Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
abortion, 23, 49; Buddhist perspectives on, 174n28
affirmative action, 105–6
African Americans, 87, 101, 120, 124; in philosophy, 1, 7. See also Africana philosophy; King, Rev. Martin Luther, Jr.; Obama, Barack Hussein II
Africana philosophy, 3, 9, 22, 32, 34, 82, 84, 149, 199n15; examples of, 83, 157–58; exclusion from the Anglo-European canon, xviii, xix–xx, 21–22; and origin of Greek philosophy, 19, 168n56; where taught, 163n8. See also King, Rev. Martin Luther, Jr.
Aggregates. See Five Aggregates
Akbar the Great, 98
akrasia. See weakness of will
Albertus Magnus, 18
Ambrose (saint), 122
Analects, xvi, 153, 168n61, 171n88, 175n46, 180n95, 180–81n97, 187n27, 187n31, 199n14; difficulty of appreciating philosophically, 28–29, 171n86; first translated into a European language, 19. See also Confucius (Kongzi), quoted; Youzi; Zigong
analytic philosophy, 32–33, 80, 83, 151–52; and ethnocentrism, 13, 15, 26, 108, 166n28; and openness to multicultural philosophy, 8, 24, 29. See also Hare, R. M.; Moore, G. E.; Rawls, John; Russell, Bertrand; Strawson, Peter
anātman. See self, nonexistence of
Anaxagoras, 130
Angle, Stephen, 164n15
Anglo-European philosophy, 2, 9–10, 38, 66, 92, 150, 159; historical divisions of, 32; individualism in, 39; not identical with all of philosophy, 16–28, 82–84, 108; strategies to broaden, 31–36. See also philosophy
Anscombe, Elizabeth, 178n72, 195n40
Anselm (saint), 124
Aquinas, Thomas. See Thomas Aquinas
Aristotle, 1, 86, 124, 159, 180n93, 199n7; on contradictions, 6; on ethics, 62–67, 135, 147, 178n72; not always a part of the European canon, 18; on substance, 40, 41, 172n7; as scientist, 63–64, 131–33, 134, 177n67, 196n55, 197n60; use by conservatives, 99–101, 104. See also prime matter; substance
Asian philosophy. See Chinese philosophy; Indian (South Asian) philosophy
Augustine, 104, 124, 172n95; on metaphorical reading of the Bible, 122
Aung San Suu Kyi, 113
Bachelard, Gaston, 13
Bacon, Francis, 123–24
Bagchee, Joydeep, 170n73
Barnhart, Michael G., 174n28
Beauvoir, Simone de, 33
Bell, Daniel, 163n12
Bellow, Saul, 107, 190nn59–60
Benedict XVI, 113
benevolence. See virtue, benevolence as a
Bennett, William, 113
Berkeley, George, 124
Bible, 63, 96–97, 104–5, 108–9, 117–18, 121–23, 157, 181n100, 194n30
Blake, William, 200n26
Bliss, Ricki, 172n4
Bloom, Allan, 102–107, 179n83, 189n48, 190nn59–60
Bommarito, Nic, 163n6
Bradbury, Ray. See butterfly effect
Breyer, Stephen, 112
Bryan, William Jennings, 120
Buber, Martin, 195n40
Buchanan, Patrick, 113
Buck, Pearl, 113
Buckley, William F., 102, 104, 107, 157, 189n43
Buddha, 45, 48, 84, 155, 159, 173n18, 199n7
Buddhist philosophy, 4, 8, 13, 17, 23, 29, 30, 39–40, 52, 81–83 (passim), 101, 149, 159, 176nn57–58, 180n93, 199n7; compared with Hume, 172n4; examples of, 6, 14, 31, 43–51, 57–59, 69–71, 173n18, 174n28, 174n31, 174n34; influence on Bertrand Russell, 155; Madhyamaka distinguished from Yogacara, 174n29; Mahāyāna distinguished from Theravāda, 49. See also Candrakīrti; Dharmakīrti
building and rafter example. See rafter dialogue
Burke, Edmund, 99–102
Burnyeat, Myles, 179n82, 200n28
Bush, George H. W., 88, 121, 126
Bush, George W., 106, 119–21 (passim), 125, 190n53
Bush, Jeb, 126
Bussanich, John, 163n6
butterfly effect, 50–51
Byrne, Patrick, 112
Cambridge University, 137
Camosy, Charles C., 184n7
Camus, Albert, 113
Candrakīrti, xv, xvii–xviii, 10
Carman, Taylor, 170n78
Carmichael, Stokely, 113
Carneades, 117
Cato the Elder, 117
celibacy, 58
Chakrabarti, Arindam, 163n6
Chan, Joseph, 163–64n12
Chan, Wing-tsit, 180n96
Changes, 19, 187n31; difficulty of reading philosophically, 28–29, 171n86
chariot, simile of the, 47–48
Chase, Alston Hurd, 24
Cheng Yi, 75–76
Cherry, Myisha, 7–8
child at the well thought experiment, 55–56, 68, 74
Chinese Communist Party, 89–91, 94
Chinese philosophy, xvi, 9, 17, 30–31, 32, 34; contemporary disciplinary divisions in, 92; examples of, 5–7, 14, 26, 53–62, 66–82, 94–96, 144–45, 148, 149; exclusion from Anglo-European canon, xviii, xix–xx, 22–24, 26–28; influence on laissez-faire economics, 20–21; where taught, 8, 162nn4–5. See also Buddhist philosophy; Confucianism; Daoism
Christianity, 19, 97, 100, 102, 157, 169n72, 188n38; and philosophy, 3, 6, 18, 20, 117–18, 121–24, 195nn39–40. See also Bible
Chung, Po Yang, 192n10
City College of New York, 154
Cleese, John, 137
Cline, Erin, xxiv, 162n4, 164n16
Clinton, Bill (William), 126
Clinton, Hillary, 100, 184–85n7
Coen, Ethan, 113
Cohen, Hermann, 195n39
Columbia University, 112, 121, 163n8
Confucianism, 4–6, 13, 17, 22, 23, 26, 30, 39–40, 52, 54, 62, 67, 101, 149; rites (or rituals) in, 175n46. See also Confucius (Kongzi); Mengzi; New Confucianism; Neo-Confucianism; Xunzi; Wang Yangming; Zhu Xi
Confucius (Kongzi), 10, 19, 28, 83, 149, 153, 167n35, 171n86, 179n79, 180n94, 199n7; Chinese attitudes toward 4, 85, 88–89, 90, 107–8; compared with Socrates, 158–59; dismissed as a philosopher, xiii, xv–xvii, 12–13, 22–24; praised as a philosopher, 19–20, 24; quoted, 54, 57, 73, 81, 94–96 (passim), 138, 187n27. See also Analects; Confucianism
Continental philosophy, 3, 32, 83; ethnocentrism in, 108, 152. See also Derrida, Jacques; Hegel, G. W. F.; Heidegger, Martin; Nietzsche, Friedrich
Cook, Francis C., 174n34
courage. See virtue, courage as a
Crucet, Jennine Capó, 190n54
Cruz, Rafael Bienvenido, 122
Cruz, Ted (Rafael Edward), 116, 121–22, 126
Csikszentmihalyi, Mark, 168n61
Cullen, Christopher, 168n53
Cultural Revolution, 90, 93, 102, 185n13
CUNY Graduate Center, 162n4, 162–63n6, 163n8
Dai Zhen, 14
Daodejing, 20–21, 26, 170n78, 171n88; difficulty of appreciating philosophically, 28–29, 171n86
Daoism, 4, 6, 13, 17, 30, 149. See also Daodejing; Zhuangzi
Darrow, Clarence, 120
Darwin, Charles, 57, 134. See also evolutionary theory
Dasgupta, Surama, 15
Daxue. See Great Learning
Defoort, Carine, 162n5, 170n79
Democratic party, 126, 184–85n7, 194n32; anti-intellectualism and racism in, 87, 120; and Aristotelian values, 99–100; and Confucian values, 60–61. See also Bryan, William Jennings; Clinton, Bill (William); Clinton, Hillary; Gore, Al (Albert); Jackson, Andrew
Deng Xiaoping, 90
Derrida, Jacques, 152; ethnocentrism of, 25, 27, 170n80
Descartes, René, 31, 44, 82, 104, 124, 147, 172–73n10, 199n7; on individual substances, 39–43, 46, 48, 49, 52, 57–58, 60, 172n5; on potentiality, 63
development model of ethical cultivation. See virtue, models of cultivation of
Dharmakīrti, 31
Diogenes, vii
discovery model of ethical cultivation. See virtue, models of cultivation of
Dole, Bob (Robert), 126
Drabinski, John, 166n28
Du Bois, W. E. B., 1
Durkheim, Emile, 91
Dussel, Enrique, 33–34
egoism, 52, 55, 61, 68, 174–75n36
Einstein, Albert, 132, 133; on value of philosophy, 2, 134, 137
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 121
Epicurus, 117
ethics, 5–6, 19–20, 26, 32, 39, 80–81, 83, 115, 135, 137, 144, 149, 153, 154, 179n82, 181n100; meta-, 14, 26, 58, 70–72, 78, 180n93; utilitarian, 135–36, 155–56. See also virtue; weakness of will
ethnocentrism: examples of, xiii, xiv, 11–16 (passim), 21–27, 34, 103–4, 188n38. See also racism
evolutionary theory, 120, 121–22; on origin of altruistic motivations, 56–57, 176n52.
existentialism, 64, 135. See also Beauvoir, Simone de; Camus, Albert; Sartre, Jean-Paul
Fanon, Frantz, 10
Fazang, 14, 49–50, 58–59, 174n29
feminist philosophy, 3, 14, 25, 27, 33, 41, 82, 117, 119–20, 149, 154, 193n26. See also sexism
Feyerabend, Paul, 13
filial piety, xvi, 6, 58, 60, 77–78, 149
Fingarette, Herbert, 24, 175n46
Five Aggregates, 44–49, 176n57; defined, 43
Flanagan, Owen, 164n20
Foot, Philippa, 178n72; runaway train example of, 151–52, 153
Ford, Harrison. See Regarding Henry
fortune cookies, xiii, 12, 147
Freud, Sigmund, 136
Frost, Robert, 138
Fung, Yu-lan, 180n96
Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 149–50
Galileo Galilei, 130–31, 132, 134, 197n56
Garfield, Jay, xi–xxi, xxiii–xxv (passim), 8–10, 16, 35, 36, 44, 165n22, 174n29
Geertz, Clifford, 113
Gervais, Ricky, 113
Gewirtz, Paul, 91
Gibbon, Edward, 118
Gleick, James, 174n32
God. See theism
Goodman, Nelson, 83; “grue” paradox of, 152
Gore, Al (Albert), 119
Graham, Angus C., 165n23, 177n64, 198n2
Great Learning, 72–78, 180n94, 180n97, 181n98; quoted, 72, 94, 187n26
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. See Cultural Revolution
Great Wall (of China), 85–86
Gyekye, Kwame, 83
Habermas, Jürgen, 149–50
Hampshire, Stuart, 128, 196n47
Hanfeizi, 14, 29, 61–62, 171n88
Han Yu, 176n58
Harbsmeier, Christoph, 165n23
Harvard University, 113, 121, 163n6, 163n8
Havel, Vaclav, 113
Hawking, Stephen, 133, 134, 137, 197n63
Hayes, Chris, 188n38
Hegel, G. W. F., 39; role in excluding non-Western philosophy from the Anglo-European canon, 23–24, 25, 27, 170n73
Heidegger, Martin, 104; ethnocentrism of, 25, 27, 149–50, 170n78
Hellenistic philosophy, 32, 117–18, 192–93n15
Herbert, Bob, 185nn8–9
hermeneutics, 91, 139–40, 142, 149–50, 198n4
Hispanic. See Latino/a and Hispanic Americans
Hobbes, Thomas, 6, 82, 104; on metaphysical individualism, 39, 52; political philosophy of, 52–55, 57–58, 64, 70, 174–75n36, 175n41; on potentiality, 63–64, 177n67; similarities and differences with Mohists, 61, 177n64
Hoffman, Martin L., 176n50
Hofstadter, Richard, 193n21
Hoover, Herbert, 121
Huiyuan, 176n58
Hume, David, xv, 10, 70, 82, 135, 172n4, 180n93; racism of, 169n66
Hursthouse, Rosalind, 178n72
Hutton, Eric, 162n5
Icahn, Carl, 112
icons and idols. See traditions, icons distinguished from idols in
Indian (South Asian) philosophy, xiv, xvi, xvii, 2, 9, 15, 30, 32–33, 34, 82, 149; exclusion from the Anglo-European canon, xviii, xix–xx, 21–22, 27–28, 170n73; and origin of Greek philosophy, 19, 168n56; where taught, 162–63n6. See also Bhagavad Gita; Buddhist philosophy; Candrakīrti; Dharmakīrti; Orientalism
Indigenous Americans, 120; in philosophy, 7. See also Whyte, Kyle Powys
Indigenous philosophy, xiii, 2–3, 83, 149, 199n15; examples of, 83; exclusion from Anglo-European canon, xviii, xix–xx, 22; where taught, 163n7. See also Indigenous Americans
infanticide, 23, 169n70, 169n72
integrity. See virtue, righteousness (or integrity) as a
intellectual imperialism objection, xvii–xviii, 29–31, 143–44. See also noble savages
intuitionism. See ethics, meta-
Islam, 11, 93, 96–97; and philosophy, xiv, 3, 9, 18, 28, 34, 82, 149. See also Averroes; Avicenna; Murad, Shaykh Abdal Hakim (Timothy Winter); Rida, Rashid
Ivanhoe, Philip J., 81, 178n78
Jackson, Frank, “Mary” thought experiment, 78–79
Jefferson, Thomas, 129–30
Jiang Qing, 164n12
John Paul II, 113
Johnson, Haines, 194n30
Joseph, George, 166n31
Judaism, 97, 128, 149; and philosophy, 3, 18, 82. See also Buber, Martin; Cohen, Hermann; Levinas, Immanuel; Maimonides; Rosenzweig, Franz
justice, 6, 8, 98, 116, 128, 144, 154–56 (passim); as a virtue, 5, 65
Kahn, Charles, 200n28
Kang Youwei, 98
Kant, Immanuel, xv, xx, 5, 10, 14, 30, 113, 148; on normative ethics, 95, 136; role in excluding non-Western philosophy from the Anglo-European canon, 1, 21–23, 27, 169nn65–66, 169n68
Keown, Damien, 174n28
Keynes, John Maynard, 15
King, Rev. Martin Luther, Jr., 1, 33, 98; inspired by Plato, 157–58
King, Steve, 188n38
King Milinda. See Milinda (king)
Kongzi. See Confucius (Kongzi)
Koyré, Alexander, 196n53
Krishnamurthy, Meena, 166n28
Kuhn, Thomas S., 13, 132, 133–34, 197n64, 198n4
Kundera, Milan, 92
Kupperman, Joel, 28
LaFleur, William R., 174n28
Lame Deer, 10
Laozi. See Daodejing
Latin American philosophy, 3, 33–34, 82
Latino/a and Hispanic Americans, 7, 85, 86–87, 101, 149
Lavoisier, Antoine, 132
LCTP. See less commonly taught philosophies (LCTP)
Legalism. See Hanfeizi; Shen Dao
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 19–20, 124, 133
Lenin (Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov), 157
less commonly taught philosophies (LCTP), 2–3, 8, 32–34, 38, 82, 108, 149; origin of term, 163n6
Leucippus, 130
Levinas, Immanuel, 195n40
Levi-Strauss, Claude, 113
Lewis, David, multiple world metaphysics of, 152
Lewis, Matt K., 98–102, 104, 119, 121, 188n38, 193n26
LGBTQ: issues, 12, 101, 107, 167n35, 181n98; philosophy, 3, 82–83, 149
Liberty University, 97
Li Dazhao, 14
Linnaeus, Carl, 131
Liu Shaoqi, 14
Li Zhi, 14
Lochner, Wendy, xxiii, xxiv, 198n5
Locke, Alain, 1
Lorenz, Edward, 51
Louden, Robert, 168n59
Lucas, George. See THX 1138
Lugones, Maria, 10
Lu Xiangshan, 176n58; quoted, 69
Lynne, Richard John, 171n86
Lyotard, Jean-François, 13, 150
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, xiv, xvii
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 172n1
MacIntyre, Alasdair, 195n40; on comparative philosophy, 6, 143; on tradition, 100–1; on virtue ethics, 62–65, 177n66, 178n72
Mackie, J. L., 136
Mad Max: Fury Road, 52
Maimonides, 124
male gaze. See Mulvey, Laura
Manicheanism, 159
Mao Zedong, 85, 89–90, 92, 94, 100, 185n11, 185n13
MAP. See Minorities and Philosophy
Marxism, 14, 83, 92, 122, 157. See also Chinese Communist Party
mathematics, 6, 9–10, 11–12, 16–17, 19, 32, 120, 131, 133, 143, 144, 147, 153
Mattice, Sarah, 167n49
May Fourth Movement, 4
McCain, John, 126
McDowell, John, 178n72
McGuire, Patricia, 11
McLeod, Alexus, 162n4
Mencius. See Mengzi
Mengzi, 5, 6, 20, 29, 31, 81, 83, 105, 171n88, 187n31; on human nature and political philosophy, 14, 54–57, 176n49; on ethical cultivation, 66, 67–69; on normative ethics, 95, 148
meta-ethics. See ethics, meta-
metaphysics, 17, 25, 31, 32, 40–52, 58–60, 80, 83, 144, 151, 172n7; defined, 39. See also mind-body problem; personal identity problem; prime matter; soul; substance
mind-body problem, 14, 46–47, 124, 173n18
Minorities and Philosophy, xi, xxv, 8, 34
Mohism, 7, 14, 29, 69, 141; contrasted with Hobbes, 61, 177n64
Molière (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin), 63, 177n67
Mommsen, Theodor, 24
Moore, G. E., 15
Mou Zongsan, 14
Mozi. See Mohism
multicultural philosophy, xxiii, xxiv, 10–11, 35–37 (passim), 84; objections to: xii; Anglo-European philosophy matters too objection, 102–3, 159; area studies objection, 5, 9, 27; comprehensiveness objection, 32–33, 38, 143; essentialist objection, xiv–xv, 16–19, 25, 108; language competence objection, 33–34; nonexistence objection, xiii, xviii–xix, 5–7, 14, 29, 143–44, 149; quality objection, xiv, 5–7, 12–16, 108, 147–48. See also intellectual imperialism objection; less commonly taught philosophies (LCTP); noble savages; pipeline problem
Mulvey, Laura, 181n98
Murad, Shaykh Abdal Hakim (Timothy Winter), 195n39
Murray, Bill, 101–2
Native American. See Indigenous Americans; Indigenous philosophy
naturalism. See ethics, meta-
Neo-Confucianism, 14, 29, 39–40; on personal identity, 58–61; on ethical cultivation, 69–72. See also Wang Yangming; Zhu Xi
New Confucianism, 4, 29. See also Mou Zongsan
New York University, 112, 163n8
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 25, 29, 104, 125, 132, 136, 152
Nivison, David S., 80, 179nn87–88, 181n104, 182n107
Nixon, Richard M., 85, 121, 183 (epigraph sources)
noble savages, xv–xvi, 25, 86. See also intellectual imperialism objection
nonaction. See wúwéi (non-interference)
Norton-Smith, Thomas M., 83
Nussbaum, Martha, 178n72, 193n15; on Aristotelianism 100–1; on comparative philosophy, 6; on Derrida, 152; on education, 129, 179n83
Obama, Barack Hussein, II, 48, 152; election of 2008, 126; quoted, 60–61
objections to multicultural philosophy. See multicultural philosophy, objections to
Orientalism, xiv, 21, 170n80; defined, 27–28
Oxford University, 119
Ozbey, Sonya, 162n4
Paley, William, 15
Palin, Sarah, 119–120, 193n24, 193n26
Parfit, Derek, teleporter thought experiment of, 151, 153
Park, Peter K. J., 19, 21, 168n56, 169n65
Parmenides, 3, 16, 29, 39, 163n9
Patil, Parimil, 163n6
Paul (saint), 117, 118, 122, 123
Paul, Rand, 195–96n44
Peking University, 91, 94–95, 192n10
Pence, Mike (Michael), 107
Peone, D. Kyle, 16
Pericles, 120
Perkins, Franklin, 162n5, 168n58
Perry, John, 173n13
personal identity problem, 10, 41–51, 57–60, 173n13. See also self; soul; substance
Phillips, Stephen, 163n6
Phillips, Stone, 113
philosophy: of language, 3, 6–7, 155; political, 4, 5, 14, 19–20, 32, 33, 39, 52–62, 64, 80, 83, 92, 101, 104, 135, 144, 155–56, 166n28, 172n1, 174–75n36, 175n40; problem of defining, 13, 16–19, 25, 29–31, 108, 142–49, 151; renaming departments of, xii, xxiii, 9–10, 11, 35; subfields in, 32, 135. See also analytic philosophy; Anglo-European philosophy; Continental philosophy; ethics; less commonly taught philosophies (LCTP); metaphysics; multicultural philosophy; weakness of will
pipeline problem, 33–34
Pittenger, Robert, 184n6
Plato, xxvi, 1, 14, 30, 86, 116, 124, 148, 159, 200n28; on Heraclitus, 45; influence on other thinkers, 18, 27, 101, 131, 134, 157–58, 196n55, 199n9; quoted, xvi–xvii, 145–47, 155; refutation of relativism, 140–41; Republic, xiv–xv, 10, 16, 104, 157. See also Socrates
Poincaré, Henri, 51
political correctness, xiii, 12, 116–17
political philosophy. See philosophy, political
Popper, Karl, 148–49
Powell, Colin, 125
Pratt, Scott L., 163n7
Prichard, H. A., 70–71
Priest, Graham, 162–63n6, 165n22
prime matter, 44, 60, 178n70; defined, 41
psychology: philosophical, 52, 55–56, 68–69, 75, 135, 174–75n36, 181n100; scientific, 6, 56–57, 80, 107, 126
Putnam, Hilary, brain-in-a-vat thought experiment of, 10, 151
Pythagoras, 16–17
Quesnay, François, 20
Quine, W. V. O., 13
racism, xii–xiii, 21–22, 87–88, 94, 101, 105–6, 107–8, 139, 158, 169nn65–66, 184n6; structural, xix–xx, 7–8, 26–28, 108. See also Orientalism
rafter dialogue, 14, 49–50, 59–60, 174n31
Ramsey, F. P., 83
Rawls, John, 136, 155–56, 164n16
Reagan, Ronald, 119, 121, 126, 194n30; anti-intellectualism of, 124, 125, 128; press secretary joked about AIDS, 107; quoted Daodejing, 20–21; on states’ rights, 85, 87–88
Red Guards. See Cultural Revolution
re-formation model of ethical cultivation. See virtue, models of cultivation of
relativism, 18, 139, 140–42, 198n1
Republican party, 2, 110, 177n62, 184–85n7, 189n43, 194n32; anti-intellectualism in, 116–21, 124–27, 130; denial of evolutionary theory in, 121–22; opposition to LGBTQ rights in, 107, 190n57; racism and ethnocentrism in, 87–88, 184n6, 188n38. See also Bush, George W.; Carson, Ben; Paul, Rand; Rubio, Marco; Trump, Donald J.
Rida, Rashid, 195n39
rights, human, 53, 61, 87, 101, 107, 113, 124, 129, 136, 156. See also states’ rights
Rome, 23; fall of, 116–19, 193n19. See also Hellenistic philosophy
Roosevelt, Teddy (Theodore), 120, 121
Rorty, Richard, 13, 149–50, 198n4
Rosenthal, Andrew, 177n62
Rosenzweig, Franz, 195n39
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 6, 68, 104
Rubio, Marco, 1–2, 110–11, 114, 115–16, 122, 126–27
Russell, Bertrand, 30, 82, 113, 148; moral vision of, 153–55, 200n26; philosophical views of, 3, 6, 133, 136, 153
Ryle, Gilbert, 148
Said, Edward. See Orientalism
Sarkissian, Hagop, 162n4
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 82, 83, 113, 178n71
Scalia, Antonin, 12–13, 14, 24, 27, 167n35
Schofer, Jonathan, 178n78
Scholl, Sophie, 113
Schrödinger, Erwin, 134; on limitations of science, 136–37
Schweitzer, Albert, 113
Schwitzgebel, Eric, 7–8, 28–29, 80, 162n4, 164n18, 179n82
science, natural, 11, 22, 51, 63–64, 78, 112, 122, 123, 195n44; and philosophy, 1–2, 9–10, 13, 32, 130–37, 143, 144, 148–49, 198n4. See also evolutionary theory; mathematics
self: nonexistence of, 43–49, 172n4, 173n18, 174n28; transpersonal, 49–51, 58–59, 74–75; unity and conflict as ideals of, 181n100. See also personal identity problem
Seneca, 172n95
sexism, 23, 101, 105–6, 139, 181n98; reflected in use of effeminacy as symptom of decay, 99, 118; structural, 7–8
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 200n26
Shun (king). See wúwéi (non-interference)
Shun, Kwong-loi, 162n4, 175n46
Sidgwick, Henry, 180n93
Siger of Brabant, 18
Sim, May, 164n15
skepticism, 14, 116–117, 192n14
Skinner, B. F., 66
Slingerland, Edward, 162n4, 171n86, 179–180n89
Slote, Michael, 178n72
Smith, Justin E. H., 30, 166n28, 198n3, 199n7
Socrates, 1, 83, 126, 138, 145–47, 151, 152, 157–59
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 113
Soros, George, 112
soul, 39, 40, 41–43, 46–47, 49, 147, 154, 172n5
Souter, David, 112
Speakes, Larry, 107
Spinoza, Baruch, 39, 104, 124, 126
Spivak, Gayatri, 25
sprout metaphor, 68
Stalnaker, Aaron, 162n4, 164n19
Stanford University, 102–3, 105–6, 112, 156
Star Trek, 103
state of nature argument, 14, 52–53, 57, 61, 175nn40–41
Stockdale, James, 156–57
Stoicism, 36, 102, 117–18. See also Cicero; Epictetus; Seneca
Strauss, Leo, 189n48
Strawson, Peter, 3
Stump, Eleanore, 195n40
substance, 40–44, 48, 60, 172n5, 172n7; Aristotelian definition of, 40; Chinese concepts related to, 58, 59, 95, 176n56
Suppes, Patrick, 178n70
Swanton, Christine, 178n72
Taber, John, 163n6
Taiwan (Republic of China), 93–94
Tampio, Nicholas, xiv–xviii, 16
Taoism. See Daoism
Taylor, Charles, 186n15, 195n40
Terence, 38
Teresa (saint), 48
Terkel, Studs, 113
theism, 20, 97, 102, 104, 117–18, 122–24, 130, 136, 172n5, 177n63. See also Christianity; Islam; Judaism
Thiel, Peter, 112
Thomas Aquinas, 5, 18, 124, 136
THX 1138, 199n9
Tibet, 93
Tillich, Paul, 195n39
traditions, philosophical, 5, 8–11, 13, 27, 43, 82–84, 85–86, 91, 92, 99, 101–5, 108, 148, 149–51, 158–59; icons distinguished from idols in, 97–98; not hermetic or static, 17–18, 29–30, 38–39, 65, 101. See also Burke, Edmund
Trebek, Alex, 113
Trinity Washington University, 11
Trivers, Robert L., 176n52
Truman, Harry S., 87
Trump, Donald J., 85, 86–87, 93–94, 97, 106, 107, 116, 121, 126, 127, 184n2, 184–85n7, 190n53, 194n32
Turner, Dale, 83
Twilight Zone, 175n41
Tyson, Neil deGrasse, 1–2, 130, 134, 137
unity of knowing and acting. See Wang Yangming; weakness of will
University of Michigan, 112, 162n4
University of Paris, 18
University of Pennsylvania, xi, xxv, 8; Wharton School of, 106
utilitarianism. See ethics, utilitarian
Vidal, Gore, 107
virtue, 4, 14, 23, 24, 26, 54, 73, 94–96 (passim), 117, 118, 129, 148, 149, 157, 180n97; benevolence as a, 5, 54–58, 66, 74–75, 81, 149, 174–75n36, 175n41, 176n49; courage as a, 5, 65, 148, 157; ethics, 5, 29, 62–66, 164n15, 165n21, 177n66, 178n72, 181n98; models of cultivation of, 66–72; righteousness (or integrity) as a, 54, 66, 67, 81, 94, 95, 148, 156, 175n41; wisdom as a, 5, 24, 99, 130, 146, 200n27. See also justice
virtus dormitiva. See Molière (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin)
Walker, Scott, 121
Wang, Robin R., 167n48, 171n92
Wang Bi, 171n86
Wang Chong, 144–45
Wang Yangming, vii, 14, 74, 77–81
Washington, Booker T., 120
Waters, Anne, 83
wax example, 40–41
weakness of will, 14, 76–80, 181n104, 182n107; defined, 72
Whitman, Walt, 181n100
Whyte, Kyle Powys, xxiv, 163n7, 165n25
Williams, Bernard, 151
Wills, Garry, 194n28
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 29
Wolff, Christian, 20
Wong, David, 68–69, 162n4, 164n20
Wordsworth, William, xxvi
wúwéi (non-interference), 20–21, 168n61
xiào. See filial piety
Xi Jinping, 4, 85, 93–96, 107–8, 187nn25–28
Yale University, 91, 102, 106, 119, 121, 157
Yale-NUS College, 192n10
Yang Zhu, 55
Yearley, Lee H., 5, 178n78, 199n13
Yijing. See Changes
Youzi, 149
Yu, Jiyuan, 164n15
Zengzi, 180n94
Zhuangzi, 14, 29, 164n18, 171n88, 186n19, 198n1
Zhu Xi, 31, 59–60, 76–77, 80–82 (passim), 159, 180n97, 187n26, 199n14
Zigong, 38
Zongmi, 14