Index

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

A

Africa, 138, 139, 169

age of data, 14, 18, 56

age of implementation

Chinese entrepreneurs and, 16, 18, 25

Chinese government and, 18

data and, 17, 20, 55, 80

deep learning and, 13–14, 143

going light vs. going heavy, 71

AGI (artificial general intelligence), 140–44

AI. See artificial intelligence (AI)

AI engineers, 14

Airbnb, 39, 49, 73

AI revolution

deep learning and, 5, 25, 92, 94, 143

economic impact of, 151–52

speed of, 152–55

AI winters, 6–7, 8, 9, 10

algorithmic bias, 229

algorithms, AI

AI revolution and, 152–53

computing power and, 14, 56

credit and, 112–13

data and, 14, 17, 56, 138

fake news detection by, 109

intelligence sharing and, 87

legal applications for, 115–16

medical diagnosis and, 114–15

as recommendation engines, 107–8

robot reporting, 108

white-collar workers and, 167, 168

Alibaba

Amazon compared to, 109

Chinese startups and, 58

City Brain, 93–94, 117, 124, 228

as dominant AI player, 83, 91, 93–94

eBay and, 34–35

financial services spun off from, 73

four waves of AI and, 106, 107, 109

global markets and, 137

grid approach and, 95

Microsoft Research Asia and, 89

mobile payments transition, 76

New York Stock Exchange debut, 66–67

online purchasing and, 68

success of, 40

Tencent’s “Pearl Harbor attack” on, 60–61

Wang Xing and, 24

Alipay, 35, 60, 69, 73–74, 75, 112, 118

Alphabet, 92–93

AlphaGo, 1–4, 5, 6, 11, 199

AlphaGo Zero, 90

Altman, Sam, 207

Amazon

Alibaba compared to, 109

Chinese market and, 39

data captured by, 77

as dominant AI player, 83, 91

four waves of AI and, 106

grid approach and, 95

innovation mentality at, 33

monopoly of e-commerce, 170

online purchasing and, 68

Wang Xing and, 24

warehouses, 129–30

Amazon Echo, 117, 127

Amazon Go, 163, 213

Anderson, Chris, 130

Andreesen Horowitz, 70

Ant Financial, 73

antitrust laws, 20, 28, 171, 229

Apollo project, 135

app constellation model, 70

Apple, 33, 75, 117, 126, 143, 177, 184

Apple Pay, 75, 76

app-within-an-app model, 59

ARM (British firm), 96

Armstrong, Neil, 3

artificial general intelligence (AGI), 140–44

artificial intelligence (AI)

introduction to, ix–xi

See also China; deep learning; economy and AI; four waves of AI; global AI story; human coexistence with AI; new world order

artificial superintelligence. See superintelligence

Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, 88–89

Austria, 159

automation

in factories and farms, 20, 165–66, 167–68

Fink’s letter and, 215, 216

intelligent vs. physical, 166, 167

jobs at risk of displacement by, 157–60, 162, 164, 165–67, 204

autonomous AI, 105–6, 128–36

Avenue of the Entrepreneurs (Chuangye Dajie), 53, 54, 61–62, 64, 68

 

B

Baidu

AI City and, 134

Chinese startups and, 58

as dominant AI player, 83, 91, 93

Google compared to, 37, 38, 109

Microsoft Research Asia and, 89

Ng, Andrew, and, 44

self-driving cars and, 131, 135

success of, 40, 66

Bain and Company, 164–65

banking industry, 110, 113, 116

BAT (Baidu, Alibaba, and Tencent), 58

battery approach, 95

beetle-like robots, 129–30

Beijing, China, 2–4, 28, 29, 51–52, 77–78, 99, 144–45

Bengio, Yoshua, 86

Bezos, Jeff, 33

Bhutan, 229

bicycle sharing, 77–78, 79

Bitmain, 97

blue-collar workers, 128–29, 165–66, 167, 168

Bostrom, Nick, 141, 142, 143

Brazil, 137, 138

Brin, Sergei, 33

Brooks, Rodney, 143

Brynjolfsson, Eric, 148–49, 150, 151

Buddhism, 187–90

business AI, 105–6, 110–17, 136

BuzzFeed, 40, 108, 109

ByteDance. See Toutiao (news platform)

 

C

Cambricon Technologies, 97

Cambridge Analytica, 107–8, 125

Canada

AI superpowers and, 169

birth of AI and, 11, 13–14

business AI and, 111

new world order and, 20

volunteerism in, 229

cancer

AI and diagnosis of, 167

Lee’s diagnosis with, 176–77, 181–83, 225

lymphoma, 176, 183, 190–92, 194

Care.com, 213

Careem, 137

care work and social investment stipend, 221, 222

Chan, Connie, 70

chess, 4–5

China

AI, perspective on, and jobs, 202–3

AI deployment by, 18–19, 82–84, 132–33, 154–55

AI fever in, x, 1–6

conformity and deference to authority, cultural propensity for, 66

copycat era in. See copycat era and entrepreneurship

data abundance in, 15, 16, 17, 50, 55–56, 79

elder care in, 229

entrepreneurs of. See Chinese entrepreneurs

global economic inequality and, 168–70

government support in See Chinese government

imitation, cultural propensity for, 27, 28, 29–30

inequality in, 170–72, 200

internet ecosystem of, 24–28, 40, 43–44, 46, 49–50. See also China’s alternate internet universe

jobs at risk of automation in, 159–60

low-cost exports and, 146

medical diagnosis in, 114

privacy protection in, 124, 125

reemergence of, 180–81

scarcity mentality, 27–28

self-driving cars in, 133

Silicon Valley’s technology environment compared to, 15–16, 43–45, 49, 55, 57, 65, 71–73

Sputnik Moment for, 3, 11

traffic accidents in, 101

U.S. competition with. See China and U.S., competition between

China and U.S., competition between, 81–103

automation and jobs at risk, 165–67, 168

autonomous AI and, 130–31, 134–36

business AI and, 111–12, 116, 136

China’s advantages in, 14–17, 18

China’s vs. America’s AI plans, 97–98

Chinese entrepreneurs vs. Silicon Valley’s, 34, 49, 55

computer chips and, 96–97

corporate research and proprietary technology, 91–92

dominant AI players in, 83–84

four waves of AI and, 106, 136

global AI story and, 227–29

global markets and, 137–39

going light vs. going heavy, 71–73, 76–77

Google vs. dominant players, 92–94

government roles in, 98–100

grid approach vs. battery approach, 94–95

increasing contributions from Chinese researchers, 88–90

intelligence sharing, 86–88

internet AI and, 109–10, 136

moral and cultural dilemmas, 101–3

O2O explosion and, 79–80

outdated assumptions and misunderstandings about, 11–12, 25–26

perception AI and, 124, 126, 128, 136

political culture differences, 84

quantity of engineers vs. quality of researchers, 83, 85–86

venture funding and, 4

China’s alternate internet universe, 51–80

Avenue of the Entrepreneurs, 53, 54, 61–62, 64, 68

bicycle sharing, 77–78

data and, 55–56, 73

Guo Hong and, 51–52, 56, 61–62, 63, 64, 68

mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation initiative, 62–68

mobile payments, 16, 54–55, 60–61, 73–77

online and offline worlds, blurring of, 78–80

O2O Revolution, 68–71

revolution in culture, 66–68

smartphones and, 57–59

super-app model, 70, 71. See also WeChat

transformation into, 53–55

China’s State Council, 63–64, 98

Chinese entrepreneurs

cutthroat environment for, 15–16, 40

group buying and, 46

lean startup methodology and, 44–45

mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation initiative and, 64, 67–68

Silicon Valley’s failures in China and, 39–40

transition from discovery to implementation and, 15

See also copycat era and entrepreneurship; Wang Xing; Zhou Hongyi

Chinese government

AI leadership plan, 3–4, 84

Book City development, 61–62

local government AI support, 98–100

mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation initiative, 62–67, 99

rapid deployment of technologies and, 82–83, 99–100, 102–3, 132–34

support for AI development, 17–19, 52

technology companies and, 229

Chinese language characters, 183–84

Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, 97

City Brain (by Alibaba), 93–94, 117, 124, 228

city brains, 84, 93–94, 103

clock diplomacy, 29–30

cloud-based platforms, 94–95

cognitive labor and risk of replacement, 155, 156, 168

Cold War, comparison to, 227–28

Communist Party, 63

compassionate caregivers, 212–13

computer chips, 96–97

computer vision, 9, 87, 89, 108, 134, 135, 161. See also facial recognition; image recognition; object recognition

computing power, 9, 14, 56, 92

control problem, 142

copycat era and entrepreneurship, 22–50

AI in China and, 12, 15–16, 49–50, 52, 61

contrasting cultures and, 26–28, 43–44

copycat clockmaking, 29–30

early copycat internet companies, 30–33

gladiator metaphor, 24–26, 43

Kaixin001 vs. Renren, 42–43

lean startup methodology, 44–45

Ma, Jack, and, 34–37

search habit divergence and, 37–38

Silicon Valley and, 22–25, 28, 30–34, 39–40, 49

Wang Xing and, 22–24, 26, 31, 32–33, 42, 46–49

War of a Thousand Groupons, 45–49

Zhou Hongyi and, 40–42

corporate oligarchy, 171

corporate research and proprietary technology, 91–92

corporate social responsibility, 216–17

craftsmanship, 229

credit industry, 10–11, 110, 112–13, 116

crime disruption, 75

Cultural Revolution in China, 33

Cybersecurity Law in China, 125

 

D

Daimler, 135

data

age of, 14, 18

AI algorithms and, 14, 17, 56, 138

AI-rich countries and, 168–69

businesses and, 110–11

China’s abundance of, 15, 16, 17, 50, 55–56, 73, 79

collection of, and privacy, 124–25

deep learning and, 14, 17, 19–20, 56

internet companies and, 107–8

medical diagnosis and, 114

from mobile payments, 77

neural networks and, 9

pattern-finding in, 10

private, 124–25

self-driving cars and, 131–32, 133

structured, 111–12

Deep Blue, 4, 5

deep learning

AI revolution and, 5, 12–13, 25, 92, 94, 143

business AI and, 111

data and, 14, 17, 19–20, 56

Google and, 92

history of, 6–10

implementation of, 12–14, 86

machine perceptual abilities and, 166

next, 91–92, 94

pattern-finding and, 10–11, 13, 166–67

rapid progress of, 161

DeepMind

AI in United Kingdom and, 169

AlphaGo and, 2, 11

AlphaGo Zero and, 90

Google and, 2, 11, 92

iFlyTek compared to, 105

publishing by, 91

reinforcement learning and, 143

Deng Xiaoping, 28

desktop computers, 96

Dianping (Yelp copycat), 48, 49, 71–72

Didi

four waves of AI and, 106

going heavy, 72–73

self-driving cars and, 131

services using model of, 213–14

Uber and, 40, 68–69, 79, 137

Didi Chuxing, 68–69, 70

discovery to implementation, transition from, 13, 15

Disneyland replica in China, 31

Disruptor (Zhou), 42

DJI, 130–31

domestic workers, 130

drones, autonomous, 130–31, 136, 167–68

dual-teacher model, 122

dystopians vs. utopians, 140–44

 

E

EachNet, 35

Eat24, 72

eBay, 35–37, 39

economy and AI, 144–73

competition and, 106

deep-learning breakthroughs and, 4–5

general purpose technologies (GPTs), 148–55

global economic inequality, 146, 168–70, 172

intelligent vs. physical automation, 167–68

job loss, two kinds of, 162–63

job losses, bottom line, 164–65

job loss studies, 157–61

jobs and inequality crisis, 145–47

machine learning as driver, 25, 84, 91, 94–95

monopolies, 20, 96, 168–69, 170–71

psychological crisis, 5, 21, 147, 173–74

risk of replacement, 155–57

science-fiction visions and, 144–45

techno-optimists and the Luddite fallacy, 147–48

unemployment. See unemployment, mass

U.S.-China comparison, 165–67, 168

wealth inequality. See wealth and class inequality

See also business AI; human coexistence with AI

Edison, Thomas, 13, 86

education

employment and, 205

OMO-powered, 121–24

revamping, 228–29

social investment stipend and, 221–22

Einstein, Albert, 103

electrification, compared to AI, 13–15, 25, 50, 86, 149–50, 152, 154, 228

Element AI, 111

engineering bottlenecks, 158

enterprise software, 111–12

Estonia, 137

European Union, 124–25, 229

expertise to data, transition from, 14, 15, 56

expert systems, 7–8

 

F

F5 Future Store, 163

Face++, 90, 117

Facebook

Cambridge Analytica and, 107–8, 125

Chinese companies compared to, 28

Chinese researchers at, 90

cloning of, 22–23, 24, 31, 32–33

deep-learning experts and, 11

as dominant AI player, 83, 91

Face++ and, 90

global markets and, 137

iFlyTek compared to, 105

innovation mentality at, 33

monopoly of social networks, 170

resistance to product modifications, 34

split with Messenger, 70

Tencent compared to, 109

top researchers at, 93

U.S. digital world dominance and, 2

Facebook AI Research, 91

facial recognition

AI chips and, 96

Apple’s iPhone X and, 117

Chinese investment in, 99

device security and, 117

education, AI-powered, and, 122

Face++ and, 90, 117

mobile payments and, 118

privacy and, 124

public transportation and, 84

fake news detection, 109

Fanfou (Twitter clone), 23, 46

Fermi, Enrico, 85, 103

financial crisis (2008), 46, 100, 165, 205

financial sector, 111, 112–13, 116

Fink, Larry, 215–16

Fo Guang Shan monastery, 187, 218–20

“Folding Beijing” (Hao), 144–45, 172, 230

food delivery, 69, 72, 79

Forbidden City, 29

Ford, 135

Ford, Martin, 165

4th Paradigm, 111

four waves of AI, 104–39

autonomous AI, 105–6, 128–36

business AI, 105–6, 110–17

economic divides and, 145

global markets and, 136–38

internet AI, 105–6, 107–10

perception AI, 105–6, 117–28

France, 20, 169

freemium revenue model, 36

Frey, Carl Benedikt, 158

Friendster, 22

 

G

Gates, Bill, 33

general AI, 10, 13

General Data Protection Regulation, 124–25

general purpose technologies (GPTs), 148–55

gig economy, 164

global AI markets, 136–38

global AI story, 226–32

AI future without AI race, 227–28

global wisdom for AI age, 228–29

hearts and minds, 231–32

writing, 230

global economic inequality, 146, 168–70

globalization, 150

GMI (guaranteed minimum income), 206–7

Go (game), 1–2, 4, 5, 167

going light vs. going heavy, 71–73, 76–77, 209

Google

AI chips and, 96

AlphaGo and, 1, 2, 11

Baidu compared to, 37, 38, 109

China at time of founding of, 33

Chinese entrepreneurs compared to, 24–25

Chinese market and, 39

data captured by, 77

as dominant AI player, 83, 91, 93–94

elite expertise at, 138–39

Europe’s fining of, 229

Face++ and, 90

global markets and, 137

grid approach and, 95

iFlyTek compared to, 105

innovation mentality at, 33

internet AI and, 107, 109

mobile payments and, 75

monopoly of search engines, 170

vs. other technology companies, 92–94

resistance to product modifications, 34

self-driving cars and, 131–32, 135

TensorFlow, 95, 228

top researchers at, 93

U.S. digital world dominance and, 2

See also DeepMind

Google Brain, 45

Google China, 29–30, 31–32, 37–38, 41, 52, 57

Google Wallet, 75, 76

GPTs (general purpose technologies), 148–55

Grab, 137

great decoupling, 150, 170, 202

grid approach, 94–95

“Gross National Happiness,” 229

ground-up disruptions and job threats, 162–63, 164

Groupon, 23, 24, 45–46, 47–48, 49

Grubhub, 72

guaranteed minimum income (GMI), 206–7

guiding funds, 63, 64, 98–99

Guo Hong, 51–52, 56, 61–62, 63, 64, 68

H

Hall of Ancestor Worship, 29–30

Hangzhou, China, 75, 94, 99

Hao Jingfang, 144–46, 168, 172, 230

Harari, Yuval N., 172

hardware innovation, 125–28

Hassabis, Demis, 141

Hawking, Stephen, 141

healthcare, 103, 113–15, 116, 195, 211–13. See also medical diagnosis

Hefei, China, 81–82, 83

Her (film), 199

Hidden Markov Models, 8

Hinton, Geoffrey, 9, 11, 86, 92, 93, 143, 161

home ecosystems, 127–28

home healthcare aides, 171, 214

homework and drills, 123

Horizon Robotics, 97

hospitals, 110, 114, 125, 138

Hsing Yun, Master, 187–90, 195, 218–20, 225

Huawei, 89

Hughes, Chris, 207

human coexistence with AI, 197–225

Chinese perspective on AI and jobs, 202–3

Fink’s letter and impact investing, 215–17

government role in, 217–18, 222–24

looking forward and around, 224–25

love and, 195–96, 198, 199, 201, 210

market symbiosis, 210–15

new social contract, 199–202

reduce, retrain, and redistribute, 203–6

social investment stipend, 220–24

touchscreen device for elderly, 197–98, 221

universal basic income, 201, 206–10, 218, 220, 222, 225

volunteerism, 218–20

 

I

IBM, 4

IBM Watson, 105, 111

ICT (information and communication technologies), 150–51, 152, 154

iFlyTek, 104–5, 115–16

ImageNet, 89–90, 161

image recognition, 8, 10, 81, 89–90, 104–5, 161. See also computer vision; object recognition

impact investing, service-focused, 216–17

implementation

age of. See age of implementation

of deep learning, 12–14, 86

in-class teaching, 122–23

India, 137, 138, 139

Indonesia, 138, 139

Industrial Revolution, compared to AI, 18, 79, 86–87, 148, 151–52, 200, 228

Industrial Revolutions, first and second, GPTs of, 149–50, 152, 153

industry-based approach to jobs at risk, 162–63

inequality. See global economic inequality; wealth and class inequality

information and communication technologies (ICT), 150–51, 152, 154

insurance industry, 10, 110

Intel, 96

intelligent superhighways, 133

international research, 11–13

internet, monopolization of, 170

internet AI, 105–6, 107–10, 136

Internet Explorer, 41

internet-of-things (IoT) networks, 54, 78, 79

iPhone, 32, 57

iPhone X, 117

iron rice bowl, 67

Italy, 85, 191–92

 

J

Japan, 20, 229

Jesuits, 29

JingChi, 135

Jinri Toutiao. See Toutiao (news platform)

job displacement by automation, 160, 162, 204. See also under economy and AI

Jobs, Steve, 26, 32, 33, 226

jobs, threat to. See risk-of-replacement graphs; unemployment, mass

Johansson, Scarlett, 199

 

K

Kaixin001, 42–43

Kasparov, Garry, 4

Ke Jiao, 113

Ke Jie, 1–2, 3, 5–6

Kennedy’s man-on-the-moon speech, 98

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 207

Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth, 188

Kurzweil, Ray, 140–41

 

L

labor unions, decline of, 150

The Lean Startup, 44

lean startup methodology, 44–45

LeCun, Yann, 86, 88, 90, 93

Lee, Kai-Fu

birth of first child, 177–79

cancer diagnosis, 176–77, 181–83, 225

epitaphs of, 180–81, 194

family of, 175–76, 177–79, 184–87, 193–94, 195, 225

Master Hsing Yun and, 187–90, 195

regrets of, 185–87, 188

research on lymphoma, 190–92

venture capital industry and, ix, xi, 3, 52

will of, 183–85

work obsession, 175–80

Lee Sedol, 3

legal decisions by judges, 115–16

Lenovo, 89

Li, Robin, 37

lifelong learning, 204

life purpose, loss of, 21

Li Keqiang, 62–63

LinkedIn, 39

Liu Qingfeng, 105

liveness algorithm, 118

love

AI as opportunity to refocus on, 176–77, 196, 210

centrality of, in human experience, 198, 199, 225, 231–32

Lee’s cancer and refocus on, 193–96

Master Hsing Yun’s wisdom about, 189–90, 195

new social contract and, 200–201

regrets about not sharing, 185, 186–87, 195

service-focused impact investing and, 217

Luddite fallacy, 147–48, 151

Lyft, 79, 137

lymphoma, 176, 183, 190–92, 194

 

M

Ma, Jack, 34–37, 60–61, 66–67, 137

machine learning

advances in, recent, 160–61

algorithms, 40. See also algorithms, AI

chips and, 96

data and, 56

deep learning as part of, 6, 94

economy driven by, 25, 84, 91, 94–95

social investment stipend and, 221–22

machine reading, 161

machine translation, 104, 161

Manhattan Project, 85

Manpower, 47–48

market-driven startups, 26–27, 45

mass entrepreneurship and mass innovation, 54, 62–68, 99

McAfee, Andrew, 148–49, 150

McCarthy, John, 7

McKinsey Global Institute, 159–60

medical diagnosis, 113–15, 167, 195, 211. See also healthcare

Meituan (Groupon clone), 23–24, 46–49, 72

Meituan Dianping, 49, 69, 70, 72

Mercer, Robert, 108

Messenger, 70

Mi AI speaker, 127

micro-finance, 112–13, 138

Microsoft

AI chips and, 96

antitrust policy and, 28

China at time of founding of, 33

as dominant AI player, 83, 91

Face++ and, 90

Lee at, 28, 33, 105, 184

speech recognition, 93

Tencent and, 93

top researchers at, 93

Microsoft Research, 91

Microsoft Research Asia (formerly Microsoft Research China), 89–90, 105

Middle East, 137, 139, 169

mini-iPhones, 32

Minsky, Marvin, 7

mission-driven startups, 26, 45

MIT, 30

Mobike, 77–78

mobile payments, 16, 54–55, 60–61, 73–78, 79, 110

Momenta, 135

monopolies, 20, 96, 168–69, 170–71, 172, 229

Moravec, Hans, 166

Moravec’s Paradox, 166–67

Musical.ly, 109

Musk, Elon, 49, 131, 141

 

N

Nanjing, China, 99

narrow AI, 10, 142

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 3

natural-language processing, 105, 108, 115

Netherlands, 229

neural networks approach to AI, 7, 8–10, 89

new world order, 18–19, 20–21, 138–39

Ng, Andrew, 13, 44, 88, 93, 113–14, 144

99 Taxi, 137

Nixon, Richard, 207

North Africa, 138

Nuance, 105

Nuomi (group buying affiliate), 48–49

Nvidia, 96, 97, 135

 

O

Obama, Barack, 97–98, 100, 104

object recognition, 9, 90, 94, 117. See also computer vision; image recognition

OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), 158–59, 160

ofo, 77, 78

Ola, 137

one-to-one replacements of jobs, 162, 164

online education, 204

online-merge-offline (OMO), 117–25

online security, 229

online-to-offline (O2O) platforms, 16–17, 68–71, 73, 79, 110, 118, 127–28

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 158–59, 160

Osborne, Michael A., 158

Othello (game), 4

outsourcing, 150

Oxford University, 158, 160, 161

 

P

Page, Larry, 33, 205

Palantir, 111–12

paralegals, 213

pattern-finding, 10–11, 13, 166–67

payment-by-scan, 74–75

PayPal, 36

pay-with-your-face, 118

Peking University, 108

perception AI, 105–6, 117–28, 136

personal care aides, 214

physical labor and risk of replacement, 156, 168

point-of-sale (POS) devices, 74, 77

Pony.ai, 135

posture analysis, 122

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), 18, 151, 159, 160, 161, 162, 169

privacy issues, 124–25, 229

productivity, 146–52, 154, 167. See also great decoupling

psychological crisis, 5, 21, 147, 173

publication, instant, 87–88

PwC. See PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)

 

Q

Qianlong (emperor), 29

Qihoo 360 (web security software), 41–42

QQ (messaging platform), 41–42, 58

QR codes, 74, 77

Qualcomm, 96

Q-Zone (social network), 58

 

R

Reddit, 109

Reddy, Raj, 4

red envelopes, 60, 61

redistribution of wealth, 203–4, 206–8, 222

reducing work hours, 203, 205–6, 207

reinforcement learning, 12, 143

Renren (social network), 23, 42–43, 48

ResNet, 90

retraining, 203, 204–5, 207, 215, 216, 221–22

ride sharing, 68–69, 76, 79, 137–38

risk-of-replacement graphs, 155–57, 204, 205–6, 211

robot reporters, 108

robots and robotics, 129–30, 166–68, 230

rule-based approach to AI, 7–8

RXThinking, 114–15

 

S

Schmidt, Eric, 90

science fiction, 144–45, 168, 172, 199, 230

Sculley, John, 177–78

search habits, divergent, 37–38

The Second Machine Age (Brynjolfsson and McAfee), 148–49, 150

self-driving cars

AI chips and, 96, 97

approaches for deployment of, 131–35

China vs. U.S., 136

deep learning and, 10–11

in India, 138

political culture divide and, 101–2

ride-hailing companies and, 137

semiconductors, 96

“A Sense of Purpose” (Fink), 215

service jobs, creation of, and compensation for, 214–15, 216

service work and social investment stipend, 221, 222

Seven Giants of the AI age, 83, 91–92, 93, 94, 95, 169

sharing economy, 213–14

Shenzhen, China, 99, 125–26, 127, 130–31

shopping carts, perception AI–powered, 119–21, 124, 125

Silicon Valley

Baidu’s AI lab in, 93

China’s competition with. See China and U.S., competition between

China’s technology environment compared to, 15–16, 43–45, 49, 55, 57, 65, 71–73

China’s version of, 51–53, 63

Chinese copycat entrepreneurs and, 22–25, 28, 30–34, 49

chip development in, 96–97

data gathered by, 56

eBay and, 35–36

ecosystem of, 52–53

elite expertise in, 82, 83

entrepreneurs of, 15–16, 22, 26, 27, 52, 168

failure in China, 39–40

four waves of AI and, 106

global markets and, 137, 138

lean startup methodology and, 44–45

policy suggestions coming from, 201

resistance to product modifications, 24, 38, 39

resistance to subsidies, 76

ride sharing and, 68

universal basic income and, 207, 208–10, 218

world technology market domination, 2, 11–12

Silicon Valley (TV series), 55

Simon, Herbert, 7

Singapore, 20, 137, 146

T

the singularity, 140–41, 142

Sinovation Ventures

Guo’s attraction of, 52, 62

Lee’s founding of, 52, 57, 64, 67

startups incubated by, 57, 58

study by, 89

Smart Finance, 112–13, 163

smartphones

China’s alternate internet universe and, 54, 61

Chinese leapfrogging of PCs with, 57–58

Chinese students and, 3, 83

chips in, 96

mini-iPhones, 32

Mobikes and, 78

mobile payments and, 74, 75

processing power in, 9

WeChat app for, 58–59, 61, 70

Zhongguancun and, 52

social entrepreneurship, 216–17

social investment stipend, 220–24

Softbank, 153

Sohoo (search engine), 31

solar panels, photovoltaic, 133

Solyndra, 100

Southeast Asia, 137, 169

South Korea, 146, 159, 228–29

Soviet Union, 3

Space Race, 3

SpaceX, 49

speech recognition

advances in, recent, 161

Baidu and, 93

deep learning and, 5, 10

educational applications, 123

iFlyTek and, 104–5

international competitions in, 87, 104–5

Lee and, 177–78

legal applications, 115

in the mainstream, 143

Microsoft Research and, 81

neural networks and, 8–9, 10

privacy and, 124

speech synthesis, 104–5, 177

Sphinx, 8

Sputnik, 3

Sputnik Moment for China (2016), 3, 11

Steal Vegetables, 43

steam engine, 149, 150, 152, 154, 228

Stoppelman, Jeremy, 72

strawberry picking, 129

strong features vs. weak features, 110–11, 113, 191

structured data, 111–12

Summers, Lawrence, 151

super-app model, 70–71. See also WeChat

superintelligence, 140–42, 143, 144

Superintelligence (Bostrom), 141, 142

swarm intelligence, 130–31

Switzerland, 229

symbolic systems, 7

 

Taiwan, 181–82, 183–84, 187, 190, 192, 197

Taobao, 35–36, 66

task-based approach to jobs at risk, 159–60, 162, 163

taxi drivers and ride-hailing apps, 76

Taxify, 137

techno-optimists, 147–48, 151, 171, 200, 202

techno-utilitarianism, 101, 102, 103, 132

Tencent. See also WeChat

Chinese startups and, 58

as dominant AI player, 83, 91, 93

global markets and, 137

Groupon partnership with, 47–48

internet AI and, 109

Microsoft Research Asia and, 89

mobile payments and, 73–74, 76

“Pearl Harbor attack” on Alibaba, 60–61

success of, 40

super-app model and, 70–71

Zhou and, 41–42

TensorFlow, 95, 228

Terminator (film series), 141

Tesla, 131–32

tests and grading, 123

3Q War, 41–42

Thrun, Sebastian, 88, 113–14

Tmall, 36

Toutiao (news platform), 40, 108–9, 163

traffic management, 84, 94, 103, 124, 134

transfer learning, 12

Traptic, 129

truck drivers, 101, 102

Trump, Donald, 98, 104

Tsinghua University, 89

Tujia, 73

tutoring, customized, 123–24

Twitter, 23, 24, 31, 33, 40

 

U

Uber

bicycle sharing compared to, 78, 79

Chinese entrepreneurs compared to, 24–25

Chinese market and, 39

Didi and, 40, 68–69, 70, 72, 79, 137

four waves of AI and, 106

global markets and, 137

O2O revolution and, 68–69

self-driving cars and, 19, 131

services using model of, 213–14

WeChat and, 70

UBI. See universal basic income (UBI)

unemployment, mass, 5, 19–21, 144, 145–48, 154–55, 173, 199–200

United Kingdom, 11, 20, 169

United States

birth of AI and, 11, 13–14

China’s competition with. See China and U.S., competition between

digital world dominance of, 2, 11–12, 18

economic stratification in, 150

education experiments in, 229

Fermi’s move to, 85

global economic inequality and, 168–70

government’s hands-off approach, 18, 229

great decoupling and, 150, 202

inequality within, 170–72, 199–200

inheritance of technological skillsets in, 33

jobs at risk of automation in, 157–60, 164

mobile payments in, compared to China, 75–77

privacy protection in, 125

self-driving cars in, 133

spending on research vs. Google, 92–93

traffic accidents in, 101

universal basic income and, 207

universal basic income (UBI), 201, 206–10, 218, 220, 222, 225

University of Modena, 191–92

University of Science and Technology of China, 81–82

“useless class,” 172, 230

utopians vs. dystopians, 140–44

 

V

value alignment problem, 142

venture capital (VC) industry

AI world order and, 20

American, 70

Chinese, 3–4, 11, 40, 47–48, 51–54, 58, 64–65, 88, 97–99

competition between companies and, 15

creation of, and AI revolution, 153–55

Lee and, ix, xi, 3, 52

new venture ecosystem, 216–17

VIPKid, 123–24

volunteerism, 218–20, 221, 229

 

W

Wadhwa, Vivek, 165

wage suppression, 165

Wall Street, 35

Walsh, Frank, 173

Wang Xing

as the Cloner, 22–24, 25–26

Facebook and Twitter copied by, 22, 23, 24, 31, 32–33, 42

Meituan, founding of, 45–49

Meituan Dianping, 49, 69, 70, 78

Ware, Bronnie, 186–87, 195

War of a Thousand Groupons, 45–49

Waymo, 92, 131, 135

weak features vs. strong features, 110–11, 113, 191

wealth and class inequality, 19–20, 144, 145–47, 150–51, 154, 170–72, 199–200. See also global economic inequality

WeChat

AI community and, 88

Chinese students and, 83

development of, 58–59

as digital Swiss Army knife, 17, 54

mobile payments and, 60–61, 74, 75, 112

super-app model and, 70–71

Tencent and, 58–59, 60–61, 93

WeChat Wallet, 60, 69, 70, 74, 76, 77, 121

Weibo (micro-blogging platform), 40, 181, 189

Weixin, 58. See also WeChat

WhatsApp, 59

white-collar workers, 146, 153, 166, 167, 168

Whitman, Meg, 36–37

work-sharing arrangements, 205–6

World Economic Forum (2018), 215

World Health Organization, 101

 

X

Xiaomi (hardware startup), 127

Xiaonei (Facebook clone), 22–23, 42, 46, 47

Xiong’an New Area, China, 133–34

 

Y

Yahoo!, 31, 41

Yang, Jerry, 31

Y Combinator, 208

Yelp, 71–72, 77

YouTube, 107

 

Z

Zhang, Charles, 30–31

Zhongguancun Bank, 68

Zhongguancun neighborhood/technology zone, 3, 51–52, 53, 61–62

Zhou Hongyi, 40–42

Zhu Yuanzhang, 48

Zuckerberg, Mark, 22, 28, 33, 208