References to illustrations are in italics.
A
Abraho, Jonatas 246
Agassiz, Louis 102, 103, 119, 119
ammocoete 10
amphibia and reptiles 54, 189, 190, 210, 212, 212, 224, 224, 237, 240, 240
anemones 137
Anglicus, Bartholomaeus 27, 27
animals 51, 56, 95, 100, 176, 187, 202, 202
Anning, Mary 109
anthropometry (definition) 201, 201
anthropomorphism, reverse (definition) 51
Artedi, Petri 56
Audubon, John James 102, 103, 116, 116
B
Bachtrog, Doris 237
Bainbridge, David 229
Balfour, Francis Maitland 174, 174
Bar-On, Yinon 244
Beatus of Liébana 25
Bertuch, Friedrich Justin 106, 107
bestiaries, medieval 18, 20, 20, 22
Bever, Gabriel 240
Bible, the 14, 24, 34, 57, 60, 114
biogeography 88, 104, 136, 200, 200
biomass, living matter 244, 244
biomechanics 216
birds 20, 40, 46, 97, 116, 175
anatomy 38, 38, 208, 210, 211, 219, 219
blackbirds 149
cockatoo 214
Columbia jay 116
creeper 75
development 144
eagles 103
flamingo 116
great blue heron 102
hoopoe 75
Icterus baltimore 148
Malayan 152
Bloch, Marcus Elieser 58
Blossom, Jeff 238
Bronn, Heinrich Georg 105, 130, 130
C
cardiovascular system 208
Carter, George Stuart 214, 214
Chambers, Robert 103
chimpanzees 74, 127, 127, 145, 243, 243
Christianity 6, 14, 14, 17, 18, 19, 114
chromosomes 220, 221, 231, 236, 236, 245, 249, 249
cladistics (definition) 187
classification (definition) 11
cognitive processes 159
continental drift theory 88, 194
coral 105
Cornevin, Charles 176
Craniata 208
creation 6, 15, 19, 20, 29, 32, 32, 55, 114, 162
Crystal Palace Exhibition (1851) 125
CT scans 240
cynocephali 17
D
Dalton, Harold 154
Darwin, Charles 9, 102, 104, 114, 132, 132, 146, 147, 228
Darwinismus 160
De la Beche, Henry Thomas 109
Deakin, Janine 245
Delage, Yves 178
Derham, William 61
dinosaurs 123, 125, 125, 208, 211
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) 184, 188, 189, 221, 229, 229, 230
Doolittle, W. Ford 230
Dorset 109
dragons 18
Du Toit, Alexander Logie 194
Duckworth, Wynfrid 193
E
Earth, the 54, 56, 101, 102, 103
eggs 144, 174, 174, 192, 193, 237
Egypt, ancient 6
Eichwald, Carl Eduard von 108, 108
Eisenberg, L. 235
embryology 104, 112, 112, 160, 213, 213, 222, 222
Enlightenment 54
Estrada, Alejandro 243
ethnology 126
eukaryotic organisms 232
Europe, medieval 18
evolution 54, 55, 59, 86, 126, 156, 160, 188
evolutionary biology 90, 143, 147, 200, 214
evolutionary biology (definition) 11
evolutionary relationships 9
extinction 95, 139, 215, 234, 241, 241, 242, 251
F
fish 19, 72, 105, 164, 172, 175
forms 187
species 42, 58, 59, 188, 204, 210, 212, 216
vascular system 209
Foley, Nicole 239
Buffon on 57
diversity 234
history 104
insects 76
mammals 175
Smith on 58
G
Gadow, Hans Friedrich 190, 190
Gegenbaur, Karl 134
Genesis, book of 14, 24, 114, 126
geometric diagrams 101
germ layers 170
germ plasm theory 156
glaciers 102
Gould, John 140
Graphodatsky, Alexander 236
Grassé, Pierre-Paul 10, 188, 218, 218
Greeks, ancient 15, 17, 37, 55
Gregory, William King 206, 207
H
Haeckel, Ernst 100, 105, 160, 160, 182, 185, 186, 196, 197
Hawkins, Benjamin Waterhouse 125
Heck, Johann Georg 124
hedgehogs 22
Hérouard, Edgard 178
Hildebrand, Milton 225
Hillis, David 232
Hitchcock, Edward 101, 114, 114
Holloway, Thomas 79
Hoppius, Christianus 74
horses
anatomy 50, 50, 176, 176, 198, 199
fossils 198
Hörstadius, Sven 213
humans
anatomy 50
bipedalism 207
embryo 222
isochrone map 238
Humboldt, Alexander von 88, 88
Hutton, James 58
I
Industrial Revolution 90
insects
bees 22
butterflies 62, 63, 98, 157, 237, 237
dragonflies and mayflies 76, 77, 98
flies 214
leaf 147
Philippine 149
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 250, 250
isochrone map 238
J
jellyfish 163
Jenkinson, John 195
Johnson, Alvin Jewett 136
Jonah and the Whale 35
Judaism 160
K
Kelvin, Lord 103
L
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste 59, 85, 85, 110, 111, 156
lancelet 168
lateral transfer process 230
Laurent d’Orléans, Frère 24, 25
Lawton, Graham 248
Leclerc, Georges-Louis 56, 70, 70
Lesbre, François-Xavier 176
Linnaeus, Carl 56, 65, 65, 67, 74, 187
lizards 96
Lyell, Charles 101
M
Maitland, Francis 174
mammals
anatomy 79, 187, 197, 202, 207, 221, 221
Australian 103
bulbus cordis 210
clades and 188
evolutionary relationships 239, 240
extinct 215
facial structure 207
food relations 205
gastrointestinal anatomy 48, 49
heads 160
latitude distribution 138
monotremes 195
mappae mundi (‘maps of the world’) 7, 17, 19, 26, 26
marine animals 19, 23, 106, 146, 181, 185, 197, 208, 234
marsupials 141, 195, 195, 203, 203, 245, 245
Martin, William 231
martins 57
Maxwell, Sean 242
Mechel, Christian von 80
Mendel, Gregor Johann 142, 142, 184
Merian, Matthäus 40
metaphase (cell division) 220, 221
Millot, Adolphe 192
Mivart, St. George Jackson 147
monotremes 195
Moquin-Tandon, Alfred 145
Morales, Cristian Hernandez 189
motifs, animal 24
mulberry tree 55
Müller, Otto Friedrich 76
Müller, Richard 234
N
natural selection 9, 54, 100, 104, 147, 148, 186
neural crest (definition) 213, 213
Newton, Isaac 46
Newton, James 77
Nilsson, Dan 228
O
Onoue, Tetsuji 241
Osborn, Henry Fairfield 185, 197, 197
P
palaeontology 57, 90, 100, 104, 125
palaeontology (definition) 187
paleontological chart 114, 115
pards (leopards) 16
Pelger, Suzanne 228
Pennisi, Elizabeth 232
Perrot, Aristide-Michel 122, 123
phenetics (definition) 11, 189
phylogenetics (definition) 11, 58
phylogeny (definition) 11
physiognomy 79
plant hybridization 142
polecats (fitchet) 57
polygenism (definition) 102, 126
Portmann, Adolf 212
primates 45, 83, 145, 145, 186, 243, 243
Q
Quinarian System 113
R
race 126, 127, 129, 165, 200, 200, 207
Radiolarians 166, 167, 182, 196
Ray, John 46, 46, 55, 56, 60, 60
Rens, William 249
Richter, Henry Constantine 103
rock paintings 6
Rohde, Robert 234
Romer, Alfred Sherwood 202, 224, 224, 226
Royal Society 46
S
Saint-Hilaire, Geoffroy 226
scala naturae (‘scales of nature’) 6, 15, 16, 19, 28, 69, 69, 82
Schedel, Hartmann 32
Schema der Perigenesis 171
Sclater, Philip 148
sea squirt 168
sea urchins 85
sexual selection 147
sharks 174
Singer, Charles 15
single-celled organisms 166
skeletons 103, 118, 134, 193, 206
skulls
animal 135
horses 198
Smith, William 58, 90, 90, 101
Solar System 103
South America 62
‘species’ concept 46
species, threatened 242, 242, 250, 250
Stark, Dietrich 222
strata 58, 90, 92, 102, 104, 119, 139, 185
Sulston, John 227
Surinam, South America 62
systematics (definition) 11
T
taxonomy (definition) 11
Testard, Robinet 36
animals 87
Ballenger 188
Bronn and 130
Haeckel and 162, 162, 167, 167
mid-twentieth-century 186
trilobites 114
Tupanvirus 246
U
unicorns 43
V
vascular system 209
‘amniote’ 240
embryology 112
foetal membranes 195
fossil 120
phylogenetic tree 215
relatives of 179
W
Wallace, Alfred Russel 9, 88, 104, 104, 114, 136, 148, 148
walruses 78
Wegener, Alfred 194
Wilder, Harris Hawthorne 201
Y
Z
zebras 57
zoophyta 101