Abacus, 155–158, 169, 172, 175; jury finding of civil securities fraud, 160–167
Abacus 2004–1, 167–168
ABN Bank, 167
Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank, 104–105
ACA Management LLC, 155, 163, 164–167
adversarial criminal trials, xi–xiii, 26–27, 198, 204–205, 207, 211–212, 226
AIG, 25, 133–154, 161; AIG Financial Products (AIGFP), 134–152; audit committee, 142, 147; Cassano, Joseph, 135, 138–139, 143–145, 147, 149–154; civil fraud settlements, 136–137, 145–149, 154; credit rating, 134, 136, 139, 145, 151; deferred prosecution agreements, 148; Enterprise Risk Management, 141; Goldman Sachs, 168–169, 174, 176; negative basis adjustment, 142; SEC disclosures, 142–145; shareholder losses, 133–134, 145; subprime mortgages, 133–142
AIG Financial Products (AIGFP), 134–152
American Express, 214
Angelides, Phil, 178
Arthur Andersen: Enron, 34, 42, 44; Sunbeam Corporation, 43; Waste Management, 43
Ashcroft, John, 55
AT&T, 44
Ayers, David, 55
bailout, 93, 135, 139, 150, 168–169, 174, 176, 180, 215
Bank Holding Company Act, 12–13
Bank of America Corporation, 100–103, 108, 183, 206, 214; AIG, 134; civil fraud settlements, 2, 25, 59, 66, 71, 100–102, 181; Covington & Burling, 55; successor to Countrywide, 63, 72
Bank Secrecy Act, 195; money laundering, 50, 195
Barclays: LIBOR guilty plea, 191–192; money laundering, 198
Bear Stearns, 54, 56, 97, 106, 110, 111, 127, 211
Belden, Timothy, 35
Bensinger, Steven, 138
Berardino, Joseph, 34
Bernanke, Ben, 133; individual responsibility for crisis, 1
bid rigging, 5
Bilderberg Group, 186
Blankfein, Lloyd, 168, 169, 175
Boland, John, 64
bonus compensation, 62, 92, 93, 96, 123, 135, 138–139, 148, 152, 183, 194, 199
Bowen, Richard, 91–92, 94–96, 206
break up megabanks, 10, 14–16, 95, 157–159, 179, 223–225
Breuer, Lanny, 205–206; appearance of impropriety, 55–57; collateral consequences, 196–199; Covington & Burling, 214; too-big-to-jail, 200
bribery, 80–81
Buell, Samuel W., 21
Bush, George H. W., 31
Bush, George W.: administration era white-collar crime prosecution and sentencing, 39–40, 55, 56, 129, 211; Kenneth Lay and Enron, 31–32
Caldwell, Leslie, 33
Callan, Erin, 116–117, 121, 122–124, 128
campaign contributions, 9, 84, 96, 108, 153, 173–174, 184, 216–217, 219; follow the money, 184
Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Picketty), 218
capital levels, 111
career death penalty, 10, 85, 157, 170, 172, 178
Cassano, Joseph, 135, 138–139, 143–145, 147, 149–154, 169
Causey, Richard, 35–36
CDO. See collateralized debt obligation
CDS. See credit default swaps
Centrust Savings Bank, 40–41
Ceresney, Andrew, 166
certify financial statements, 123–124, 130
Chase Bank, NA, 100
Cheney, Dick, 32
Chertoff, Michael, 33
Chicago Board of Trade, 190
Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), 185
Citicorp, LIBOR guilty plea, 191–192
CitiFinancial, 91
Citigroup, 89–96, 108, 206, 215, 216; civil settlements, 3, 7, 25, 89–91, 93–94, 157, 181; Covington & Burling, 55; SEC failed charge against employee, 171; SEC securities fraud settlement, 171, 176
Citizens United, 217
Clinton, Hillary, 215–217
Clinton, William (Bill) Jefferson, 215–217; Kenneth Lay, 31
Clinton Foundation (William J. Clinton Foundation; Bill, Hillary and Chelsea Clinton Foundation), 216–217
Clinton Global Initiative, 216
cognitive capture, 212, 213, 219
Cohen, William, 153
collateral, 135–138, 140–141, 143–145, 147, 149, 151, 169, 186, 187
collateral defaults, 156
collateralized debt obligation (CDO), 25–26, 93, 134, 143, 150–151, 153–154, 155–172; synthetic, 160, 170, 171–172, 174, 176
collateral manager, 163–164, 171
collective knowledge, 49
commodities brokerage, 184; segregate customer funds, 184–185
Commodity Exchange Act, 13
Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), 185–189; sanctions, 13, 185; subpoena power, 187
Confidence Men (Suskind), 213
Congress: AIG bailout, 150; displace state laws, 46; enact criminal laws, 46–47, 57; Friends of Angelo, 80; Glass-Steagall Act, 44; sentencing, 29–30; statutory authority to sanction financial firms, 13–14, 16, 19, 23, 45, 208; subpoenas, 200
Congressional Oversight Panel, 136
Conrad, Kent, 79
conscious avoidance/deliberate ignorance/ willful blindness, 22, 38, 72, 96
Consolidated 2008 Securities Litigation, 145–149, 154; confidential witnesses, 149
consumer protection laws, 223
corporate death penalty, 10, 13, 15–16, 42–43, 52, 85, 132, 157, 170, 178, 184, 193; imposed, 172, 175; expanded, 223–225
Corporate Fraud Division, 220–222
Corporate Fraud Task Force, 55
Corzine, Jon, 9, 185–191, 200, 212
costs of financial crisis, 4, 6, 15–16, 18, 64, 227; indirect costs, 4, 227; minority communities, 227; of shareholder wealth, 4, 65, 82, 93, 133, 145, 176, 181, 192, 215, 225; subprime loan losses, 59, 145
Cote, Denise L., 105–106
Countrywide Bank, 78
Countrywide Financial Corporation, 24, 54, 59–85, 87, 89, 161; Friends of Angelo, 60, 79–81, 83–84; Mozilo fraud settlement, 66; Operation Hustle, 61–66, 83, 85; predatory and race-based lending, 74–79, 83; settlements, 60, 74, 77, 101
Covington & Burling, 55–58, 214
Cranston, Alan, 40
credit default swaps (CDS), 25, 133–154, 158–159, 163, 167–170, 174
credit rating agencies, 3, 87, 103–105, 116, 128, 136, 139, 145, 151, 155, 170; settlements, 103–104
Credit Suisse, 106; money laundering, 198
criminal immunity implied, 4, 7–9, 18–19, 29, 107, 179–180, 190–191, 197–201, 203, 212, 224–226, 228
criminal prosecution by DOJ, 192, 211; foreign subsidiaries, 194, 201; guilty pleas, 191–192, 194
criminal referrals to DOJ, 7, 29, 30, 89, 154, 175, 178; internal, 199
Crittenden, Gary, 93
Cummings, Elijah H., 182
Cuomo, Andrew, 148
Daily Balance Sheet and Disclosure Scorecard, 118, 121–122
dark money, 217
debt levels, 110
decline prosecution by DOJ, 1, 4, 10–11, 88, 90, 94–95, 107, 127, 129–130, 149–154, 155, 166–167, 172, 175–177, 189, 191, 194, 199–201, 210; collateral consequences, 196, 209; pattern of criminality and nonprosecution, 179, 201
DeConcini, Dennis, 40
deferred prosecution agreements (DPAs), 52–54, 222–223; AIG and AIGFP, 148; HSBC, 9, 195–196, 198–199; money laundering, 198
Delainey, David, 35
deliberate ignorance, 22
Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, 173
derivatives transactions, 133, 143, 186, 193, 211
DeSpain, Timothy, 35
destabilize financial system, 1–2, 4
Distressed Homeowner Initiative, xiii
Dodd, Chris, 79
Dodd-Frank Act, 4, 5–6, 223–224, 227
DOJ Office of the Inspector General (OIG), xiii-xiv
Drexel Burnham Lambert, 43–44, 83
due process protections, xii
Dugan, John C., 86
Duncan, David, 34
Ebbers, Bernard, 38–40
economic inequality, 217
economic power, 18, 180, 223; concentrated, 19, 30, 203–204, 212, 218, 228
Edwards, Keith, 100
electoral engagement, 225–228
electronic bank runs, 111
Enron: Arthur Andersen, 42; contrast to Lehman Brothers investigation, 127; George W. Bush administration, 17; investigation and prosecution, 29, 31–37, 39, 55, 211, 226
Enron Task Force, 33–34
Ernst & Young: 109, 110, 113–14, 116, 120, 125–131; private securities fraud settlements, 125–126, 129–130
False Claims Act, 91
falsified and forged documents, 75, 182, 183–184; “robo-signed” affidavits, 8, 181, 184
Fannie Mae, 2, 60–63, 87, 91, 101, 105; Friends of Angelo, 80, 82
Farrell, Dina, 174
Fastow, Lea, 35
Federal Deposit Insurance Act, 11
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): failure to make criminal referrals, 30; lack of enforcement 108, 157; sanctions, 11–12; settlements, 94, 98, 102
Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB), 40
Federal Housing Administration, 2, 90; settlements, 71, 99–101
Federal Reserve: AIG bailout, 150; HSBC enforcement order, 195–196; lack of enforcement, 108, 157; sanctions, 12–13, 73, 78, 182, 198
Feldstein, Martin, 153
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), 114
Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC), xi, 73, 89, 91–92, 107, 135, 137, 140–141, 147, 150, 152, 153, 154, 157, 158, 169, 178
financial elites, 12, 15, 57, 67, 108, 132, 173, 190, 198, 203, 217, 219–220, 223, 225–228; criminal immunity, 29, 45, 54, 56, 179–180, 201, 204, 206, 208–209, 213, 218, 226
Financial Fraud Enforcement Task Force, xiii, 107–108
Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act (FIRREA), 89
foreclosure fraud, 8, 179–184; government complicity, 182–183; Independent Foreclosure Review, 182
Forney, John M., 35
Forrest, Katherine B., 161
Forster, Andrew, 137, 139, 153
Fort, Randall M., 174
fraud, 204; bank fraud, 4, 5, 21, 84, 87, 89, 100, 130, 208, 224; mail fraud, 4, 5, 21, 84, 87, 100; securities fraud, 4, 5, 20–21, 88, 89, 92, 107, 109, 122, 129, 145–149, 155, 166–167, 207, 208, 224; wire fraud, 4, 5, 21, 84, 87, 100
Fraud Enforcement Recovery Act of 2009, 23
Freddie Mac, 2, 60–63, 87, 91, 101, 105
free rider, 212
Friends of Angelo, 60, 79–81, 83–84
Frontline (PBS), 205
Fuld, Richard, 111, 116–117, 119, 120, 123–124, 131; settlement, 129
Gallegly, Elton, 80
Garrett, Brandon, 53–54
Geithner, Timothy, 214
General Electric, 215; Too-Big-to-Fail status, 45
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), 113–116, 124, 125
Gensler, Gary, 174
Gephardt, Richard, 38
Gilchrist, Gregory, 209
Glaeser, Edward L., 213
Glass-Steagall Act: creation and repeal, 44, 215; J.P. Morgan & Company, 44; Morgan Stanley, 44
Glenn, John, 40
Goldman Sachs, 155–171, 184, 185, 186, 207, 216; Abacus, 155–156, 160–167; AIG, 134, 140, 144, 148–149, 168–169, 174, 176; “the big short” strategy, 161, 167–170, 175–177; deferential regulators, 170; foreclosure fraud settlement, 182; insider trading, 42; Mortgage Capital Committee, 165; revolving door, 173–174; SEC securities fraud settlement, 3, 25–26, 156, 168, 175, 176; Société Générale, 169; Structured Products Group, 170; structuring and marketing fees, 163; Tourre, Fabrice, 156; underwriting fees, 170
Goodgame, Jimmie, 199
government sponsored enterprises (GSEs): Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, 59–65, 82; reform, 81
Gramley, Lyle, 63
Gramm, Phil, 215
grand jury, 119; absence of investigations, 6–7, 27, 86, 123, 130, 149, 169, 226; initiate, 129, 153; requirements and procedures, 6, 129, 205–206
Grassley, Charles, 198–199
Great Depression, 14, 16, 29, 44, 46, 55, 215
Great Financial Crisis of 2008, 3, 4, 6, 8, 13, 18, 24, 27, 29, 55, 87, 93, 105, 107, 109, 149, 180, 194, 204–206, 226, 227
Gregory, Joe, 128
Habayeb, Elias, 138
Harding Advisory LLC, 172–173, 175
Hasen, Richard, 217
Hatch, Orrin, 41
HealthSouth, 211
hedge fund, 156, 158, 171–172, 190, 211, 216; Magnetar, 157–160; Paulson & Co. Inc., 162
Hills, Carla, 153
Holbrook, Richard, 153
Holder, Eric: appearance of impropriety, 55–58; decline prosecution, 1, 4, 10–11, 95, 102, 198–199
Home Mortgage Discrimination Act (HMDA), 78
Hormats, Robert, 174
House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform: AIG, 135; foreclosure fraud, 182; Friends of Angelo, 80
HSBC, 180, 194–200, 216; deferred prosecution agreement, 195–196, 198–199; DOJ settlement, 26; drug cartels and rogue nations, 9, 18, 194–196; Federal Reserve enforcement order, 195–196; HSBC Bank, USA, NA foreclosure fraud settlement, 182; HSBC Mexico, 195–196; money laundering, 8, 194–196; related entities, 197
immigration, 211
innocent shareholders, 7, 9, 66, 67, 88, 209
Johnson, Clay, 32
JPMorgan Chase, 96–100, 108, 188, 191, 206, 207, 218; compared to HSBC, 197; Covington & Burling, 55; fraud settlement, 2–3, 7, 25, 96–99, 157, 207; LIBOR guilty plea, 191–192; mortgage servicing settlement, 181–82; SEC securities fraud settlement, 171, 176
Kaplan, Lewis A., 124–125
Keating Jr., Charles H., 40–41, 84
Keller, Andrew, 115
Khuzami, Robert, 214
Kidney, James, 214
King County, 104–105
Kirkland & Ellis, 214
Koenig, Mark E., 36
Kopper, Michael, 34
Lagow, Kyle, 71
LandSafe appraisal, 72
Lawyer, Lawrence, 35
Lay, Kenneth: investigation and prosecution of, 33–36, 207, 211; political connections, 31–32, 55
Lay, Linda, 32
Lee, Matthew, 120–121, 124–127
Lehman Brothers, 109–132, 210; Balance Sheet and Key Disclosures, 120; bankruptcy, 25, 54, 109–111, 117–119, 131; contrast to Enron investigation, 127; Daily Balance Sheet and Disclosure Scorecard, 118, 121–122; Executive Committee, 120, 122; private civil litigation settlement, 124, 129; “Repo 105,” 109, 111–116, 129, 130–131; securities fraud, 109, 110
leverage, 109–111, 116–118, 120, 121, 128–129, 131, 168
leverage ratio, 109, 112–113, 116, 117, 120, 128–129
Lew, Jack, 96
Libby, Scooter, 50
LIBOR. See London Interbank Offered Rate
Lincoln Savings and Loan, 40
Lindsey, Lawrence, 32
liquidity, 109, 111–112, 116, 117, 118, 128, 138, 143, 186–188, 190
liquidity puts, 92–93
Lloyd’s Banking Group, 198
Lo, Andrew, 193
lobbying, 9, 84, 96, 108, 216–217, 219
The Logic of Collective Action (Olson), 212
London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), 179, 191–194; guilty pleas by banks, 8, 191–192, 201; manipulating benchmark interest rate, 193; manipulating global currency markets, 8, 16, 191–192
Lundquist, Andrew, 32
Lynch, Loretta: 57; HSBC, 58
Madsen, Robert, 71–72
Magnetar Capital LLC: 173; Harding Advisory LLC, 172
Magnetar Trade, 157–160, 172, 175, 177
Mairone, Rebecca, 85
Marbury v. Madison, 19
market manipulation, 5
Marshall, John, 19
Massie, Gordon, 147–148
material fact, 45; accounting disclosures, 114–115, 123, 141–142, 145–146; defects, 90, 102; fraud, disclosure, omission or misrepresentation, 10–21, 45–46, 70, 73, 79, 87, 97, 98, 101, 105–106, 124, 127, 132, 146, 148, 165, 167, 169 176, 189, 206; materiality, 122–123, 127, 128–130; risks, 73, 86, 151, 156, 161
McCain, John: and Citigroup, 96; and Keating Five, 40–41
McDade, Bart, 119–120, 122, 124
McGinn, Kevin, 138
McKeon, Howard, 80
mens rea, 21
Merrill Lynch, 101–103, 140; SEC securities fraud settlement, 171, 176
MF Global, 179, 184–191, 200; bankruptcy, 9, 186, 190; Eurozone bond speculation, 18, 186–187, 189–190; CTFC civil action 186; DOJ settlement 26; segregate customer funds 187–189
Milken, Michael: convictions, 39, 207, 211; Drexel Burnham Lambert, 43
money laundering, 5, 50, 194–196, 204, 223
Moody’s, 72, 104–105, 116, 187
moral hazard, 154
Morgan Stanley, 44; foreclosure fraud settlement, 182; mortgage-backed securities settlement, 25, 104–105; regulatory enforcement orders, 182; revolving door, 214
mortgage-backed securities, 24, 59, 61, 78, 86–90, 92, 94–107, 155, 158, 162, 169–170, 206
mortgage fraud: xiii, 210; Operation Malicious Mortgage, 54; predatory, 24; subprime bubble, 3, 59–60, 89, 159, 161, 167; subprime loans, 16, 24, 59, 61–63, 65, 70, 77, 87, 89, 92, 111, 133–142, 155, 158–159, 168, 170, 171, 173, 215; toxic loans, 59, 65, 68, 70, 83, 86–89, 96, 100–101, 104, 155, 159, 161
mortgage servicing settlements, 181
Mozilo, Angelo: Countrywide, 59–85; fraud settlement, 66–74
Myers, David, 37
NASDAQ, 20
National Credit Union Administration, 98
National Security Division, 221
Neder v. United States, 47
New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Company v. United States, 48
New York Stock Exchange, 20
Nixon, Richard, 17
Nomura, 105
nonprosecution agreements (NPA), 52–54, 222–223
nonprosecution justifications: economic harm, 207–210; failed prosecutions, 211–212; immoral but not criminal, 1, 4–5, 84, 204–205; inadequate resources 210–211; lacking legal sufficiency, 205–207
Normand, Troy, 38
North, Oliver, 50
Obama, Barack: campaign contributions, 153, 174, 184, 214; Citigroup, 96; Corzine, Jon, 185; Dodd-Frank Act, 223; Financial Fraud Enforcement Task Force, 107; immoral but not criminal, 1, 4–5, 84, 204; pro-Wall Street administration, 213–215
obstruction of justice, 50
Octans I, 172
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC): sanctions, 12, 78, 182, 196, 198
Office of Foreign Assets Control, 195
Office of Thrift Supervision, 73, 78
Olson, Mancur, The Logic of Collective Action, 212
O’Meara, Chris, 116
Operation Hustle (HSSL), 61–66, 83, 85
Orszag, Peter, 96
Ostrem, Peter, 164
Pacific Gas and Electric Company, 35
Park, Gene, 137
Patterson, Mark, 174
Paul, David, 40–42
Paulson, Hank, 174
Paulson & Co. Inc., 155; Goldman Abacus CDO, 162–166, 168
Picketty, Thomas, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, 218
Pistole, John, 210
predatory and race-based lending, 180–181; Countrywide, 60, 74, 76, 83
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), 141
Private Securities Litigation Reform Act, 73, 124, 146
Rakoff, Jed S., 64
regulatory: career death penalty, 11, 178–179, 191; corporate death penalty, 15, 178–179, 191, 194, 224; inaction, 14, 17, 90, 119, 149, 157, 159, 178–179, 183, 192, 194, 226; sanctions, 9, 11, 88, 171, 198, 225; settlements, 106–107; waivers, 192
“Repo 105,” 109, 111–116, 129, 130–131
repurchase agreement, 111
respondeat superior, 48
responsible corporate officer doctrine, 49–50
revolving door, 56, 96, 173–174, 214–215, 219
Rice, Ken, 36
Riegel, Donald, 40
Rieker, Paula, 35
RMBS Working Group, 107
robo-fraud, 180–184; regulatory sanctions, 182; settlements, 181
Rove, Karl, 32
Royal Bank of Scotland: LIBOR guilty plea, 191; SEC settlement, 3, 105
Rubin, Robert: 215; Citigroup, 91–93, 96
rule of law, 37, 203–204, 211, 221; breakdown, xiv, 24, 27, 30, 108, 149, 178, 191, 218, 226; cost to, 14, 18; economic imperative, 208; inequality and, 212–213, 219; investor confidence, 42, 207–208; need to restore, 4, 26, 58, 129, 173, 225–228
Sambol, David, 66–72
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 30, 47, 130
savings and loan crisis convictions, 29–30, 40–42, 226
Schleifer, Andrei, 213
Schneiderman, Eric, 107–108
scienter, 21, 74, 93, 94, 100, 104, 118–127, 132, 146, 148, 149, 152; beyond a reasonable doubt, 132, 205, 211
Securities Act of 1933, 45
Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, 45
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC): and complicity, 108; decline to proceed, 127, 149; disclosures, 38, 46, 67, 70, 73, 81, 113, 126, 142–145; disgorgement, 113, 172; Enron, 33; Harding Advisory LLC, 172–173; Rule 10b-5, 20; sanctions, 13, 74, 131, 172; securities fraud settlements, 3, 25–26, 43, 56, 60, 66, 73, 93, 99, 102, 106, 114, 156, 166, 167, 171–173, 176; subpoena power, 74, 94; waivers, 16–17, 192, 201
self-regulatory organizations (SROs), 185
Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 164, 175, 176
sentencing, 30
Sessions, Pete, 80
Shad, John, 43
Shah, Sonal, 174
short the market, 158, 167, 171, 185; Abacus, 161–165; “the big short” strategy, 161, 167–170; Citigroup, 171; Einhorn, 117; Goldman Sachs, 26, 156, 174–177; Harding Advisory LLC, 172; JPMorgan Chase, 171; Magnetar Trade, 158–160; Merrill Lynch, 171–172; Paulson & Co. Inc., 162–166
Simpson, Thacher & Bartlett, 115
Skilling, Jeffrey, investigation and prosecution, 32–37, 207, 211
Smith, Adam, 212
Smith, Yves, 159–160
social meaning, 225
Sparks, Daniel, 163
Standard & Poor’s (S&P), 3, 103–105
Standard Chartered: money laundering, 198; contributions, 216
Standard Oil, 44
stated income loans, 62
statute of limitations, 81, 110, 180; crimes affecting a financial institution, 19, 22–23, 60, 94, 100, 102, 130, 152, 176
Steffelin, Edward, 164
Stein, Kara, SEC commissioner dissent, 16, 192
Stewart, Martha, 50
Storch, Adam, 174
structured investment vehicles (SIVs), 92–93
Sullivan, Martin, 138–139, 144, 149, 153
Sullivan, Scott, 38
Summers, Lawrence, 216
Sunbeam Corporation, 43
Suskind, Ronald, Confidence Men, 213
Swain, Laura Taylor, 146–149, 152
Szymoniak, Lynn, 183
Too-Big-to-Fail, 10, 14–15, 19, 190, 194, 199, 209, 223–224, 227
Too-Big-to Jail (TBTJ), 200–201
Tourre, Fabrice: civil securities fraud trial, 169, 160–167, 174, 176; Goldman, 156–157, 161, 163–166, 168; scope of employment, 166
Towns, Edolphus, 80
true sale, 114
UBS, 140, 193, 214, 215; Japanese subsidiary, 194, 201; LIBOR guilty plea, 191–192
underwriting, 86, 90, 91, 92, 95, 97, 102–103; underwriting fees, 170
United States v. Dotterweich, 50
United States v. Ebbers: conscious-avoidance, willful blindness, 38–39
United States v. Park, 49
US Attorneys’ Manual (USAM), discretion to prosecute, 51, 58
U.S. Bancorp, 108
US sentencing guidelines, 30, 39
US Treasury, 15, 199; AIG bailout, 150; subpoena response, 200
Valukas, Anton, 110,115, 118, 120–122, 128, 210
Valukas Report, 110, 117, 118–119, 123–126
Veterans Affairs insurance, 99–100
Vinson, Betty, 38
Warburg Pincus, 214
war on drugs, 204
war on terror, 210
Warren, Elizabeth, 216
Washington Mutual, 97
Waste Management, 43
Waxman, Henry: Bush Administration Contacts with Enron House of Representatives minority report, 32
Wells Fargo, 108; mortgage servicing settlement, 181; Wells Fargo Bank, NA foreclosure fraud settlement, 182
whistleblowers, 86, 88, 131, 148, 152, 181, 183–184, 205; Boland, 64; Bowen, 91–92, 94–96, 206; DOJ failure to follow-up, 6, 76; Edwards, 100; Fleischmann, 99, 207; Foster, 75–76, 79; Hunt, 90–91, 94–96; Lagow, 71; Lee, 120–21, 124–127; Madsen, 71–72; Massie, 147–148; McMurray, 68–69, 71; O’Donnell, 61–65, 71; Szymoniak, 183; Winston, 72, 206
willful blindness/deliberate ignorance/conscious avoidance, 21–22, 38, 92, 96, 100, 118, 121, 123, 132, 148, 151, 152, 188–189, 205
Willumstad, Robert, 142
WorldCom: bankruptcy and fraud, 37–39; Ebbers, 38–40
Yates, Buford, 37
Yates, Sally Quillian, 57
Yonekura, Stephanie, 104