy Brass Gets 14 Months in Prison for Spying for China”; Dorling, “Australian Man Shen Ping-kang Jailed in Taiwan for Spying for China.”

54. David Wise, “Mole-in-Training: How China Tried to Infiltrate the CIA,” The Washingtonian, June 7, 2012, https://www.washingtonian.com/2012/06/07/chinas-mole-in-training.

55. Wise, Tiger Trap, 23.

56. Nate Thayer, “China Spy,” Asia Sentinel, July 4, 2017, https://www.asiasentinel.com/politics/china-spy/; authors’ interview, June 2017. The authors also had access to all of the communications between Thayer and the SSSB officers who pitched him.

57. Sophie Yang, “Taiwan Ex-Vice President’s Bodyguard Arrested as Chinese Spy,” Taiwan News, March 16, 2017, https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3118435; Chen Wei-han, “Ex-Agent Detained Amid Spy Allegations,” Taipei Times, March 17, 2017, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2017/03/17/2003666922.

58. Cole, “Former Officer Gets 12 Life Terms in China Spy Case.”

59. Pan, “Six Indicted in Chinese Espionage Ring Case”; Strong, “Taiwan Air Force Hero Charged with Spying for China.”

60. Jason Pan, “Ex-Student Held for Espionage,” Taipei Times, March 11, 2017, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2017/03/11/2003666539; “周泓旭涉共諜案北檢起訴 [Chinese Communist Spy Zhou Hongxu to be Prosecuted],” Central News Agency (Taiwan), July 6, 2017, http://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201707060093–1.aspx.