AAA: American Anthropological Association
AA: American Anthropologist
AAAS: American Association for the Advancement of Science
AES: American Ethnological Society
AFS: American Folklore Society
DA/AMNH: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Anthropology
ASW: Anthropological Society of Washington
BRC: Boas-Rukeyser Collection
BAAS: British Association for the Advancement of Science
BAE: Bureau of American Ethnology
CU: Columbia University
FB: Franz Boas
JNPE: Jesup North Pacific Expedition
USNM: U.S. National Museum
UCA: University of California Archives
WCE: World’s Columbian Exposition
1. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 43; FB to Toni, February 27, 1874, EM’s translation, BFP. Boas always referenced “Baffinland,” as was done in Germany at the time of his writing. I will use “Baffin Land,” though now it is referred to as “Baffin Island.”
2. FB to family, June 18, 1888, BFP.
3. Cole, “Value of a Person,” 33.
4. Kroeber, “Franz Boas,” 5; Lowie, “Biographical Memoir,” 303. The Franz Boas Documentary Project is funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and draws on the cooperative endeavors of the University of Western Ontario, home institution of Director and Editor Regna Darnell; the University of Nebraska Press; the American Philosophical Society; the University of Victoria; and the Musgamagw Dzawada’enuxw Tribal Council (Darnell, Franz Boas Papers, ix).
1. Hedwig Boas Lehmann, “Tante Hete, Reminiscences of Sister,” BRC. For Jewish naming customs, see Lévy and Zumwalt, Ritual Medical Lore, 89–93; and Dosick, Living Judaism, 289–90.
2. Antonie Boas’s birth year is variously recorded as July 1853 (Cole, Franz Boas, 16); 1865 (Norman Boas, Franz Boas, 291); July 14, 1865 (Norman Boas, “Boas Family Genealogy,” 5, BFP); 1853 (“Stammbaum der Familie Boas” [Family tree of the Boas family], March 1, 1930, BFP); and July 12, 1857 (http://www.franz-boas.de/download/geschlechterbuch.pdf, accessed July 23, 2018). I elect to follow the date given on the 1880 census for Minden, Westphalia, that records the following, “Antonie, 12 July 1854,” and that Müller-Wille sent me.
3. Curriculum vitae (CV), 1, BFP; see also “Salient Dates of Early Life,” BFP. In the CV that Boas composed as a requirement for exit from Gymnasium at the age of nineteen, he wrote that his baby brother Ernst lived for “four months” (CV, 1, BFP). Norman Boas, in his genealogical research on the Boas family notes, “Ernst Boas died at the age of one on July 11, 1861” (“Boas Family Genealogy, 1650–1985,” 5, BFP).
4. Cole, Franz Boas, 17; FB to father, November 9, 1869, BFP.
5. Brilling, “Vorfahren,” 103, 105; Norman Boas, Franz Boas, 289, 290; Norman Boas, Genealogy, 2, BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 10.
6. Brilling, “Vorfahren,” 106, EM’s translation.
7. Brilling, “Vorfahren,” 106; Herzig, Jüdisches Leben, 12, RLZ’s translation; “Stammbaum der Familie Boas,” BFP.
8. The first name is spelled variously in genealogies as Karoline and Caroline. The anglicized spelling is Carolyn. Kaufmann, “Stammbaum der Familie Boas,” RLZ’s translation, BFP; notes by Ernst Boas of conversation with Franz Boas, 1940 or 1941, BFP; “Seal: Kingdom of Westphalia,” BFP.
9. Brilling, “Vorfahren,” 106, RLZ’s translation; Cole, Franz Boas, 10, 294n5; see “Geschlecterbuch Heinemann (Chajim)/Boas, http://www.franz-boas.de/download/geschlechterbuch.pdf, accessed March 14, 2014; “Notes by Hedwig Lehmann, Sister of F. Boas, 1944,” EM’s translation, BFP. Blumenthal notes that “Jews were forced to buy the output of the Prussian king’s beloved porcelain factories—far above market prices, taking a loss on the resale” (Invisible Wall, 7).
10. “Notes by Hedwig Lehmann, 1944,” EM’s translation, BFP.
11. Cole (Franz Boas, 11) quotes Mindische Fama, Beilage zum 37, Stöck des [Mindener] Sonntagsblatt, September 8, 1836.
12. Brilling, “Vorfahren,” 107, 108, RLZ’s translation.
13. Brilling, “Vorfahren,” 108; Norman Boas, “Boas Genealogy,” 12, BFP. Menke is an abbreviated form of the Hebrew first name Menachem, which means “the comforter” (Brilling, “Vorfahren,” 111n27).
14. “Sophie Boas Collected from Letters to her Brother Salomon Meyer Approximately 1843–1845,” EM’s translation, BFP; see also Cole, Franz Boas, 10, 11–12; and Norman Boas, “Boas Family Genealogy,” BFP.
15. Cole, Franz Boas, 13; “Sophie Boas Collected from Letters to her Brother Salomon Meyer,” EM’s translation, BFP. See Dosick, Living Judaism, 178–79, for a discussion of the confirmation ceremony that was adopted by Reform Judaism.
16. Herzig, Abraham Jacobi, 14, RLZ’s translation; Cole, Franz Boas, 14.
17. Cole, Franz Boas, 19, 14; see also Wellhäußer, “Political Activism,” n41. Herzberg’s last name was also spelled “Hertzberg.”
18. Cole, Franz Boas, 14, 15; Wellhäußer, “Political Activism”; Herzig, Abraham Jacobi, 23; Herzig, Jüdisches Leben, 70.
19. Cole, Franz Boas, 15, quoting Sophie Meyer to Abraham Jacobi, March 8–12, 1851.
20. Truax, Doctors Jacobi, 155; Herzig, Abraham Jacobi, 69, EM’s translation; Wellhäußer, “Political Activism.”
21. “Sophie Boas Collected from Letters to her Brother Salomon Meyer,” BFP; Truax, Doctors Jacobi, 146; Sperber, European Revolutions, xix–xx; Cole, Franz Boas, 16.
22. Truax, Doctors Jacobi, 157; Norman Boas, “Boas Family Genealogy,” BFP, 13.
23. Cole, Franz Boas, 8–9, 16. Herzig, Jüdisches Leben, 65, RLZ’s translation.
24. Boas, “Franz Boas,” 19; Stocking, “From Physics to Ethnology,” 149. “An Anthropologist’s Credo” was first published in the Nation (1938) and later revised and reprinted under the title of “Franz Boas,” in I Believe, edited by Clifton Fadiman, in 1939. George Stocking reprinted it in The Shaping of American Anthropology.
25. Weston, Friedrich Froebel, 1, 7, 13; Sophie Boas to Dr. A. Braun, March 13, 1862, BFP.
26. CV, 1–2, BFP; “Notes by Ernst Boas of Conversation with Franz Boas, 1940 or 1941,” BFP. Boas rendered the spelling “Wagener” in his CV. The reference is to Hermann Wagner, a prolific author of nature books, many of them for children. In the Fröbel approach, the young child was not introduced to reading until age five.
27. Lehmann’s footnote to “Sophie Boas Collected from Letters to her Brother Salomon Meyer,” EM’s translation, BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 13, quoting Lehmann’s “Reminiscences,” and Toni Boas Wohlauer, “Reminiscences of Franz Boas”; FB to parents, December 6, 1877, EM’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, June 25, 1877, BFP.
28. Lehmann, “Reminiscences,” RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to Toni, October 5, 1876, EM’s translation, BFP.
29. Cole, Franz Boas, 13; FB to uncle, January 1, 1870, BFP.
30. Boas, “An Anthropologist’s Credo,” 201; Boas, “Franz Boas,” 19; Lehmann, “Reminiscences,” RLZ’s translation, BFP; Brilling, “Vorfahren,” 111n28a.
31. Cole, Franz Boas, 13; Volkov, “‘Verbürgerlichung’ of the Jews,” 367, 370, 373; FB to Sophie Boas, September 28, 1879, BFP.
32. Lehmann, “My Memories of my Brother, Franz Boas,” EM’s translation, BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 10; Norman Boas, “Boas Family Genealogy,”12, 13, BFP; “Notes by Hedwig Lehmann, 1944,” BFP. Müller-Wille shared this quotation from the BFP with me, and Linna Weber Müller-Wille translated it.
33. Lehmann, “My Memories of my Brother, Franz Boas,” EM’s translation, BFP; FB to aunt, April 13, 1870, BFP; FB to Toni, April 6, 1871, RLZ’s translation, BFP.
34. Lehmann, “Tante Hete’s Reminiscences of Sister. Hedwig Lehmann,” BRC; Lehmann, “My Memories of my Brother, Franz Boas,” EM’s translation, BFP.
35. Liss, “Cosmopolitan Imagination,” 163.
36. CV, 2, BFP; Lehmann, “Tante Hete’s Reminiscences of Sister. Hedwig Lehmann,” BRC; Cole, Franz Boas, 18.
37. CV, 2, BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 18, 19.
38. CV, 3, BFP; FB to Toni, December 3, 1870, BFP.
39. Lehmann, “Tante Hete’s Reminiscences of Sister. Hedwig Lehmann,” BRC; FB to uncle [Jacobi], June 8, [1867], BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 19; Jarausch, Students, Society, and Politics, 34–35.
40. FB to Meier Boas, November 8, 1868, February 20, 1869, BFP; FB to uncle, July 14, 1870, BFP; FB to uncle [Jacobi], April 9, 1868, BFP; FB to uncle, September 22, 1869, BFP.
41. CV, 3, 4, BFP; Lehmann, “Tante Hete’s Reminiscences of Sister. Hedwig Lehmann,” BRC.
42. Lehmann, “Tante Hete’s Reminiscences of Sister. Hedwig Lehmann,” BRC; FB to Ernst Boas, July 12, 1929, BFP; CV, 4, BFP; Franz to uncle [Salomon Meyer] and aunt, December 27, 1867, BFP.
43. Lehmann, “Tante Hete’s Reminiscences of Sister. Hedwig Lehmann,” BRC; FB to uncle [Salomon Meyer], January 3, [1868], BFP.
44. CV, 4, BFP; “Memories of my Brother, Franz Boas, by Hedwig Lehmann,” EM’s translation, BFP.
45. Meier to Sophie Boas, July 31, 1868, RLZ’s translation, BFP.
46. CV, 5, BFP.
47. Lehmann, “Tante Hete’s Reminiscences of Sister. Hedwig Lehmann,” BRC; Cole, Franz Boas, 21; CV, 5–6, BFP; FB to Sophie Boas, September 19, 1870, BFP.
48. Cole, Franz Boas, 22, quoting FB to Toni, April 6, June 30, 1871, BFP.
49. CV, 6, 7, BFP; FB to aunt, April 13, 1870, BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 22; Lehmann, “Tante Hete’s Reminiscences of Sister,” BRC.
50. Lehmann, “Tante Hete’s Reminiscences of Sister. Hedwig Lehmann,” BRC; CV, 6, BFP.
51. CV, 7, BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 23; Meier to Sophie Boas, December 14, 1871, RLZ’s translation, BFP.
52. Cole, Franz Boas, 23; FB to Sophie Boas, January 5, 1872, EM’s translation, BFP; Meier to Sophie Boas, January 8, 1872, RLZ’s translation, BFP.
53. Meier to Sophie Boas, January 13, 1872, RLZ’s translation, BFP; see also Cole, Franz Boas, 23.
54. Meier to Sophie Boas, November 27, 1871, RLZ’s translation, BFP; Meier to Sophie Boas, January 1, 1872, RLZ’s translation, BFP.
55. CV, 7, BFP; FB to Hete, January 17, 1872, BFP.
56. CV, 9, 13, 15, BFP; Meier Boas to Toni, September 27, 1873, RLZ’s translation, BFP. Meier Boas used the phrase “unentwickelter Knabe” to describe his son. “Unentwickelt” focuses on education, skills, knowledge, while “unreif” focuses on character development. Thus, as Müller-Wille clarifies in a personal communication, Boas’s father was not making an observation about his son’s physical or moral development, but rather his educational preparation.
57. FB to Toni, February 6, 1874, EM’s translation, BFP; CV, 15, BFP.
58. The Abitur examination was introduced in response to the “excessive number of students” who wished to pursue university education, an increase that accompanied the “university reforms instituted by the Prussian minister of education Wilhelm von Humboldt (1808–19) (Kampe, “Jews and Anti-Semites,” 369). By 1834, the Abitur was the only entrance examination accepted by universities in Prussia.
59. Cole, Franz Boas, 26; CV, 16, BFP; FB to Toni, October 1, 1876, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to Toni, October 5, 1876, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to Toni, October 12, 1876, EM’s translation, BFP. “Ich hab’s gewagt” is a phrase associated with Ulrich von Hutten (1488–1523), humanist and poet, who used it in a stanza of his poetry and for whom it became a personal motto. Müller-Wille told me, “This well-known phrase is used when one has set a goal which one has missed, still one was proud to have tried.”
60. Cole Franz Boas, 26–27, parentheses in original, quoting FB to Toni, February 21, 1877, BFP; FB to Theodor [Meyer], February 27, 1877, RLZ’s translation, BFP.
61. Müller-Wille sent me a copy of Zeugnis der Reife, BFP, and translated it for me; Cole, Franz Boas, 28.
62. Sophie Boas to Abraham Jacobi, February 15, 1877, BFP.
63. Lehmann, “My Memories of my Brother, Franz Boas,” EM’s translation, BFP; FB to Toni, September 27, 1873, EM’s translation, BFP; CV, 20, BFP.
64. Lehmann, “My Memories of my Brother, Franz Boas,” EM’s translation, BFP; Sophie Boas to Abraham Jacobi, February 15, 1877, BFP.
65. Sophie Boas to Abraham Jacobi, February 15, 1877, BFP.
66. Sophie Boas to Toni, late February 1877, EM’s translation, BFP; FB to Toni, March 18, 1877, EM’s translation, BFP.
67. CV, 2, 6, BFP.
68. CV, 7, BFP; FB to Toni, March 18, 1877, RLZ’s translation, BFP.
69. FB to Toni, June 20, 1871, EM’s translation, BFP; FB to Toni, May 3–4, 1874, EM’s translation, BFP; FB to Toni, February 27, 1874, EM’s translation, BFP.
1. FB to Sophie Boas, April 24, 1877, EM’s translation, BFP; FB to Toni, April 23, 1877, RLZ’s translation, BFP; see also FB to Sophie Boas, April 23, 1877, BFP; FB to parents, June 30, 1877, EM’S translation, BFP.
2. Püschel, “Franz Boas,” 81, RLZ’s translation; Sophie Boas to Jacobi, February 15, 1877, BFP; Sophie Boas to Jacobi, March 2 ,1877, BFP; FB to Toni, April 18, 1877, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, abstracts of letters, April 21, 1877, BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 39.
3. FB to Toni, April 18, 1877, EM’s translation BFP; FB to Sophie Boas, April 19, 1877, EM’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, April 20, 1877, EM’s translation, BFP; FB to Krüer, April 22, 1877, BFP.
4. FB to Sophie Boas, April 19, 1877, BFP; FB to parents, April 20, 1877, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, abstracts of letters, April 19, 20, 1877, BFP; FB to Sophie Boas, April 19, 1877, RLZ’s translation, BFP.
5. FB to parents, April 22, 1877, BFP; FB to Sophie Boas, April 24, 1877, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, May 3, 1877, BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 39; FB to Sophie Boas, April 21, 1877, BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 40; FB to Sophie Boas, April 28, 1877, BFP; FB to parents, June 13, 1877, EM’s translation, BFP; FB to Toni, April 23, 1877, EM’s translation, BFP.
6. FB to Krüer, April 22, 1877, BFP.
7. FB to Krüer, April 22, 1877, BFP; FB to parents, abstracts of letters, April 21, 1877, BFP; FB to Sophie Boas, April 21, 1877, EM’s translation, BFP; FB to Sophie Boas, April 28, 1877, RLZ’s translation, BFP.
8. FB to Sophie Boas, April 21, 1877, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to Sophie Boas, April 30, 1877, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, May 3, 1877, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, April 28, 1877, BFP.
9. FB to parents, May 3, 1877, EM’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, abstracts of letters, May 3, 1877, BFP; FB to parents, May 26, 1877, EM’s translation, BFP.
10. Cole, Franz Boas, 39, 297n5; FB to parents, abstracts of letters, May 3, 1877, BFP; Cuddihy, Ordeal of Civility, 4, 227; Glick, “Types Distinct,” 553; Cohen, “German Jewry,” xxiv, emphasis in original.
11. Trilling, “Afterword,” 316. Trilling was writing about New York City in the 1930s and the split between German Jews and Eastern European Jews, “generally called Russian” Jews. CV, 1, BFP.
12. FB to parents, May 3, 1877, BFP; FB to Sophie Boas, April 28, 1877, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, May 26, 1877, BFP.
13. FB to parents, May 26, 1877, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, May 26, 1877, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, May 10, 1877, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to Sophie Boas, May 28, 1877, EM’s translation, BFP; FB to Krüer, June 8, 1877, BFP.
14. FB to Krüer, June 8, 1877, BFP; FB to Krüer, June 22, 1877, BFP; FB to Krüer, June 27, 1877, BFP.
15. Twain, Tramp Abroad, vol. 1, 32, 33, 43.
16. FB to Krüer, June 27, 1877, and postscript July 19, 1877, BFP; FB to Krüer, July 25, 1877, BFP; FB to Krüer, July 29, 1877, BFP.
17. Lehmann, “My Memories,” RLZ’s translation, BFP.
18. FB to Sophie Boas, June 25, 1877, EM’s translation, BFP; FB to Krüer, July 29, 1877, BFP.
19. FB to parents, July 21, 1877, EM’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, July 23, 1877, RLZ’s translation, BFP.
20. Jarausch, Students, Society, and Politics, 82; Cole, Franz Boas, 43.
21. FB to parents, July 30, 1877, EM’s translation, BFP; Meier Boas to FB, July 31, 1877, emphasis in original, EM’s translation, BFP.
22. Cole, Franz Boas, 43. Cole quotes the Mindener Zeitung, August 25, 1877, 2, and August 27, 1877; Jahresbericht des Evangelischen Gymnasiums und der Realschule zu Minden, 1878, 10.
23. FB to Sophie Boas, July 8, 1877, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, July 23, 1877, RLZ’s translation, BFP.
24. Müller-Wille sent me this excerpt from the handwritten (German script) of the Leaving Certificate (October 27, 1877, BFP).
25. Cole, Franz Boas, 4; FB to parents, December 6, 1877, EM’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, November 11, 1877, EM’s translation, BFP. See Twain, Tramp Abroad, vol. 2, 284–89, for an account of “The College Prison” in Heidelberg.
26. Cole, Franz Boas, 44; Lehmann, “My Memories,” 3, EM’s translation, BFP.
27. Cole, Franz Boas, 45; FB to parents, February 15, 1878, EM’s translation, BFP.
28. FB to Sophie Boas, March 7, 1878, EM’s translation, BFP.
29. Cole, Franz Boas, 46; FB to Sophie Boas, February 19, 1878, EM’s translation, BFP.
30. FB to parents, February 10, 1879, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, February 19, 1879, EM’s translation, BFP.
31. FB to parents, July 10, 1879, EM’s translation, BFP.
32. FB to parents, February 14, 1879, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, August 27, 1879, RLZ’s translation, BFP.
33. FB to Sophie Boas, September 28, 1879, RLZ’s translation, BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 54–55; FB to parents, October 27, 1879, BFP.
34. Seelig, Deutsche Jugend, 176, RLZ’s translation; Cole, Franz Boas, 55, 51, quoting FB to parents, emphasis in original; Jungnickel, Theoretical Mastery of Nature, 218; FB to parents, November 6, 1880, LMW’s translation, BFP.
35. Mills, Biological Oceanography, 14; Cole, Franz Boas, 52,
36. FB to parents, January 31, 1881, EM’s translation, BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 52, 53, quoting FB to parents, June 12, 1880, November 12, 1880, March 11, 1881; FB to parents, November 6, 1880, EM’s translation, BFP.
37. Lehmann, “My Memories,” 12–13, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, May 1, 1881, BFP; FB to parents, January 8, 1881, EM’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, January 8, 1881, RLZ’s translation, BFP. In a personal communication, proverb scholar Wolfgang Mieder commented on this “very popular” German expression, “‘mit seinem Latein zu Ende sein” (to be at one’s wits end), as a proverbial phrase.
38. FB to parents, January 18, 1881, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to Toni, February 2, 1881, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, March 11, 1881, EM’s translation, BFP.
39. FB to parents, May 30, 1881, EM’s translation, BFP.
40. Cole, Franz Boas, 59, quoting Meier Boas to FB, November 17, 1880, BFP; Glick, “Types Distinct,” 550; Telman, “Adolf Stoecker,” 94, 102.
41. Cole, Franz Boas, 60, quoting FB to father, November 18, 1880, BFP; FB to Papa, November 18, 1880, EM’s translation, BFP.
42. FB to parents, January 18, 1881, EM’s translation, BFP; see Glick, “Types Distinct,” 553; Cole, Franz Boas, 59.
43. Kampe, “Jews and Anti-Semites,” 357–58; FB to Sophie Boas, April 6, 1881, BFP.
44. FB to parents, April 26, 1881, BFP; FB to Sophie Boas, July 8, 1881, BFP; FB to parents, July 8, 1881, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to Sophie Boas, July 11, 1881, EM’s translation, BFP. As Müller-Wille conveyed to me, Boas’s remark that he was no longer a student referenced his position as not being registered for the 1881 summer term since all that remained for him was the examination.
45. FB to parents, July 15, 1881, parentheses in original, BFP; FB to Meier Boas, July 24, 1881, BFP; FB to parents, July 18, 1881, and July 23, 1881, BFP.
46. FB to Meier Boas, July 24, 1881, BFP; FB to parents, August 12, 1881, LMW’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, August 9, 1881, LMW’s translation from Latin, BFP.
47. FB to parents, May 30, 1881, EM’s translation, BFP; FB to parents, January 18, 1881, LMW’s translation, BFP; Boas, Beiträge zur Erkenntniss, 8, 1, 24–31, 34–42, RLZ’s translation.
48. Boas, Beiträge zur Erkenntniss, 31, 42, table 1, EM’s translation.
49. Cole, Franz Boas, 53, quoting FB to parents, May 30, 1881; FB to Sophie Boas, August 9, 1881, BFP; FB to parents, May 14, 1881, EM’s translation, BFP; FB to Meier Boas, August 12, 1881, BFP; Meier Boas to FB, August 12, 1881, LMW’s translation, BFP.
50. van Gennep, Les rites de passage, 13; see Turner, “Betwixt and Between”; Jarausch, Students, Society, and Politics, 19; FB to Krüer, June 8, 1877, BFP.
51. McAleer, Dueling, 3, 5, 119; Hobsbawm, “Mass-Producing Traditions,” 293, 294.
52. McAleer, Dueling, 141; FB to Krüer, July 25, 1877, BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 46; FB to parents, February 14, 1879, EM’s translation, BFP.
53. McAleer, Dueling, 125; Cole, Franz Boas, 45; FB to parents, February 19, 1878, EM’s translation, BFP. See Liss, “The Cosmopolitan Imagination,” 76–80, for letters from Boas to his family about the fervent pleasure of belonging to the fraternal organization; and 68–82, for an informative discussion of the German fraternal organizations and of Boas’s membership in the Burschenschaft Alemannen.
54. McAleer, Dueling, 138–39.
55. Cole, Franz Boas, 57–58, 60; Jarausch, Students, Society, and Politics, 98, 100.
56. Tal, Christians and Jews in Germany, 32, 63; Mosse, German Jews, 6–7; Glick, “Types Distinct,” 549.
57. Jarausch, Students, Society, and Politics, 10, 82, 97, 100; Mosse, German Jews, 2; Liss, “Cosmopolitan Imagination, 69n11; Kampe, “Jews and Anti-Semites,” 358–59.
58. Jarausch, Students, Society, and Politics, 100, parentheses in original; Fischer to FB, December 21, 1884, RLZ’s translation, BP; see also Cole, Franz Boas, 60.
59. Jarausch, Students, Society, and Politics, 19; Mosse, German Jews, 3.
60. Fishberg, “The Boas Anniversary,” 647. Boas’s letter of thanks to “Mr. President, Friends, and Colleagues” is included in Fishberg, 646–47.
61. FB to Toni, March 13, 1877, RLZ’s translation, BFP.
1. Norman Boas, Franz Boas, 24; Lehmann, “Reminiscences.” RLZ’s translation, BFP.
2. FB to Marie, May 29, 1883, BFP; Marie to FB, July 7, 1883, BFP; Marie to FB, July 7, 1883, BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 69–70, parentheses and question mark in original.
3. FB to Sophie Boas, October 1, 1881, BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 64; FB to parents, June 23,1878, RLZ’s translation, BFP; FB to Sophie Boas, July 11, 1881, BFP.
4. FB to Jacobi, January 3, 1882, BP; Sophie Boas to Salomon Meyer, December 26, 1881, RLZ’s translation, BFP.
5. FB to Jacobi, January 2, 1882, parentheses in original, BP.
6. Jacobi to FB, March 9, 1882, BP; Gilman to FB, April 8, 1882, emphasis in original, BP.
7. Fischer to FB, April 3, 1882, RLZ’s translation, BP.
8. FB to Jacobi, April 10, 1882, BP.
9. FB to Jacobi, April 10, 1882, BP.
10. FB to Toni, May 14, 1882, emphasis in the original, BFP; Sophie Boas and FB to Jacobi, July 22, 1882, BP.
11. Lehmann, “Reminiscences,” RLZ’s translation, BFP. Meier Boas to FB, July 18, 1882, BFP.
12. FB to parents, August 26, 1882; August 28, 1882, BFP; FB to parents, September 3, 1882; September 10, 1882, BFP.
13. FB to parents, November 11, 1882, BFP. The article to which Boas referred was published as “Über die ehemalige Verbreitung der Eskimos” in 1883.
14. FB to Sophie Boas, November 11, 1882, BFP; FB to parents, October 20, 1882, BFP. In Germany, holding the thumbs is for good luck, equivalent to crossing the fingers in Anglo-American tradition.
15. Boas, “Rudolf Virchow’s Anthropological Work,” 441, 442; Lowie, History of Ethnological Theory, 30; Tylor, “Professor Adolf Bastian,” 141.
16. FB to parents, November 17, 1882, BFP; FB to parents, October 24, 1882, BFP; FB to Sophie Boas, October 22, 1882, BFP.
17. FB to parents, October 24, 1882, BFP.
18. FB to parents, November 9, 1882, BFP.
19. FB to parents, November 17, 1882, BFP.
20. FB to Jacobi, November 26, 1882, BP.
21. FB to Jacobi, November 26, 1882, BP.
22. FB to Jacobi, November 26, 1882, BP.
23. FB to parents, November 17, 1882, BFP; FB to parents, January 13, 1883, BFP; FB to parents, January 21, 1883, BFP.
24. FB to parents, January 13, 1883, BFP; FB, copy of incomplete typescript, BP, Ernst Boas’s translation of pages 3, 4, 6, 7, with other pages missing. While Ernst penciled in “when written?,” it is clear from the internal dates that it followed Boas’s acceptance of the position as assistant editor at Science in January 1887.
25. FB to parents, January 23, 1883, parentheses in original, BFP.
26. FB to parents, January 23, 1883, BFP. See Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 56–68, for discussion of the Berliner Tageblatt and Boas’s series of articles published in this newspaper.
27. FB to parents, January 24, 1883, BFP; Cole and Müller-Wille, “Franz Boas’ Expedition,” 42; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 37; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 58, 56.
28. The International Polar Year was a multinational effort directed toward standardizing and synchronizing data for one annual cycle (Müller-Wille and Weber Müller-Wille, “Inuit Geographical Knowledge,” 218). See also Mülller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 23–24, 53.
29. FB to parents, February 2, 1883, BFP.
30. FB to parents, February 2, 1883, BFP; FB to parents, February 8, 1883, BFP.
31. Lehmann, “Reminiscences,” RLZ’s translation, BFP; Müller-Wille and Gieseking, Inuit and Whalers, 216, 218.
32. FB to parents, January 24, 1883, BFP; FB to parents, February 8, 1883, BFP; Müller-Wille and Gieseking, Inuit and Whalers, 13; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 44, quoting from Wilhelm Weike diary, June 18, 1883.
33. FB to parents, February 25, 1883, BFP; FB to parents, March 6, 1883, BFP.
34. FB to “Angel,” May 14, 1882, parentheses in original, BFP; FB to Hedwig, September 6, 1882, BFP; Marie to FB, June 3, 1883, BFP.
35. Emilie Krackowizer to Sophie Boas and Toni, February 8, 1883, BFP.
36. FB to parents, February 8, 1883, BFP; FB to parents, February 20, 1883, emphasis in original, BFP; Willy Meyer to FB, April 16, 1883, RLZ’s translation, BFP.
37. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 61–62. See Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 160–61, for the trial articles that Boas wrote for the Berliner Tageblatt on “Third German Assembly of Geographers.” See also Cole and Müller-Wille, “Franz Boas’ Expedition,” 41, for discussion of the German Northern Polar Expeditions (1868 and 1869–70) and the First International Polar Year (1882–83).
38. FB to parents, April 3, 1883, BFP; FB to Marie, June 1, 1883, BFP; FB to Marie, May 28, 1883, BFP; Marie to Toni, April 2, 1883, BFP.
39. Marie to Toni, April 2, 1883, emphasis in original, BFP.
40. FB to Jacobi, May 2, 1883, BP.
41. FB to Marie, April 27, 1883, BFP.
42. Marie to FB, May 3, 1883, BFP; FB to Marie, May 9, 1883, BFP.
43. Marie to Toni, May 27, 1883, emphasis in original, BFP.
44. FB to Marie, June 8, 1883, BFP; FB to Marie, May 28, 1883, second letter, BFP; FB to Marie, May 28, 1883, first letter; BFP.
45. FB to Marie, June 4, 1883, BFP; Marie to FB, July 7, 1883, BFP; Marie to FB, June 6, 1883, BFP; FB to MK, June 17, 1883, BFP.
46. FB to Marie, May 28, 1883, first letter, BFP; FB to Marie, May 28, 1883, second letter, BFP.
47. FB to Marie, May 29, 1883, BFP; Marie to FB, May 31, 1883, BFP.
48. Marie to FB, May 31, 1883, BFP.
49. Emilie Krackowizer to FB, May 31, 1883, BFP.
50. FB to Marie, June 8, 1883, BFP; FB to Marie, June 2, 1883, BFP; Marie to FB, June 4, 1883, BFP; FB to Marie, June 1, 1883, BFP; FB to Marie, June 4, 1883, BFP; FB to Marie, June 7, 1883, BFP. As Müller-Wille conveyed to me, Boas had chosen the colors of the German Imperial flag, which was comprised of stripes from top to bottom of black, white, and red.
51. FB to Marie, June 9, 1883, BFP; FB to Marie, June 11, 1883, BFP; FB to Jacobi, May 9, 1883, BP; FB to Marie, June 18, 1883, BFP.
52. FB to family, June 19, 1883, BFP; FB to Marie, June 19, 1883, BFP.
53. FB to family, June 21, 1883, BFP; Lehmann, “Reminiscences, RLZ’s translation, BFP.”
54. Emilie Krackowizer to Sophie Boas, June 12, 1883, BFP; Marie to Sophie Boas, June 13, 1883, BFP; FB to family, June 19, 1883, BFP.
55. Marie to FB, June 9, 1883, BFP; Marie to Boas family, October 13, 1883, BFP.
56. FB to Marie, June 11, 1883, BFP; Marie to FB, July 9, 1883, BFP; FB to Marie, June 4, 1883, BFP.
57. FB to Jacobi, April 10, 1882, BP; Stocking, “From Physics to Ethnology,” 141, 142, parentheses in original, quoting letter from Fischer to FB, April 3, 1882; Fischer to FB, February 24, 1878, BP.
58. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 27, 23, 31, 33, quoting Boas, Baffin-Land, 65; FB to Jacobi, November 26, 1882, BP; FB to parents, January 13, 1883, BFP.
59. FB to Jacobi, May 9, 1883, BP; FB to parents, June 24, 1883, BFP.
60. FB to Jacobi, May 9, 1883, BP; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 1998, 42, diary entry, June 9, 1883, emphasis in original.
1. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 50, FB/MK, June 30, 1883, emphasis in original.
2. FB to parents and sisters, June 22, 1883, on back of envelope, BFP; FB to parents, June 23, 1883, BFP; FB to parents, June 24, 1883, BFP; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 50, 51.
3. Knötsch, “Franz Boas’ Research Trip,” 9; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas and the Inuit, 21, 46–47; Cole, “Value of a Person,” 16; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, June 23, 1883, 38, BFP. Müller-Wille conveyed to me his concept of “multilayered and often parallel letters and journals.” After Boas’s departure on June 20, 1883, Boas sent and received mail infrequently and in the following way, as Müller-Wille writes: “Before the winter of 1883–4, this occurred on 22 June 1883 off Heligoland via the pilot boat and on 27 June in Pentland Firth off the island of Stroma via fishing boat; he sent letters from Kekerten Whaling Station on 16 September direct to Hamburg with the Germania and off Middleaktuk Island in the southern part of Cumberland Sound on 3 October with the Catherine via Dundee (Scotland) to Minden i.W. and to New York” (Franz Boas among the Inuit, 21). In turn, Marie Krackowizer, the Boas family, and their employees would send letters to Boas and Weike via Peterhead, Scotland, by early August 1883, for the Catherine, Crawford Noble’s supply ship, to take to Kekerten, where she arrived on September 7 and returned to Peterhead on October 3, before the Cumberland Sound was frozen over for the winter (Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 21–22, 110–11, 269; Müller-Wille and Gieseking, Inuit and Whalers, 41; and Müller-Wille, personal communication). Because of William Barr’s translation from German to English in Müller-Wille’s Franz Boas among the Inuit of Baffin Island 1883–1884, I cite this material, though I also use the translations of the letters done by Helene Boas Yampolsky in BFP. I cite the latter by date and page number of the Yampolsky translation. Müller-Wille has published the original German versions in the following works: his 1992 article, “Franz Boas: Auszüge aus seinem Baffin-Tagebuch”; and his 1994 book, Franz Boas: Bei den Inuit in Baffinland.
4. Letter Diary, FB to Marie, July 19, 1883, 51, BFP; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, July 4, 1883, 21, BFP; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, July 19, 1883, 51, BFP; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 61, FB/MK, 5 Aug. 1883.
5. FB to parents and sisters, June 21, 1883, BFP; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, August 5, 1883, 51, 52, BFP; Müller-Wille and Gieseking, Inuit and Whalers, 30n15; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, July 4, 1883, 3, 4, BFP; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, July 21, 1883, 40, BFP; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, July 5, 1883, 22, BFP.
6. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 52; Müller-Wille and Gieseking, Inuit and Whalers, 31–32, 9 July 1883; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, July 9, 1883, 27, BFP. For an account of his attempts to surprise “Herr Dr Boas” with his birthday presents, see Weike’s letter to Mathilde Nolting and Linna, maids in the Boas home in Minden (Müller-Wille and Gieseking, Inuit and Whalers, 43–44).
7. Letter Diary, FB to Marie, July 10, 1883, 29, BFP; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, July 11, 1883, 30, BFP.
8. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 59; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, August 10, 1883, 54, BFP; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, August 13, 1883, 56, BFP.
9. Letter Diary, FB to Marie, August 14, 1883, 56, 57, BFP; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, August 28, 1883, 63, BFP. The official spelling was Kekerten. Boas frequently spelled it “Kikkerton”; other authors use various spellings.
10. Letter Diary, FB to Marie, September 2, 1883, 63, BFP; Norman Boas and Doris Boas, Arctic Expedition, 17, quoting Boas, September 14, 1883. Boas, “Im Eise des Nordens.”
11. Letter Diary, FB to Marie, September 2, 1883, 64, BFP; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 72; Eskimo Story, 12, BFP; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, September 2, 1883, 64, BFP. Of the “Eskimo Story,” Franziska Boas said that she and her siblings were always intrigued because the story ended in mid-sentence. See Knötsch, “Franz Boas’ Research Trip,” 11–12, 13–14, for a perceptive analysis of what she calls Boas’s “First Contacts and Ventures (August–September 1883).”
12. FB to Marie, April 27, 1883, BFP; see also Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 38–40, 92; and Cole and Müller-Wille, “Franz Boas’ Expedition,” 44; Müller-Wille and Gieseking, Inuit and Whalers, 225.
13. Cole, “Value of a Person,” 19; Norman Boas and Doris Boas, Arctic Expedition, 17–18; Knötsch, “Franz Boas’ Research Trip,” 15.
14. Letter Diary, FB to Marie, September 9, 1883, BFP; see also Cole and Müller-Wille, “Franz Boas’ Expedition,” 45; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, September 3, 1883, 65; FB to Marie, September 19, 1883, BFP.
15. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 72, 83, 86, 87, 89.
16. Cole, “The Value of a Person,” 14; Harper, “Collecting at a Distance,” 89–90; Harper, “Collaboration of James Mutch and Franz Boas,” 55; Boas, “Journey in Cumberland Sound,” 247.
17. FB to parents, October 31, 1883, BFP; Müller-Wille and Gieseking, Inuit and Whalers, 73; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 22, 96, 99, 91, FB/parents, sisters, 12 Sept. 1883; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, September 19, 1883, BFP; FB to parents, September 19, 1883, BFP. See also Cole and Müller-Wille, “Franz Boas’ Expedition,” 48. For Boas’s research during his time in the Cumberland Sound, see Cole and Müller-Wille, “Franz Boas’ Expedition,” 44–45, wherein the authors reproduce Boas’s plans as of May 1883. Boas spelled the name “Ssigna” and he was called “Jimmy” by the Scottish whalers. In advance of his trip, Boas had inquired about the appropriate payment for Inuit assistants. Paul Hegemann, captain of the second German North Pole Expedition (1869–70) had informed him “that an Eskimo receives 32 lbs of ship’s biscuit, 1 gallon of molasses, 2 lbs coffee and 12 oz. of tobacco as payment for 4 weeks” (Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 37).
18. FB to parents, October 31, 1883, BFP; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, September 3, 1883, 65, BFP; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 79, 81–82.
19. “Journey in Cumberland Sound,” 244; see also Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 109, 110; Müller-Wille and Weber Müller-Wille, “Inuit Geographical Knowledge,” 220, quoting Boas, “Baffin-Land.”
20. Boas, “Eskimos of Baffin Land,” 1, Ernst Boas translation, typescript, BFP; Boas, “Journey in Cumberland Sound,” 253, 270.
21. Boas, “Journey in Cumberland Sound,” 244.
22. Letter Diary, FB to Marie, September 24, 1883, BFP; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 14; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, October 19, 1883, BFP; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, September 22, 1883, BFP; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 99, FB/MK, 23 Sept. 1883.
23. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 134, FB/MK, 5 Nov. 1883; 135, 6 Nov. 1883; 133; see also Cole and Müller-Wille, “Franz Boas’ Expedition,” 51–52.
24. Müller-Wille and Weber Müller-Wille, “Inuit Geographical Knowledge,” 221, parentheses in original; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 127, 130, 133. See also Cole and Müller-Wille, “Franz Boas’ Expedition,” 53; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, September 24, 1883; Boas, “Under the Arctic Circle,” 13, BFP. Ernst Boas had translated his father’s article from the German as published in the Sunday supplement, New Yorker Staatszeitung, January 13, February 1, February 22, March 2, 1885.
25. Müller-Wille and Weber Müller-Wille, “Inuit Geographical Knowledge,” 220, 221; Cole and Müller-Wille, “Franz Boas’ Expedition,” 62, citing Boas, “Eskimo-Dialekt,” 97.
26. Cole and Müller-Wille, “Franz Boas’ Expedition,” 57; Letter Diary, FB to parents, November 18, 1883, BFP; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 133, 139, 140, FB/MK, 18 Nov. 1883; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, January 23, 1884, BFP.
27. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 128, 130, FB to parents and sisters, October 26, 1883; Boas, Central Eskimo (1964), 204.
28. Cole, Franz Boas, 301n29, identifies the disease that afflicted the dog population of Baffin Land as resembling “distemper or ‘fox encephalitic’ of domestic fox farms.” Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 211, FB to parents, April 20, 1884; Boas, “Journey in Cumberland Sound,” 257; Boas, Eskimo Story, 56, BFP.
29. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 117, FB to Marie, October 1883; Boas, “Eskimo Story,” 35, BFP.
30. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 131, FB to parents and sisters, October 31 1883; 146, brackets in Müller-Wille; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, December 9, 1883, 27, emphasis in original, BFP.
31. Boas, “Journey in Cumberland Sound,” 253; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 163, FB/MK, December 30, 1883.
32. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 136; Müller-Wille and Gieseking, Inuit and Whalers, 102.
33. Boas, “Eskimo Story,” 50, 51, 52, BFP; Boas, Central Eskimo (1964), 196–97.
34. Fragment on Sedna, BFP. Boas, Central Eskimo (1964), 176, (1888), 584.
35. Letter Diary, FB to Marie, November 5, 1883, BFP; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, September 19, 1883, BFP; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 171, FB/MK, January 22, 1884; 140, FB to parents, November 18, 1883.
36. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 117, FB/MK, October 11, 1883.
37. Boas 1884, “Journey in Cumberland Sound,” 258; Cole, “Value of a Person,” 29, December 16, 1883; 30, December 19, 1883.
38. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 156; Boas, “Journey in Cumberland Sound,” 259, 260; Müller-Wille and Gieseking, Inuit and Whalers, 125. There is a discrepancy in dates recorded in Boas’s account, “A Journey in Cumberland Sound,” and those entered in Boas’s diary and in Weike’s diary. In the 1884 article, Boas identified the early morning departure for this ill-fated trek as December 21 (“Journey in Cumberland Sound,” 259), while the diary entries for both Boas and Weike note the date of departure as December 20, and the arrival in the Inuit camp of Anarnitung as December 21. Likely the correct date was recorded in the diaries of Boas and Weike.
39. Müller-Wille and Gieseking, Inuit and Whalers, 116, 116n63, 126–27, 127n24, 248; Boas, “Journey in Cumberland Sound,” 260. Müller-Wille conveyed to me his reflection on the import of the first aid administered to Weike by Ocheito and his wife.
40. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 160; Müller-Wille and Gieseking, Inuit and Whalers, 139.
41. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 159, quotations and emphasis in original; Cole, “Value of a Person,” 33, emphasis in original; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, December 23, 1883, emphasis in original, BFP. Bildung and Herzensbildung have been translated elsewhere with different English words. Müller-Wille suggests to me that Bildung be translated as “(educational, cultural, spiritual) formation,” and that Herzensbildung be translated as “nobleness of the heart.”
42. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 212, FB/parents, 30 Apr. 1884; Boas, “Under the Arctic Circle,” 14–15, BFP.
43. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 181, FB to Marie, February 14, 1884; 182, FB/MK, 15 Feb. 1884.
44. Letter Diary, FB to Marie, October 2, 1883, BFP; Boas, “Journey in Cumberland Sound,” 261; see also Cole and Müller-Wille, “Franz Boas’ Expedition,” 57–58.
45. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 185, 201, 203; Knötsch, “Franz Boas’ Research Trip,” 34.
46. Letter Diary, FB to Marie, October 2, 1883, BFP; Pöhl, Assessing Franz Boas’ Ethics,” 37–38; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 116.
47. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 203, 215, quoting Weike’s diary entry, May 6, 1884; 218, May 14, 1884, emphasis in original; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, May 8, 1884, BFP; Boas to Arnold Jacobi, January 22, 1913, BP. James Mutch arranged to have the two boxes retrieved that Boas had left on the trail, and had them shipped to the German Polar Commission, whose property they were (Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 219).
48. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 227 (FB to Marie, June 6, 1884), Boas’s emphasis; 229 (FB to Marie, June 1, 1884); 230 (FB to Marie, June 11, 1884); Letter Diary, FB to Marie, June 5, 1884, 169; May 16, 1884, 175; June 6, 1884, 171. BFP; FB to parents, September 20, 1884, BFP.
49. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 255 (FB to Marie, August 20, 1884), parentheses in original; FB to parents, September 20, 1884, BFP.
50. FB to parents, September 20, 1884, BFP; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 230 (FB to Marie, June 11, 1884), 258 (August 26, 1884), 258 (August 29, 1884), 267.
51. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 260, 265; Marie to FB, September 10, 1884, BFP; FB to parents, September 8, 1884, BFP.
52. FB to Marie, September 11, 1884, BFP; FB to Marie, September 16, 1884, BFP; FB to parents, September 11, 1884, BFP; FB to Marie, September 16, 1884, BFP.
53. FB to parents, October 11, 1884, BFP.
54. Aunt Phips to Sophie Boas, September 22, 1884, emphasis in original, BFP; FB to parents, October 11, 1884, BFP.
55. FB to parents, October 11, 1884, BFP. See Norman Boas, Alma Farm, for an account of the summer vacation home for the Meyer, Krackowizer, Jacobi, and Boas families.
56. Marie to Franz’s people, September 25, 1884, parentheses in original, BFP; FB to parents, September 25, 1884, BFP; FB to parents, October 11, 1884, BFP.
57. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 53–54 (FB/MK, July 11, 1883), emphasis in original; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, July 11, 1883, 31, BFP; Letter Diary, FB to Marie, October 2, 1883, BFP.
58. FB to parents, April 30, 1884, BFP; Krupnik, “One Field Season,” 73, 80, 81.
59. Cole and Müller-Wille, “Franz Boas’ Expedition,” 45, 51, 54. Cole and Müller-Wille note that Boas had a model for his approach to the Baffin Island project. Charles Francis Hall was, as Boas had said, “the first one to prove how much one could achieve in arctic areas by adopting completely the Eskimo mode of life” (Boas, “Baffin-Land,” 35).
60. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, xi, 14; Müller-Wille and Weber Müller-Wille, “Inuit Geographical Knowledge,” 223; Müller-Wille and Gieseking, Inuit and Whalers, 266.
61. Müller-Wille and Weber Müller-Wille, “Inuit Geographical Knowledge,” 220; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas among the Inuit, 14.
62. In the early 1970s Müller-Wille and Weber Müller-Wille had begun collecting place names among the Inuit of Naujaat or Aivilik (Repulse Bay): “At that time the Inuit remarked that their names for places did not appear on official maps” (Müller-Wille and Weber Müller-Wille, “Inuit Geographical Knowledge,” 225).
63. Müller-Wille and Weber Müller-Wille, “Inuit Geographical Knowledge,” 227. As Müller-Wille conveyed to me, Etuangat Aksayook (1901–1996) “was highly esteemed for his extensive and deep knowledge of the land, the people and their own history.” Intrigued by the maps with the accompanying place names, Etuangat began to talk about his life: “He was born in 1901, grew up in Kingait Fiord, lived at Kekerten whaling station, and finally at Pangnirtung. His father, born around 1850 . . . in Padli on the coast of Davis Strait . . . moved to Cumberland Sound. [His father] was around 30 years old when Boas and Weike were on Baffin Island, thus he and his family must have known them.” Müller-Wille continued to recount to me how Etuangat reflected “that he had heard about Boas and Weike but could not give any more details.”
64. Müller-Wille and Weber Müller-Wille, “Inuit Geographical Knowledge,” 217, 226.
65. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 40; Lowie, Biographical Memoir of Franz Boas, 313–14.
66. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 40, emphasis in original. Ludger Müller-Wille conveyed to me this added perspective on Boas’s year-long research. See William Barr, “Expeditions of the First International Polar Year,” 2–5.
67. Müller-Wille and Gieseking, Inuit and Whalers, 17.
68. Cole and Müller-Wille, “Franz Boas’ Expedition,” 48, 50.
69. Müller-Wille and Weber Müller-Wille, “Inuit Geographical Knowledge,” 221.
70. Boas, “Second Report”; Harper, “Collaboration of James Mutch and Franz Boas,” 54, 58, 59; see also Harper, “Collecting at a Distance,” 89–91.
71. Boas, “Under the Arctic Circle,” 1, 8, BFP; Müller-Wille and Weber Müller-Wille, “Inuit Geographical Knowledge,” 225.
72. Knötsch, “Franz Boas’ Research Trip,” 22; Herskovits, “Some Further Notes,” 116; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 32.
1. FB to parents, November 18, 1884, BFP; FB to parents, October 7, 1884; FB to parents and sisters, October 11, 1884, BFP; FB to Marie, November 25, 1884, BFP.
2. FB to parents, October 7, 1884, emphasis in original, BFP; FB to Marie, October 2, 1884, BFP.
3. FB to parents, October 7, 1884, BFP; FB to parents, November 13, 1884, BFP; FB to parents and sisters, October 3, 1884, emphasis in original, BFP; FB to parents, October 12, 1884; see Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 84.
4. FB to Marie, October 13, 1884, BFP; FB to parents, November 27, 1884, BFP.
5. Hough, “Otis Tufton Mason,” 662; FB to Marie, October 15, 1884, BFP; FB to Marie, October 25, 1884, BFP; FB to parents, November 25, 1884, BFP; FB to Marie, November 26, 1884.
6. FB to Marie, November 28, 1884, BFP; FB to Marie, November 25, 1884, BFP; FB to Marie, November 26, 1884, BFP. Established by an act of Congress in 1879, the Bureau of Ethnology changed to the Bureau of American Ethnology in 1897. I elect, however, to refer to it as the BAE.
7. FB to parents, November 30, 1884, BFP. FB to parents, November 7, 1884, BFP.
8. FB to Marie, November 26, 1884, emphasis in original, BFP; see also Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 83–84; Rood to Jacobi, January 30, 1885, BP; FB to parents, November 21, 1884, BFP. Carl Schurz, a fellow ‘48er with Jacobi, was at the time of Boas’s writing editor of the New York Evening Post (1881–84).
9. FB to Marie, April 2, 1885, emphasis in original, BFP; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 91; FB to Marie, May 4, 1885, BFP; FB to parents, May 4, 1885, BFP.
10. FB to Marie, November 29, 1884, BFP; FB to Marie, October 16, 1884, BFP; FB to parents, October 22, 1884, BFP.
11. FB to parents, October 22, 1884, BFP; FB to parents, December 2, 1884, BFP; FB to parents, December 22, 1884, BFP.
12. Fischer to Toni, October 26, 1884, BFP; Fischer to Toni, September 7, 1884, EM’s translation, BFP; Fischer to Toni Boas, December 30, 1884, EM’s translation, BFP.
13. Fischer to FB, December 21, 1884; EM’s translation, BP.
14. Fischer to FB, December 21, 1884, EM’s translation, BP.
15. FB to Jacobi, January 7, 1885, BFP; Jacobi to Sophie Boas, December 23, 1884, EM’s translation, BFP.
16. Sophie Boas to Jacobi, February 4, 1885, BFP.
17. FB to Jacobi, January 13, 1885, BFP.
18. Jacobi to FB, January 17, 1885, EM’s translation, emphasis in original, BP.
19. Jacobi to FB, January 17, 1885; EM’s translation, BP.
20. FB to parents, December 22, 1884, BFP; FB to parents, November 13, 1884, BFP; FB to Marie, November 28, 1884, BFP; FB to Marie, December 4, 1884, BFP.
21. FB to Marie, January 14, 1885, BFP.
22. FB to Marie, January 14, 1885, emphasis in original, BFP.
23. FB to parents, January 18, 1885, BFP.
24. FB to Marie, January 18, 1885, BFP.
25. FB to Jacobi, January 18, 1885, BP.
26. FB to Jacobi, January 18, 1885, BP.
27. FB to Marie, January 18, 1885, BFP; FB to parents, January 20, 1885, BFP.
28. FB to Marie, February 11, 1885, BFP; FB to parents, February 12, 1885, BFP; FB to Marie, February 18, 1885, BFP; Boas, “Melville’s Plan,” 248.
29. FB to Marie, February 15, 1885, BFP; FB to Marie, February 19, 1885, BFP; FB to Marie, February 20, 1885, BFP; FB to Jacobi, February 12, 1885, BFP; FB to Marie, February 18, 1885, BFP; FB to Marie, February 24, 1885, BFP; FB to Marie, January 19, 1885, BFP.
30. FB to parents, February 5, 1885, BFP; FB to parents, November 13, 1884, BFP.
31. FB to Marie, March 26, 1885, BFP; FB to Marie, March 27, 1885, BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 86.
32. Fischer to FB, March 26, 1885, BP; FB to Marie, April 2, 1885, BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 86; FB to Marie, April 10, 1885, BFP; FB to parents, April 13, 1885, BFP. Boas’s paper from the Deutscher Geographentag appeared as “Die Eskimo des Baffinlandes” (1885). See Müller-Willer, Franz Boas Enigma, 165, 90–91; and Cole, Franz Boas, 302n9. Müller-Wille pointed me to the letter from Boas to his parents in which he identified Hermann Wagner as the preeminent methodologist in geography (FB to parents, April 13, 1885, BFP).
33. Sophie Boas to Jacobi, April 20, 1885, BFP.
34. FB to Jacobi, April 20, 1885, BFP.
35. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 91, 165; FB to Marie, April 21, 1885, BFP; FB to Marie, May 4, 1885, BFP.
36. FB to Jacobi, April 20, 1885, BFP; FB to Marie, May 11, 1885, BFP. Concerning the editorship at the Viennese Geographisches Institut, which was under the direction of Eduard Hölzel, see also notes by translator appended to the latter letter.
37. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 32, 93–94, 97, 165; FB to Marie, June 12, 1885, BFP; FB to Marie, December 12, 1885, BFP; FB to Marie, April 21, 1885, BFP.
38. FB to Marie, June 5, 1885, emphasis in original, BFP; FB to Marie, September 22, 1885, BFP.
39. Clark, Academic Charisma, 80; FB to Marie, September 22, 1885, BFP; Fischer to FB, June 19, 1885, EM’s translation, BP.
40. FB to Marie, July 3, 1885, BFP; FB to Marie, May 17, 1886, BFP; Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 39.
41. Fischer to FB, June 19, 1885, EM’s translation, BP; Cole, Franz Boas, 89; Fischer to FB, September 21, 1885, BP.
42. FB to Marie, July 24, 1885, BFP. Müller-Wille offered a more accurate translation for the passage of this letter, originally translated in the version on file in APS as, “modern (naturwissenschaftlichen) environmental tendency.” See Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 101, for the original handwritten script of Boas, and the English translation by Müller-Wille and Weber Müller-Wille of “The visit to Kiepert’s or The Amiable Professor” (100).
43. FB to Marie, August 10, 1885, BFP; Kirchhoff to FB, February 15, 1886, emphasis in original, RLZ’s translation, BP; Fischer to FB, February 27, 1886, RLZ’s translation, BP.
44. FB to Marie, November 20, 1885, BFP; see also Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 98; FB to Marie, January 14, 1886, BFP.
45. Cole, Franz Boas, 90, 91; Kiepert to FB, January 22, 1886, RLZ’s translation, BP; see also FB to Marie, January 25, 1886, BFP; FB to Marie, March 9, 1886, BFP.
46. Boas, Kwakiutl of Vancouver, 307; FB to Marie, October 9, 1885, parentheses in original, BFP; FB to Marie, November 23, 1885, BFP; FB to Marie, January 19, 1886, BFP; FB to Marie, February 28, 1886, BFP; FB to Marie, March 12, 1886, BFP.
47. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 57; Haberland, “Nine Bella Coolas,” 337; Lutz, “Introduction,” xiii–xiv.
48. Haberland, “Nine Bella Coolas,” 337–38, 340, 362–63; see also Bland, “Bernard Fillip Jacobsen”; Cole, “Franz Boas and the Bella Coola,” 115, 117; FB to Marie, January 14, 1886, BFP. Carl Stumpf published “Lieder der Bellakula Indianer” (Songs of the Bella Coola Indians) in 1886 based on his work with the Bella Coola in Berlin in 1885.
49. Cole, “Franz Boas and the Bella Coola,” 123n1, n4; 199, quoting Boas; FB to Marie, February 5, 1886, BFP. As Cole notes, this article was not listed in Andrews, “Bibliography of Franz Boas,” nor was it in the clippings book of Berliner Tageblatt articles on file among the Boas Papers at the American Philosophical Society. Cole provides an English translation of Boas’s “Captain Jacobsen’s Bella Coola Indians” (119–22).
50. Cole, “Franz Boas and the Bella Coola,” 119, 120, 122, quoting Boas; FB to Marie, February 28, 1886, emphasis in original, BFP; FB to Marie, January 14, 1886, BFP.
51. FB to Marie, May 17, 1886, BFP; FB to Marie, May 28, 1886, BFP; FB to Marie, June 6, 1886, BFP; FB to Papa, June 7, 1886, BFP.
52. FB to Marie, February 28, 1886, BFP.
53. FB to Marie, December 20, 1885, BFP; FB to Marie, April 16, 1886, BFP; FB to Marie, March 14, 1886, BFP; FB to Marie, May 9, 1886, BFP.
54. FB to parents, March 28, 1886, BFP; FB to Marie, April 23, 1886, BFP.
55. FB to Marie, May 9, 1886, BFP.
56. Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 31, 39, emphasis in original. For a listing of Boas’s publications during this period, see Müller-Wille, Franz Boas Enigma, 162–67; and Andrews, “Bibliography of Franz Boas,” 68–69.
57. FB to Marie, October 15, 1884, BFP; FB to Marie, October 2, 1885, BFP; FB to Marie, December 12, 1885, BFP.
58. FB to Marie, December 25, 1885, BFP; FB to Marie, April 6, 1886, BFP.
59. FB to father and Anne, June 17, 1886, BFP; FB to parents, July 15, 1886, BFP.
60. FB to Marie, June 15, 1886, BFP; FB to Marie, July 8, 1886, BFP; FB to parents, July 15, 1886, BFP.
1. FB to Marie, September 13, 1886, BFP; FB to parents, September 7, 1886, BFP; FB to parents, September 2, 1886, BFP.
2. FB to Marie, August 15, 1886, BFP; FB to Marie, August 18, 1886, BFP; FB to Marie, August 20, 1886; FB to parents, August 24, 1886, BFP.
3. FB to Marie, September 17, 1886, BFP; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 20, quoting FB to parents, September 18, 1886; Jacknis, “Franz Boas and Photography,” 5.
4. FB to Marie, September 23, 1886, BFP; Boas, “Boas’ Introduction,” 6, parentheses in original; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 21, quoting FB to parents, September 19, 1886; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 29, quoting FB to parents, September 30, 1886.
5. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 31–32, quoting FB to parents, October 5, 1886.
6. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 33–34, quoting FB to parents, October 7, 1886.
7. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 42–43, quoting FB to parents, October 19, 1886. In “Kwakiutl of Vancouver Island,” Boas described the mode of “Travel and Transportation,” with a focus on the types of canoes, paddles, and sails used (444–46).
8. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 43, 44, 45, 46, quoting FB to parents October 19, 1886.
9. FB to Marie, November 1, 1886, BFP; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 50, quoting FB to parents, October 31, 1886; 49, quoting FB to parents, October 28, 1886; Jacknis, “Franz Boas and Photography,” 5; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 52, quoting FB to parents, November 4, 1886. Jacknis notes that O. C. Hastings had purchased the photography studio from Stephen Allen Spencer, who had left Victoria for Alert Bay in the late 1880s and had married Annie Hunt, the sister of George Hunt, who was to become Boas’s longtime collaborator in work on the Kwakiutl.
10. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 53–54, quoting FB to parents, November 6, 1886; 57, quoting FB to parents, November 9, 1886; 60, quoting FB to parents, November 15, 1886.
11. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 58, 59, quoting FB to parents, November 12, 1886; FB to Marie, December 2, 1886, BFP; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 60, quoting FB to parents, November 15, 1886; 66–67, quoting FB to parents, November 27, 1886.
12. FB Field Notebooks, Diary, September 19, 1886, BP; FB to Marie, September 21, 1886, BFP; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 74, quoting FB to parents, December 12, 1886; 75, quoting FB to parents, December 16, 1886; FB to Marie, December 16, 1886, BFP.
13. FB to Marie, December 16, 1886, parentheses in original, BFP; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 61, quoting FB to parents, November 17, 1886. Boas was referring to the lecture he would be required to give as Privatdozent at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin. As Müller-Wille told me, “To maintain the docentship one had to give at least one lecture course per term, usually for free, all depending upon agreement with the faculty.”
14. FB to Marie, December 17, 1886, BFP; FB to Marie, December 17, 1886, emphasis in original, BFP.
15. FB to parents, January 4, 1887, BFP. While Boas doesn’t identify the article, it was “Zur Ethnologie Britisch-Kolumbiens,” a five-page article with one map (1887).
16. FB to Marie, January 8, 1887, BFP; FB to Marie, August 18, 1886, BFP.
17. FB to parents, January 10, 1887, BFP; FB to Marie, January 12, 1887, BFP; Hodges to FB, January 26, 1887, January 27, 1887, BP; Hodges and Boas contract, February 1, 1887, BP.
18. FB to parents, January 28, 1887, BFP; Gatschet to FB, January 30, 1887, BP; Bell to FB, February 7, 1887, BP; Dawson to FB, February 5, 1887, BP.
19. FB to parents, January 28, 1887, BFP.
20. FB to parents, January 25, 1887, BFP; Norman Boas, Franz Boas, 81, quoting Emilie Krackowizer to Sophie Boas, February 6, 1887, BFP.
21. Cole, Franz Boas, 106.
22. Cole, Franz Boas, 105; FB to family, telegram, March 10, 1887, BFP; invitation to reception, 1887, BFP. The town of Sing Sing changed its name to Ossinging in 1901 to differentiate it from the infamous prison. Marie’s father, Ernst Krackowizer (1821–75), died in the town of Sing Sing as a result of typhoid and was buried in the town’s cemetery.
23. FB to Helene, July 15, 1919, BFP.
24. Letterhead of Science, November 1887, BP; Fischer to FB, March 13, 1887, RLZ’s translation, BP; Wagner to FB, July 15, 1887, RLZ’s translation, BP; Cole, Franz Boas,108; Kiepert to FB, June 6, 1887, BP.
25. Cole, Franz Boas, 107; Boas, “American Ethnological Society,” 7; Bieder, “From Ethnologists to Anthropologists,” 13; Cotheal to FB, November 17, 1887, BP; Smith, “Centenary of the American Ethnological Society,” 183. See also Lesser, “American Ethnological Society”; and Stocking, Shaping of American Anthropology, 304, for Boas’s letter to Jacobi, September 2, 1909, where Boas referred to reviving the American Ethnological Society in 1900.
26. Newell to FB, December 17, 1887, BP; Bell, “William Wells Newell,” 10; Newell to FB, January 11, 1888, BP; FB to parents, January 3, 1888, BFP.
27. Hale to FB [December 30, 1887], BP; Gruber, “Horatio Hale,” 20, 23.
28. Hale to FB [December 30, 1887], BP; see also Gruber, “Horatio Hale,” 24–25.
29. FB to Hale, February 1, 1888, BP; FB to Hale, February 25, 1888, BP; FB to parents, March 6, 1888, BFP.
30. FB to Charles Scribner’s, n.d., BP. Boas wrote this draft by hand on the back of another letter that was dated February 9, 1888. While he did not designate the addressee, it is apparent from his other drafts and letters that he was writing to Charles Scribner’s Sons (FB [to Charles Scribner’s Sons], n.d., BP); FB [to Charles Scribner’s Sons, c. February 1, 1888], BP.
31. Charles Scribner’s Sons to FB, February 9, 1888, BP; FB to Charles Scribner’s Sons, February 6, 1888, BP.
32. FB to parents, February 6, 1888, BFP; Bell to FB, April 3, 1888, BP.
33. FB to parents, March 23, 1888, BFP; FB to parents, March 30, 1888, BFP. The foregoing citations were taken from the summary of “1888 FB and MB to parents,” compiled by Helene Boas Yampolsky, hereafter referred to as HBY summary.
34. Henshaw to FB, March 5, 1888, BP; Dawson to FB, March 19, 1888, BP.
35. FB to parents, May 26, 1888, HBY summary, BFP; FB to parents, HBY summary, May 25, 1888, BFP; FB to Powell, February 25, 1888, BP; Hale to FB, April 30, 1888, BP; Hale to FB, May 21, 1888, emphasis and quotation marks in original, BP.
36. Hale to FB, [December 30, 1887], BP; FB to parents, June 18, 1888, BP; FB to Hale, February 25, 1888, BP; Hale to FB, March 1, 1888, BP; Hale to FB, May 21, 1888, BP; Gruber, “Horatio Hale,” 28–29.
37. FB to parents, July 23, 1889, BFP; FB to parents, July 28, 1889, BFP; Hale to FB, July 13, 1889, BP; Gruber, “Horatio Hale,” 31.
38. Hale to Boas, May 21, 1890, BP; Gruber, “Horatio Hale,” 31; Fenton, “Hale,” 1; Hale to Dawson, November 26, 1888, emphasis in original, BP.
39. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 107, 109, quoting FB to Marie, July 23, 1889.
40. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 95, quoting FB diary, June 29, 1888; FB to Marie, June 4, 1888, quotation in original, BFP; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 91, quoting FB diary, June 13, 1888 and FB diary, June 14, 1888. Norman Boas dates Franz Boas’s first acquaintance with George Hunt to 1886 (Franz Boas, 95). However, the record of Boas’s fieldwork indicates the date of their initial work together as 1888. Rohner writes, “George Hunt, Boas’ major Kwakiutl informant, was born in February 1854, to a Scot father and Tlingit mother. He was raised among the Kwakiutl at Fort Rupert and learned Kwakwala . . . as his first language. Boas met Hunt in Victoria in June 1888, but the latter did not become Boas’ major informant until after the World Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893” (Ethnography of Franz Boas, 244n2). As Judith Berman (“Hunt, George”) and Ira Jacknis (“George Hunt,” 177) note, George Hunt’s father Robert Hunt was born in Dorsetshire England.
41. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 93, 95, 102, quoting FB diary, June 21, 1888, June 29, 1888, July 18, 1888; FB to Marie, July 17, 1888, BFP.
42. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 88, 90, 93, quoting FB diary, June 8, 1888, June 12, 1888, June 24, 1888; see also Jacknis, “Franz Boas and Photography,” 5–6; FB to parents, June 10, 1888, BFP.
43. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 88, 90, quoting FB diary, June 6, 1888, June 7, 1888, June 11, 1888.
44. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 89, 95, quoting FB diary, June 9, 1888, June 29, 1888, parentheses in original; see also Jacknis, “Franz Boas and Photography,” 6.
45. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 88, 98, FB diary, June 7, 1888, July 9, 1888; HBY summary of Marie to FB’s parents, July 19, 1888, BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 120; FB to Powell, August 8, 1888, BP.
46. Sutton to FB, November 15, 1888, parentheses in original, BP.
47. Sutton to FB, January 23, 1889, BP; Donaldson to FB, September 21, 1894, BP; Donaldson to FB, October 1, 1894, BP; Dorsey to FB, July 1, 1896, quotation marks and emphasis in original, BP.
48. Cole, Franz Boas, 112; Hodges to FB, August 1, 1888, BP.
49. FB to Toni, November 30, 1888, HBY summary, BFP; FB to parents, December 7, 1888, HBY summary, BFP.
50. FB to Powell, August 8, 1888, BP; FB to parents, August 27, 1888, HBY summary, BFP; Ross, G. Stanley Hall, 179; Koelsch, Clark University, 17.
51. FB to Tylor, August 15, 1888, draft, BP; FB to Tylor, August 17, 1888, second draft, BP; Tylor to FB, September 11, 1888, BP.
52. Hale to FB, October 3, 1888, BP; Hale to FB, October 18, 1888, parentheses in original, BP.
53. FB to Hodges, January 30, 1889, BP; Hodges to FB, January 30, 1889; FB to parents, January 15, 1889, BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 113.
54. Sophie Boas to FB, February 11, 1889, BFP; Sophie Boas to FB, March 26, 1889, BFP; Cole, Franz Boas, 115.
55. Sophie Boas to FB and Marie, June 24, 1889, BFP.
56. FB to parents, June 10, 1888, BFP.
57. FB to Marie, July 28, 1889, BFP; FB to Marie, August 29, 1889, BFP; FB to Marie, August 12, 1889, BFP; FB to Marie, August 7, 1890, BFP; FB to Marie, August 29, 1889, BFP; FB to Marie, September 3, 1889, emphasis in original, BFP; FB to Toni, June 19, 1888, BFP.
58. FB to Hale, September 18, 1888, BP.
59. FB to parents, January 15, 1889, BFP.
60. FB to parents, January 15, 1889, BFP; Schmeltz to FB, January 23,1888, January 29, 1888, BP; see also Cole, Franz Boas, 108; Boas, “Game of Cat’s Cradle,” 229–30; “Game of Cat’s Cradle” (1889), 52.
61. FB to parents, January 15, 1889, BFP; FB to parents, October 19, 1888, BFP.
62. FB to parents, June 10, 1888, BFP; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 21, quoting FB to parents, September 19, 1886; Jacknis, “Franz Boas and Photography,” 5.
63. FB to Powell, November 1888, draft, BP; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 74, quoting FB to parents, December 12, 1886; FB to Powell, October 19, 1891, BP.
64. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 29, quoting FB to parents, September 30, 1886, and 45, 46.
65. FB to Marie, August 25, 1889, BFP; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 113, quoting FB to Marie, September 8, 1889.
66. FB to parents, October 11, 1889, emphasis in original, BFP.
67. FB to parents, October 18, 1889, BFP.
68. FB to parents, October 11, 1889, BFP.
1. FB to parents, October 11, 1889, BFP.
2. Ross, G. Stanley Hall, 193, 194, 195, 198, 202; Hall, “Contemporary University Problems,” 15; Hall, Life and Confessions, 264, 288–89; Donaldson Papers, “Memories of My Boys,” 1930, 94, APS. Georg Baur’s last name was frequently rendered as “Bauer.”
3. Webster, “Remarks,” 60; Ross, G. Stanley Hall, 203.
4. Ross, G. Stanley Hall, 189, 203; Hall, Life and Confessions, 338.
5. Hall, Life and Confessions, 271–72. See Koelsch, Clark University, 24–25, for discussion of the introduction of the Privatdocent (current German spelling is Privatdozent), as derived from German universities, and the similarities of Johns Hopkins and Clark with the emphasis on “the primacy of research.” See also Clark, Academic Charisma, 46.
6. Hall to FB, August 8, 1889, BP; FB to Hall, August 21, 1889, BP; Hall to FB, August 30, 1889, BP.
7. Hall to FB, August 8, 1889, BP; FB to Hall, August 21, 1889, BP; Hall to FB, August 30, 1889, BP.
8. FB to Hall, October 11, 1889, parentheses in original, BP; FB to Hall, October 22, 1889, BP.
9. Clark University, Register (1891), 65, 67, 68.
10. Clark University, Register (1891), 55, 53.
11. Clark University, Register (1891), 55; Boas, “Alexander Francis Chamberlain,” 326; Chamberlain to FB, June 9, 1890, BP; Chamberlain to FB, June 18, 1890, BP.
12. Hall to FB, August 8, 1889, BP; FB to Hall, June 4, 1891, BP.
13. Marie to parents-in-law, April 17, 1890, RLZ’s translation, BFP; Powell to FB, March 10, 1890, BP; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 117, FB diary to parents, June 14, 1891; Dawson to FB, June 18, 1890, BP; FB to Hale, August 3, 1890, BP; Hale to FB, August 15, 1890, BP.
14. Hall to FB, April 6, 1891, BP; Wilson to FB, May 23, 1890, BP; Wilson to FB, February 18, 1891, BP.
15. Hall to FB, September 1, 1890, BP. Hall patterned his report on faculty research activity on President Gilman’s practice at Johns Hopkins. In his autobiography, Hall recounted how Gilman established “the custom of printing in the Register the academic record of each professor and graduate student, and also calling attention in his annual reports . . . to the special achievements in research in each department” (Hall, Life and Confessions, 252n5).
16. Ross, G. Stanley Hall, 207; see Hall, Life and Confessions, 293; Washburn to Gilman, January 22, 1887, Daniel Coit Gilman Papers, Series 1, John Hopkins University.
17. Albert B. Southwick, “The Times, the Globe, and the T & G,” Telegram, August 8, 2013, http://www.telegram.com/article/20130808/column21/308089994/1020, accessed February 8, 2014. Frank H. Lancaster and Ernest F. Birmingham, “Worcester’s Welcome to Advertisers and Advertiser Agencies, The Fourth Estate,” May 27, 1922, in Fourth Estate: A Weekly Newspaper for Publishers, Advertisers, Advertising Agents and Allied Interests, 799. Fourth Estate Publishing Company. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=66saaqaamaaj&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&authuser=0&hl=en&pg=gbs.ra5-pa35, accessed February 8, 2014.
18. “Dogs Vivisected, Scientific Torture at Clark University,” Worcester Telegram, March 9, 1890; Koelsch, Clark University, 33.
19. Hall, Life and Confessions, 292.
20. “If He Be a Cur, Cut Him Up, The Psychology and Ethics of Cruelty at Clark University,” Worcester Sunday Telegram, March 16, 1890.
21. “Dogs Vivisected,” Worcester Telegram, March 9, 1890. See Liss, “Cosmopolitan Imagination,” 294–95, for a discussion of the articles in the Worcester Telegram and Worcester Sunday Telegram. See also Ross, G. Stanley Hall, 210.
22. “Dr. Franz Boas of Clark University,” Worcester Telegram, March 5, 1891.
23. Cole, Franz Boas, 142–43. While Cole cites the Worcester Daily Telegraph (March 5, 1891), this newspaper was in circulation only from 1847 to 1848. The only newspaper published in Worcester during the period of time cited by Cole was the Worcester Telegram; thus his attribution to the Worcester Daily Telegraph must necessarily be incorrect.
24. Cole, Franz Boas, 143, quoting FB to parents, April 19, 1891, BFP; Liss, “Cosmopolitan Imagination,” 295n23, quoting Marie to Sophie Boas, March 20, 1891, BFP.
25. Ross, G. Stanley Hall, 211–12; Hall, Life and Confessions, 299.
26. Ross, G. Stanley Hall, 221; Donaldson Papers, “Memories of My Boys,” 1930, 95, APS.
27. Thurs., January 21, 1892, BP; Copy, Clark University, January 21, 1892, BP. The signatories of the letter were the following: Albert A. Michelson, Prof. of Physics; C. O. Whitman, Prof. of Zoology; Henry H. Donaldson, Assist. Prof. of Neurology; Warren P. Lombard, Assist. Prof. of Physiology; John Ulric Nef, Assist. Prof. of Organic Chemistry; Franklin P. Mall, Adjunct Prof. of Anatomy; Oskar Bolza, Associate Prof. of Mathematics; G. Baur, Docent in Comp. Osteology & Paleontology; Franz Boas, Docent in Anthropology.
28. Notes from February 2, 1892, BP; Goulding, secretary of the corporation, to President Hall, February 1, 1892, BP; Ross, G. Stanley Hall, 227. See also Koelsch, Clark University. For the list of proposals presented by “the concerned faculty” to the faculty as a whole, see “Propositions Presented in the Faculty Meeting,” January 1892, BP.
29. Ross, G. Stanley Hall, 226; Cole, Franz Boas, 145; Donaldson Papers, “Memories of My Boys,” 1930, 96, APS.
30. Hall, Life and Confessions, 296–97, parentheses in original. See also Koelsch, Clark University, 24.
31. Goodspeed, History of the University of Chicago 195, 212.
32. Cole, Great American University, 30–31; Geiger, To Advance Knowledge, 11; Ross, G. Stanley Hall, 227.
33. Browman and Williams, Anthropology at Harvard, 175; Goodspeed, History of the University of Chicago, 201–2, 204, 208, 486–88. Browman and Williams do not cite a specific source for their assertion that Boas did not have the requisite national reputation sought by Harper. They reference Ross, G. Stanley Hall, 220, but Ross makes no mention of Harper’s assessment of Boas’s national reputation.
34. Cole, Franz Boas, 141; FB to parents, March 6, 1891, BFP; Marie to parents-in-law, January 2, 1890, February 4, 1890, February 11, 1890, March 4, 1890, RLZ’s translation, BFP.
35. Sanford to FB, March 4, 1909, BP; Boas, “Psychological Problems in Anthropology”; Hall, Life and Confessions, 332–33; see also Ross, G. Stanley Hall, 386–93.
36. Rosenzweig, Freud, Jung, and Hall, 44, 252; Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, 366, quoting Jung to Emma Jung, September 6, 1909; Freud, An Autobiographical Study, 93–94, 95.
37. Hall, Life and Confessions, 333; see Freud, Lectures, vi–viii; Hall to FB, June 30, 1909, BP.
38. FB to Hall, September 10, 1920, BP; Hall to FB, January 27, 1921, BP.
39. Cole, Franz Boas,146, 150–51, quoting FB to father, October 30, 1892, BFP; Sophie Boas to FB and Marie, September 17, 1892, BFP.
1. Putnam, “Prefatory,” x; Putnam to Crawford, March 7, 1894, BP; Dexter, “Putnam’s Problems,” 317; FB to Putnam, February 18, 1894, BP.
2. Dexter, “Putnam’s Problems,” 315; Jacknis, “Northwest Coast Indian Culture,” 91.
3. Fagin, “Closed Collections,” 249, 250, 253; see Hinsley, Smithsonian and the American Indian, 27–28, fig. 9; Mason, “Ethnological Exhibit,” 211; see also Holmes, “World’s Fair Congress,” 432.
4. Fagin, “Closed Collections.”
5. Hinsley, “Anthropology as Education,” 13.
6. De Wit, “Building an Illusion,” 46, 49, 85; Nye, “Electrifying Expositions,” 146–47.
7. Gilbert, “Fixing the Image,” 101. Rand, McNally’s Handbook provided a detailed description of the Midway Plaisance and glossed it as “the homes of peoples of many climes” (Rand, McNally’s, xvi); Aberdeen, “The Midway Plaisance,” 206–20.
8. De Wit, “Building an Illusion,” 63–64, quoting Frederick Law Olmsted; Benedict, Anthropology of World’s Fairs, 30; Appelbaum, Chicago World’s Fair, iv–v; Johnson, History of the World’s Columbian Exposition, 340; Aberdeen, “The Midway Plaisance,” 212–14.
9. Cole, Franz Boas, 154, quoting FB to parents, May 28, 1893; Johnson, History of the World’s Columbian Exposition, 315, 316; Dexter, “Putnam’s Problems,” 316, quoting Putnam in the Chicago Daily Tribune, May 31, 1890; 323, quoting Putnam to Alice.
10. Hinsley, “Anthropology as Education,” 27; “Prof. Putnam’s Hard Luck, His Difficulties with the Anthropological Exhibit,” New York Times, May 22, 1893, http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1893/05/22/106825338.html?pageNumber=9, accessed January 7, 2015.
11. “Prof. Putnam’s Hard Luck.”
12. Dexter, “Putnam’s Problems,” 318; Hinsley, “Anthropology as Education,” 2.
13. Johnson, History of the World’s Columbian Exposition, 316; Putnam, “Ethnology, Anthropology, Archaeology,” 415.
14. Johnson, History of the World’s Columbian Exposition, 316, 318, 333, 334; Scott, “Village Performance,” 53. See Scott for an account of the Eskimo Village, also referred to “as the Husky Village or the Innuit Colony,” and for accounts of eighteen other “villages” at the World’s Columbian Exposition. See also Hinsley, “Anthropology as Education,” 40–46; and Harper, “Inuit at the World’s Fair.”
15. Cole, Franz Boas, 152, quoting FB to parents, April 3, 1891, BFP; Johnson, History of the World’s Columbian Exposition, 317, 329, 331.
16. Johnson, History of the World’s Columbian Exposition, 344, quoting Boas; Jacknis, “Northwest Coast Indian Culture,” 111–12.
17. Jacknis, “Northwest Coast Indian Culture,” 94, quoting Frederic W. Putnam to George R. Davis, Monthly Report for October 1891, 13, WCE Correspondence, FWPP; 103; Cole, Captured Heritage, 124, 126, 127.
18. Johnson, History of the World’s Columbian Exposition, 355, quoting Boas; Cole, Captured Heritage, 123, quoting Deans; Jacknis, “Northwest Coast Indian Culture,” 97–98.
19. Cole, Captured Heritage, 127; Jacknis, “Northwest Coast Indian Culture,” 103–4; Cole, Franz Boas, 153, 311n3, quoting from Putnam’s monthly report on WCE.
20. Dexter, “Putnam’s Problems,” 316, quoting Putnam to Fletcher, July 25, 1891; 317; Cole, Franz Boas, 158, quoting FB to parents, December 31, 1893.
21. Boas, “Kwakiutl of Vancouver Island,” 308; Berman, “George Hunt,” 438.
22. Smith to FB [April 1894], BP.
23. Smith, “Notes on Eskimo Traditions,” 210n1, citing Rink, Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo, 56; 210n2; Boas, Central Eskimo, 583.
24. FB to Newell, n.d., BP; Boas, “Notes on the Eskimo,” 205.
25. Fillmore, “Harmonic Structure,” 299–300, 304; McNutt, “John Comfort Fillmore,” 66; Fillmore, “What Do Indians Mean to Do,” 139; Fillmore to FB, December 24, 1893, BP. See Jacknis “Franz Boas and the Music,” 107, for Boas’s work with Fillmore in recording Kwakiutl songs at the World’s Columbian Exposition.
26. Fillmore, “A Woman’s Song,” 285, 286.
27. Fillmore to FB, December 29, 1893, BP; FB to Fillmore, January 29, 1894, BP; Fillmore to FB, January 30, 1894, RLZ’s bracketed translation, BP; FB to Fillmore, April 16, 1894, BP.
28. Boas, “Songs of the Kwakiutl,” 1; Boas, “Social Organization and the Secret Societies,” 315; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 179, quoting FB to Marie, November 15, 1894; Miller, “Songs from the House of the Dead,” 247–48.
29. Harris, “Memory and the White City,” 3; see also Hinsley and Wilcox, Coming of Age, xv; and De Wit, “Building an Illusion,” 43, quoting Chicago Evening Post, February 10, 1891.
30. Hinsley, “Anthropology as Education,” 15; Flinn, Official Guide, 27; Dexter, “Putnam’s Problems,” 317.
31. Dexter, “Putnam’s Problems,” 317, quoting Higinbotham to Salisbury, February 18, 1896; 324; Hinsley, “Anthropology as Education,” 23.
32. Putnam to Samuel A. Crawford, March 7, 1894, BP.
33. Putnam to Crawford, March 7, 1894, BP; Jacknis, “Northwest Coast Indian Culture,” 92; Putnam, “Prefatory,” x; Putnam to FB, April 30, 1894, BP; Putnam, April 16, 1894, extract from meeting, DA/AMNH.
34. FB to Putnam, February 18, 1894, BP; Cole, Franz Boas, 161, quoting Rainey.
35. FB to Putnam, February 18, 1894, BP; Hinsley and Holm, “Cannibal in the National Museum,” 311, quoting Chamberlin to Holmes, January 27, 1894.
36. FB to Putnam, February 18, 1894, BP; Cole, Franz Boas, 162, quoting FB to parents, February 21, 1894.
37. Cole, Franz Boas, 157; FB to Putnam, February 18, 1894, BP.
38. Skiff to FB, February 19, 1894, BP; FB to Skiff, February 19, 1894, BP; Holmes to FB, February 21,1894, BP; McGee to FB, March 21, 1894, BP.
39. Cole, Franz Boas, 163, 313n36, quoting Holmes to Skiff, March 31, 1894, FCM; 163, quoting FB to parents, May 11, 1894.
40. FB to Putnam, February 18, 1894, BP; De Wit, “Building an Illusion,” 43; Dexter, “Putnam’s Problems,” 319.
41. Cole, Franz Boas, 162.
42. Mark, Four Anthropologists, 131, 155, 156, 169n84, citing Holmes, Random Records, VII, 32.
43. Putnam to FB, May 7, 1894, BP; Putnam to FB, May 14, 1894, BP; Cole, Franz Boas, 163, 164.
44. Putnam to FB, May 14, 1894, BP; Newell to FB, May 14, 1894, BP; Brinton to FB, May 20, 1894, BP; Baur to FB, June 29, 1894, BRC; Hale to FB, June 22, 1894, BP.
45. FB to McGee, December 5,1893, BP; Pepper to FB, December 2, 1893, BP; Cornelius Stevenson to FB, December 4, 1893, BP; Cole, Franz Boas, 158; Allen to FB, December 13, 1893, BP.
46. See Donaldson to FB, September 7, 1893; July 5, 1895, BP; Donaldson to FB, August 18, 1894, BP; Stocking, Shaping of American Anthropology, 219. While referring to the period of time in Chicago following the World’s Columbian Exposition, Stocking includes the phrase in quotes—that Boas did not “‘take direction’ well”—but he does not give a citation and thus it is not clear if these were Stocking’s own words or if he was quoting someone who knew of Harper’s assessment of Boas.
47. Cole, Franz Boas, 158–59; 165, quoting FB to parents, May 22, 1894; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 164, quoting FB to Marie, October 24, 1894.
48. Cole, Franz Boas, 159, 160.
49. Donaldson to FB, May 20, 1894, BP; Cole, Franz Boas, 165, quoting Marie to FB, May 16, 1894.
50. Mark, Four Anthropologists, 2, 10.
51. Dexter, “Putnam’s Problems,” 315.
52. Dexter, “Putnam’s Problems,” 321.
53. Jacknis, “Franz Boas and Exhibits,” 76, 82; Hinsley and Holm, “Cannibal in the National Museum,” 306–7; Jacknis, “Northwest Coast Indian Culture,” 101.
54. Sophie Boas to FB, January 1, 1894, BFP; Sophie Boas to FB, March 30, 1894, BFP; Sophie Boas to FB, November 19, 1894, BFP.
1. FB to Baur, June 15, 1894, BRC; Cole, Franz Boas, 167, quoting Marie and FB to parents, [May 1894].
2. Cole, Franz Boas, 166, 167, 313n1, quoting FB to parents [May 1894]; Hinsley and Holm, “Cannibal in the National Museum,” 311.
3. Donaldson to FB, May 26, 1894, BP; FB to Baur, June 15, 1894, BRC; “Morris K. Jesup,” New York Times, May 28, 1899, http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9e06e1dc1430e132a2575bc2a9639c94689ed7cf, accessed November 9, 2017; [Jesup] to FB, June 16 [1894], BP; Donaldson to FB, June 14, 1894; Donaldson to FB, June 18, 1894, BP; FB to Bowditch, December 9, 1893, BP.
4. Putnam to FB, August 21, 1893, BP; Stocking, Shaping of American Anthropology, 220; Putnam to FB, May 18, 1894, BP; Cole, Franz Boas, 168.
5. Boas, “Human Faculty,” 4, 5.
6. Stocking, Shaping of American Anthropology, 220; Boas, “Human Faculty,” 28; see Zumwalt and Willis, Franz Boas and W. E. B. Du Bois.
7. Putnam to FB, April 30, 1894, BP; Putnam to FB, May 14, 1894.
8. Putnam to FB, June 25, 1894, BP; Putnam to FB, July 16, 1894, BP.
9. Putnam to Jesup, November 8, 1894, DA/AMNH.
10. Sophie Boas to FB and Marie, December 25, 1893, BFP; FB to Putnam, January 4, 1893, BP; Mark, Four Anthropologists, 14, 36.
11. Cole, Franz Boas, 169, quoting FB to parents, June 20, 1894; Hale to FB, June 5, 1894, BP; Putnam to FB, July 16, 1894, BP; Harrel to FB, March 25, 1895, BP.
12. Putnam to FB, August 25, 1894, BP; Putnam to FB, August 3, 1894, BP; FB to Putnam, July 25, 1894, BP; Mason to FB, June 5, 1895, BP; Smith to FB, August 2, 1894, BP; see also FB to Powell, July 28, 1895, BP; FB to Goode, June 3, 1895, BP; FB to McGee, July 29, 1895, BP.
13. FB to Putnam, August 28, 1894, BP; Glass, “Frozen Poses,” 92.
14. FB to parents, September 21, 1894, BFP; FB to Marie, September 30, 1894, BFP; Rohner Ethnography of Franz Boas, 142, quoting FB to Marie, September 23, 1894.
15. Wilson to FB, May 23, 1890, BP; Hale to FB, October 7, 1891, BP; Powell to FB, March 10, 1890, BP; Henshaw to FB, April 9, 1891; Henshaw to FB, July 9, 1890, BP.
16. Wilson to FB, March 21, 1891, BP; Hale to FB, December 19, 1890, BP; Hale to FB, January 12, 1891, BP; FB to Hale, April 16, 1894, BP.
17. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 133, quoting FB to Marie, September 12, 1894; 134, quoting FB to Marie, September 13, 1894; 144, quoting FB to Marie, September 29, 1894; 152, quoting FB to Marie, October 6, 1894; 152, quoting FB to Marie, October 6, 1894, brackets in Rohner.
18. Boas, “Indians of British Columbia,” 232, 233; FB to Marie, November 15, 1894, BFP; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 177–78, quoting FB to Marie, November 17, 1894.
19. FB to Marie, November 17, 1894, BFP; FB to Marie, November 15, 1894; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 187, quoting FB to Marie, November 28, 1894.
20. FB to parents, December 11, 1894, BFP; FB to Baur, December 20, 1894, BRC; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 139, quoting FB to Marie, September 21, 1894.
21. Cole, Franz Boas, 172, quoting FB to parents, January 13, 1895; Maclarn, President’s Secretary, to FB, January 14, 1895, BP. See Boas, “Anthropometric Observations on the Mission Indians of Southern California.”
22. Cole, Franz Boas, 172, quoting FB to Marie, December 23, 1894; 173, quoting FB to Marie, December 30, 1894, January 8, 1895; FB to parents, January 24, 1895.
23. Putnam to Jesup, December 8, 1894, DA/AMNH.
24. Donaldson to FB, February 4, 1895, BP; Cole, Franz Boas, 199, 173; FB to Marie, September 29, 1894, BFP.
25. McGee to FB, June 11, 1894, BP; Cole, Franz Boas, 174, quoting FB to Putnam, May 21, 1894; Goode to FB, February 5, 1895, emphasis in original, BP.
26. FB to Putnam, July 25, 1894, BP; Putnam to FB, February 18, 1895, BP.
27. FB to Putnam, August 28, 1894, BP; Glass, “Frozen Poses,” 94, 104; Hinsley and Holm, “Cannibal in the National Museum,” 306; Jacknis, Storage Box of Tradition, 100, quoting Boas, Ethnological Collections, 1900.
28. FB to Goode, March 27, 1895, BP; Cole, Franz Boas, 179; FB to Hamburg-American Packet Co., February 21, 1895, BP.
29. Mason to FB, June 5, 1895, BP; FB to McGee, July 29, 1895, BP.
30. FB to Powell, June 19, 1895, BP; McGee to FB, June 14, 1895, BP; Cole, Franz Boas, 182; Putnam to FB, June 8, 1895, Telegraphie des Deutschen Reiches, BP; FB to Powell, June 19, 1895, BP; Powell to FB, July 3, 1895, BP.
31. Putnam to FB, June 19, 1895, BP; Cole, Franz Boas, 182, quoting Marie to FB, July 26, 1895.
32. Putnam to FB, June 19, 1895, BP.
33. FB to Putnam, July 16, 1895, BP; FB to Powell, July 28, 1895, BP; Boas, Kathlamet Texts, 5.
34. Putnam to FB, August 9, 1895, BP.
35. FB to Putnam, September 6, 1895, BP; McGee to FB, August 19, 1895, BP; FB to McGee, August 23, 1895, BP.
36. FB to Jordan, June 19, 1895, BP.
37. Jordan to FB, July 6, 1895, BP; FB to Jordan, October 29, 1895, BP. The United States sued to establish a claim against Stanford’s estate for money loaned by the United States to the Central Pacific Railroad Company to aid in construction of the railway. Leland Stanford had been president of the Central Pacific and of its successor, the Southern Pacific Railway Company. In his history of Stanford, Elliott writes, “At the graduation festivities held at the Stanford’s Nob Hill estate in San Francisco in May 1895, Mrs. Stanford told those gathered that if the government suit was successful, the university would have to close” (Stanford University, 121).
38. Putnam to FB, October 4, 1895, BP; Butler to Low, October 5, 1895, Central Files, Box 318, Folder 1, Columbia University Rare Books and Manuscripts.
39. FB to Putnam, December 9, 1895, draft letter, BP.
40. FB to Putnam, December 9, 1895, BP; Putnam to FB, December 10, 1895, BP; Kennedy, “Philanthropy and Science,” 138, quoting Jesup to Putnam, January 23, 1895, AMNH; FB, Anthropological Notes, BP.
41. Low to Jacobi, September 7, 1892, BP; Secretary to the president to Jacobi, February 28, 1894, BP; Cole, Franz Boas, 179; Putnam to FB, February 4, 1896, BP; Dexter, “Role of F. W. Putnam in Developing Anthropology,” 305, 306, quoting Putnam to Alice Putnam, December 25, 1895.
42. Low to FB, May 5, 1896, BP; Low to FB, May 7, 1896; Putnam to FB, May 9, 1896, BP; Cole, Franz Boas, 183.
43. Cattell to FB, May 9, [1896], BP; Jackson to Cattell, May 22, 1896, BP; Jackson to FB, May 30, 1896, BP.
44. Summary of letters of FB to Dr. Baur, FB to Baur, January 3, 1896, BRC; FB to Baur, July 14, 1896, BRC; Topinard to FB, December 21, 1894, BP; Cushing to FB, December 5, 1894, BP; Putnam to FB, March 11, 1895, BP; Fewkes to FB, October 11, 1896, BP.
45. Tylor to FB, December 9, 1889, BP; Hale to FB, October 10, 1890, BP.
46. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 117, quoting FB to parents, July 7, 1890; 50, quoting FB to parents, October 28, 1886; 122, quoting FB to parents, July 16, 1890; FB to Powell, October 19, 1891, BP.
47. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 135–36, quoting FB to Marie, September 16, 1894.
1. Kennedy, “Philanthropy and Science,” 111–12; Tylor to FB, October 9, 1890, BP.
2. FB to Bastian, January 5, 1886, BP. Boas had requested a total not to “exceed 9,000 Mark per year.” One of the Boas children, who had translated this letter but who was not named, added a note, “This request was denied by Bastian.”
3. FB to Tylor, August 15, 1888, BP; FB to Tylor, August 17, 1888, BP.
4. FB to Jesup, December 2, 1898, DA/AMNH; FB to Nuttall, May 15, 1901, BP.
5. Freed, “Capitalist Philanthropy,” 9; see also Cole, Franz Boas, 31; Brown, Morris Ketchum Jesup, 152; Jesup, “Twenty-eighth Annual Report,” 24–25.
6. Cole, “‘Greatest Thing Undertaken,’” 48, 65, appendix A, quoting Boas to Jesup, January 19, 1897.
7. Cole, “‘The Greatest Thing Undertaken,’” 66, appendix B, quoting Boas to Putnam, February 11, 1897; Brown, Morris Ketchum Jesup, 169; Vakhtin, “Franz Boas and the Shaping of the Jesup Expedition,” 74, quoting Winser to Putnam, February 12, 1897; Putnam to FB, March 5, 1897, DA/AMNH.
8. “Mr. Jesup’s Expedition,” New York Times, March 13, 1897. “Mr. Jesup’s Expedition, To Trace the Origin of the American Indian and the Eskimo,” New York Times, March 14, 1897.
9. Science, “Proposed Explorations,” 455–57; Boas, “Jesup-Boas-Expedition,” 342, RLZ’s translation.
10. Cole, “‘The Greatest Thing Undertaken,’” 33, quoting FB to parents, April 9, 1897; FB to Marie, June 3, 1897, BFP; FB to parents, June 3, 1897, BFP.
11. Jonaitis, Land of the Totem Poles, 190, quoting Teit to Smith, March 12, 1899; Wickwire, “‘They Wanted Me . . . to Help Them,’” 300; Banks, “Comparative Biographies,” 48, 96.
12. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 139, quoting FB to Marie, September 21, 1894; 196, quoting FB to Marie, December 15, 1894; Banks, “Comparative Biographies,” 46; FB to Bumpus, April 29, 1902, DA/AMNH.
13. Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 78; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 202–3, quoting FB to Marie, June 5, 1897; quoting FB to Marie, June 6, 1897; FB to Marie, June 6, 1897, BP; Miller, “Songs from the House of the Dead,” 140; Zumwalt, “The Personalized Voice in the History of Folklore Scholarship,” 21; 54–139–F, IU Archives of Traditional Music.
14. Thom, “Harlan I. Smith’s Jesup Fieldwork,” 141, 142; Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 78.
15. FB to parents, June 15, 1897, BP; Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 81; FB to Marie, June 14, 1897, BP.
16. Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 81, 82; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 206, quoting FB to Marie, June 18, 1897; FB to parents, July 12, 1897, BP.
17. FB to Marie and parents, July 21, 1897, BP; Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 85.
18. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 214, quoting FB to Marie and parents, July 21, 1897; 216, quoting FB to Marie and parents, July 30, 1897; Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 81; FB to Marie, August 2, 1897, emphasis in original, BP.
19. FB to Marie, August 5, 1896, BP; FB to Marie, August 2, 1897, BP; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 223, quoting FB to Marie, August 11, 1897; Jonaitis, Land of the Totem Poles, 202; Wright, “Edenshaw, Charles”; FB to Marie, August 13, 1897, BP.
20. Thom, “Harlan I. Smith’s Jesup Fieldwork,” 143; Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 85; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 235, quoting FB to parents, August 30, 1897; 234, quoting FB to Marie, August 31, 1897; 232, FB to Marie, August 28, 1897.
21. FB to parents, August 30, 1897, BP; FB to Marie, August 30, 1897, emphasis in original, BP; FB to Marie, September 1, 1897, BP.
22. FB to Marie, September 5, 1897, emphasis in original, BP.
23. Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 243, quoting FB to Marie, September 13, 1897, emphasis in original; 207, FB to Marie, September 5, 1897, BP; FB to Marie, September 7, 1897, BP; FB to parents, September 2, 1897, BP; FB to Marie, July 6, 1897, BP.
24. Cole, Franz Boas, 34.
25. Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 89–90; Cole, Franz Boas, 34.
26. Cole, Franz Boas, 36; FB to Marie, July 5, 1900, BP; FB to Marie, July 23, 1900, BP.
27. FB to Marie, July 10, 1900, BP; FB to Marie, July 14, 1900, BP; FB to Marie, August 7, 1900, BP; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 251, quoting FB to Marie, July 19, 1900; 262, quoting FB to Sophie Boas, August 16, 1900; FB to Marie, July 23, 1900, BP.
28. FB to Marie, August 15, 1897, BP; Rohner, Ethnography of Franz Boas, 231, quoting FB to Marie, August 26, 1897.
29. Vakhtin, “Franz Boas and the Shaping of the Jesup Expedition,” 74, quoting Winser to Putnam, February 12, 1897; Cole, “‘The Greatest Thing Undertaken by Any Museum,’” 66, appendix B, emphasis in original, quoting Boas to Putnam, February 11, 1897.
30. Hummel, “Berthold Laufer,” 101; Cole, “‘The Greatest Thing Undertaken by Any Museum,’” 36.
31. FB to Marie, September 5, 1897, BP; Cole, “‘The Greatest Thing Undertaken by Any Museum,’” 36; Freed, “Capitalist Philanthropy,” 13; Holleben to Jesup, April 28 [1898], BP.
32. Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 94.
33. Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 94; 97–98, quoting Laufer to FB, March 4, 1899; Andrews to FB, June 13, 1903, DA/AMNH.
34. Freed, Capitalist Philanthropy,” 15, quoting Fowke to FB, September 15, 1898.
35. Laufer to FB, April 19, 1899, DA/AMNH; Miller, “Songs from the House of the Dead,” 39; Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 97, quoting Laufer to FB, March 4, 1899. The April 18, 1899, letter from Laufer to Boas was part of a synopsis made by Boas’s secretary, Miss Harriet A. Andrews, to assist Boas in writing his report on the JNPE for the American Museum Journal (Andrews to FB, June 13, 1903, DA/AMNH).
36. Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 94, 96, 97; Cole, “‘The Greatest Thing Undertaken by Any Museum,’” 37; Kendall, “Young Laufer on the Amur,” 104.
37. Vakhtin, “Franz Boas and the Shaping of the Jesup Expedition,” 80, quoting Boas to Jesup, October 4, 1898, AMNH-L. I follow the guidance of Fitzhugh and Krupnik for the orthography of Russian names: “The names of the Russian members of the expedition, including Waldemar Bogoras, Waldemar Jochelson, his wife, Dina Jochelson (Jochelson-Brodsky), and Leo [Lev] Shternberg, have been spelled in many different ways in various languages.” Fitzhugh and Krupnik follow “the long-established spelling used in their English publications and in major reference bibliographies: Bogoras, Jochelson, Jochelson-Brodsky, and Shternberg,” but they note the differences in spelling in some German and Russian sources (Fitzhugh and Krupnik, “Introduction,” 11). In like manner, I will use English convention in the spelling of these names, unless I am quoting from a Russian or German source, where the names are rendered as follows: Waldemar, Bogoraz, Jochelson-Brodskaya, and Sternberg.
38. Jochelson to FB, November 3, 1898, BP.
39. Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 98; Vakhtin, “Franz Boas and the Shaping of the Jesup Expedition,” 78; Freed, “Capitalist Philanthropy,” 15, citing Krader, 17.
40. Bogoras to FB, August 18, 1899, BP; Vakhtin, “Franz Boas and the Shaping of the Jesup Expedition,” 83, quoting FB to Radloff, April 18, 1899, DA/AMNH; Miller, “Songs from the House of the Dead,” 57n19, quoting Boas to Jochelson, March 26, 1900, AMNH; Jochelson to FB, March 15, 1900, BP.
41. Vakhtin, “Franz Boas and the Shaping of the Jesup Expedition,” 83, 85. Cole, “‘Greatest Thing Undertaken by Any Museum,’” 38, quoting FB to Sophie Boas, March 6, 1900; quoting Marie to Sophie Boas, March 23, 1900; Jochelson to FB, March 15, 1900, BP.
42. Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 101; FB Summary of 1900, BP; Vakhtin, “Franz Boas and the Shaping of the Jesup Expedition,” 85.
43. FB to Abbe, March 14, 1900, BP. This was the time of the Boxer Revolution and, as Boas noted, all forms of transport were commandeered for the military (Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 101–2).
44. Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 103, quoting Jochelson.
45. Freed, “Capitalist Philanthropy,” 17, quoting Tsar Nicholas II, November 17, 1899, AMNH; Kasten, The Koryak, 86; Freed, “Capitalist Philanthropy,”17, citing the English translation of a Russian article published in Osvobozhdenie, Emancipation. The article, “Double-Faced Janus,” included the letters from Tsar Nicholas II and the circular to the chiefs of the district police. While the author was listed as “Docent,” Vakhtin notes that Jochelson wrote the account when he returned to St. Petersburg in January 1903 (“Franz Boas and the Shaping of the Jesup Expedition,” 86). Karsten and Dürr note that it was published by Jochelson anonymously in Stuttgart in 1903. See Kasten, Jochelson, Bogoras, and Shternberg.
46. Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 109; Freed, “Capitalist Philanthropy,” 17, quoting FB to Bumpus, June 29, 1903; quoting FB to Jesup, March 1, 1903.
47. Bogoras to FB, June 19, 1900, BP. This letter had been transcribed, since it was on AMNH stationery.
48. Bogoras to FB, March 22, 1899, BP; Bogoras to FB, June 19, 1900, BP; Bogoras to FB, July 25, 1900, BP; Bogoras to FB, July 26, 1900, BP.
49. Freed, “Capitalist Philanthropy,” 17, 19; see also Freed, “Jesup Expedition and its Analogues,” 92.
50. Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 102, 103, 104, quoting Jochelson; 107, quoting Jochelson; Freed, “Capitalist Philanthropy,” 20.
51. Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 103, 108–9, quoting Jochelson.
52. Kasten, The Koryak, 19.
53. Bogoras to FB, June 18, 1901, BP; Boas, “Jesup North Pacific Expedition,” 114–15, quoting Bogoras; 104, quoting Jochelson.
54. Putnam to FB, June 21, 1898, BP; Summary of 1900, BP; FB to Jesup, draft, October 25, 1900, BP.
55. See Vakhtin, “Franz Boas and the Shaping of the Jesup Expedition,” 80–81; FB to Putnam, December 1, 1898, DA/AMNH.
56. FB to Jesup, March 9, 1900, BP; FB to Jesup, March 26, 1900, BP.
57. Boas, “Results of the Jesup Expedition,” 24.
58. FB to Wissler, October 27, 1913, BP; Oetteking, Craniology of the North Pacific Coast, 1.
59. Oetteking, Craniology of the North Pacific Coast; Krupnik, “Introduction,” 3.
60. Cole, “‘Greatest Thing Undertaken by Any Museum,’” 29, quoting Jesup to Osborn, April 30, 1906, AMNH, File 293b; 29, quoting FB to Sophie Boas, March 18, 1909, BFP.
61. FB to Jesup, April 16, 1900, DA/AMNH. See Krupnik, “Jesup Bibliography,” 297–316 for the publications of the JNPE and information for the Farrand and Smith contributions.
62. Teit to FB, January 14, 1900, BP; FB to Jesup, April 16, 1900, DA/AMNH.
63. FB to Jesup, December 22, 1900, emphasis in original, DA/AMNH; Bumpus to FB, January 5, 1901, DA/AMNH.
64. Kasten, The Koryak, 14; Freed, “Capitalist Philanthropy,” 19, quoting, Boas to Bogoras, April 22, 1905, DA/AMNH; quoting Bogoras to FB, May 13, 1905, DA/AMNH; quoting Bogoras to FB, January 10, 1906, BFP; Notes on Museum Work, May 25–December 1905, BP.