CHAPTER 1
1. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, “Attempt to Dynamite Charlotte Synagogue Fails; Police Investigate,” JTA, November 27, 1957, http://www.jta.org/1957/11/27/archive/attempt-to-dynamite-charlotte-synagogue-fails-police-investigate#ixzz3GpJQ8aRo.
2. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, “FBI Investigates Bombing of Jewish Centers in Miami and Nashville,” JTA, March 18, 1958, http://www.jta.org/1958/03/18/archive/f-b-i-investigates-bombing-of-jewish-centers-in-miami-and-nashville#ixzz3GpLZfNLU.
3. Clive Webb, “Counterblast: How the Atlanta Temple Bombing Strengthened the Civil Rights Cause,” Southern Spaces, June 22, 2009, www.southernspaces.org/2009/counterblast-how-atlanta-temple-bombing-strengthened-civil-rights-cause.
4. JTA, “FBI Investigates.”
5. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, “Jews in Jacksonville Map Plans for Checking Anti-Jewish Terror,” JTA, April 30, 1958, http://www.jta.org/1958/04/30/archive/jews-in-jacksonville-map-plans-for-checking-anti-jewish-terror.
6. John McKay, It Happened in Atlanta: Remarkable Events That Shaped History (Guilford, CT: Morris Book Publishing, 2011), 110.
7. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, “Eisenhower Condemns Bombers of Synagogues as ‘Gangsters,’” JTA, October 16, 1958, http://www.jta.org/1958/10/16/archive/eisenhower-condemns-bombers-of-synagogues-as-gangsters#ixzz3P6Gla8xr.
8. JTA, “FBI Investigates.”
9. Webb, “Counterblast.”
10. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, “People in South Not Influenced by Ku Klux Klan Anti-Jewish Propaganda,” JTA, June 16, 1958, http://www.jta.org/1958/06/16/archive/people-in-south-not-influenced-by-ku-klux-klan-anti-jewish-propaganda#ixzz3P6L6wqsv.
11. Melissa Fay Greene, The Temple Bombing (New York: Da Capo Press, 1996), 179.
12. Stuart Wexler and Larry Hancock, The Awful Grace of God: Religious Terrorism, White Supremacy, and the Unsolved Murder of Martin Luther King Jr. (Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint Press, 2012), 51.
13. “Speech to the Aryan Nations Congress in Hayden Lake, Idaho, in 1994,” YouTube, uploaded by priapus2222 on August 15, 2010, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUsHMymEJag.
14. Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith, “Anti-Semitism in the United States in 1947,” Documenting Maine Jews, accessed April 17, 2015, http://mainejews.org/docs/Colby/ADLReportAntiSemitism1947.pdf.
15. Clive Webb, Fight against Fear: Southern Jews and Black Civil Rights (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011), 52.
CHAPTER 2
1. Webb, “Counterblast.”
2. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “National States Rights Party, Part 1 of 1,” FBI, accessed April 16, 2015, http://vault.fbi.gov/National%20States%20Rights%20Party/National%20States%20Rights%20Party%20Part%201%20of%201%20/view.
3. Raymond Arsenault, Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 92.
4. Wexler and Hancock, Awful Grace of God, 55.
5. Patsy Sims, The Klan, 2nd ed. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1996), 135.
6. Ibid.
7. Wexler and Hancock, Awful Grace of God, 66.
8. Clive Webb, Rabble Rousers: The American Far Right in the Civil Rights Era (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011), 106.
9. Our Campaigns, “Faubus, Orval E.,” Our Campaigns, accessed March 3, 2015, http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=4200.
10. Our Campaigns, “Crommelin, John G.,” Our Campaigns, accessed March 3, 2015, http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=19159.
11. Our Campaigns, “Kasper, John,” Our Campaigns, accessed March 3, 2015, http://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=4498.
12. National States Rights Party, “They Called It the Speech of the Century,” Thunderbolt, April 1962, https://archive.org/stream/foia_NSRP-Chicago-2A/NSRP-Chicago-2A#page/n41/mode/2up/search/scheme.
13. Daytona Beach Morning Journal, “How about These ‘Outsiders’?” Daytona Beach Morning Journal, August 5, 1964, http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1873&dat=19640805&id=dpooAAAAIBA-J&sjid=k8wEAAAAIBAJ&pg=716,781543.
14. Stephen E. Atkins, Encyclopedia of Right-Wing Extremism in Modern American History (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011), 137.
15. Edwin Black, “Eugenics and the Nazis: The California Connection,” SFGate, November 9, 2003, http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/Eugenics-and-the-Nazis-the-California-2549771.php.
16. Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity (New York: NYU Press, 2003), 237.
17. Lothrop Stoddard, The Rising Tide of Color against White World Supremacy (New York: Scribner, 1921), 90–91.
18. Goodrick-Clarke, Black Sun, 237.
19. Hiram Wesley Evans, “The Klan’s Fight for Americanism,” North American Review, 1926, http://faculty.atu.edu/cbrucker/Engl5383/Evans.htm.
20. Committee on Un-American Activities, “Activities of the Ku Klux Klan Organizations in the United States,” Internet Archive, accessed April 16, 2015, https://archive.org/stream/activitiesofkukl03unit#page/2486/mode/2up/search/romans.
21. Ibid.
22. Michael Barkun, Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement (Chapel Hill: UNC Press Books, 1997), 30–32.
23. Ibid.
24. Clarence Taylor, Reds at the Blackboard: Communism, Civil Rights, and the New York City Teachers Union (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013), 197.
25. Alan Brinkley, Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression (New York: Knopf Doubleday, 2011), 212.
26. Ibid., 171.
27. S.T. Joshi, Documents of American Prejudice: An Anthology of Writings on Race from Thomas Jefferson to David Duke (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 413.
28. Robert Singerman, “Contemporary Racist and Judeophobic Ideology Discovers the Khazars, or, Who Really Are the Jews?” (lecture, Thirty-ninth Annual Convention, Association of Jewish Libraries, Brooklyn, 2004).
29. Barkun, Religion and the Racist Right, 177.
30. Stephen R. Haynes, Noah’s Curse: The Biblical Justification of American Slavery (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 73–75, 133, 203–205.
31. Wexler and Hancock, Awful Grace of God, 93.
32. Ibid., 24.
33. Michael Newton, The Ku Klux Klan: History, Organization, Language, Influence, and Activities of America’s Most Notorious Secret Society (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 2007), 170.
34. Wexler and Hancock, Awful Grace of God, 40.
35. Ibid., 37.
36. D. Boylan, “A League of Their Own: A Look inside the Christian Defense League,” Cuban Information Archives, 2004, http://cuban-exile.com/doc_026-050/doc0tml.
37. Office of the Attorney General, “Para-Military Organizations in California,” Harold Weisberg Archive, Hood College, accessed April 17, 2015, http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/L%20Disk/Lynch%20Report/Item%2001.pdf.
38. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Wallace, Hugh Allen, Et al, Bombing of the Temple, Atlanta Georgia, October Twelve Last, Information Concerning,” Internet Archive, accessed April 17, 2015, https://archive.org/stream/foia_Allen_Wallace_H.-HQ-9/Allen_Wallace_H.-HQ-9#page/n27/mode/2up/search/destroy.
CHAPTER 3
1. Wesley Swift, “As in the Days of Noah, 9-30-62” Wesley Swift Library, accessed April 16, 2015, http://swift.christogenea.org/book/export/html/528.
2. Wright Thompson, “The Ghosts of Mississippi,” ESPN: Outside the Lines, accessed April 16, 2015, http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/eticket/story?page=mississippi62.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Millard J. Erickson, A Basic Guide to Eschatology: Making Sense of the Millennium (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1998).
7. Conrad Gaard, “Spotlight on the Great Conspiracy,” Israel Elect of Zion, accessed April 17, 2015, http://israelect.com/reference/ConradGaard/Spotlight%20on%20the%20Great%20Conspiracy.htm.
8. Barkun, Religion and the Racist Right, 240.
9. Ibid., 258.
10. Swift, “As in the Days of Noah.”
11. Chester Quarles, Christian Identity: The Aryan American Bloodline Religion, (Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company, 2004), 180.
12. Thomas A. Tarrants, The Conversion of a Klansman: The Story of a Former Ku Klux Klan Terrorist (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1979).
13. Ibid., 50.
14. Wesley Swift, “Armageddon—Local and Worldwide (5-5-63),” Wesley Swift Library, accessed April 16, 2015, http://swift.christogenea.org/content/armageddon-local-and-worldwide-5-5-63.
15. Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” African Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/Letter_Birmingham.html.
16. Associated Press, “Federal Troops Poised to Move into Birmingham,” Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph, May 13, 1963, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=957&dat=19630513&id=eoRhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OswFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2700,2625710&hl=en.
17. Wesley Swift, “Evidence of Divine Assistance (5-13-63),” Wesley Swift Library, accessed April 16, 2015, http://swift.christogenea.org/content/evidence-divine-assistance-5-13-63.
18. John C. Henegan, “Medgar W. Evers—‘Turn Me Loose,’” Capital Area Bar Association, May 2013, http://www.caba.ms/articles/features/medgar-evers-turn-me-loose.html.
19. Wesley Swift, “Strategy of the False Prophet (6-23-63),” Wesley Swift Library, accessed April 16, 2015, http://swift.christogenea.org/content/strategy-false-prophet-6-23-63.
CHAPTER 4
1. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Airtel from SAC Miami to FBI Director re: BAPBOB, Sidney Crockette Barnes a.k.a. Racial Matters,” FBI, March 12, 1964. http://mlkkpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/doc_eulogy_for_the_martyred_children
2. United Press International, “Bomb Hurled into Church from Auto,” St. Petersburg Times, September 16, 1963, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19630916&id=xp5PAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NFIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5701,2906766&hl=en.
3. Ibid.
4. Martin Luther King Jr., “Eulogy for the Martyred Children,” Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute, accessed April 16, 2015, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/kingpapers/article/eulogy_for_the_martyred_children/.
5. Mike Clary, “Birmingham’s Painful Past Reopened,” Los Angeles Times, April 14, 2001, http://articles.latimes.com/2001/apr/14/news/mn-50901.
6. Diane McWhorter, Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, the Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 114–15.
7. McWhorter, Carry Me Home; Petric J. Smith, Long Time Coming: An Insider’s Story into the Birmingham Church Bombing That Rocked the World (Birmingham, AL: Crane Hill, 1994); T.K. Thorne, Last Chance for Justice: How Relentless Investigators Uncovered New Evidence Convicting the Birmingham Church Bombers (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2013). All of these books were valuable in reconstructing basic events.
8. His name is being withheld because he is still alive.
9. Pamela Colloff, “The Sins of the Father,” Texas Monthly, April 2000.
10. David Mark Chalmers, Backfire: How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005), 19.
11. Susan Willoughby Anderson, “The Past on Trial: The Sixteenth Street Church Bombing and Civil Rights History,” American Bar Foundation, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.americanbarfoundation.org/uploads/cms/documents/anderson_abf_talk_nov_2010.pdf; see foot note on page 17.
12. Gary May, The Informant: The FBI, The Ku Klux Klan, and the Murder of Viola Liuzzo (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), 102.
13. McWhorter, Carry Me Home, 540.
14. Gary May, “Forty Years for Justice: Did the FBI Cover for the Birmingham Bombers?” Newsweek/Daily Beast, September 15, 2013, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/09/15/40-years-for-justice-did-the-fbi-cover-for-the-birmingham-bombers.html.
15. Birmingham Police Department, “Interview with Phillip Maybry,” File 1125.3.3, Alabama Police Department Surveillance Files 1947–1980, Birmingham Public Library Archives. This document appears to be an FBI file saved by the Birmingham Police Department, but the cover page that might provide FBI information is missing.
16. Dan Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace and the Origins of the New Conservativism (Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2000); see endnote 25 on page 490.
17. Thorne, Last Chance, unpaginated.
18. Bob Eddy, interview with the author, September 6, 2013.
19. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Memorandum for the Attorney General,” FBI, accessed April 16, 2015, http://vault.fbi.gov/16th%20Street%20Church%20Bombing%20/16th%20Street%20Church%20Bombing%20Part%2047%20of%2050/view.
20. Ibid.
21. Bill Fleming, interview with the author, September 9, 2013.
22. William Baxley, interview with the author, August 21, 2013.
23. Stephen E. Atkins, The Encyclopedia of Right-Wing Extremism in Modern American History (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011), 42.
24. Ibid.
25. Carter, Politics of Rage, 189.
26. Swift, “Armageddon.”
27. Ed King, interview with the author, September 25, 2014.
28. Ibid.
CHAPTER 5
1. Douglas O. Linder, “The Mississippi Burning Trial (U.S. v. Price, et al.),” Famous Trials, accessed April 16, 2015, http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/price&bowers/Account.html. The preceding account draws heavily from Professor Linder’s excellent Web source. Subsequent endnotes reference subdivisions within Linder’s website.
2. Ibid.
3. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Confession of Horace Doyle Barnette,” FBI, accessed April 16, 2015, http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/price&bowers/barnetteconfession.html.
4. Ibid.
5. Robert Cohen, Freedom’s Orator: Mario Savio and the Radical Legacy of the 1960s (London: Oxford University Press, 2009), 52.
6. Sims, Klan, 241.
7. Charles Marsh, God’s Long Hot Summer: Stories of Faith and Civil Rights (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 63.
8. Ibid., 60.
9. Ibid., 54.
10. William H. McIlhany, Klandestine: The Untold Story of Delmar Dennis and His Role in the FBI’s War against the Ku Klux Klan (New York: Arlington House, 1975), 38–47.
11. Douglas O. Linder, “Sam Bowers,” Famous Trials, accessed April 16, 2015, http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/price&bowers/Bowers.htm.
12. “The Klan Ledger,” Candy Brown Papers, Wisconsin Historical Society: Freedom Summer Digital Collection, accessed April 16, 2015, http://cdm15932.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15932coll2/id/34854.
13. Ibid.
14. Marsh, God’s Long Hot Summer, 64–66.
15. Rebecca N. Ferguson, The Handy History Answer Book (Canton, MI: Visible Ink Press, 2005), 201.
16. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “FROM: SAC Jackson to Director; Reference Bureau airtel set out instances of threats from the main file on King,” Mary Ferrell Foundation, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=145174&relPageId=33. The document has Bowers warning two men who approached him with an offer to kill King to be cautious. On the other hand, he appears to have assigned two other men to kill King with “high powered rifles” that same summer (1964). That fact becomes interesting in our discussion of the alpha plot.
CHAPTER 6
1. Malcolm X, “To Mississippi Youth,” Malcolm X Speaks: Selected Speeches and Statements (New York: Grove Press, 1965), 139.
2. Ibid., 143.
3. Ibid., 145.
4. Rufus Burrow Jr., A Child Shall Lead Them: Martin Luther King Jr., Young People, and the Movement (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Publishers, 2014), 195–96.
5. Akinyele Omowale Umoja, We Will Shoot Back: Armed Resistance in the Mississippi Freedom Movement (New York: NYU Press, 2013), 120.
6. Associated Press, “Harlem Rioting Leaves One Dead,” Tuscaloosa News, July 20, 1964, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19640720&id=FxAdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-poEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5339,2725361&hl=en.
7. United Press International, “Curfew Extended for Third Day in Riot-Torn Rochester,” Bulletin, July 27, 1964, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1243&dat=19640727&id=J_hYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=TvcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4880,4815124&hl=en.
8. Ellesia Ann Blaque, “Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) Riot of 1964,” in The Encyclopedia of American Race Riots, vol. 2, eds. Walter C. Rucker and James N. Upton (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), 507.
9. William J. Collins and Robert A. Margo, “The Economic Aftermath of the 1960s Riots in American Cities: Evidence from Property Values,” National Bureau of Economic Research 10493 (May 2004): 22, Table 1.
10. Eric Avila, “Social Flashpoints,” in A Companion to Los Angeles, eds. William Deverell and Greg Hise (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010), 96.
11. Martin Luther King Jr., “MLK Speaks to the People of Watts,” King Center, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.thekingcenter.org/archive/document/mlk-speaks-people-watts.
12. Ibid. The speaker who responds to King is not identified.
13. Jim Vertuno, “LBJ Library Releases Tapes Showing King Feared Race War,” Times Daily, April 13, 2002, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=20020413&id=E2weAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VskEAAAAIBAAwfulGraceo/GodJ&pg=2671,1610048&hl=en.
14. Wexler and Hancock, 73–74.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Collins and Margo, Economic Aftermath.
18. Donald Jason, “Guards Bayonet Hecklers in Cicero’s Rights March,” New York Times, September 5, 1966, 1.
19. Stokely Carmichael, “Black Power,” American Rhetoric, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/stokely/carmichaelblackpower.html.
20. James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States: 1945–1974 (London: Oxford University Press, 1996), 658.
21. United Press International, “Baltimore Ripped by Violence,” Bulletin, July 29, 1966, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1243&dat=19660729&id=-_5XAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JPcDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6427,457917&hl=en.
22. Wesley Swift, “The Coming Liberation of America (1-30-66),” Wesley Swift Library, accessed April 16, 2015, http://swift.christogenea.org/content/coming-liberation-america-1-30-66.
23. Boylan, “A League of Their Own.”
24. City of Miami Police Department, “Report of Detective Lochart F. Gracey, Jr.,” Harold Weisberg Archive, Hood College, accessed April 16, 2015, http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/M%20Disk/Milteer%20J%20A/Item%2009.pdf.
25. Minutemen, “A Short History of the Minutemen,” Harold Weisberg Archive, Hood College, accessed April 16, 2015, http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/M%20Disk/Minutemen/Item%20001.pdf.
26. Eric Norden, “The Paramilitary Right,” Playboy 16, no. 6 (1969), Harold Weisberg Archive, Hood College, accessed April 16, 2015, http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/M%20Disk/Minutemen/Item%20006.pdf.
27. Ibid.
28. William Turner, “The Minutemen (The Spirit of ’66),” Ramparts, January 1967, Harold Weisberg Archive, Hood College, accessed April 16, 2015, http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/F%20Disk/FBI/FBI%20to%201967/Item%2037.pdf.
29. Ibid.
30. Norden, “Paramilitary Right.”
31. Ibid.
32. Gerald McKnight, The Last Crusade: Martin Luther King Jr., the FBI, and the Poor People’s Campaign (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998), 93.
33. Ibid., 124.
34. Jim Ingram, interview with the author, March 2, 2008.
35. Wesley Swift, “Zero Hour (2-4-62),” Wesley Swift Library, accessed April 16, 2015, http://swift.christogenea.org/content/zero-hour-2-4-62.
36. Wesley Swift, “2-12-67 Bible Study Q&A,” Wesley Swift Library, accessed April 16, 2015, http://swift.christogenea.org/content/02-12-67-bible-study-qa.
37. Ibid.
38. Don Koenig, “Revelation Commentary: Chapter 14—The Grapes of Wrath Are Crushed,” Prophetic Years, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.thepropheticyears.com/The%20book%20of%20RevelationRevelation%20Chapter%2014.htm.
CHAPTER 7
1. Martin Luther King Jr., “Remaining Awake through a Great Revolution” (Oberlin), Electronic Oberlin Group, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.oberlin.edu/external/EOG/BlackHistoryMonth/MLK/CommAddress.html.
2. Martin Luther King Jr., “Remaining Awake through a Great Revolution” (National Cathedral), Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute, accessed April 16, 2015, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/kingpapers/article/remaining_awake_through_a_great_revolution/.
3. Ibid.
4. Max Herman, “Newark (New Jersey) Riot of 1967,” in The Encyclopedia of American Race Riots, vol. 2, eds. Walter C. Rucker and James N. Upton (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), 452.
5. Sandra West, “Negro Reporter Tells Detroit Riot Story,” Times-News, July 24, 1967, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19670724&id=T59PAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ayQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6942,1623294&hl=en.
6. Collins and Margo, “Economic Aftermath.”
7. Marquis Childs, “Guns Sales Mount as Tension Grows in This Strange Moment in History,” Morning Record, August 15, 1967, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2512&dat=19670815&id=WiVIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=XgANAAAAIBAJ&pg=775,5019331&hl=en.
8. Martin Luther King Jr., “The Other America,” Gross Pointe Historical Society, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.gphistorical.org/mlk/mlkspeech/mlk-gp-speech.pdf.
9. Tavis Smiley, with David Ritz. Death of a King: The Real Story of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s Final Year (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2014), 243.
10. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “FBI Director to All Offices; Counterintelligence Program, Black Nationalist—Hate Groups, Internal Security,” March 4, 1968. http://whatreallyhappened.com/RANCHO/POLITICS/COINTELPRO/COINTELPRO-FBI.docs.html
11. King, “Remaining Awake” (National Cathedral).
12. Wexler and Hancock, Awful Grace of God.
13. Wesley Swift, “Power in the Word (3-31-68),” Wesley Swift Library, accessed April 16, 2015, http://swift.christogenea.org/content/power-word-3-31-68.
14. Ibid.
15. Wexler and Hancock, Awful Grace of God, 21–31. Our original work goes into each plot in greater depth than in the synopsis that follows. We discuss at least one additional plot—in 1964 in St. Augustine—that was never solved and thus cannot be firmly tied to Christian Identity. That plot has been excluded from this synopsis.
16. Bernie Ward, Kansas Intelligence Report: The Dixie Mafia (Topeka, KS: Office of Attorney General Vern Miller, 1974).
17. Michael Newton, The Encyclopedia of Unsolved Crimes (New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009), 199.
18. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Airtel from SAC Oklahoma City to Director re: Donald Eugene Sparks,” Mary Ferrell Foundation, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=145174&relPageId=9.
19. Jerry Mitchell, “KKK Killed Ben Chester White, Hoping to Lure and Kill MLK,” Mississippi Clarion-Ledger, June 10, 2014, http://www.clarionledger.com/story/journeytojustice/2014/06/10/ben-chester-white-kkk-mlk/10277517/.
20. Ibid.
21. Wexler and Hancock, Awful Grace of God, 211.
22. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “From SAC, Atlanta to Director; re: National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan,” Internet Archive, accessed April 16, 2015, https://archive.org/stream/foia_National_Knights_KKK-19/National_Knights_KKK-19#page/n37/mode/2up/search/nighthawk, see 38-40.
23. Interview with the author, November 2009. The source does not wish to be named.
CHAPTER 8
1. While earlier chapters draw heavily from The Awful Grace of God, my previous book (coauthored with Larry Hancock), this chapter draws heavily from the e-book update, Killing King, released by Counterpoint Press in April 2015.
2. Donald Nissen, interview with the author, November 9, 2009. This interview is one of dozens, formal and informal, conducted with Nissen from 2009 to 2014. His story has never waivered, and he has never sought to profit from it. He kept quiet about his account, provided to the FBI in June 1967 and August 1968, until 2009, when I was able to track him down. A career criminal, Nissen experienced a religious conversion in prison and presently works for church groups that help young ex-prisoners transition from their criminal pasts to productive lives.
3. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Airmail from Tampa to Director,” July 4, 1974, MURKIN 44-38861; Janet Upshaw, interview with the author, December 15, 2010.
4. House Select Committee on Assassinations, “Evidence of a Conspiracy in St. Louis,” Mary Ferrell Foundation, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=800&relPageId=389.
5. “The Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.,” Mysterious Deaths and Disappearances, accessed April 16, 2015, http://cuchculan.hpage.co.in/martin-luther-king_49125488.html.
6. Jerry Mitchell, “Did the Mafia Help Solve the Mississippi Burning Case?” Mississippi Clarion-Ledger, June 22, 2014. Few reporters are more respected on the issue of civil rights violence and law enforcement’s response than Mitchell, who confirmed the use of Mafia don Gregory Scarpa to help solve the Dahmer case. Per Mitchell, “Scarpa and an FBI agent bought a television from Klansman Lawrence Byrd just as he was closing his business, Byrd’s Radio & TV Service in Laurel. Byrd helped carry the TV to the car, and Scarpa shoved him into the back seat, where Byrd was pistol-whipped.” Federal judge Chet Dillard, referenced in Mitchell’s article, also firmly believes, based on FBI documents, that the FBI used Scarpa.
7. Jack Nelson, Terror in the Night (Jackson: University of Mississippi Press, 1993), 139. No book does a better job of covering the rivalry between law enforcement and the KKK in Mississippi.
8. Ibid.
9. Nissen, interview with the author, November 9, 2009.
10. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Re: Alleged Offer of $100,000 by the WKKKKOM to Anyone Who Kills Martin Luther King, Jr.,” July 24, 1967, File 157-7990, Jackson Field Office.
11. “Atlanta Mayor: ‘Get King Away from Him Right Now,” Jet, May 2, 1968, https://books.google.com/books?id=UTgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17&dq=ayers+AND+bond+AND+jet&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Hm4nVa4495qxBNbOgPAF&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=ayers%20AND%20bond%20AND%20jet&f=false.
12. The Reverend John Ayers, interview with the author, November 16, 2010.
13. Lamar Waldron, with Thom Hartmann, Legacy of Secrecy: The Long Shadow of the JFK Assassination (Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint, 2008), 339–40, 500–501.
14. Thorne, Last Chance for Justice. Thorne does not have page numbers in her book. The relevant passage says that Bob Eddy was told by Bill Holt that a “Brown” from Tennessee had helped train the Cahaba Boys to make an acid detonator. Other sources say that a “Brown” from the Constitutional Party participated in the Birmingham bombing. Together, these clues strongly point to Jack Brown, a known associate of Stoner and Milteer. Thorne notes that the police later cleared Jack Brown because they could verify his whereabouts in Tennessee on the day of the attack. But none of the material presented to law enforcement suggests that Brown participated in the actual September 15, 1963, attack; he may have simply been an accessory.
15. FBI, “Re: Alleged Offer of $100,000.”
16. “Fourth Suspected Robbery Gang Member Held,” Gadsden Times, July 6, 1966, 16, http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=z2ofAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MdUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1586,811537&dq=sparks+and+payne+and+mayor+and+robbery&hl=en.
17. “James Earl Ray: Selected Chronology,” Harold Weisberg Archive, Hood College, accessed March 30, 2013, http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/White%20Materials/White%20Assassination%20Clippings%20Folders/Miscellaneous%20Folders/Miscellaneous%20Study%20Groups/Misc-SG-109.pdf.
18. Philip Melanson, The Martin Luther King Assassination: New Revelations on the Conspiracy and Cover-Up (New York: SPI Books, 1994), 42.
19. James Earl Ray, Who Killed Martin Luther King, Jr.? The True Story of the Alleged Assassin (New York: Marlowe, 1997), 125.
20. William Pepper, Act of State: The Execution of Martin Luther King (London: Verso, 2003), 248.
21. Harold Weisberg, letter to Mark Lynch, August 26, 1985, Harold Weisberg Archive, Hood College, accessed April 16, 2015, http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/A%20Disk/ACLU/ACLU%2008.pdf.
22. Philip Melanson, The Murkin Conspiracy (New York: Praeger, 1989), 44–50.
23. John Nicol, “Was the King Assassination ‘Triggered’ in Canada?” CBC News, accessed December 15, 2010, www.cbc.ca/world/story/2008/04/28/fray-hearings.html. I am not revealing their identities because both men are still alive.
24. Charles Faulkner, “Murdering Civil Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., White Supremacy, and New Facts Supporting the Guilt of James Earl Ray,” Mary Ferrell Foundation, accessed April 16, 2015, www.maryferrell.org/wiki/index.php/Essay_-_Murdering_Civil_Rights.
25. Gerald Posner, Killing the Dream: James Earl Ray and the Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. (New York: Harcourt Brace and Co., 1998), 170–71.
26. Nissen, interview with the author, November 9, 2009.
27. Michael Newton, The Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi: A History (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2007), 179–180. Newton is one of the most informed and most prolific authors on the KKK in general.
28. Wexler and Hancock, Awful Grace of God, 213–15.
29. “Notes on FBI Hardin Documents,” Harold Weisberg Archive, Hood College, accessed March 30, 2013, http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/H%20Disk/Hardin%20James%20C/Item%2030.pdf.
30. Nelson, Terror in the Night, 140.
31. Jerry Mitchell, “Book Probes MLK Killing,” Mississippi Clarion-Ledger, January 3, 2008, www3.nd.edu/~newsinfo/pdf/2008_01_03_pdf/Book%20probes%20MLK%20killing.pdf.
32. Jack Nelson, “Transcript of Interview with Thomas Albert Tarrants, III, June 20, 1991,” MSS 1237, Box 3, Jack Nelson Collection, Manuscript Archive and Rare Book Library, Emory University. With the help of researcher Charles Faulkner I obtained the audio of the tape, which, with a few very minor discrepancies, confirms the substance of the transcript.
33. Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives, “Findings on MLK Assassination,” National Archives, accessed April 16, 2015, www.archives.gov/research/jfk/select-committee-report/part-2a.html#.
34. Waldron, Legacy of Secrecy, 510–11, 545.
35. Tarrants, Conversion, 59–60.
36. FBI, “Teletype from Jackson To New Orleans” (April 10, 1968), Jackson Field Office MURKIN file 157-9586, CD-ROM 59161160, 147–149.
37. “James Earl Ray: Selected Chronology.”
38. Jeffrey Cohen and David Lifton, “A Man He Calls Raoul,” New Times, April 1, 1977, Harold Weisberg Archive, Hood College, accessed April 16, 2015, http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/C%20Disk/Cohen%20Jeff/Item%2006.pdf.
39. Faulkner, “Murdering Civil Rights.” Larson, who was Bowers’s business partner at Sambo, was a senior officer in the military reserve. But we do not know if he made the call or if he had a connection to Alabama. The timing of the call still cries out for an explanation.
40. House Select Committee on Assassinations, “Final Report,” Mary Ferrell Foundation, accessed April 16, 2015, www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?mode=searchResult&absPageId=69366.
41. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Urgent Teletype from Dallas Field Office to Director, Memphis and Jackson,” April 23, 1968, MURKIN 44-38861-1836.
42. Martin Luther King Jr., “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop,” Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute, accessed April 16, 2015, http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/documentsentry/ive_been_to_the_mountaintop/.
CHAPTER 9
1. MLK: The Assassination Tapes, television documentary (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Channel, 2012).
2. Michael Honey, “King’s Last Crusade,” History News Network, George Mason University, accessed April 16, 2015, http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/37087.
3. Wexler and Hancock, Awful Grace of God, 307–309.
4. Betty Nyagoni, “Washington (D.C) Riot of 1968,” in The Encyclopedia of American Race Riots, vol. 2, ed. Walter C. Rucker and James N. Upton (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), 683–85.
5. Michael Honey, Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Last Campaign (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007), 445–46.
6. Carol Dietrich, “King, Martin Luther Jr., Assassination of (1968),” in The Encyclopedia of American Race Riots, vol. 2, eds. Walter C. Rucker and James N. Upton (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007), 341.
7. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Jesse B. Stoner,” April–May 1968, 157-3082, Jackson Field Office.
8. Wesley Swift, “4-24-68 Bible Study Q&A,” Wesley Swift Library, accessed April 16, 2015, http://swift.christogenea.org/content/04-24-68-bible-study-qa.
9. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Urgent Teletype from Dallas Field Office to Director, Memphis and Jackson,” April 23, 1968, MURKIN 44-38861-1836.
10. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Airtel from SAC, Newark to Director (Attn: FBI Identification Division), 11 Jun 1968,” Harold Weisberg Archive, Hood College, accessed March 29, 2013, http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/F%20Disk/Fetters%20Marjorie%20Possible%20PCI/Item%2002.pdf.
11. Melanson, Martin Luther King Assassination, 137.
12. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Teletype from Charlotte to Director, Memphis, New Haven and Jackson,” April 7, 1968, MURKIN. Interestingly, the Minuteman in question, a former White Knight (name redacted), suggested the White Knights as strong suspects in the MLK assassination.
13. House Select Committee on Assassinations, “Final Report.”
14. Wexler and Hancock, Awful Grace of God, 283–85.
15. Waldron, Legacy of Secrecy, 604.
16. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “King Assassination Documents—FBI Central Headquarters File, Section 72,” Mary Ferrell Foundation, accessed September 15, 2010, www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?mode=searchResult&absPageId=1132538.
17. House Select Committee on Assassinations, “Final Report.”
18. Dan Christensen, “FBI Ignored Its Miami Informer,” Miami Magazine, October 17, 1976, 37–38, Cuban Information Archives, http://cuban-exile.com/doc_l01-1225/doc0114.html.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “King Assassination Documents—FBI Central Headquarters File, Section 68,” accessed April 17, 2015, Mary Ferrell Foundation, www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?mode=searchResult&absPageId=1131536.
22. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “BH 44-1740, Airtel: SAC Birmingham to Director,” report by Special Agents Robert Barrett and William Saucier, April 8, 1968.
23. Jim Ingram, interview with the author, June 20, 2009.
24. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “BH 44-1740, Airtel: SAC Birmingham to Director,” report by Special Agents Patrick J. Moynihan and Neil P. Shanahan, April 16, 1968.
25. Gerard Robinson, interview with the author, October 2, 2011.
26. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Memorandum from SA Richard F. Kilcourse to SAC Los Angeles,” April 23, 1968, 62-5101.
27. Justice Department correspondence with the author, November 9, 2009.
28. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Admin Folder J1: HSCA Administrative Folder, HSC-A Tickler Volume I,” accessed April 17, 2015, Mary Ferrell Foundation, www.maryferrell.org/mffweb/archive/viewer/showDoc.do?docId=9975&relPageId=49. This fourth page references a bureau teletype from November 1976 saying that no King-related records should be destroyed.
29. Jerry Mitchell, interview with the author, September 25, 2014.
30. Justice Department correspondence with the author November 9, 2009.
31. FBI, “Re: Alleged Offer of $100,000.”
32. Chester Higgens, “Hair-Raising Experience: ‘Kidnap’ Try of King, Sr. Foiled; Add More Police Protection,” Jet, May 2, 1968, http://books.google.com/books?id=UTgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA14&d-q=hair-raising+experience+kidnap+king&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9BpjUb_NDJC30QHYtYCQDw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=hair-raising%20experience%20kidnap%20king&f=false.
33. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Latent Fingerprint Section Work Sheet, Answer to SAC, Atlanta, Named Suspect: Floyd Eugene Ayers,” April 7, 1968. The request was made at 10:17 PM.
CHAPTER 10
1. National States Rights Party, “FOIA: NSRP—Chicago 16,” Internet Archive, 155, accessed April 17, 2015, https://archive.org/stream/foia_NSRP-Chicago-16/NSRP-Chicago-16#page/n153/mode/2up/search/kids.
2. National States Rights Party, “FOIA: NSRP—Chicago 16,” Internet Archive, 127, accessed April 17, 2015, https://archive.org/stream/foia_NSRP-Chicago-16/NSRP-Chicago-l6#page/nl27/mode/2up/search/smoke.
3. National States Rights Party, “FOIA: NSRP—Chicago 16,” Internet Archive, 114, accessed April 17, 2015, https://archive.org/stream/foia_NSRP-Chicago-16/NSRP-Chicago-16#page/n115/mode/2up/search/apex.
4. David Cunningham, Klansville, USA: The Rise and Fall of the Civil Rights-era Ku Klux Klan (London: Oxford University Press, 2013), 199.
5. Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Commission, “Federal Investigations of White Supremacists and the WVO,” Greensboro Truth and Reconciliation Commission, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.greensborotrc.org/1979_feds.pdf.
6. Kathleen Cleaver and George Katsiaficas, Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party: A New Look at the Panthers and Their Legacy (New York: Routledge, 2014), 95.
7. Southern Poverty Law Center, “Hate Group Expert Daniel Levitas Discusses Posse Comitatus, Christian Identity Movement and More,” Intelligence Report 90 (Spring 1998).
8. Carol Mason, Killing for Life: The Apocalyptic Narrative of Pro-life Politics (New York: Cornell University Press, 2002), 31.
9. Atkins, Encyclopedia of Right-Wing Extremism, 152.
10. Danny O. Coulson, No Heroes: Inside the FBI’s Secret Counter-terror Force (New York: Simon & Schuster, 201), 204.
11. Kerry Noble, Tabernacle of Hate: Seduction into Right-Wing Extremism (New York: Syracuse Press, 2010), 24, Freedom of the Mind Resource Center; “About Kerry Noble,” Freedom of the Mind Resource Center, accessed April 16, 2015, https://freedomofmind.com/Info/articles/KerryNoble.php.
12. Freedom of Mind, “About Kerry Noble,” Freedom of Mind Resource Center, accessed April 16, 2015, https://freedomofmind.com/Info/arti-cles/KerryNoble.php.
13. John Maginnis, Cross to Bear (Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Company, 2011), 60.
14. Southern Poverty Law Center, “Tom Metzger,” SPLC, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/tom-metzger.
15. Michael Zatarain, David Duke: Evolution of a Klansman (Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Company, 1990), 243.
16. SPLC, “Tom Metzger.”
17. Timothy Miller, Spiritual and Visionary Communities: Out to Save the World (Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2013), not paginated.
18. Barkun, Religion and the Racist Right, 225–29.
19. Southern Poverty Law Center, “William Pierce,” SPLC, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/william-pierce.
20. Ben Klassen, The White Man’s Bible, Ben Klassen, 1981, https://archive.org/stream/WhiteMansBible/WhiteMansBibleOrig#page/n1/mode/2up.
21. Mattias Gardell, “Black and White Unite in Fight?” in The Cultic Milieu: Oppositional Subcultures in an Age of Globalization, eds. Jeffrey Kaplan and Heléne Lööw (New York: Altamira Press), 167.
22. Southern Poverty Law Center, “Creativity Movement,” SPLC, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/creativity-movement.
23. Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith, Extremism on the Right: A Handbook (Bloomington: Indiana University, 1983), 113–14.
24. Charles Fruehling, Springwood, Open Fire: Understanding Global Gun Cultures (Oxford: Berg Publishers, 2007), 171.
25. Monte Plott, “Ideological Differences Divide America’s Klansmen,” Star-News, November 8, 1979, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19791108&id=qdZQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ORMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6253,1551484&hl=en.
26. Chalmers, Backfire, 125.
27. Associated Press, “Klan Leader Admits Providing Information,” Star-News, August 31, 1981, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19810831&id=yx1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UBMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6997,6453630&hl=en.
28. Narda Zacchino, “Man Tells Story of Right-Wing ‘Terror,’” Los Angeles Times, January 26, 1976, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19760126&id=UxRZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YEYNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2382,4186112&hl=en.
29. John M. Crewdson, “Kelley Discounts FBI’s Link to a Terrorist Group,” New York Times, January 12, 1976.
30. Everett R. Holles, “ACLU Says FBI Funded ‘Army’ to Terrorize Anti-War Protestors,” New York Times, June 27, 1975, http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/White%20Materials/White%20Assassination%20Clippings%20Folders/Security%20Folders/Security-FBI/Item%200848.pdf.
31. National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, “Secret Army Organization,” University of Maryland, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.start.umd.edu/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=4258.
32. Civil Rights Greensboro, “The Greensboro Massacre,” University of North Carolina, accessed April 16, 2015, http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/essay1979/collection/CivilRights.
33. Ibid. His name was Eddie Dawson.
34. Ed Payne, “Suspect in Jewish Center Shootings ‘Entrenched in the Hate Movement,’” CNN Online, April 14, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/04/14/us/kansas-shooting-suspect-profile.
35. Abby Ohlheiser, “Kansas City Shooter Was Well-Known to Hate Group Watchers,” Atlantic, April 14, 2014, http://news.yahoo.com/kansas-city-shooter-well-known-hate-group-watchers-135126451.html.
36. Ibid.
37. National States Rights Party, “Book and Literature List,” Thunderbolt, March 1964, https://archive.org/stream/foia_NSRP-Chicago-3A/NSRP-Chicago-3A#page/n23/mode/2up/search/goff.
38. National States Rights Party, “The Basic Identity Message,” Thunderbolt, July 1974, https://archive.org/stream/foia_NSRP-Chicago-6A/NSRP-Chicago-6A#page/n23/mode/2up/.
39. National States Rights Party, “A Kingdom of Priests,” Thunderbolt, March–April 1974, https://archive.org/stream/foia_NSRP-Chicago-6A/NSRP-Chicago-6A#page/n23/mode/2up/.
1. Associated Press, “Explosion Rips Daycare Center,” Star-News, October 13, 1980, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19801013&id=ocksAAAAIBAJ&sjid=QxMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5443,2918309&hl=en.
2. Ibid.
3. Associated Press, “Blast Called Accidental,” Star-News, October 13, 1980, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1979&dat=19801013&id=ZQiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u6kFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1030,7358255&hl=en.
4. Associated Press, “Human Error Is Blamed for Fatal Atlanta Blast,” Sarasota-Herald Tribune, October 30, 1980, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19801030&id=mZwcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2mcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6600,7184342&hl=en.
5. Ibid.
6. James Baldwin, Evidence of Things Not Seen (New York: MacMillan Publishing, 1985), xiii.
7. “Atlanta’s Missing and Murdered,” Atkid, accessed April 16, 2015, http://atkid.weebly.com. This site does an excellent job of compiling information on the murder victims from various sources.
8. Jeff Prugh, “Wayne Williams and ‘The List,’” Atlanta Magazine, February 1985, http://jfk.hood.edu/Collection/Weisberg%20Subject%20Index%20Files/P%20Disk/Prugh%20Jeff/Item%2010.pdf.
9. Chet Dettlinger and Jeff Prugh, The List (Atlanta: Philmay Enterprises, 1983).
10. Prugh, “Wayne Williams.”
11. Dettlinger and Prugh, The List, 389–92.
12. Ibid., 264.
13. Nigel Cawthorne, The Mammoth Book of Killers at Large (London: Little, Brown Group, 2011), 198.
14. John Douglas and Mark Olshaker, Mindhunter: Inside the FBI’s Serial Killer Crime Unit (New York: Pocket, 1995), 223.
15. Barry Michael Cooper and Robert Keating, “A Question of Justice,” Spin, September 1986; Robert Keating, “Atlanta: Who Killed Your Children?” Spin, October 1986.
16. Cooper and Keating, “Question of Justice,” 59.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Associated Press, “Informant Says Klan Involved in Killings,” Observer-Reporter, October 9, 1991, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2519&dat=19911009&id=IBeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7mENAAAAIBA-J&pg=3479,2469801&hl=en.
20. Cooper and Keating, “Question of Justice,” 59.
21. Ibid., 60.
22. Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Atlanta Child Murders Part 2 of 24,” FBI, 30, accessed April 17, 2015, http://vault.fbi.gov/Atlanta%20Child%20Murders/Atlanta%20Child%20Murders%20Part%202%20of%2024.
23. Ibid., 96.
24. Special Agent J.B. Jackson, “Serial: 30-0092-25-81,” Georgia Bureau of Investigation, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.mltranslations.org/us/Rpo/kkk/kkkdoc1.htm.
25. Ibid.
26. Cooper and Keating, “Question of Justice,” 57.
27. Keating, “Atlanta: Who Killed Your Children?” 73.
28. Associated Press, “Rights Leader Questions Town OK for Klan Rally,” Ocala Star-Banner, January 13, 1983, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19830113&id=bGRIAAAAIBAJ&s-jid=1AUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6931,6382573&hl=en. Note that although the article was written in 1983, the Reverend Joseph Lowery of the SCLC is recalling Stoner’s antagonistic behavior in 1980—during the height of the tension.
29. Revolutionary Political Organization, “The Klan Killed the Children in Atlanta: The Cover-up,” Marxist-Leninist Translations and Reprints, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.mltranslations.org/us/Rpo/kkk/kkk2.htm.
30. Baldwin, Things Not Seen, 27.
31. Georgia Bureau of Investigation, “Document No. 3,” Marxist-Leninist Translations and Reprints, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.mltranslations.org/us/Rpo/kkk/kkkdoc3.htm. The website has a definite ideological slant, but it posts original documents and images obtained through legal requests.
CHAPTER 12
1. Rory Marshall, “Woman’s Visit to Station Aroused Suspicion,” Spokesman-Review, October 29, 1985, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19851029&id=X1lWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=M08DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7015,8075864&hl=en.
2. Jeffrey Kaplan, Encyclopedia of White Power: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), 239.
3. “Jury Told of Plan to Kill Radio Host,” New York Times, November 8, 1987, http://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/08/us/jury-told-of-plan-to-kill-radio-host.html.
4. Ibid.
5. Kevin Flynn and Gary Gerhardt, The Silent Brotherhood: The Chilling Inside Story of America’s Violent, Anti-Government Militia Movement (New York: Penguin, 1995), 244–50.
6. “The Murder of Alan Berg in Denver: 25 Years Later,” Denver Post, June 18, 2009, http://www.denverpost.com/recommended/ci_12615628.
7. Louis R. Beam, “Leaderless Resistance,” Inter-Klan Newsletter and Survival Alert, 1983, 12. This is the original 1983 version.
8. Andrew MacDonald, The Turner Diaries (Hillsboro, WV: National Vanguard Books, 1978). There is a consensus among serious scholars that Pierce uses “Andrew MacDonald” as an alias. He used the same alias with the novel Hunter in 1989. The two books reinforce the same basic message (white power and supremacy). From this point forward, I list Pierce as the author of The Turner Diaries. The full text of The Turner Diaries can be found online at https://archive.org/stream/TheTurnerDiariesByAndrewMacdonald/turner-diaries-william-luther-pierce#page/n1/mode/2up.
9. Flynn and Gerhardt, Silent Brotherhood, 112–14, 423.
10. Ibid., 423.
11. Ibid., 383–84, 423.
12. Christian Identity, “More on Dead Nebraska Farmer,” Covenant Messenger, January 1985, http://christianidentityministries.com/messenger/1985-Jan.pdf.
13. Goodrick-Clarke, Black Sun, 246.
14. William Luther Pierce, The Turner Diaries, Internet Archive, accessed April 16, 2015, https://archive.org/stream/TheTurnerDiariesByAndrewMacdonald/turner-diaries-william-luther-pierce#page/n57/mode/2up/search/speedboat.
15. Ibid.
16. Thomas Martinez and John Guinther, Brotherhood of Murder: How One Man’s Journey through Fear Brought the Order—the Most Dangerous Racist Gang in America—to Justice (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988).
17. Tim Klass, “Death of the Order: A Look Back at Whidbey Island Siege—Raid 10 Years Ago Led to the Splintering of White Supremacists,” Seattle Times, September 11, 1994, http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19941211&slug=1946516.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Noble, Tabernacle of Hate, 124.
21. Ibid., 125.
22. Mark S. Hamm, Terrorism as Crime: From Oklahoma City to Al-Qaeda and Beyond (New York: NYU Press), 103.
23. Ibid.
24. Noble, Tabernacle of Hate, 156.
25. United States v. Ellison, 793 F.2d 942 (8th Cir. 1986).
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Hamm, Terrorism as Crime, 105.
29. Noble, Tabernacle of Hate, 310.
30. Atkins, Encyclopedia of Right-Wing Extremism, 215–16.
31. Ibid., 215.
32. Associated Press, “Thirteen Supremacists Are Not Guilty of Conspiracies,” New York Times, April 8, 1988, http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/08/us/13-supremacists-are-not-guilty-of-conspiracies.html.
33. Louis Beam, “Leaderless Resistance,” Seditionist 12 (February 1992), http://www.louisbeam.com/leaderless.htm.
34. Jonathan Franklin, “God City,” Vibe, November 1997, 101–104.
CHAPTER 13
1. “Judicial Family Responds to Crisis in Oklahoma City,” Third Branch, May 1995, http://www.uscourts.gov/News/TheThirdBranch/95-05-01/Judicial_Family_Responds_to_Crisis_in_Oklahoma_City.aspx.
2. Douglas O. Linder, “Timothy McVeigh Trial: Documents Relating to McVeigh’s Arrest and the Search of His Vehicle,” Famous Trials, accessed April 16, 2015, http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mcveigh/mcveigharrest.html.
3. Patrick E. Cole, “McVeigh: Diaries Dearist,” Time, March 31, 1997, 1.
4. Ibid.
5. Linder, “Timothy McVeigh Trial.”
6. Pierce, Turner Diaries, 24–25.
7. Public Broadcasting Service, “McVeigh Chronology,” PBS Frontline, accessed April 16, 2015, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/documents/mcveigh/. The website posts the chronology and notes developed by Timothy McVeigh’s defense team.
8. Ibid. See “06.86-05.88.”
9. Ibid.
10. Court TV, “Terror on Trial: Who Was Timothy McVeigh?” CNN, December 31, 2007, http://edition.cnn.com/2007/US/law/12/17/court.archive.mcveigh2/.
11. Richard Cockle, “Twenty Years after Ruby Ridge Siege, Extremists Are Fewer in Northern Idaho but Still Remain,” Oregonlive.com, August 27, 2012, http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2012/08/20_years_after_ruby_ridge_sieg.html.
12. 367 Paul A. Djupe and Laura R. Olson, Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics (New York: Infobase Publishing, 2014), 351–52.
13. Ibid.
14. Dan Herbeck and Lou Michel, American Terrorist: Timothy McVeigh and the Tragedy at Oklahoma City (New York: HarperCollins, 2002).
15. Timothy McVeigh, “McVeigh’s Apr. 26 Letter to Fox News,” FoxNews.com, April 26, 2001, http://www.foxnews.com/story/2001/04/26/mcveigh-apr-26-letter-to-fox-news/.
16. Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence (Oakland: University of California Press, 2003), 136.
17. Herbeck and Michel, American Terrorist, 154.
18. Eugene Gallagher, “Catastrophic Millennialism,” in The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism, ed. Catherine Wessinger (London: Oxford University Press, 2011), 27. Gallagher proposes that Timothy McVeigh believed in “catastrophic millennialism.” Paraphrasing Wessinger, he explains that this “pessimistic view of society, history, and human beings anticipates the imminent, violent destruction of the world as we know it; but it also envisages that God will then act, with or without human assistance, to accomplish a total renovation of the world.” It is hard to imagine a more apt description of Christian Identity eschatology.
19. Pierce, Turner Diaries, 42.
20. J.M. Berger, “PATCON: The FBI’s Secret War against the ‘Patriot’ Movement, and How Infiltration Tactics Relate to Radicalizing Influences,” New America Foundation, May 2012, http://newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Berger_NSSP_PATCON.pdf.
21. Douglas O. Linder, “Testimony of Michael Fortier in the Timothy McVeigh Trial,” Famous Trials, accessed April 16, 2015, http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mcveigh/mfortiertestimony.html.
22. Peter Lance, “1,000 Years for Revenge: Chapter 30 John Doe No. 2,” Peterlance.com, accessed April 16, 2015, http://peterlance.com/wordpress/?p=218.
23. Mark S. Hamm, In Bad Company: America’s Terrorist Underground (Lebanon, NH: University Press of New England, 2002). Hamm’s book does an excellent job of synthesizing his work with that of J.D. Cash. To a large extent, when I reference Cash, the direct source is Hamm.
24. Friedrich Seiltgen, “Aryan Republican Army Hits 22 U.S. Banks,” Counter Terrorist, December 2011–January 2012, http://onlinedigitalpublishing.com/article/ARYAN_REPUBLICAN_ARMY_HITS_22_U.S._BANKS/883803/87543/article.html.
25. Hamm, In Bad Company, 142.
26. Ibid., 145.
27. J.D. Cash, “McVeigh’s Sister Laundered Bank Robbery Proceeds,” McCurtain Daily Gazette, January 28, 1997, http://www.constitution.org/okc/jdt03-05.htm.
28. Hamm, In Bad Company, 295–98.
29. Andrew Gumbel and Roger Charles, Oklahoma City: What the Investigation Missed—and Why It Still Matters (New York: HarperCollins, 2012), 10–43.
30. Ibid.
31. Hamm, In Bad Company, 214–15.
32. Ibid., 213.
33. Associated Press, “FBI Linked McVeigh to Group after Bombing,” USA Today, February 12, 2003, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-02-12-fbi-linked-mcveigh_x.htm.
34. Mark S. Hamm, Terrorism as a Crime: From Oklahoma City to Al-Qaeda and Beyond (New York: New York University Press, 2007), 179.
35. AP, “FBI Linked McVeigh.”
36. Berger, “PATCON,” 1–31.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid., 4.
39. J.M. Berger, “PATCON Revealed: An Exclusive Look inside the FBI’s Secret War with the Militia Movement,” Interlwire.com, October 8, 2007, http://news.intelwire.com/2007/10/patcon-revealed-exclusive-look-inside.html.
40. Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee of the House International Relations Committee, “The Oklahoma City Bombing: Was There a Foreign Connection?” House of Representatives, accessed April 16, 2015, https://rohrabacher.house.gov/sites/rohrabacher.house.gov/files/documents/report%20from%20the%20chairman.pdf.
41. Charles Key, “Letter to Concerned Citizen on the Facts of the Oklahoma Bombing,” American Patriot Friends Network, March 12, 1997, http://www.apfn.org/apfn/OKC_key.htm.
42. Gumbel and Charles, Oklahoma City, 23.
43. Stephen Jones, “Petition for Writ of Mandamus of Petitioner-Defendant, Timothy James McVeigh and Brief in Support,” FAS Intelligence Resource Program, March 25, 1997, http://fas.org/irp/threat/mcveigh/part06.htm.
44. Ambrose Evans-Pritchard and Andrew Gimson, “Did Agents Bungle US Terror Bomb?” London Sunday Telegraph, May 20, 1996, http://whatreallyhappened.com/RANCHO/POLITICS/OK/ok2.html.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. Geoffrey Fattah, “Nichols Says Bombing Was FBI Op,” Deseret News, February 22, 2007, http://www.deseretnews.com/article/660197443/Nichols-says-bombing-was-FBI-op.html?pg=all.
CHAPTER 14
1. Associated Press, “Two Brothers Are Indicted in Three Synagogue Fires,” Victoria Advocate, March 18, 2000, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=20000318&id=y71HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=W4AMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3491,3908199&hl=en.
2. Associated Press, “Brothers May Be Looking at Death Penalty,” Lodi News-Sentinel, November 24, 1999, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19991124&id=Wuk0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=MSEGAAAAIBAJ&pg=6809,3036356&hl=en.
3. Jeff Elliott, “Benjamin ‘August’ Smith: Poised to Kill,” Albion Monitor, July 26, 1999, http://www.albionmonitor.com/9907a/wcotc.html.
4. Associated Press, “Nightmare Scene Now All Too Familiar,” Hour, August 11, 1999, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1916&dat=19990811&id=tB9JAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SgYNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1416,1332495&hl=en.
5. Associated Press, “Neo-Nazi Surrenders, Confesses to Jewish Center Shootings,” Gettysburg Times, August 12, 1999, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19990812&id=XBEmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vf0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3316,967052&hl=en.
6. Associated Press, “Skinheads Sentenced for Attempted Fire,” Los Angeles Times, December 2, 2000, http://articles.latimes.com/2000/dec/02/news/mn-60126.
7. Sandra Morgen, Into Our Own Hands: The Women’s Health Movement in the United States, 1969–1990 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002), 190.
8. Michael Bray, A Time to Kill: A Study Concerning the Use of Force and Abortion (Portland, OR: Advocates for Life Publications, 1994), 18.
9. Richard G. Butler, “A Call to Arms,” Aryan Nations, accessed April 17, 2015, http://www.aryan-nation.org/RGB/CalltoArms.html.
10. Jim Camden, “Book Familiar to Extremists,” Spokesman-Review, August 12, 1999, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19990812&id=Mo9XAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HPIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6731,667190&hl=en.
11. Shane Hensinger, “Beware the Lone Wolf—the Phineas Priesthood,” Daily Kos, October 13, 2009, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2009/10/13/792922/-Beware-The-Lone-Wolf-The-Phineas-Priesthood#.
12. Jim Nesbitt, “White Supremacist Groups Inspiring Individual Acts,” Religion News Service, October 20, 1999, http://assets.baptiststandard.com/archived/1999/10_20/pages/supremacist.html.
13. Ibid.
14. Daryl Johnson, Right Wing Resurgence: How a Domestic Terrorist Threat Is Being Ignored (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012), 83.
15. Abby Ohlheiser and Elahe Izadi, “Police: Austin Shooter Was a ‘Homegrown American Extremist,’” Washington Post, December 1, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2014/12/01/police-austin-shooter-belonged-to-an-ultra-conservative-christian-hate-group/.
16. Nesbitt, “White Supremacist Groups.”
17. Adam Miller, “Neo-Nazi Guru Stands by His Disciple,” New York Post, August 14, 1999, http://nypost.com/1999/08/14/neo-nazi-guru-stands-by-his-disciple-refuses-to-condemn-good-soldier-furrow/.
18. Southern Poverty Law Center, “Victoria Keenan Discusses Run-in with Aryan Nations,” Intelligence Report 100, Fall 2000, http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2000/fall/he-looked-like-the-devil.
19. Matt Hale, “Our Fallen Brother: Ben ‘August’ Smith,” Internet Archive, accessed April 17, 2015, https://archive.org/details/OurFallenBrotherBenaugustSmithByMattHale.
20. Southern Poverty Law Center, “Creativity Movement,” SPLC, http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/creativity-movement.
21. Anti-Defamation League, “Hate on the Internet—New ADL Report Reveals Neo-Nazis and Others Exploiting Technology,” ADL, November 17, 1995, http://archive.adl.org/presrele/asus_12/2609_12.html.
22. Beverly Ray and George E. Marsh II, “Recruitment by Extremist Groups on the Internet,” First Monday 6, no. 2 (February 2001), http://ojphi.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/834/743.
23. Barbara Perry, Hate Crimes (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2009), 234–35.
24. Ibid.
25. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Project Megiddo (1999), Center for Studies on New Religions, accessed April 17, 2015, http://www.cesnur.org/testi/FBI_004.htm.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. National Church Arson Task Force, “Fourth Year Report for the President,” NCATF, September 2000, https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=1402. The analysis in this chapter is based on statistics and charts provided in this report.
29. Raphael S. Ezekiel, “An Ethnographer Looks at Neo-Nazi and Klan Groups,” American Behavioral Scientist (2002), 51–71, http://www.sagepub.com/martinessstudy/articles/Ezekiel.pdf.
30. Mike German, “Behind the Lone Wolf, A Pack Mentality,” Washington Post, June 5, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/04/AR2005060400147.html.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Independent Television Service, “Civil Trial: Jury Hits Klan with $37 Million Verdict,” ITVS, accessed April 17, 2015, http://archive.itvs.org/forgottenfires/story_b.html.
34. “Clarendon Klan Trial Deals Another Blow to Area Image,” Item, July 26, 1998, https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1980&dat=19980726&id=fJkoAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LwYGAAAAIBAJ&pg=2162,4817433&hl=en.
35. Seeking Solutions with Hedrick Smith, “Hate Crime,” PBS online, accessed April 17, 2015, http://www.hedricksmith.com/site_solutions/hate/chcTranscripts.htm.
36. Anti-Defamation League, “Neo-Nazi Hate Music: A Guide: Themes,” ADL, November 4, 2004, http://archive.adl.org/main_extremism/hate_music_in_the_21st_century250d.html#.VShZcZOgVfY.
37. German, “Behind the Lone Wolf.”
38. Associated Press, “Skinheads Sentenced.”
39. Southern Poverty Law Center, “Skinheads in America,” SPLC, accessed April 17, 2015, http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/publications/skinheads-in-america-essay.
40. Jack B. Moore, Skinheads Shaved for Battle: A Cultural History of American Skinheads (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1993), 5.
41. Ezekiel, “Ethnographer.”
42. Mark S. Hamm, American Skinheads: The Criminology and Control of Hate Crime (Westport, CT: ABC-CLIO, 1994), 6.
43. Moore, Skinheads, 5.
44. Scott Shepherd, interview with the author, March 1, 2015.
45. Ibid.
46. Michael Waltman and John Haas, The Communication of Hate (New York: Peter Lang Press, 2011), 21.
47. Ibid., 22.
CHAPTER 15
1. Peter Bergen and David Sterman, “U.S. Right Wing Extremists More Deadly Than Jihadists,” CNN.com, April 15, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/04/14/opinion/bergen-sterman-kansas-shooting/.
2. Susan J. Palmer, “Religion or Sedition? The Domestic Terrorism Trial of the Hutaree, a Michigan-based Christian Militia,” in Legal Cases, New Religious Movements, and Minority Faiths, eds. James T. Richardson and François Bellanger (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, 2014), 89–118.
3. Associated Press, “Michigan Militia Sue Authorities over Home Raids,” Huffington Post, April 9, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/hutaree-militia/.
4. Palmer, “Religion or Sedition?” 109.
5. Phil Hirschkorn, “The Newburgh Sting,” Huffington Post, April 29, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/phil-hirschkorn/the-newburgh-sting_b_5234822.html.
6. Ibid.
7. Graeme Wood, “What ISIS Really Wants?” Atlantic, March 2015, http://www.theatlantic.com/features/archive/2015/02/what-isis-really-wants/384980/.
8. Ibid.
9. Bruce Hoffman, “‘Holy Terror’: The Implications of Terrorism Motivated by a Religious Imperative,” Rand Corporation, 1993, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/papers/2007/P7834.pdf.
10. Tony Gaskew, “Peacemaking Criminology and Counterterrorism: Muslim Americans and the War on Terror,” Contemporary Justice Review 12, no. 3 (September 2009): 345–66.
11. Arie Perliger, “Challengers from the Sidelines: Understanding America’s Violent Far-Right,” Combatting Terrorism Center at West Point, January 15, 2013, https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/challengers-from-the-sidelines-understanding-americas-violent-far-right.
12. Michael Carl, “West Point: ‘Far Right’ Dangerous to U.S.” World News Daily, January 18, 2013, http://www.wnd.com/2013/01/west-point-far-right-dangerous-to-u-s/.
13. Perliger, “Challenges from the Sidelines,” 72.
14. Ibid.
15. Scott Shepherd, interview with the author, March 1, 2015.