1. The Pharaonic Egyptian Civilization lasted for more than 3,500 years. Distilling so many events and societal details into a comprehensive overview for readers unfamiliar with Ancient Egypt is naturally difficult. Readers who desire additional information about the development of Egyptian civilization may wish to consult the following seminal tomes: B.J. Kemp, Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilisation (Routledge: London, 1989); K.A. Bard, An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt (Blackwell Publishing: Malden, Oxford and Carlton, 2008); and I. Shaw (ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2003).
2. Mariette’s long career and impact on Egyptology has been discussed by many authors, but for an accessible overview, see among others B.M Fagan, The Rape of the Nile: Tomb Robbers, Tourists and Archaeologists in Egypt (3rd ed.) (Westview Press: Boulder, 2004), pp.181–90, and J. Thompson, Wonderful Things: A History of Egyptology – 1: From Antiquity to 1881 (American University in Cairo Press: Cairo, 2015), pp.267–82.
3. For an overview of ancient Egyptian agrarian practices and rural economy, see for instance C. Eyre, ‘The Village Economy in Pharaonic Egypt’, in A. Bowman and E. Rogan (eds), Agriculture in Egypt: From Pharaonic to Modern Times (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1999), pp.33–60.
4. For an excellent introductory overview of settlement types and layout in ancient Egypt, see S. Snape, The Complete Towns and Cities of Ancient Egypt (Thames & Hudson: London, 2014).
5. M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature: The New Kingdom (University of California Press: Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1976), p.173.
6. R.B. Gozzoli, The Writing of History in Ancient Egypt during the First Millenium BC (ca. 1070–180 BC ): Trends and Perspectives (Golden House: London, 2006), pp.191–226.
7. T.A.H. Wilkinson, Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt (Columbia University Press: New York, 2000).
8. Such as seal impressions of King Den which records five kings and one queen who ruled during the 1st Dynasty: Narmer, Hor-Aha, Djer, Djet, Den and Den’s mother and regent Merenith discovered at the site of Abydos in the 1980s.
9. M. el-Alfi, ‘La Liste de Rois de Karnak’, in Discussions in Egyptology , 19, 1991, pp.29–36.
10. M. el-Alfi, ‘La Liste de Rois de Saqqarah’, in Discussions in Egyptology , 26, 1993, pp.7–12.
11. K. Ryholt, ‘The Turin King-List’, in Ägypten und Levante , 14, 2004, pp.135–55.
12. F. Wendorf (ed.), Holocene Settlement of the Egyptian Sahara (Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers: London & New York, 2001–2002).
13. Although the usually so astute archaeologist used his discoveries at the site as a foundation for his discredited ‘Dynastic Race Theory’, which held in essence that ancient Egyptian civilization was brought from Mesopotamia during this period through the conquest of the country by a non-African elite. For Petrie’s excavation results from his work at Naqada, see W.M.F. Petrie, Naqada and Ballas 1895 (Bernard Quaritch: London, 1896).
14. T.A.H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt (Routledge: London, 1999).
15. P. Der Manuelian and T. Schneider (eds), Towards a New History for the Egyptian Old Kingdom: Perspectives on the Pyramids Age (Brill: Leiden, 2015). N. Strudwick and H. Strudwick (eds), Old Kingdom, New Perspectives: Egyptian Art and Archaeology (Oxbow: London, 2011).
16. Author’s translation based on epigraphic reproduction of the text by J. Vandier, Mo’alla: La tombe d’Ankhtifi et la tombe de Sebekhotep (IFAO: Cairo, 1950), pp.161–242.
17. M. Bietak, Avaris, the Capital of the Hyksos: Recent Excavations at Tell el-Dab’a (British Museum Press: London, 1996).
18. Manetho, quoted by Josephus Flavius, Against Apion , Book 1.73.
19. Author’s translation based on epigraphic reproduction of the text by A. H. Gardiner. 1916. ‘The Defeat of the Hyksos by Kamose: The Carnarvon Tablet, no. I’ in Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 3, 95–110.
20. For a translation see: G. Boas, The Hieroglyphics of Horapollo (Pantheon Books: New York, 1950).
21. J. D. Ray, The Rosetta Stone and the Rebirth of Ancient Egypt (Profile: London, 2007).
22. J. Champollion, Lettre à M. Dacier … : relative a l’alphabet des hiéroglyphes phonétiques (Paris, 1822).
23. For the most comprehensive biography of Flinders Petrie and analysis of the impact of his legacy on the field of Egyptology, see M.S. Drower, Flinders Petrie: A Life in Archaeology (University of Wisconsin Press: Wisconsin, 1995).
1. For a detailed description of the circumstances in which the Amarna Letters were found, see A.H. Sayce, ‘The Discovery of the Tel El-Amarna Tablets’, in The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures , 33/2, 1917, pp.89–90.
2. W.M.F. Petrie, Syria and Egypt from the Tell el Amarna Letters ( London: Methuen & Co., 1898).
3. For an in-depth discussion of the contents of the Amarna Letter, as well as a modern translation with commentary, see W.L. Moran, The Amarna Letters John Hopkins University Press: Baltimore and London, 1992).
4. Amarna Letter EA 4, see Moran, The Amarna Letters , pp.8–9.
5. Amarna Letter EA 5, see Moran, The Amarna Letters , pp.10–11.
6. H. Smith, The Fortress of Buhen: The Inscriptions (Egypt Exploration Society: London, 1976), pl. LXXX.
7. Translation by H. Goedicke, ‘The Thutmosis I Inscription Near Tomâs’, in Journal of Near Eastern Studies , 55/3, 1996, pp.161–76.
8. D.B. Redford, The Wars in Syris and Palestine of Thutmose III (Brill: Leiden, 2003).
9. P. der Manuelian, Studies in the Reign of Amenophis II (Hildesheimer Ägyptologische Beiträge Verlag: Hildesheim, 1987), pp.45–89.
10. A. Kozloff and B. Bryan, Egypt’s Dazzling Sun: Amenhotep III and his World . (Cleveland Museum of Art: Cleveland, 1992), no. 2.
11. A. Dodson and D. Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt (Thames & Hudson: London, 2004), p.154.
12. The Epigraphic Survey , OIP 102:The Tomb of Kheruef: Theban Tomb 192 (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago: Chicago, 1980).
13. B.M. Bryan,. ‘The statue program for the mortuary temple of Amenhotep III’, in S. Quirke (ed.), The Temple in Ancient Egypt: New Discoveries and Recent Research (British Museum Press: London, 1997), pp.57–81.
14. See descriptions of the Boundary Stela of Akhenaten in W.J. Murnane and C.C. van Siclen III, The Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten (Kegan Paul International: London and New York, 1993), and also B. Kemp, The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and its People (Thames & Hudson: London, 2012), pp.32–35.
15. Kemp, The City of Akhenaten , pp.30–31.
16. See for instance a discussion of possible illnesses in C. Aldred, Akhenaten, King of Egypt (Thames & Hudson: London, 1988), and a rebuttal in D. Montserrat, Akhenaten: History, Fantasy and ancient Egypt (Routledge: New York, 2000).
17. J. van Dijk, ‘The Amarna Period and the Later New Kingdom ( c . 1352–1069 BC )’, in I. Shaw (ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2000), pp.265–307 (esp. 276).
18. A. Stevens, Private Religion at Amarna: The Material Evidence (Archaeopress: Oxford, 2006).
19. Amarna Letter EA 27, see Moran, The Amarna Letters , pp.86–90.
20. V. Cordani, ‘Aziru’s Journey to Egypt and its Chronological Value’, in J. Mynarova (ed.), Egypt and the Near East: The Crossroads (Czech Institute of Egyptology: Prague, 2011), pp.103–16.
21. W.J. Murnane, ‘Overseer of the Northern foreign countries: reflections on the Upper administration of Egypt’s empire in western Asia’, in J. van Dijk (ed.), Essays on ancient Egypt in honour of Herman te Velde (Groningen, 1997), pp.252–53.
22. Amarna Letter EA234, see Moran, The Amarna Letters , pp.292–93.
23. Amarna Letter EA288, see Moran, The Amarna Letters , pp.330–32.
24. See for instance discussions in W.M.F. Petrie, A History of Egypt , v. 3 (London, 1905), 1; W.F. Albright, ‘Cuneiform Material for Egyptian Prosopography’, in Journal of Near Eastern Studies , 5, 1946, pp.7–25; and E. Cruz-Uribe, ‘The Father of Ramesses I: OI 11456’, in Journal of Near Eastern Studies , 37/3, 1978, pp.237–244 (esp. 243–44).
25. Cruz-Uribe, ‘The Father of Ramesses I’.
26. Urk. IV 2176:10.
27. A.V. de Perre, ‘The Year 16 graffito of Akhenaten in Dayr Abu Ḥinnis: A contribution to the study of the later years of Nefertiti’, in Journal of Egyptian History , 7, 2014, pp.67–108.
28. A. Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (The American University in Cairo Press: Cairo and New York, 2009).
29. J. Bennett, ‘The Restoration Inscription of Tut’ankhamun’, in Journal of Egyptian Archaeology , 25, 1939, pp.8–15.
30. Bennett, ‘The Restoration Inscription’, p.9.
31. Dodson, Amarna Sunset , pp.70–71.
32. Cruz-Uribe, ‘The Father of Ramesses I’.
33. B.J. Kemp, Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilisation (Routledge: London and New York, 1991), pp.312–13.
34. A. Gardiner, ‘The Coronation of King Haremhab’, in Journal of Egyptian Archaeology , 39, 1953, pp.13–31.
35. M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature: The New Kingdom (University of California Press: Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, 1976), pp.12–15.
36. Urk. IV, pp.32–39.
37. See for instance Pap. Lansing 9.7–9.9, LEM , 108-3-9, Pap. Anastasi III, 5.6–9 and Pap. Anastasi IV, 9.5, LEM 44.10.
38. J. Kruchten, Le décret d’Horemheb traduction, commentaire epigraphique, philologique et institutionnel (Editions de l’Universite de Bruxelles: Brussels, 1981).
39. For a full publication of the tomb and the work of the Anglo-Dutch mission, see G.T. Martin, The Memphite Tomb of Horemheb, Commander-in-Chief of Tut’ankhamûn (EES: London, 1989); H.D. Schneider, The Memphite Tomb of Horemheb, Commander-in-Chief of Tut’ankhamûn II: a Catalogue of the Finds (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden Leiden and EES: Leiden and London, 1996); J.D. Bourriau, D.A. Aston, M.J. Raven and R. van Walsem, The Memphite Tomb of Horemheb, Commander-in-Chief of Tut’ankhamûn III: the Pottery (EES: London 2005); E. Strouhal, The Memphite Tomb of Horemheb, Commander-in-Chief of Tut’ankhamûn IV: Human Skeletal Remains (EES: London, 2008); and M.J. Raven, V. Verschoor, M. Vugts and R. van Walsem, The Memphite Tomb of Horemheb, Commander-in-Chief of Tutankhamun V: The Forecourt and the Area South of the Tomb, with Some Notes on the Tomb of Tia (Brepols: Turnhout, 2011). See also an online resource on the excavations of the Tomb of Horemheb and other work at Saqqara by the same mission: http://www.saqqara.nl/excavations/tombs/horemheb.
40. For the original publication of this tomb after its discovery in 1908 by Edward Ayrton, see T.M. Davies, The Tombs of Harmhabi and Touatânkhamanou (London, 1912).
41. For a summary of the recent work at the site of the Tell el-Amarna Workmen’s Village, see for instance B.J. Kemp, ‘The Amarna Workmen’s Village in Retrospect’, in JEA , 73, 1987, pp.21–50.
42. For an extensive discussion of Egyptian queens, see for instance J. Tyldesley, Chronicle of the Queens of Egypt: From Early Dynastic Times to the Death of Cleopatra (Thames and Hudson: London, 2006).
43. British Museum BM EA 36.
44. G.T. Martin, ‘Queen Mutnodjmet at Memphis and El-Amarna’, in L’Egyptologie en 1979 , II, 1982, pp.275–78.
45. Strouhal, Human Skeletal Remains , p.4.
46. P.J. Brand, The Monuments of Seti I: Epigraphic, Historical and Art Historical Analysis (Brill: Leiden, Boston, Cologne, 2000), pp.336–41.
47. K RI II, 287–288. See also an extensive discussion in W.J. Murnane, ‘The Kingship of the Nineteenth Dynasty: A Study in the Resilience of an Institution’, in D. O’Connor and D.P. Silverman (eds), Ancient Egyptian Kingship (Brill: Leiden, 1995), pp.185–220.
48. Brand, The Monuments of Seti I , p.339.
49. J. van Dijk, ‘New evidence on the Length of the Reign of Horemheb’, in Journal of the American Research Centre in Egypt , 44, 2008, pp.193–200.
50. Brussels Museum E. 2171, K RI I, 1:6–1:10.
51. K RI I, 1:6–1:10.
52. Cairo Museum JdE 38264, K RI I, 1:15–3:4.
53. K RI I, 4:6–4:8.
54. Abydos Dedicatory Stela of Seti I, K RI I, 110:15–114:18.
55. Author’s translation based on transcription in K RI I, 111:3–111:4.
56. The status and lives of women in ancient Egypt has only comparatively recently received much direct scholarly attention. Several studies on the subject have now been published. See in particular: G. Robins, Women in Ancient Egypt (British Museum Press: London 1993); J. Tyldesley, Daughters of Isis: Women of Ancient Egypt (Viking: Harmondsworth, 1994) and B.A. Watterson, Women in Ancient Egypt (Thrupp: Wrens Park, 1998).
57. This particular example of a New Kingdom Love Poem is from Pap. Chester Beatty I; for a full translation see Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature II , pp.182–84.
58. Tia and Tia were buried together in a tomb at Saqqara; for a full publication of this tomb see G.T. Martin, The Tomb of Tia and Tia: A Royal Monument of the Ramesside Period in the Memphite Necropolis (EES: London, 1997).
59. J. von Beckerath, Chronologie des Äegyptischen Pharaonischen (Philip von Zabern: Mainz, 1997), p.190.
60. No description of the burial of Ramesses I has survived. This passage is based on information concerning royal mortuary rites shown in painted scenes in the Tomb of Tutankhamun (KV62). For a full publication of this tomb, see N. Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun: The King, the Tomb, the Royal Treasure (Thames and Hudson: London, 1995). See also a detailed description of the tomb and its decorative scheme by the Theban Mapping Project: http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/sites/browse_tomb_876.html .
61. Ancient Egyptian mummification continues to fascinate modern observers, and as a result a vast body of literature exists concerning the precise techniques and processes involved. For an overview of the scholarly research into mummification practices, see R. David, ‘Mummification’, in I. Shaw and P. Nicholson (eds), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000), pp.372–89.
62. KV16. For a description of this tomb see E. Hornung, ‘The Tomb of Rameses I’, in K.R. Weeks (ed.), The Treasures of the Valley of the Kings: Tombs and Temples of the Theban West Bank at Luxor (American University Press: Cairo, 2001), pp.19093; G.B. Johnson, ‘KV 16: The Tomb of Rameses I in the Valley of the Kings’, in KMT: A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt , 11/4, 2001, pp.62– 75; or consult the online Theban Mapping Project resource: http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/sites/browse_tomb_830.html .
63. The story of the rediscovery and repatriation of the mummy of Ramesses I is summed up by S. Ikram, ‘Collecting and Repatriating Egypt’s Past: Toward a New Nationalism’, in H. Sil–verman (ed.), Contested Cultural Heritage: Religion, Nationalism, Erasure, and Exclusion in a Global World (Springer: New York, 2011), pp.141–54 (esp. 154).
64. K RI I, 111:5–111:6.
1. For the full epigraphic record of these reliefs, see The Epigraphic Survey, The Battle Reliefs of King Sety I (The Oriental Institute: Chicago, 1986).
2. See for instance A.J. Spalinger, ‘The Northern Wars of Seti I: An Integrative Study’, in JARCE 16, 1979, pp.33–37; W.J. Murnane, The Road to Kadesh: A Historical Interpretation of the Battle Reliefs of King Sety I at Karnak (The University of Chicago: Chicago); and H. El-Saady, ‘The Wars of Sety I at Karnak: A New Chronological Structure’, in SAK 19, 1992, pp.28994. The chronological reconstruction of Year 1 of Seti’s reign and the order of his campaigns given in this publication is based in part on the hypothetical reconstructions provided by Murnane, The Road to Kadesh , pp.40–43, 93–94, as well as Spalinger, ‘The Northern Wars’, p.43.
3. See translations of the relief texts along with other sources of Seti’s campaigns in K RI I, 6–30.
4. For an overview of these excavations, see E.D. Oren ‘The “Ways of Horus” in North Sinai’, in A.F. Rainey (ed.), Egypt, Israel, Sinai: Archaeological and Historical Relationships in the Biblical Period (Tel Aviv University: Tel Aviv, 1987), pp.69–119; and E.D. Oren, ‘The Establishment of Egyptian Imperial Administration of the “Ways of Horus”: An Archaeological Perspective from North Sinai’, in E. Czerny, I. Hein, H. Hunger, D. Melman and A. Schwab (eds), Timelines: Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak, II (Peeters: Leuven, 2006), pp.279–92.
5. M.A. el-Maksoud, Tell Heboua (1981–1991): Enquête Archéologique sur la Deuxième Période Intermédiaire et le Nouvel Empire à l’extrémité Orientale du Delta (Ministère des Affaires Etrangères, Editions Recherche sur les Civilisations: Paris, 1998); and M.A. el-Maksoud and D. Valbelle, ‘Tell Heboua-Tjarou: L’apport de L’Epigraphie’, in RdE 56, 2005, pp.1–43.
6. Author’s translation based on transcription in K RI I, 9:3–9:4.
7. Author’s translation based on transcription in W. Helck, Die Prophezeiung des Nfr.tj (Wiesbaden, 1970).
8. Author’s translation based on transcription in Helck, Die Prophezeiung .
9. For a comprehensive overview of the Shasu and their relationship with Egypt, see D.B. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times (Princeton University Press: Princeton, 1992), pp.269–80.
10. Author’s translation based on transcription in K RI I, 8:9–8:10.
11. Pap. Anastasi I, 23.7, Satirical Letter of Hori. Author’s translation based on transcription in A.H. Gardiner, Egyptian Hieratic Texts: Transcribed, Translated and Annutated (J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung: Leipzig, 1911), 23:5.
12. The hypothesis that Seti conducted his campaigns in the Levant directly after his defeat of the Shasu follows the hypothesis proposed by Spalinger, ‘The Northern Wars’, p.43, and contradicts the hypothetical reconstruction proposed by Murnane, The Road to Kadesh , pp.93–94. However, like Spalinger, I find it difficult to imagine that Seti and his entire army would return to Egypt following the defeat of a relatively weak enemy (the Shasu) on the borders of Egypt’s sphere of influence. Instead, the Shasu campaign was more likely to have provided an easy start to Seti’s campaign, rather than an overall strategic aim in itself.
13. Author’s translation based on transcription in Urk. IV, 1310–1317.
14. Author’s translation based on transcription in K RI I, 14:1–14:2.
15. Author’s translation based on transcription in K RI I, 12:8–12:9.
16. Author’s translation based on transcription in K RI I, 12:15.
17. A comprehensive discussion of the stratigraphy of Beth Shan, and in particular Level VIII (contemporary with Seti I), can be found in E.F. Morris, The Architecture of Imperialism: Military Bases and the Evolution of Foreign Policy in Egypt’s New Kingdom (Brill: Leiden, 2004), pp.586–93.
18. For translations of the First and Second Beth Shan Stelas, see K RI I, 11:10– 12:15 and 15:15–16:15.
19. Author’s translation based on transcription in K RI I, 16:8–16:9.
20. See translation of the relevant section of The Taking of Joppa and discussion of the use of the Apiru in the story in C. Manassa, Imagining the Past: Historical Fiction in New Kingdom Egypt (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2013), p.107.
21. Author’s translation based on transcription in K RI I, 16:9–16:10.
22. The Epic of Gilgamesh, Tablet V, trans. by A. George, The Epic of Gilgamesh: The Babylonian Epic Poem and Other Texts in Akkadian and Sumerian (Penguin Books: London, 1999), pp.39–47.
23. E. Linder, ‘The Khorsabad Wall Relief: A Mediterranean Seascape or River Transport of Timbers’, in JAOS , 1986, pp.106–02, 273–81 (esp. 273–75).
24. Author’s translation based on the transcription in P.E. Newberry, Beni Hasan, Part I (London, 1893).
25. Author’s translation based on the transcription in A. De Buck, Egyptian Readingbook (Ares Publishers: Chicago, 1948), pp.56–63.
26. N. Strudwick, ‘Report on the work of the University of Cambridge Theban Mission 1998’, in ASAE 75, 2000, pp.133–51; and N. Strudwick, ‘The Tomb of Senneferi at Thebes’, in EA 18, 2001, pp.6–9.
27. For a full translation, see R.K. Ritner, The Libyan Anarchy – Inscriptions from Egypt’s Third Intermediate Period. (Society of Biblical Literature: Atlanta, 2005), pp.87–99.
28. The importance of local labour in the felling and transportation of Lebanese cedar is also alluded to in Kings 5:5, when King Solomon requests that King Hiram’s own men oversee the tree felling as ‘there is not among us any that can skill to hew timber like unto the Sidonians’.
29. Stela BM 1189, K RI I, 38:1–38:14.
30. Author’s translation based on transcription in K RI I, 41:1–41:2.
31. Spalinger, ‘The Northern Wars’, p.33.
32. Murnane, The Road to Kadesh , p.50.
33. See translation of the Biography of Weni in Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature 1, pp.18–22.
34. J.C. Darnell, ‘The Rock Inscriptions of Tjehemau at Abisko’ in ZÄS 130, 2003, pp.31–48.
35. LEM , 5.5–6. See also an extensive discussion of conscription by both A. Kadry, Officers and Officials in the New Kingdom (Studia Aegyptiaca: Budapest, 1982), p.148, and Spalinger, War in Ancient Egypt , p.266.
36. K RI IV, 78:14–81:14.
37. Cairo Museum CG 583 and 586. Author’s translation based on transcription in Urk. IV, 1813–1826.
38. For an overview of the excavations of QIV at Qantir-Piramesses, see E.B. Pusch, ‘Vorbereicht über die Abschluskampagne am Grabungsplatz Q IV 1997’, in Ä&L 9, 1999, pp.17–37.
39. LEM , 27:7–14.
40. LEM , 126:8–127:14.
41. LEM , 69:14–70:10.
42. LEM, 133:10–136:3.
43. For a basic introduction to the Hittite civilization, see T.R. Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1998).
44. Translation of a fragment of the Deeds of Shuppiliumash , adapted from Dodson, Amarna Sunset , p.60.
45. Translation adapted from Murnane, The Road to Kadesh , pp.24–25.
46. Translation taken from Murnane, The Road to Kadesh , p.54, who adapted his English translation from C. Kühne and H. Otten, Der Sausgamuwa-Vertrag (Wiesbaden, 1971).
47. K RI I, 24:10–25:1.
48. K RI I, 25:5–25:9.
49. Murnane, The Road to Kadesh , p.53.
50. Translation by F. Dunand and C. Zivie-Coche, Gods and Men in Egypt: 3000 BCE to 395 CE (Cornell University Press: Ithaca, 2005), p.126.
51. Translation by R.K. Ritner, ‘Execration Texts (1.32)’, in Contexts of Scripture Online , W. Hallo (ed.). Consulted online on 4/10/2016, p.51.
52. Ritner, Execration Texts , p.52.
53. For descriptions of the development of Egypto-Libyan relations during the Pharaonic period, see in particular J. Osing, ‘Libyen, Libyer’, in W. Helck and W. Westendorf (eds), Lexicon der Ägyptologie , III (Harrassowitz: Wiesbaden, 1980), cols 10151033; D.T. O’Connor ‘The Nature of Tjemhu (Libyan) Society in the later New Kingdom’, in A. Leahy (ed.), Libya and Egypt: 1300–750 BC (University of London: London, 1990), pp29–114; and S. Snape, ‘The Emergence of Libya on the Horizon of Egypt’, in D.T. O’Connor and S. Quirke (eds), Mysterious Lands (UCL Press: London, 2003), pp.93–106.
54. L. Habachi, ‘King Benhepetre Mentuhotep: His Monuments, Place in History, Deification and Unusual Representations in the Form of Gods’, in MDAIK 19, 1963, pp.21–23.
55. K. Sethe, Ägyptische Texte zum Gebrauch im akademischen Unterricht: Texte der mittleren Reiches (Georg Olms: Hildesheim, 1929), pp.3–17.
56. R. Enmarch, A World Upturned: Commentary on and Analysis of The Dialogue of Ipuwer and the Lord of All (Oxford University Press: London, 2008), 14.13.
57. W.C. Hayes, ‘Inscriptions from the Palace of Amenhotep III’, in JNES 10, 1951, pp.35–242 (esp. 99).
58. Urk . IV, 1656.
59. K RI I, 22:5–22:6.
60. Murnane, The Road to Kadesh , pp.99–100.
61. E.F. Morris, The Architecture of Imperialism: Military Bases and the Evolution of Foreign Policy in Egypt’s New Kingdom (Brill: Leiden, 2005), p.831.
62. For further information about the British Museum excavations of Kom Firin, see N. Spencer, Kom Firin I: the Ramesside Temple and the Site Survey (British Museum: London, 2008); and N. Spencer, Kom Firin II: The Urban Fabric and Landscape (British Museum Press: London, 2014).
63. For information about the recent excavations at Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham, see for instance S. Snape, ‘The excavations of the Liverpool University mission to Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham 1994–2001’, in ASAE 78, 2004, pp.149–60; S. Snape, ‘Vor der Kaserne: External Supply and Self-Sufficiency at Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham’, in M. Bietak, E. Czerny and I. Forstner-Müller (eds), Cities and Urbanism in Ancient Egypt: Papers from a Workshop in November 2006 at the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: Wien, 2010), pp.271–88; and S. Snape, ‘A Stroll Along the Corniche: Coastal Routes between the Nile Delta and Cyrenaica in the Late Bronze Age’, in F. Förster and H. Riemer (eds), Desert Road Archaeology in Ancient Egypt and Beyond (Heinrich-Barth-Institut: Cologne, 2013), pp.439–54.
64. For a discussion of the levels of self-sufficiency at Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham, see N. Nielsen, Subsistence Strategies and Craft Production at the Ramesside Site of Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham (Unpublished Doctoral Thesis: University of Liverpool, 2016).
65. K RI I, 19:14.
66. Murnane, The Road to Kadesh , pp.58–65.
67. Spalinger, ‘The Northern Wars of Seti I’, p.35.
68. Spalinger, ‘The Northern Wars of Seti I’, p.35, contra Murnane, The Road to Kadesh , p.105, who suggested the Chief of Aleppo as an alternative candidate.
69. For an overview of the relations between Assyria and Hanigalbat during the Late Bronze Age, see A. Harrak, Assyria and Hanigalbat: a historical reconstruction of bilateral relations from the middle of the fourteenth to the end of the twelfth centuries B.C . (Olms: Hildesheim, 1987).
70. For an in-depth discussion of the Battle of Qadesh and its aftermath, see Spalinger, War in Ancient Egypt , pp.209–34.
71. A complete translation of the Biography of Harkuf can be found in Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature I, pp.23–27.
72. For an excellent introduction overview of Nubian culture and relations between Egypt and Nubia, see W.V. Davies (ed), Egypt and Africa: Nubia from Prehistory to Islam (British Museum Press: London, 1991).
73. Author’s translation of Stela Berlin 14753 based on transcription in G. Meurer, Nubier in Ägypten bis zum Beginn des Neuen Reiches. Zur Bedeutung der Stela Berlin 14753 (Achet Verlag: Berlin, 1996).
74. For Amenhotep III’s policy in Nubia, see in particular D. O’Connor, ‘Amenhotep III and Nubia’, in D. O’Connor and E. Cline (eds), Amenhotep III: Perspectives on His Reign (University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, 2002), pp.261–70.
75. K. Spence and P. Rose, ‘New Fieldwork at Sesebi’, in EA 35, 2009, pp.21–24. See also the original field-reports by the Egypt Exploration Society mission to the site in the 1930s: A.M. Blackman, ‘Preliminary Report on the Excavations at Sesebi, Northern Province, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1936–37’, in JEA 23, 1937, pp.145–51; and H.W. Fairman, ‘Preliminary Report on the Excavations at Sesebi (Sudla) and Amarah West, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1937–38’, in JEA 24, 1938, pp.151–56.
76. For the Egypt Exploration Society excavations of Amara West, see in particular P. Spencer, Amara West I (Egypt Exploration Society: London, 1997). For the more recent British Museum excavations, see available bibliography including downloadable content on The British Museum Website and also a descriptive guidebook of the excavations, N. Spencer, A. Steven and M. Binder, Amara West: Living in Egyptian Nubia (British Museum Press: London, 2016).
77. For an overview of the Argentinian excavations of Aksha, see P. Fuscaldo, ‘Aksha (Serra West): la Datación del Sitio’, in REE 3, 1992, pp.53–4; and P. Fuscaldo, ‘Some more on Aksha’, in REE 5, 1994, pp.9–24.
78. Author’s translation based on transcription in K RI 102:15–103:4.
79. Ibid.
80. K.A. Kitchen, ‘Historical Observations on Ramesside Nubia’, in E. Endesfelder, K. Priese, W. Reineke and S. Wenig (eds), Ägypten und Kusch (Akademie Verlag: Berlin, 1977), pp.213–26 (esp. 218).
81. J.C. Darnell, ‘A Stela of Seti I from the Region Of Kurkur Oasis’, in S. Snape and M. Collier (eds), Ramesside Studies in Honour of K.A. Kitchen (Rutherford Press: Bolton, 2011), pp.127–44 (esp. 135–36).
82. Author’s translation based on transcription in K RI 102:15–103:4.
83. K RI I, 302:4–303:11.
84. Darnell, ‘A Stela of Seti I’, pp.139–44.
85. Some limited evidence, namely a relief fragment from the fortress of Akhsha in Nubia, may indicate that Ramesses II participated in the raid on Irem in Year 8 of Seti’s reign; see A.J. Spalinger, ‘Historical Observations on the Military Reliefs of Abu Simbel and other Ramesside Temples in Nubia’, in JEA 66, 1980, pp.83–99 (esp. 98–99).
1. R.J. Leprohon, The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary (Society of Biblical Literature: Atlanta, 2013), p.19.
2. Urk . IV, 261.2–4. See also discussion by Lepohon, The Great Name , pp.9–11.
3. Author’s translation based on the transcription in Urk. IV, 80:8–80:17.
4. BM EA854.
5. H. Sourouzian. ‘Statues et représentations de statues royales sous Séthi I’, in MDAIK 49, 1993, pp.239–58 (esp. 248).
6. See Brand, The Monuments of Seti , pp.374–76, for an overview of scholarly treatment of Seti’s artistic record.
7. PM V, 47, and V. Solia, ‘A Group of Royal Sculptures from Abydos’, in JARCE 29, 1992, pp.107–22 (esp. 121), fig. 26.
8. See for instance Metropolitan Museum of Art 42.2.1 of Ramesses II, and Cairo Museum CG 42150 of Ramesses III and the statue of Nebre, the commander of the fortress at Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham during the reign of Ramesses II; see S. Snape, ‘The Excavations of the Liverpool University Mission to Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham, 19942001’, in ASAE 78, 2004, pp.149–160, fig. 14.
9. See discussion of the lappet wig in Brand, The Monuments of Seti , pp.19–22. See also examples of early Ramesside figures (most likely Seti himself) depicted in profile wearing this type of headwear on ostraca from Thebes, such as no. 7618 from Museo Archaeologico Nazionale in Florence.
10. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 22.2.21, Solia, ‘A Group’, fig. 7–10.
11. Cf Cairo CG 42073, a grey granite statue of Amenhotep II kneeling with an offering table, and Cairo JE 86059, an alabaster statuette of Thutmosis III kneeling holding two nw jars.
12. K RI I, 293:11–293:13
13. Author’s translation, see Sethe, Lesestucke , pp.70–71.
14. For an overview of the current archaeological exploration of the Gebel Silsila quarries, see M. Nilsson, ‘Surveying the Sandstone Quarries of Gebel el Silsila’, in KMT 25/3, 2014, pp.34–43, and M. Nilsson and J. Ward, ‘Update from the Field: Gebel el Silsila Project’, in Newsletter of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities 2016/2, pp.2–4. See also www.gebelelsilsilaepigraphicsurveyproject.blogspot.co.uk/ .
15. A. Thiem, Speos von Gebel el-Silsileh: Analyse der Architektonischen und Ikonographischen Konzeption im Rahmen des Politischen und Legitimatorischen Programmes der Nacharmanazeit (Harrassowitz: Wiesbaden, 2000).
16. K RI I, 86–80.
17. Klemm and Klemm, Stones and Quarries , pp.180–84, 186–87.
18. Author’s translation based on the transcription in K RI I, 60:9–60:14.
19. For a discussion of the provisioning of the workmen at Gebel el-Silsila, see S.K. Doherty, ‘Provisioning an Egyptian Quarry Force’, in C. Alvarez, A. Belekdanian, A. Gill and S. Klein (eds), Current Research in Egyptology 2015 (Casemate Publishers: Oxford, 2016), pp.34–49; and Klemm and Klemm, Stones and Quarries , p.185.
20. B. Menu, Reserches sur l’historie juridique, economique et sociale de l’ancienne Egypte (Versaille, 1982), pp.184–96.
21. K RI I, 61:10–61:15. See also R. Stadelmann, ‘Konliche Votivstelen aus dem Toraum des Totentempels Sethos I in Gurna’, in MDAIK 44, 1988, pp.255–74, who discusses the use of the stone quarried from Gebel el-Silsila.
22. Author’s translation based on the transcription in K RI I, 73:10–73:15. L. Habachi, ‘The Two Rock-Stelae of Sethos I in the Cataracts Area Speaking of Huge Statues and Obelisks’, in BIFAO 73, 1973, pp.113–25.
23. T. Heldal, ‘Constructing a Quarry Landscape from Empirical Data: General Perspectives and a Case Study at the Aswan West Bank, Egypt’, in N. Abu-Jaber, E.G. Bloxam, P. Degryse and T. Heldal (eds), QuarryScapes: Conservation of Ancient Stone Quarry Landscapes in the Eastern Mediterranean (Geological Survey of Norway: Trondheim, 2009), pp.125–54 (esp. 132).
24. Author’s translation based on the transcription in K RI I, 74:12–74:15.
25. S. Bergdoll, The Temple of Deir el-Bahari (Neopubli, 2013), pp.193–95 (reprint of E. Naville, The Temple of Deir el Bahari , III [London, 1898], Pl. CLIII and CLIV).
26. P. Brand, ‘The “Lost” Obelisks and Colossi of Seti I’, in Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 34, 1997, pp.101–14 (esp. 110), who argues that the three ‘available’ sides were inscribed first while the monument was still horizontal, before it was raised and scaffolding put in place to decorate the final side. The location where this final decoration took place is still a subject of debate with Brand, ‘The “Lost” Obelisks and Colossi’, p. 236, arguing that it was conducted close to the destination of the obelisk by a temple workshop, contra L. Habachi, The Obelisks of Egypt: Skyscrapers of the Past (Charles Scribner’s Sons: New York, 1977), p.32, and R. Klemm and D.D. Klemm, Stones and Quarries in Ancient Egypt (British Museum Press: London, 2008), p.236, who argue that the obelisks were decorated in the quarry before they were shipped to their destination.
27. Strabo, Geography , XVII.27.
28. Ammianus Marcellinus, Rerum Gestarum, XVII.4.12.
29. Pliny, Natural History , XXXVI.14.
30. B. Brier, Cleopatra’s Needles: The Lost Obelisks of Egypt (Bloomsbury Publishing: London, 2016), p.34.
31. This architect also famously raised an Alexandrian uninscribed obelisk in Saint Peter’s Square weighing more than 300 tons in 1586, restored the Lateran Obelisk found in 1587 and raised a year later in Piazza San Giovanni, and also raised a third obelisk, the Obelisco Esquilino, in front of Santa Maria Maggiore on Piazza del Quirinale. Among his published works is a detailed account of the operation to raise the obelisk in Saint Peter’s Square: D. Fontana, Della Transportatione dell’ Obelisco Vaticano e delle Fabriche di Sisto V (Rome, 1590).
32. Brand, The Monuments of Seti I , pp.134–35.
33. See in particular P. Brand, ‘The “Lost” Obelisks and Colossi of Seti I’, in JARCE 34, 1997, pp.101–14.
34. Brand, ‘The “Lost” Obelisks and Colossi’, pp.112–13.
35. Author’s translation based on the transcription in K RI I, 73:13; Brand, ‘The “Lost” Obelisks and Colossi’, pp.112–13, contra Habachi, ‘The Two Rock-Cut Stelae’, p.124.
36. EA 16: Moran, The Amarna Letters , p.39.
37. J. Ogden, ‘Metals’, in P.T. Nicholson and I. Shaw (eds), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology (Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2000), pp.148–77 (esp. 162).
38. EA 10: Moran, The Amarna Letters , p.19.
39. K RI I, 72:1–72:10.
40. Author’s translation based on transcription in K RI I, 66:2–66:4.
41. D. Klemm and R. Klemm, Gold and Gold Mining in Ancient Egypt and Nubia/Sudan (Springer Verlag: Heidelberg, 2013), p.193.
42. S. Schott, Der Tempel Sehos I. im Wadi Mia (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht: Gottingen, 1961).
43. Author’s translation based on the transcription in K RI I, 67:15–68:1.
44. K RI I, 53–55.
45. Such as the fortress of Ras Budhran, see G. Mumford and R. Hummel, ‘Preliminary Findings at a Late Old Kingdom Fort in South Sinai, Including the Pottery, from the 2008 Season’ in Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 7, 2015, pp. 52–82.
46. The evidence for expeditions despatched by Seti I to Timna is extremely limited, and still contended by scholars. It is, however, likely that at least one mining crew was despatched to the site during his reign, which as a result saw the construction of a small chapel dedicated to the goddess Hathor at the site; see R. Giveon, ‘Amenmesse in Canaan’, in GM 83, 1984, pp.27–30.
47. J. Lauffray, Karnak d’Égypte: Domaine du Divin. Dix ans de Recherches Archéologiques (Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique: Paris, 1979).
48. M. Ullmann, ‘Zur Lesung der Inschrift auf der Säule Antefs II. aus Karnak’, in ZÄS 132/2, 2005, pp.166–72. See also L. Gabolde, ‘Origines d’Amon et Origines de Karnak’, in Égypte, Afrique & Orient 16, 2000, pp.3–12, and L. Morenz, ‘Die Thebanischen Potentaten und ihr Gott: zur Konzeption des Gottes Amun und der (Vor-)Geschichte des Sakralzentrums Karnak in der XI. Dynastie’, in ZÄS 130, 2003, pp.110–19.
49. P. Lacau and H. Chevrier, Une chapelle de Sesostris 1er (Service des Antiquities: Cairo, 1969).
50. See details concerning the construction of the Chapelle Rouge and Hatshepsut’s additional construction activity at Karnak in J. Tyldesley, Hatchepsut (Penguin Books Ltd: London, 1996).
51. D. Redford, S. Redford and S. Shubert, ‘East Karnak Excavations, 1987–1989’, in JARCE 28, 1991, pp.75–106.
52. For an overview of the Great Hypostyle Hall and recent archaeological and epigraphic work in the area, see H.H. Nelson, The Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak (The Oriental Institute: Chicago, 1981), W. Murnane, ‘The Karnak Hypostyle Hall Project: 1992–2002’, in Annales du Service des Antiquités de l’Égypte 78, 2004, pp.79–127 and http://history.memphis.edu/hypostyle/ .
53. Cf R. Engelbach, ‘The Origin of the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak’, in Ancient Egypt , 1925, pp.65–71.
54. Brand, The Monuments of Seti I , pp.197–201.
55. Brand , The Monuments of Seti I , pp.89–102.
56. For an overview of the modern excavations at Heliopolis, see in particular M. Abd el-Gelil, A. Saadani and D. Raue, ‘Some Inscriptions and Reliefs from Matariya’, in MDAIK 52, 1996, pp.143–56; M. Abd el-Gelil, M. Shaker and D. Raue, ‘Recent Excavations at Heliopolis’, in Orientalia 65, 1996, pp.136–46; M. Abd el-Gelil, R. Suleiman, G. Faris and D. Raue, ‘The Joint Egyptian-German Excavations at Heliopolis in Autumn 2005: Preliminary Report’, in MDAIK 64, 2008, pp.1–9; and M. de Dapper, D. Raue and A. Ashmawy, ‘The Temple of Heliopolis: Excavations 20122014’, in EA 46, 2015, pp.8–11.
57. Author’s translation based on the transcription in K RI I, 118:8.
58. Brooklyn Museum 49.183.
59. A. Badawy and E. Riefstahl, ‘A Monumental Gateway of Sety I – An Ancient Model Restored’, in Miscellanea Wilbouriana 1, 1972, pp.1–23.
60. M.J. Berlandini, ‘La Chapelle de Séthi I: Nouvelles Découvertes’, in BSFE 99, 1984, pp.28–52.
61. M.D. Adams, ‘The Abydos Settlement Site Project: Investigation of a Major Provincial Town in the Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period’, in C. Eyre (ed.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Egyptologists (Peeters: Leuven, 1998), pp.19–30.
62. For a summary of the current work being conducted in the Middle Kingdom settlement of Wah-Sut (South Abydos), see J. Wegner, ‘Excavations at the Town of Enduring-are-the-Places-of-Khakhaure-Maakeru-in-Abydos : A Preliminary Report on the 1994 and 1997 Seasons’, in JARCE 35, 1998, pp.1–44, and J. Wegner, ‘The Town of Wah-Sut at South Abydos: 1999 Excavations’, in MDAIK 57, 2001, pp.281–308.
63. Multiple studies of this temple have been conducted, but for the most extensive see A.R. David, Religious Ritual at Abydos (c. 1300 BC ) (Aris & Phillips Ltd: Warminster, 1973).
64. The Nauri Decree; see further details below, K RI I, 38–50.
65. Apart from leaving her out of the Abydos King-list, Seti also usurped one of the most notable monuments of Hatshepsut, the Speos Artemidos Temple located close to the Middle Kingdom necropolis of Beni Hasan near the modern town of el-Minya in Middle Egypt; see for instance A. Fakhry, ‘A New Speos from the Reign of Hatshepsut and Thutmosis III at Beni-Hasan’, in ASAE 39, 1939, pp.709–23, and H. Goedicke, The Speos Artemidos of Hatshepsut and Related Discussions (HALGO: Oakville, 2004).
66. An overview of the reliefs from the Chapel of Ramesses I which were discovered by sebakkhin and acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art can be found in H.E. Winlock, Bas-Reliefs from the Temple of Rameses I at Abydos (Metropolitan Museum of Art: New York, 1921).
67. Author’s translation based on transcription in K RI I, 110:5–110:6.
68. K RI I, 111:5–111:6.
69. M.A. Murray, The Osireion at Abydos (Egyptian Research Account: London, 1904).
70. J.H. Breasted, A History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest (Charles Scribner’s Sons: New York, 1905), p.414.
71. M. El-Saghir, The Discovery of the Statuary Cachette of Luxor Temple (DAIK: Mainz, 1991), p.25.
72. Brand, The Monuments of Seti I , p.13.
73. A.H. Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs (Oxford University Press: London, 1961), p.25.
1. For an alternative translation and a thorough investigation of this text and its occurrence, see G. van den Boorn, The Duties of the Vizier: Civil Administration in the Early New Kingdom (Kegan Paul International: London, 1988).
2. Author’s translation from N. de Garis Davies, The Tomb of Rekh-Mi-Re at Thebes (New York, 1935), pls 26–28.
3. Ibid.
4. Brand, The Monuments of Seti I , pp.340–41.
5. V.A. Donohue, ‘The Vizier Paser’, in JEA 74, 1988, pp.103–23. Paser also serves as the fictionalized protagonist in the popular series The Judge of Egypt by French Egyptologist and author Christian Jacq.
6. For a comprehensive list, see Donohue, ‘The Vizier Paser’, pp.103–23.
7. Author’s translation based on the transcription in K RI I, 293:15.
8. K RI I, 207–230. W. Spiegelberg, Rechnungen aus der Zeit Setis I , circa 1350 v. Chr. mit anderen Rechnungen des neuen Reiches (Trubner: Strassburg, 1896). A. Spalinger, ‘Baking during the Reign of Seti I’, in BIFAO 86, 1986, pp.307–52.
9. K.A. Kitchen, ‘Towards a Reconstruction of Ramesside Memphis’, in E. Bleiberg and R. Freed (eds), Fragments of a Shattered Visage: The Proceedings of the International Symposium of Ramesses the Great (Memphis State University: Memphis, Tenn., 1991), pp.87–104.
10. O. DeM 108. K RI I, 409:9.
11. Papyrus Cairo 58057. K RI I, 204.
12. M.R.G. Jané, ‘The Meaning of Wine in Egyptian Tombs: The Three Amphorae from Tutankhamun’s Burial Chamber’, in Antiquity 85 (329), 2011, pp.851–58 (esp. 853).
13. Urk. 1394: 3–4.
14. M. Moens and W. Wetterstrom, ‘The Agricultural Economy of an Old Kingdom Town in Egypt’s West Delta: Insights from the Plant Remains’, in JNES 47/3, 1988, pp.159–73.
15. A.H. Gardiner, The Wilbour Papyrus, Vol. III: Translation (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1941–1948).
16. S.P. Vleeming, Papyrus Reinhardt: An Egyptian Land List from the Tenth Century BC (Akademie Verlag: Berlin, 1993), and S.L.D. Katary, ‘Land-tenure in the New Kingdom’, in A.K. Bowman and E. Rogan (eds), Agriculture in Egypt: From Pharaonic to Modern Times (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1999).
17. Author’s translation from Urk. IV: 53–62.
18. J. Rose, Tomb KV 39 in the Valley of the Kings: A Double Archaeological Enigma (Western Academic & Specialist Press: Bristol, 2000).
19. Much has been written about the village of Deir el-Medina and its inhabitants, but for a general introduction to the daily life and excavation history of the village, see L.H. Lesko (ed.), Pharaoh’s Workers: The Villagers of Deir el Medina (Cornell University Press: Ithaca and London, 1994).
20. L. Meskell, Private Life in New Kingdom Egypt (Princeton University Press: Princeton, 2002), pp.941–25.
21. O. DeM 128, K RI I, 300–304.
22. O. Cairo 25608 recto, A.G. McDowell, Village Life in Ancient Egypt: Laundry Lists and Love Songs (Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1999), pp.232–33.
23. O. Leipzig 2, McDowell, Village Life , pp.233–34.
24. Graffiti of Pharaonic Egypt, p.149
25. H. Jauhiainen, ‘Do Not Celebrate Your Feast Without Your Neighbours’: A Study of References to Feasts and Festivals in Non-Literary Documents from Ramesside Period Deir el-Medina (Helsinki University, 2009).
26. Translation by P.J. Frandsen, ‘Editing Reality: The Turin Strike Papyrus’, in S. Israelit-Groll (ed.), Studies in Egyptology: Presented to Miriam Lichtheim (Magnes Press: Jerusalem, 1990), pp.166–99.
27. British Museum EA5634, J.J. Janssen, ‘Absence from Work by the Necropolis Workmen of Thebes’, in SAK 8, 1980, pp.127–52.
28. O. Turin 57456. McDowell, Village Life , pp.74–75.
29. O. DeM 146. McDowell, Village Life , p.80.
30. O. Brooklyn 37.1880. McDowell, Village Life , pp.84–85.
31. B. Bruyere, La Tombe No. 1 de Sen-Nedjem a Deir el-Medineh (IFAO: Cairo, 1959).
32. A. el-Qader Adel Mahmoud, Catalogue of Funerary Objects from the Tomb of the Servant in the Place of Truth Sennedjem (TT1) (IFAO: Cairo, 2011).
33. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 86.1.1–2.
34. O. DeM 198. McDowell, Village Life , p.69.
35. P. Vernus, Affairs and Scandals in Ancient Egypt (Cornell University Press: Ithaca, 2003).
36. M.L. Bierbrier, ‘Paneb Rehabilitated?’, in R.J. Demaree and A. Egberts (eds), Deir el-medina in the Third Millenium ad (Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten: Leiden, 2000), pp.51–54.
37. L. Weiss, Religious Practice at Deir el-Medina (Peeters: Leuven, 2015).
38. M. Drower (ed.), Letters from the Desert: The Correspondance of Flinders and Hilda Petrie (Aris and Phillips: Oxford, 2004), p.48.
39. W.M. Flinders Petrie, Ten Years’ Digging in Egypt: 1881–1891 (The Religious Tract Society: London, 1893), p.30.
40. L. Habachi, ‘Khata’na-Qantir: Importance’, in ASAE 52, 1954, pp.443–562.
41. M. Hamza, ‘Excavations of the Department of Antiquities at Qantir (Faqus District): Season May 21 st Jly 7th, 1928’, in ASAE 30, 1930, pp.31–68.
42. Eg. M. Bietak, ‘Die Haupstadt der Hyksos und die Ramsesstadt’, in Antike Welt 6, 1975, pp.28–43.
43. L. Habachi, ‘Sethos I’s Devotion to Seth and Avaris’, in ZÄS 100, 1974, pp.95–102.
44. W.C. Hayes, Glazed Tiles from the Palace of Ramesses II at Kantir (New York, 1937).
45. Hamza, ‘Excavations of the Department of Antiquities at Qantir’, pp.51–52. H.W. Müller, ‘Bemerkungen zu den Kacheln mit Inschriften aus Qantir und zu den Rekonstruktionen gekachelter Palasttore’, in MDAIK 37, 1981, pp.339–57.
46. E. Pusch, ‘Metallverarbeitende Werkstätten der frühen Ramessidenzeit in Qantir-Piramesse/Nord’, in Agypten und Levante , 1, 1990, pp.76–113.
47. A. Tillmann, Neolithikum in der Späten Bronzezeit Steingeräte des 2. Jahrtausend aus Auaris-Piramesse (Philipp von Zabern: Mainz am Rhein, 2007).
48. A. Herold, ‘Piramesses, The Northern Capital: Chariots, Horses and Foreign Gods’, in Capital Cities: Urban Planning and Spiritual Dimensions , 1998, pp.129–46. A. Herold, Streitenwagentechnologie in der Ramses-Stadt: Bronze an Pferd und Wagen (Philipp von Zabern: Mainz am Rhein, 1999).
49. E. Pusch, ‘Recent Work at Northern Piramesse’, in Fragments of a Shattered Visage , 1991, pp.199–220.
50. Pap. Anastasi III (7.2–7.10).
51. K RI I, 206–231.
1. Brand, The Monuments of Seti I , pp.343–49.
2. Cf K.C. Seele, The Coregency of Ramses II with Seti I and the Date of the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak (Chicago, 1940). W.J. Murnane, ‘The Earlier Reign of Ramesses II and his Coregency with Seti I’, in JNES 34, 1975, pp.153–90, contra Murnane, Road to Kadesh , p.93. A.J. Spalinger, ‘Traces of the Early Career of Ramesses II’, in JNES 38, 1979, pp.271–86. Brand, The Monuments of Seti I , pp.312–32.
3. Cairo Museum CG 20516.
4. S. Seidlmayer, ‘New Rock Inscriptions at Elephantine’, in Egyptian Archaeology 14, 1999, pp.41–43.
5. K RI II, 327:12–328:4.
6. Cf Capart, ‘Le Temple’, Pl. XLVIII.
7. J. van Dijk, ‘The Date of the Gebel Barkal Stela of Seti I’, in D. Aston, B. Bader, C. Gallorini, P. Nicholson and S. Buckingham (eds), Under the Potter’s Tree: Studies on Ancient Egypt Presented to Janine Bourriau on the Occasion of her 70th Birthday (Peeters: Leuven, 2011), pp.325–32.
8. Author’s translation based on R. Koch, Die Erzählung des Sinuhe (Foundation Égyptologique Reine Elisabeth: Brussels, 1990).
9. J.E. Harris and E.F. Wente (eds), An X-Ray Atlas of the Royal Mummies (The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1980), pp.210–11.
10. Harris and Wente, An X-Ray Atlas , p.294.
11. C. Hobson, Exploring the World of the Pharaohs: A Complete Guide to Ancient Egypt (Thames & Hudson: London, 1993), p.97.
12. This inscription is drawn in black ink on a ceramic vessel datable to the 13th Dynasty, currently held in the Manchester Museum, acc. no. 3964.
13. R. Stadelmann, ‘The Mortuary Temple of Seti I at Gurna: Excavation and Restoration’, in E. Bleiberg and R. Freed (eds), Fragments of a Shattered Visage: The Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ramesses the Great (Memphis State University: Memphis, Tenn, 1991), pp.251–57 (esp. 253).
14. R. Stadelmann, ‘Der Tempel Sethos’ I. in Gurna’, in MDAIK 28, 1972, pp.293–99. J. Osing, Der Tempel Sethos’ I. in Gurna: Die Reliefs und Inschriften (Philipp von Zabern: Mainz, 1977). K. Mysliwiex, Keramik und Kleinfunde aus der Grabung im Tempel Sethos’ I. in Gurna (Philipp von Zabern: Mainz, 1987). R. Stadelmann, Der Tempel Sethos’ I. in Gurna: Architektur und Deutung (Philipp von Zabern: Mainz, 1988).
15. N. Reeves and R.H. Wilkinson, The Complete Valley of the Kings (Thames and Hudson: London, 1996), pp.137–39.
16. E. Hornung, The Ancient Egyptian Books of the Afterlife (Cornell University Press: Ithaca, 1999).
17. B.M. Fagan, The Rape of the Nile: Tomb Robbers, Tourists and Archaeologists in Egypt (3rd ed.) (Westview Press: Boulder and Oxford, 2004), p.65.
18. I.N. Hume, Belzoni: The Giant Archaeologists Love to Hate (University of Virginia Press: Charlottesville, 2011).
19. The Times of London, Saturday 12 May 1804.
20. A. Siliotti (ed.), Belzoni’s Travels: Narrative of the Operations and Recent Discoveries in Egypt and Nubia by Giovanni Belzoni (British Museum Press: London, 2001), p.295.
21. Siliotti, Belzoni’s Travels , p.201.
22. This sarcophagus is today housed in Sir John Soane’s Museum in London. After being transported back to the United Kingdom, the sarcophagus was initially housed in the British Museum storerooms, but the museum refused to pay the high price Belzoni and his investors demanded for it. Instead, it was bought by Sir John Soane, the noted architect, in 1824 and added to his private collection of Egyptian artefacts. For a useful in-depth study of this artefact, see John H. Taylor, Sir John Soane’s Greatest Treasure: The Sarcophagus of Seti I (Pimpernel Press Ltd: London, 2017).
23. Siliotti, Belzoni’s Travels , p.207.
24. Siliotti, Belzoni’s Travels , p.208.
1. Fagan, The Rape of the Nile , pp.195–98.
2. T.E. Peet, The Great Tomb-Robberies of the Twentieth Egyptian Dynasty: Being a Critical Study, with Translation and Commentaries of the Papyri in Which These are Recorded (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1930).
3. A.P. Kozloff, ‘The Decorative and Funerary Arts during the Reign of Amenhotep III’, in D. O’Connor and E.H. Cline (eds), Amenhotep III: Perspectives on his Reign (University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, 2001), pp.95–124 (esp. 112).
4. The story of the Abd el-Rasul clan and the discovery of the Royal Cache in Tomb DB320 is the subject of one of the finest piece of Egyptian cinema, the 1969 film The Night of Counting the Years , directed by Shadi Abdel Salam (1930–1986).
5. Josephus, Contra Apionem , I.15–16.
6. Herodotus, The Histories , II.102–110.
7. Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs , p.249.
8. Gardiner, Egypt of the Pharaohs , p.255.
9. Brand, The Monuments of Seti I , p.394.
10. J.A. Weisse, The Obelisk and Freemasonry According to the Discoveries of Belzoni and Commander Gorringe; Also Egyptian Symbols Compared with Those Discovered in American Mounds (J.W. Bouton: New York, 1880), p.174.
11. H. El-Zeini, Omm Sety’s Egypt: A Story of Ancient Mysteries, Secret Lives and the Lost History of the Pharaohs (St. Lynn’s Press: Pittsburgh, 2007). J. Cott, The Search for Omm Sety (Warner Books: New York, 1987).