Chapter 1
1. Tim Ferriss, 2011, The 4-Hour Workweek, London: Vermilion.
2. Steve Hanselma, n.d., “Best-Known Projects,” publishersmarketplace.com/members/swhanselma/.
3. Vanessa Vanderhoek, 2018, “Let’s #TackleFlexism Together,” flexibleworkingday.com/flexism.
4. Morgan Stanley, 2018, “The Gig Economy Goes Global,” morganstanley.com/ideas/freelance-economy.
5. Daniela Ongaro, 2015, “If You’re Struggling with Work Life Balance, Perhaps You Need to Go Freelance,” heraldsun.com.au/rendezview/if-youre-struggling-with-work-life-balance-perhaps-you-need-to-go-freelance/news-story/2b1101c377b2e1eba7b207e63b1c5670.
6. Benedict Brook, 2018, “Simple Road Rule that Could End Traffic Jams Forever,” news.com.au/technology/innovation/motoring/on-the-road/simple-road-rule-that-could-end-traffic-jams-forever/news-story/3f11ec52d082a6b436929b7819c72119.
7. World Health Organization, 2018, “Depression,” who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression.
8. Kelly Weill, 2018, “John Hancock Insurance Nudges Customers to Wear FitBits,” thedailybeast.com/john-hancock-insurance-nudges-customers-to-wear-fitbits.
9. Term inspired by Edward Bullmore, 2018, The Inflamed Mind: A Radical New Approach to Depression, London: Simon & Schuster, “… and there are plenty of smart doctors who remain politely sceptical,” 55.
10. Facebook, 2019, “FAQs,” Facebook Investor Relations, investor.fb.com/resources/default.aspx.
11. Eliza Khuner, 2018, “Why It’s So Hard to Be a Working Mom. Even at Facebook,” wired.com/story/i-am-a-data-scientist-and-mom-but-facebook-made-me-choose/.
12. R. N. Proctor, 2013, “The History of the Discovery of the Cigarette-Lung Cancer Link: Evidentiary Traditions, Corporate Denial, Global Toll,” Tob Control, 22(1):62, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22345227.
13. France 24, 2017, “French Candidates Divided on Future of 35-hour Work Week,” france24.com/en/20170413-french-presidential-candidates-divided-35-hour-week-economy-employment.
14. Benjamin Haas, 2018, “South Korea Cuts ‘Inhumanely Long’ 68-hour Working Week,” theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/01/south-korea-cuts-inhumanely-long-68-hour-working-week.
15. Minwoo Park and Yijin Kim, 2018, “South Koreans Lock Themselves Up to Escape Prison of Daily Life,” reuters.com/article/us-southkorea-prisonstay/south-koreans-lock-themselves-up-to-escape-prison-of-daily-life-idUSKCN1NS0JB.
Chapter 2
1. Workplace Gender Equality Agency (WGEA), 2018, “Workplace Flexibility,” Commonwealth Government of Australia, wgea.gov.au/topics/workplace-flexibility.
2. Dottie Chong, 2017, “Australia’s Annual Leave: Bad HR or Bad PR?,” tsheets.com.au/australias-annual-leave/.
3. International Labour Organization, 2019, “International Labour Standards on Maternity Protection,” ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/maternity-protection/lang--en/index.htm.
4. Ásdís A. Arnalds, Guðný Björk Eydal, and Ingólfur V. Gíslason, 2013, “Equal Rights to Paid Parental Leave and Caring Fathers – The Case of Iceland,” Icelandic Review of Politics & Administration, 9(2), doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2013.9.2.4.
5. Nikki van der Gaag et al., 2019, State of the World’s Fathers: Unlocking the Power of Men’s Care, Washington, DC: Promundo-US.
6. Workplace Gender Equality Agency (WGEA), 2018, “Types of Workplace Flexibility,” wgea.gov.au/topics/workplace-lexibility/types-of-workplace-flexibility.
7. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2018, SF2.3 Age of Mothers at Childbirth and Age-specific Fertility, oecd.org/els/soc/SF_2_3_Age_mothers_childbirth.pdf.
8. Judith Ohikuare, 2018, “Millennial Moms Are Facing The Worst Of The Gender Pay Gap,” reinery29.com/en-us/ages-when-the-gender-pay-gap-is-the-worst.
9. WorldatWork, 2015, “Majority of U.S. Employers Support Workplace Flexibility,” worldatwork.org/docs/worldatworkpressreleases/2015/majority-of-us-employers-support.html.
10. Stephane Kasriel, 2017, “IBM’s Remote Work Reversal Is a Losing Battle Against the New Normal,” fastcompany.com/40423083/ibms-remote-work-reversal-is-a-losing-battle-against-the-new-normal.
11. BerkeleyHaas, 2019, “Work/Life Integration,” haas.berkeley.edu/human-resources/work-life-integration/.
Chapter 3
1. Conservative calculation of $20 per week, 40 weeks per year, 30 years = $24,000.
2. Given average returns of Australian shares from December 1988 to December 2018 of 9.1 percent per annum ($122,011). Data from Fidelity International, 2018, “30 Years in Australian and Global Shares,” fidelity.com.au/insights/resources/adviser-resources/sharemarket-chart/a4-handout/.
3. Chris Isidore, 2017, “We Spend Billions on Lottery Tickets. Here’s Where All That Money Goes,” money.cnn.com/2017/08/24/news/economy/lottery-spending/index.html.
4. Tim Ranzetta and Jessica Endlich, 2016, “Question of the Day: What Percent of Americans Bought a Lottery Ticket in the Past Year?” Next Gen Personal Finance, ngpf.org/blog/question-of-the-day/question-of-the-day-what-percent-of-americans-bought-a-lottery-ticket-in-the-past-year/.
5. Liberty Vittert, 2018, “Current Mega Millions Jackpot Is $1.6 billion, But Where Do Lottery Profits Really Go?” cbsnews.com/news/mega-millions-jackpot-1-6-billion-drawing-tonight-but-where-do-lottery-profits-really-go/.
6. Matt Rocheleau, 2017, “These Extremely Rare Things Are More Likely to Happen to You Than Winning the Powerball Jackpot,” bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/08/24/these-extremely-rare-things-are-more-likely-happen-you-than-winning-powerball-jackpot/pq0VeHn5PpAWkJhRP310nK/story.html.
7. Liz Day, 2015, “What Would You Do If You Won the Lottery? See How These Millionaires Spent Their Cash Windfall,” mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/what-would-you-you-won-6571921.
8. The World Bank, 2019, “Poverty: Overview,” worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/overview.
9. Sabina Alkire et al., 2019, Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2019: Illuminating Inequalities, Oxford, U.K.: University of Oxford, Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative.
10. Mary Murphy Corcoran, 2019, “Effects of Solitary Confinement on the Well Being of Prison Inmates,” Applied Psychology Opus, wp.nyu.edu/steinhardt-appsych_opus/effects-of-solitary-coninement-on-the-well-being-of-prison-inmates/.
11. Manfred Max-Neef, 1992, “Development and Human Needs,” in Real-life Economics: Understanding Wealth Creation, ed. Paul Ekins and Manfred Max-Neef, London: Routledge, 200.
12. Abraham H. Maslow, 1970, Motivation and Personality, 2nd Ed, New York: Harper & Row.
13. Maslow, 51–52.
14. Max-Neef.
15. Bruce D. Perry, 2002, “Childhood Experience and the Expression of Genetic Potential: What Childhood Neglect Tells Us About Nature and Nurture,” Brain and Mind, 3: 79–100, centerforchildwelfare.org/kb/ChronicNeglect/ChildExperience.pdf.
16. Michaela Whitbourn, Melissa Cunningham and Helen Pitt, 2017, “Vatican Should Consider Voluntary Celibacy to Cut Child Abuse Risk: Royal Commission Final Report,” The Sydney Moring Herald, smh.com.au/national/vatican-should-consider-voluntary-celibacy-to-cut-child-abuse-risk-royal-commission-final-report-20171215-h05e7y.html. “For many Catholic clergy and religious, celibacy is implicated in emotional isolation, loneliness, depression and mental illness. Compulsory celibacy may also have contributed to various forms of psychosexual dysfunction, including psychosexual immaturity, which pose an ongoing risk to the safety of children.”
17. Hallie Martyniuk, 2014, Understanding Rape in Prison, Enola, PA: Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape, pcar.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdfs/7_understanding_rape_in_prison_low_res.pdf.
18. Stewart J. D’Alessio, Jamie Flexon and Lisa Stolzenberg, 2012, “The Effect of Conjugal Visitation on Sexual Violence in Prison,” American Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(1): 13–26. “Results support sexual gratification theory by showing that states permitting conjugal visitation have significantly fewer instances of reported rape and other sexual offenses in their prisons.”
19. Johann Hari, 2018, Lost Connections: Why You’re Depressed and How to Find Hope, London: Bloomsbury, 130.
20. Louis Tay and Ed Diener, 2011, “Needs and Subjective Well-Being Around the World,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2): 354–65.
21. Tay and Diener, 358.
22. Tay and Diener, 363.
23. Larry C. Bernard, Michael Mills, Leland Swenson and R. Patricia Walsh, 2005, “An Evolutionary Theory of Human Motivation,” Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 131(2):129–84.
24. Marvin Zuckerman, 2009, “Big Think Interview With Marvin Zuckerman,” bigthink.com/videos/big-think-interview-with-marvin-zuckerman. Originally seen in Brenda Patoine, 2019, “Desperately Seeking Sensation: Fear, Reward, and the Human Need for Novelty,” dana.org/article/desperately-seeking-sensation/.
25. George McGavin, 2014, “The Incredible Human Hand and Foot,” bbc.com/news/science-environment-26224631.
26. Jason Godesky, 2016, “Hunter-Gatherers Have More Leisure Time,” rewild.com/in-depth/leisure.html.
27. Edward Bullmore, 2018, The Inflamed Mind: A Radical New Approach to Depression, London: Simon & Schuster, 167.
28. Kim Hill, Ana Hurtado and R. S. Walker, 2007, “High Adult Mortality Among Hiwi Hunter-Gatherers: Implications for Human Evolution,” Journal of Human Evolution, 52:443–54.
29. Max Roser, 2019, “Mortality in the Past – Around Half Died as Children,” ourworldindata.org/child-mortality-in-the-past.
30. Yuval Noah Harari, 2011, Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, London: Vintage Books.
31. Harari, 89–90.
32. Robert A. Hatch, 2002, “The Scientific Revolution: Definition – Concept – History,” users.clas.ufl.edu/uftatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Teaching/03sr-definition-concept.htm.
33. David S. Landes, 2003, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press.
34. Clark Nardinelli, n.d., “Industrial Revolution and the Standard of Living,” The Library of Economics and Liberty, econlib.org/library/Enc/IndustrialRevolutionandtheStandardofLiving.html.
35. History.com, 2019, “Ford Factory Workers Get 40-hour Week,” history.com/this-day-in-history/ford-factory-workers-get-40-hour-week.
36. Sean Fleming, 2019, “This Is How Companies in Japan Are Fighting the Country’s Sleeplessness Epidemic,” World Economic Forum, weforum.org/agenda/2019/01/this-is-how-companies-in-japan-are-ighting-sleeplessness-epidemic/.
37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017, “Data and Statistics: Short Sleep Duration Among US Adults,” cdc.gov/sleep/data_statistics.html.
38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016, “1 in 3 Adults Don’t Get Enough Sleep,” cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p0215-enough-sleep.html.
39. Samantha J. Gross, 2017, “1 in 5 Brits Don’t Exercise at All, Survey Reports,” Evening Standard, standard.co.uk/lifestyle/health/1-in-5-brits-dont-exercise-at-all-survey-reports-a3489461.html.
40. Kirsty Cooke, 2018, “37% of People in the UK Never Exercise or Play Sport,” Kantar UK Insights, uk.kantar.com/business/health/2018/37-of-people-in-the-uk-never-exercise-or-play-sport/.
41. The Sleep Judge, 2019, “Sunday Scaries: Exploring Sunday Anxiety in America,” thesleepjudge.com/sunday-scaries/.
42. World Health Organization, 2019, “Burn-out an ‘Occupational Phenomenon’: International Classification of Diseases,” who.int/mental_health/evidence/burn-out/en/.
43. Michael Musker, 2019, “Workplace Burnout Is All Too Common. Here’s How to Tell If You’re Affected,” abc.net.au/news/2019-06-04/workplace-stress-burnout-symptoms-and-signs-diagnosis/11174404.
44. Sheryl Kraft, 2018, “Companies Are Facing an Employee Burnout Crisis,” CNBC @Work, cnbc.com/2018/08/14/5-ways-workers-can-avoid-employee-burnout.html.
45. Alex Gray, 2018, “Reading This Alone? Recent Surveys Reveal the Curious Truth about Loneliness,” World Economic Forum, weforum.org/agenda/2018/10/loneliness-survey-research-findings-bbc-2018/.
46. Tara John, 2018, “How the World’s First Loneliness Minister Will Tackle ‘the Sad Reality of Modern Life,’” time.com/5248016/tracey-crouch-uk-loneliness-minister/.
47. Briony Gunstone, 2018, “Half of UK Adults Say They Haven’t Made a Friend in a Long Time,” yougov.co.uk/topics/resources/articles-reports/2018/05/30/half-uk-adults-say-they-havent-made-new-friend-lon.
48. Annamarie Mann, 2018, “Why We Need Best Friends at Work,” gallup.com/workplace/236213/why-need-best-friends-work.aspx.
49. Rodd Wagner and Jim Harter, 2008, “The Tenth Element of Great Managing,” news.gallup.com/businessjournal/104197/Tenth-Element-Great-Managing.aspx.
50. Daniel Sowahet al., 2017, “Vitamin D Levels and Deficiency with Different Occupations: A Systematic Review,” BMC Public Health, 17(1):519.
51. Sowah et al.
52. Betty Kovacs Harbolic, 2019, “Vitamin D Deficiency,” medicinenet.com/vitamin_d_deficiency/article.htm#what_is_vitamin_d.
53. Emolument, 2017, “Which Are the Most Boring Jobs?” emolument.com/career_advice/most_boring_jobs.
54. Brie Weiler Reynolds, 2018, “Freelance Survey Results, Plus 30 Companies Hiring Freelancers,” flexjobs.com/blog/post/freelance-survey-results-plus-companies-hiring-freelancers/.
55. Bronnie Ware, 2012, The Top 5 Regrets of The Dying, London: Hay House UK. Biggest regret of the dying #2: “I wish I hadn’t worked so hard.” (“All of the men I nursed deeply regretted spending so much of their lives on the treadmill of a work existence.”)
56. Nina Hendy, 2018, “Why $20m Isn’t Enough to Make Daniel Retire,” The Sydney Morning Herald, smh.com.au/money/planning-and-budgeting/retirement-financial-millionaire-work-superannuation-20180503-p4zd54.html.
57. Frank Newport, 2013, “In U.S., Most Would Still Work Even if They Won Millions,” news.gallup.com/poll/163973/work-even-won-millions.aspx.
58. CareerBuilder, 2014, “Half of U.S. Workers Would Keep Working if They Won the Lottery,” careerbuilder.com/share/aboutus/pressreleasesdetail.aspx?ed=12%2F31%2F2014&id=pr832&sd=7%2F17%2F2014.
Chapter 4
1. Quoted in Rutger Bregman, 2017, Utopia for Realists: And How We Can Get There, London: Bloomsbury, 247.
2. Gabriel H. Sahlgren, 2013, Work Longer, Live Healthier: The Relationship Between Economic Activity, Health and Government Policy, IEA Discussion Paper No. 46, Institute of Economic Affairs, iea.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Work%20Longer,%20Live_Healthier.pdf.
3. Andreas Kuhn, Jean-Philippe Wuellrich, and Josef Zweimüller, 2010, “Fatal Attraction? Access to Early Retirement and Mortality,” IZA DP No. 5160, iza.org/publications/dp/5160/fatal-attraction-access-to-early-retirement-and-mortality.
4. United Nations, 2019, “Ageing,” un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/ageing/.
5. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2018, “Older Australia at a Glance,” aihw.gov.au/reports/older-people/older-australia-at-a-glance/contents/demographics-of-older-australians/australia-s-changing-age-and-gender-profile.
6. Barbara McPake and Ajay Mahal, 2017, “Addressing the Needs of an Aging Population in the Health System: The Australian Case,” Health Systems & Reform, 3(3), tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23288604.2017.1358796.
7. Yolanda Smith, 2019, “Physician Shortage,” News Medical Life Science, news-medical.net/health/Physician-Shortage.aspx.
8. Smith.
9. Citrix, 2015, State of the Flexible Nation: A Citrix White Paper, workplaceinfo.com.au/getmedia/c334ca64-8926-404e-9891-74caa07a643c/Citrix_state-of-flexibility_Concept_SPages_Final.pdf.aspx.
10. Miriam K. Forbes, Karen M. Spence, Viviana M. Wuthrich, and Ronald M. Rapee, 2015, “Mental Health and Wellbeing of Older Workers in Australia,” Work, Aging and Retirement, 1(2): 202–13, academic.oup.com/workar/article-abstract/1/2/202/1652457?redirectedFrom=fulltext.
11. Stephan Boehm, Heike Bruch, and Florian Kunze, 2013, “Spotlight on Age-Diversity Climate: The Impact of Age-Inclusive HR Practices on Firm-Level Outcomes,” Personnel Psychology, 67(3), researchgate.net/publication/259555022_Spotlight_on_Age-Diversity_Climate_The_Impact_of_Age-Inclusive_HR_Practices_on_Firm-Level_Outcomes.
12. Ranstad, 2018, “Accelerating Business with an Age-diverse Workforce,” randstad.com/workforce-insights/future-of-work/accelerating-business-with-an-age-diverse-workforce/.
13. Allison DeNisco Rayome, 2016, “Myth Busted: Older Workers Are Just as Tech-savvy as Younger Ones, Says New Survey,” techrepublic.com/article/myth-busted-older-workers-are-just-as-tech-savvy-as-younger-ones-says-new-survey/.
14. Commonwealth of Australia, 2019, Fourth Action Plan – National Plan to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children 2010–2022, dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/08_2019/fourth_action-plan.pdf.
15. Bharati Sadasivam, 2017, “The Gender Chore Gap is Holding Women Back. This Is What Needs to Change,” World Economic Forum, weforum.org/agenda/2017/08/companies-are-still-ignoring-parents-this-is-what-needs-to-change.
16. Lyndall Strazdins et al., 2015, “Not All Hours Are Equal: Could Time Be a Social Determinant of Health?,” Sociology of Health & Wellness, 38(1): 21–42, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1467-9566.12300.
17. Jessica Stillman, 2018, “Michelle Obama Just Said ‘Lean In’ Doesn’t Work. Here’s the Study That Proves She’s Right,” inc.com/jessica-stillman/michelle-obama-is-really-not-a-fan-of-sheryl-sandbergs-lean-in.html.
18. Tim Winton, 2018, “Tim Winton Laments the Power of Toxic Masculinity on Young Men | Matter of Fact,” ABC News, youtube.com/watch?v=zEiPIprMUGo.
19. Liana Leach, 2019, “Fathers’ Work and Family Conflicts and the Outcomes for Children’s Mental Health,” Australian Institute of Family Studies, aifs.gov.au/aifs-conference/fathers-work-and-family-conlicts-and-outcomes-childrens-mental-health.
20. UNICEF, 2006, Behind Closed Doors: The Impact of Domestic Violence on Children, unicef.org/media/files/BehindClosedDoors.pdf.
21. Sara Sutton, 2016, “The Leadership-Gender Gap: Remote Companies May Be Closing It,” remote.co/the-leadership-gender-gap-remote-companies-may-be-closing-it/.
22. Heejung Chung and Mariska van der Horst, 2017, “Women’s Employment Patterns After Childbirth and the Perceived Access to and Use of Flexitime and Teleworking,” Human Relations, 71(1), journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0018726717713828.
23. Melanie Sanders et al., 2011, “What Stops Women from Reaching the Top? Confronting the Tough Issues,” bain.com/insights/what-stops-women-from-reaching-the-top.
24. Kate Higgins, 2016, “Men Twice as Likely to Have Flexible Work Hours Requests Knocked Back: Study,” abc.net.au/news/2016-02-03/men-more-likely-to-have-flexible-work-requests-knocked-back/7137208.
25. Higgins.
26. Ásdís A. Arnalds, Guðný Björk Eydal, and Ingólfur V. Gíslason, 2013, “Equal Rights to Paid Parental Leave and Caring Fathers – the Case of Iceland,” Stjórnmál & stjórnsýsla,, 9(2), skemman.is/bitstream/1946/22378/1/a.2013.9.2.4.pdf.
27. Focus Consultancy, 2008, The Parental Leave System in Iceland, ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=2265&langId=en,9.
28. Guðrún Helga Sigurðardóttir, 2019, “Parental Leave in Iceland Gives Dad a Strong Position,” nordiclabourjournal.org/i-fokus/in-focus-2019/future-of-work-iceland/article.2019-04-11.9299118347.
29. Focus Consultancy, The Parental Leave System in Iceland, 17.
30. Sigurðardóttir.
31. Arnalds et al., 337.
32. Mark Rice-Oxley, 2018, “Hands-on Fathers ‘Less Likely to Break Up with Partners,’” amp. theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/sep/30/hands-on-fathers-less-likely-to-break-up-with-partners-paternity-leave-childcare.
33. Rice-Oxley.
34. Comcare, 2011, Benefits to Business: The Evidence for Investing in Worker Health and Wellbeing, comcare.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/99303/Benefits_to_business_the_evidence_for_investing_in_worker_health_and_wellbeing_PDF,_89.4_KB.pdf.
35. PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2010, Workplace Wellness in Australia. Aligning Action with Aims: Optimising the Benefits of Workplace Wellness, pwc.com.au/industry/healthcare/assets/workplace-wellness-sep10.pdf.
36. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2015, “Ischaemic Heart Disease,”abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/3303.0~2015~Main%20Features~Ischaemic%20Heart%20Disease~10001.
37. World Health Organization, 2018, “Depression,” who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression.
38. OECD, 2017, Obesity Update 2017, oecd.org/els/health-systems/Obesity-Update-2017.pdf.
39. Jeffrey Pfeffer, 2018, Dying for a Paycheck: How Modern Management Harms Employee Health and Company Performance – and What We Can Do About It, New York: HarperCollins.
40. Pfefer, 51–52.
41. Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein, 2009, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness, New York: Penguin Books.
42. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2013, “Employer-Sponsored Family Health Premiums Rise a Modest 4 Percent in 2013, National Benchmark Employer Survey Finds.” kff.org/private-insurance/press-release/employer-sponsored-family-health-premiums-rise-a-modest-4-percent-in-2013-national-benchmark-employer-survey-finds/.
43. Pfeffer, 29.
44. Sean Fleming, 2018, “To Combat Japan’s Sleep Debt, Some Firms Allow Tired Workers to Nap on the Job,” World Economic Forum, weforum.org/agenda/2018/11/this-japanese-company-pays-its-employees-to-get-a-good-night-s-sleep/.
45. Leo Lewis, 2018, “How Much Should You Get Paid to Sleep?” ozy.com/fast-forward/how-much-should-you-get-paid-to-sleep/90775/.
46. Marco Hafner et al., 2017, “Why Sleep Matters – The Economic Costs of Insufficient Sleep: A Cross-Country Comparative Analysis,” Rand Health Q, 6(4): 11, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5627640/.
47. Phyllis Moen et al., “Changing Work, Changing Health: Can Real Work-Time Flexibility Promote Health Behaviours and Well-Being?” Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 52(4): 404–29, asanet.org/sites/default/files/savvy/images/journals/docs/pdf/jhsb/DEC11JHSBFeature.pdf.
48. Brie Weiler Reynolds, 2018, “FlexJobs 2018 Annual Survey: Workers Believe a Flexible or Remote Job Can Help Save Money, Reduce Stress, and More,” flexjobs.com/blog/post/flexjobs-2018-annual-survey-workers-believe-flexible-remote-job-can-help-save-money-reduce-stress-more/.
49. Airtasker, 2019, “The Benefits of Working from Home,” airtasker.com/blog/the-benefits-of-working-from-home/.
50. World Health Organization, 2019, “What Is the WHO Definition of Health,” who.int/about/who-we-are/frequently-asked-questions.
51. Bengt Lindström and Monica Eriksson, 2005, “Salutogenesis,” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 59: 440–42, jech.bmj.com/content/59/6/440.
52. Graham Cookson, 2018, INRIX Global Traffic Scorecard, Kirkland, WA: INRIX Research, dmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/INRIX_2017_Traffic_Scorecard_Final_2.pdf.
53. Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics, 2015, Traffic and Congestion Cost Trends for Australian Capital Cities, Australian Government, bitre.gov.au/publications/2015/is_074. aspx.
54. Human Resources Director (HRD), 2019, “What Do Employees Really Think about Commuting?” hcamag.com/nz/specialisation/employee-engagement/what-do-employees-really-think-about-commuting/168400.
55. Todd Litman, 2019, Generated Traffic and Induced Travel Implications for Transport Planning, Victoria, BC: Victoria Transport Policy Institute, vtpi.org/gentraf.pdf.
56. David Begg, The Impact of Congestion on Bus Passengers, London: Greener Journeys, greenerjourneys.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/TTBusReport_Digital.pdf.
57. Joe Castiglione et al., 2018, TNCs & Congestion, San Francisco County Transportation Authority, 33.
58. Castiglione, 12.
59. Roberto Baldwin, 2018, “Audi: Autonomous Cars Alone Won’t Solve Traffic Jams,” engadget.com/2018/09/17/audi-autonomous-cars-25th-hour-traffic-jams/.
60. Estimate of $10 per direction, roughly based on existing or proposed toll amounts for London (£11.50), New York City (US$10–15).
61. Ted Tabet, 2019, “Queensland Budget Doubles Down on Infrastructure Spending,” theurbandeveloper.com/articles/queensland-budget-2019-20.
62. Commonwealth of Australia, 2019, “Vehicle Emissions,” Green greenvehicleguide.gov.au/pages/Information/VehicleEmissions.
63. .idcommunity, 2016, “Greater Brisbane: Method of Travel to Work,” Australia Community Profile, profile.id.com.au/australia/travel-to-work?WebID=270.
64. Duy Q. Nguyen-Phuoc et al., 2018, “Exploring the Impact of Public Transport Strikes on Travel Behavior and Traffic Congestion,” International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 12(8).
65. Victoria Transport Policy Institute, 2017, “Congestion Reduction Strategies: Identifying and Evaluating Strategies to Reduce Traffic Congestion,” TDM Encyclopedia, vtpi.org/tdm/tdm96.htm.
66. See, for instance, Fred L. Hall, 1992, “Chapter 2: Traffic Stream Characteristics,” Traffic Flow Theory, U.S. Department of Transportation: Federal Highway Administration, ftwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/tft/index.cfm.
Chapter 5
1. BBC News, 2018, “Four-Day Week: ‘Time Is One of the Best Gifts of All,’” bbc.co.uk/news/amp/business-46620061.
2. Kermit Pattison, 2008, “Worker, Interrupted: The Cost of Task Switching,” fastcompany.com/944128/worker-interrupted-cost-task-switching.
3. Vouchercloud, 2017, “How Many Productive Hours in a Work Day? Just 2 Hours, 23 Minutes …,” vouchercloud.com/resources/office-worker-productivity.
4. Stefan Volk, 2019, “Gains to Be Made from Getting Work in Sync with Our Circadian Rhythms,” Sydney Morning Herald, smh.com.au/business/workplace/gains-to-be-made-from-getting-work-in-sync-with-our-circadian-rhythms-20191031-p536c9.html.
5. Ben Bryant, 2011, “Judges Are More Lenient after Taking a Break, Study Finds,” theguardian.com/law/2011/apr/11/judges-lenient-break.
6. Susan Sorenson, 2013, “How Employee Engagement Drives Growth,” gallup.com/workplace/236927/employee-engagement-drives-growth.aspx.
7. Jim Harter and Annamarie Mann, 2017, “The Right Culture: Not Just About Employee Satisfaction,” gallup.com/workplace/236366/right-culture-not-employee-satisfaction.aspx.
8. Jack Altman, 2017, “How Much Does Employee Turnover Really Cost?” huffpost.com/entry/how-much-does-employee-turnover-really-cost_b_587fbaf9e4b0474ad4874fb7.
Chapter 6
1. Erika Anderson, 2013, “11 Quotes from Sir Richard Branson on Business, Leadership, and Passion,” forbes.com/sites/erikaandersen/2013/03/16/11-quotes-from-sir-richard-branson-on-business-leadership-and-passion/#5036259e69e7.
2. C. Northcote Parkinson, 1957, Parkinson’s Law: On the Pursuit of Progress, New York: Buccaneer Books.
3. Laura Brannon, Paul Hershberger, and Timothy Brock, 1999, “Timeless Demonstrations of Parkinson’s First Law,” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6, 148–56, researchgate.net/publication/11189704_Timeless_demonstrations_of_Parkinson’s_first_law.
4. Constantine Mantis, 2017, “Testing Parkinson’s Law in Auto- and Manually Graded McGraw Assignments,” Iowa State University, lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1008&context=cirtl_reports.
5. Gavin Fernando, 2018, “The Five-Hour Work Day Is Here,” news.com.au/finance/work/at-work/the-fivehour-work-day-is-here/news-story/0517a1701a5658500e9e63f283f3f759.
6. HICA, 2017, “How Much Do Sick Days Really Cost Your Business?” Health Insurance Consultants Australia, hica.com.au/health-insurance-news/how-much-do-sick-days-really-cost-your-business.
7. Coulthard Barnes, 2019, White Paper 2019 – The Four-Day Week, 4dayweek.com/access-white-paper.
8. Andrew Barnes, 2020, “Why the 4 Day Week is Good for Business,” 4dayweek.com/blog/2020/1/11/why-the-4-day-week-is-good-for-business-by-andrew-barnes-4-day-week-innovator.
9. Jarrod Haar, 2018, “Overview of the Perpetual Guardian 4-Day (Paid 5) Work Trial,” Auckland University of Technology, static1.squarespace.com/static/5a93121d3917ee828d5f282b/t/5b4e4237352f53b0cc369c8b/1531855416866/Final+Perpetual+Guardian+report_Professor+Jarrod+Haar_July+2018.pdf.
10. Japan News Center, 2019, “Disclosed the Results of Measuring the Effects of the ‘Work Life Choice Challenge 2019 Summer’ In-house Project, Which Focuses on ‘4 Days a Week & 3 Days a Week,’” news.microsoft.com/ja-jp/2019/10/31/191031-published-the-results-of-measuring-the-effectiveness-of-our-work-life-choice-challenge-summer-2019/.
11. Richard Koch, 2017, 80/20 Principle: The Secret of Achieving More with Less (Updated 20th Anniversary Edition), London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
12. Greg Leiserson, Will McGrew, and Raksha Kopparam, 2019, “The Distribution of Wealth in the United States and Implications for a Net Worth Tax,” Washington Center for Equitable Growth, equitablegrowth.org/the-distribution-of-wealth-in-the-united-states-and-implications-for-a-net-worth-tax/.
Chapter 7
1. Ari Surdoval, 2017, “Why Working from Home Should Be Standard Practice,” TED Conferences, ideas.ted.com/why-working-from-home-should-be-standard-practice/.
2. Nicholas Bloom, James Liang, John Roberts, and Zhichun Jenny Ying, 2015, “Does Working from Home Work? Evidence from a Chinese Experiment,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 165–218, nbloom.people.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj4746/f/wfh.pdf.
3. Bloom et al., 171.
4. Bloom et al., 165.
5. Bloom et al., 209.
6. Bloom et al., 200.
7. Bloom et al., 207–8.
8. Bloom et al., 177.
9. Bloom et al., 170.
10. Bloom et al., 215.
11. Kat Boogaard, April 16, 2018, “The ‘Coffee Shop Effect’: Why Changing Your Location Boosts Your Productivity,” Trello, blog.trello.com/coffee-shop-effect-boosts-productivity.
12. United Nations, 2016, “U.N. Environment Report: Put People, Not Cars First in Transport Systems,” Sustainable Development Goals, un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2016/10/un-environment-report-put-people-not-cars-first-in-transport-systems/.
13. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2019, “9208.0 – Survey of Motor Vehicle Use, Australia, 12 Months Ended 30 June 2018,” abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/9208.0.
14. Adeel Lari, 2012, “Telework/Workforce Flexibility to Reduce Congestion and Environmental Degradation?” Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 48, 712–21.
15. J.R.R. Tolkien, 1997, The Hobbit, London: Harper Collins Publishers, 289.
16. Eric Rosen, 2018, “Over 4 Billion Passengers Flew In 2017 Setting New Travel Record,” forbes.com/sites/ericrosen/2018/09/08/over-4-billion-passengers-flew-in-2017-setting-new-travel-record/#27d8ef1255b2.
17. Air Transport Action Group (ATAG), 2018, “Facts & Figures,” atag.org/facts-figures.html.
18. BBC News, 2019, “Climate Change: Should You Fly, Drive or Take the Train?” bbc.com/news/science-environment-49349566.
19. Tatiana Schlossberg, 2017, “Flying Is Bad for the Planet. You Can Help Make It Better.,” nytimes.com/2017/07/27/climate/airplane-pollution-global-warming.html.
20. E. Mazareanu, 2019, “U.S. Air Passengers’ Main Trip Purposes in 2017, by Type,” statista.com/statistics/539518/us-air-passengers-main-trip-purposes-by-type/.
21. Trondent Development Corp., 2020, “Business Travel by the Numbers,” trondent.com/business-travel-statistics/.
Chapter 8
1. Maja Paleka, 2019, “The Way We Talk about Flexibility Is All Wrong – Let’s #pressforprogress by Changing That,” jugglestrategies.com.au/blog/the-way-we-talk-about-flexibility-is-all-wrong-lets-pressforprogress-by-changing-that.
2. Emma Walsh, 2018, “Fathers and Parental Leave,” Australian Institute of Family Values, aifs.gov.au/aifs-conference/fathers-and-parental-leave.
3. Amy Packham, 2019, “More Than Half of Dads Struggle to Secure Flexibility At Work – And It’s Affecting Their Mental Health,” Huffington Post UK, huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/dads-struggle-flexibility-at-work_uk_5cdebc2ae4b09e057802987a.
4. Richard Laermer, 2017, “I Let My Staff Work from Home, Then Realized It Wasn’t Working,” nbcnews.com/think/opinion/i-let-my-staff-work-home-then-realized-it-wasn-ncna814751.
Chapter 9
1. Time Doctor, 2019, timedoctor.com/.
2. Trevor Haynes, 2018, “Dopamine, Smartphones & You: A Battle for Your Time,” Harvard University: Science in the News, sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2018/dopamine-smartphones-battle-time/.
3. Rani Molla, 2019, “The Productivity Pit: How Slack Is Ruining Work,” vox.com/recode/2019/5/1/18511575/productivity-slack-google-microsoft-facebook.
Chapter 10
1. WorldatWork, 2015, Trends in Workplace Flexibility, worldatwork.org/dA/10dc98de55/Trends%20in%20Workplace%20Flexibility%20-%202015.pdf.
2. Public Service Commission, “Flexible Working Case Studies,” NSW Government, psc.nsw.gov.au/workplace-culture---diversity/flexible-working/implementing-flexibility--resources-for-people-and-culture-teams/leading-implementation-of-flexible-working/case-studies.
Chapter 11
1. Rutger Bregman, 2017, Utopia for Realists, and How We Get There, London: Bloomsbury, 140.
2. Carmel Lobello, 2013, “What Happened to the Six-Hour Workday?” theweek.com/articles/454364/what-happened-sixhour-workday.
3. Rutger Bregman, 2017, Utopia for Realists, and How We Get There, London: Bloomsbury: London, 140–41.
4. Mitch Galloway, 2018, “At Family-Owned Micron Manufacturing, Workers Create Their Own Schedules,” mibiz.com/item/25451-at-family-owned-micron-manufacturing,workers-create-their-own-schedules.
5. Woohoo Inc, 2015, “Introducing a 30-Hour Work Week at Toyota Gothenburg,” youtube.com/watch?v=aJUEXPP0Hao.
6. Ben Windsor-Shellard, 2017, “Suicide by Occupation, England: 2011 to 2015,” U.K. Office for National Statistics, ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/articles/suicidebyoccupation/england2011to2015#main-points.
7. RegisteredNursing.org, 2017, “Suicide Rates by Profession,” registerednursing.org/suicide-rates-profession/.
8. Natalie Wolfe, 2018, “The Deadliest Jobs in Australia for Men,” news.com.au/lifestyle/health/mind/the-deadliest-jobs-in-australia-for-men/news-story/08e329b5572c944dffcecb21ba814976.
9. Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, 2006, “Suicide in Queensland’s Commercial Building and Construction Industry,” mates.net.nz/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/2006-MIC_AISRAP-Report.pdf.
10. Lifeline, n.d., “Statistics on Suicide in Australia,” lifeline.org.au/about-lifeline/lifeline-information/statistics-on-suicide-in-australia.
11. A. Mills, P. Williams and D. Yu, 2010, “Benchmarking Construction Rework in Australian Housing,” Int. Journal for Housing Science, 34(3): 207–20.
12. Peter Love et al., 2018, “The Cost of Rework: Insights from Construction and Opportunities for Learning,” Production Planning and Control, espace.curtin.edu.au/handle/20.500.11937/72898.
13. Emmanuel Eze and John Ebhohimen Idiake, 2018, “Analysis of Cost of Rework on Time and Cost Performance of Building Construction Projects in Abuja, Nigeria,” International Journal of Build Environment and Sustainability, 5(1): 56–67.
14. NSW Government, 2019, “Flexible Working Case Study: Mirvac,” psc.nsw.gov.au/workplace-culture---diversity/flexible-working/implementing-flexibility--resources-for-people-and-culture-teams/leading-implementation-of-flexible-working/case-studies/mirvac.
15. NSW Government, 15.
16. Geoffrey Lean, 2011, “Sir Richard Branson: We Must Learn that Doing Good is Good for Business,” telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/8900854/Sir-Richard-Branson-We-must-learn-that-doing-good-is-good-for-business.html.
17. Zoe Kinias, 2020, “Challenging Assumptions About Flexible Work,” knowledge.insead.edu/leadership-organisations/challenging-assumptions-about-flexible-work-13411.
18. John T. James, 2013, “A New, Evidence-based Estimate of Patient Harms Associated with Hospital Care,” Journal of Patient Safety, 9(3): 122–28, journals.lww.com/journalpatientsafety/Fulltext/2013/09000/A_New,_Evidence_based_Estimate_of_Patient_Harms.2.aspx.
19. Hannah Nichols, 2019, “What Are the Leading Causes of Death in the US?,” medicalnewstoday.com/articles/282929.php.
20. Jacob E. Sunshine et al., 2019, “Association of Adverse Effects of Medical Treatment With Mortality in the United States: A Secondary Analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study,” JAMA Network Open, 2(1), jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2720915.
21. Ryan Park, 2017, “Why So Many Young Doctors Work Such Awful Hours,” theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/02/doctors-long-hours-schedules/516639/.
22. John Flannery and Maria Hawthorne, 2017, “One in Two Public Hospital Doctors Working Unsafe Hours,” Australian Medical Association, ama.com.au/media/one-two-public-hospital-doctors-working-unsafe-hours.
23. A. M. Williamson and Anne-Marie Feyer, 2000, “Moderate Sleep Deprivation Produces Impairments in Cognitive and Motor Performance Equivalent to Legally Prescribed Levels of Alcohol Intoxication,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57(10): 649–55, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1739867/.
24. Laura K. Barger et al., 2006, “Impact of Extended-Duration Shifts on Medical Errors, Adverse Events, and Attentional Failures,” PLoS Med., 3(12), ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1705824/.
25. Alexander Blum et al., 2010, “US Public Opinion Regarding Proposed Limits on Resident Physician Work Hours,” BMC Med, 8(33), ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901227/.
26. Kate Aubusson, 2019, “Burned-out Junior Doctors Fear They’ll Accidentally Harm Patients,” Sydney Morning Herald, smh.com.au/national/nsw/burned-out-junior-doctors-fear-they-ll-accidentally-harm-patients-20191112-p539ru.html.
27. Morgan Liotta, 2020, “Junior Doctors Working Unsafe Hours to ‘Earn Their Stripes,’” Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, racgp.org.au/newsgp/clinical/junior-doctors-working-unsafe-hours-to-earn-their.
28. Danielle M. Olds and Sean P. Clarke, 2010, “The Effect of Work Hours on Adverse Events and Errors in Health Care,” J Safety Res., 41(2): 153–62, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2910393/.
29. Laura K. Barger et al., 2006, “Impact of Extended-Duration Shifts on Medical Errors, Adverse Events, and Attentional Failures,” PLoS Med., 3(12), ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1705824/.
30. Denis Campbell, 2019, “NHS England Losing Staff in Record Numbers Over Long Hours – Study,” theguardian.com/society/2019/feb/16/nhs-england-losing-staff-in-record-numbers-over-long-hours-study.
31. Laura Donnelly, 2019, “NHS Appoints ‘Head of Flexible Working’ in Bid to Push Part-time Jobs,” telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/12/08/nhs-appoints-head-flexible-working-bid-push-part-time-jobs/.
32. Maddy Savage, 2017, “What Really Happened When Swedes Tried Six-Hour Days?” bbc.com/news/business-38843341.
33. Thomas Heath, 2017, “The Swedish Six-Hour Workday Could Help You Live Longer,” Sydney Morning Herald, smh.com.au/lifestyle/health-and-wellness/the-swedish-sixhour-workday-could-help-you-live-longer-20170424-gvqxs4.html.
34. Nous Group, 2018, Flexible Work, Good for Business?, Victoria State Government, vic.gov.au/sites/default/iles/2019-01/Report-Flexible-work-return-on-investment.pdf.
35. The Doctor’s Farmacy with Mark Hyman, 2019, “Episode 37: Why the CEO of Cleveland Clinic Embraced Functional Medicine,” drhyman.com/blog/2019/01/23/podcast-ep37/.
36. FlexJobs, n.d., “Cleveland Clinic Jobs with Remote and Flexible Work Options,” flexjobs.com/jobs/telecommuting-jobs-at-cleveland_clinic.
37. Institute for Health and Productivity Studies, John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 2015, From Evidence to Practice: Workplace Wellness that Works, transamericacenterforhealthstudies. org/docs/default-source/wellness-page/from-evidence-to-practice---workplace-wellness-that-works. pdf.
Chapter 12
1. The National Museum of Australia, n.d., “Eight-hour Day,” nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/eight-hour-day.
2. Allison Nawoj, 2011, “More Than One-Quarter of Managers Said They Weren’t Ready to Lead When They Began Managing Others, Finds New CareerBuilder Survey,” press.careerbuilder.com/2011-03-28-More-Than-One-Quarter-of-Managers-Said-They-Werent-Ready-to-Lead-When-They-Began-Managing-Others-Finds-New-CareerBuilder-Survey.
3. Victor Lipman, 2016, “A Startling 98% of Managers Feel Managers Need More Training,” forbes.com/sites/victorlipman/2016/10/01/a-startling-98-of-managers-feel-managers-need-more-training/#61bff9e75e8b.
4. Randall J. Beck and Jim Harter, 2014, “Why Good Managers Are So Rare,” Harvard Business Review, hbr.org/2014/03/why-good-managers-are-so-rare.
5. Henry Stewart, 2012, The Happy Manifesto: Make Your Organisation a Great Place to Work – Now!, London: Happy, happy.co.uk/media/1467/happy-manifesto.pdf, 112–14.
6. Johnny Wood and Briony Harris, 2018, “A Vacation from Work Could Be a Lifesaver,” World Economic Forum, weforum.org/agenda/2018/08/booking-a-vacation-from-workplace-stress-could-prolong-your-life.
7. Meredith Lepore, 2018, “This Is How Americans Define Their Dream Job,#8221; thriveglobal.com/stories/this-is-how-americans-define-their-dream-job/.
8. Melanie Burgess, 2019, “Australian Companies Are Offering Extra Paid Annual Leave to Boost Productivity,” news.com.au/finance/work/at-work/australian-companies-are-offering-extra-paid-annual-leave-to-boost-productivity/news-story/b6fd117f3c3bde5eff6e09ea14bae2a1.
Chapter 13
1. Anna Coote, Jane Franklin, and Andrew Simms, 2010, 21 Hours: Why a Shorter Working Week Can Help Us All to Flourish in the 21st Century, London: New Economics Foundation, b.3cdn.net/nefoundation/f49406d81b9ed9c977_p1m6ibgje.pdf.
Appendix A
1. Gaby Hinsliff, 2018, “This CEO Took A Pay Cut To Give Employees $70,000 A Year. Now He’s Battling Amazon,” huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/dan-price-minimum-wage_n_5afd3d8ee4b06a3ft50dcf28.