ENDNOTES TO INTRODUCTION
1Defining “terrorism” has presented a challenge for students of the phenomenon. The term has grown to have an overwhelmingly negative connotation, which lends itself to political overtones. In the classical formulation of the issue, “One man’s terrorist is another’s freedom fighter.” For interesting discussions of the definitional problems surrounding the concept of terrorism, see E. Ahmad, Terrorism: Theirs and Ours (1998), republished in Geopolitics Review, Vol. n2, Issue 3 (Oct. 2001); G. Martin, Understanding Terrorism, Challenges, Perspectives and Issues (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California, 2nd Edition 2006), pp. 33-74; L. Z. Freedman, Terrorism, Problems of the Polistaraxic, in Perspectives on Terrorism, L. Z. Freedman and Y. Alexander, eds., (Scholarly Resources, Inc., Wilmington, DE 1983), pp. 3-11. An ultimate truth may lie in Justice Potter Stewart observation relative to trying to define obscenity. We are “faced with the task of trying to define what is undefinable.” Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. 184, 197 (1964) (Stewart, J., concurring). While much legitimate debate exists about who are the “real” terrorists, there is at least a general consensus that terrorism consists of sudden acts of violence against unarmed people and property, where the violence has political content (distinguishing “terrorism” from other sudden violent phenomena such as “mall shootings,” which it resembles to some degree). The protagonists discussed in this book more or less obviated the definitional issue when they themselves explicitly characterized their tactic as “political killing.”
2Letter to Benjamin Thomson, quoted in A. Roberts, Napoleon, a Life, p. 330 (Penguin Books, New York, NY, 2015).
3See generally W. Laqueur, in his June 2001 Introduction to the “Transaction Edition” of A History of Terrorism (Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick (U.S.) and London (U.K.), 2007).
4Laqueur, “Introduction to the Transaction Edition,” at p. ix.
5Laqueur, p. 6.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 1: THE POWER OF A LITERARY WORK
6Michael Andrew Drozd, Chernyshevskii’s What Is to Be Done, a Reevaluation, Northwestern University Press, 2001, pp, 5-8.
7What Is to Be Done?, by Nikolai Chernyshevsky, with introduction by Kathryn Fever, translated in 1886 by N. Dole & S. S. Skidelsky, Ardis Publishers, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1986 (“Ardis Edition”), pp. 1-4.
8What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 4-8.
9What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 8-10.
10What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, p. 11.
11What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 11-15, 56.
12What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 15-16.
13What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 22-27.
14What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 27-30.
15What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 30-47.
16What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 47-53.
17What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 53-54.
18What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 55-65.
19What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 65-72.
20What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 72-75.
21What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 75-94.
22What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 95-102.
23What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 103-04.
24What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 105-08.
25What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 108-21.
26What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 121-22.
27What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 121-25.
28What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 59, 125-36.
29What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, p. 136.
30What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 136-41.
31What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 141-45.
32What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 145-50.
33What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 150-53.
34What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 153-55.
35What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 155-57.
36What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 157-63.
37What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 163-72.
38What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 172-78.
39What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 178-81.
40What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 181-85.
41What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, p. 185.
42What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 185-88.
43What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 189-91.
44What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 191-94.
45What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, p. 195.
46What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 195-202.
47What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 202-08.
48What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 208-17.
49What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 217-19.
50What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 219-24.
51What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 224-29.
52What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 230-36.
53What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 236-41.
54What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 241-46.
55What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 246-53.
56What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 253-58.
57What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 258-61.
58What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 261-64.
59What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 264-68.
60What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, p. 269.
61What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 270-72.
62What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 272-82.
63What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 282-85.
64What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 285-89.
65What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 289-92.
66What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 292-309.
67What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 309-12.
68What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 312-16.
69What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 316-28.
70What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, p. 329.
71What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, p. 329.
72What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 329-35.
73What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 335-36.
74What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 336-37.
75What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, p. 337.
76What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 337-53.
77What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 353-56.
78What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 356-60.
79What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 360-63.
80What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 363-75.
81What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 374-87.
82What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 387-88.
83What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 389-97.
84What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 397-400.
85What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 400-15.
86What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 416-19.
87What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 422-23.
88What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 423-24.
89What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 424-28.
90What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 428-30.
91What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 430-36.
92What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, p. 437.
93What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 437-44.
94What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, p. 445.
95What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 445-48.
96Drozd, p. 175.
97What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 448-49.
98What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 449-50.
99What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 450-54.
100What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 454-55.
101What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 455-60.
102Chernyshevsky himself termed the Conclusion and Epilogue of What Is to Be Done? his most “treasured . . . artistic ruse.” Ardis Edition, preface, p. xxxviii (quoting Chernyshevsky note).
103What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, pp. 461-62.
104Drozd, pp. 11-12, 16.
105Drozd, p. 12.
106Drozd, pp 11-13; A. Siljak, Angel of Vengeance (St. Martin’s Press 2008). p. 71. The term “nihilist” was in fact used in France as early as the 18th century, and had been used in Russia at least since 1829 to refer to a person who “knows nothing and understands nothing.” M. Grawitz, Bakhounine Biographie (Calmann-Lèvy, 2000.) Interestingly, John Wilkes Booth was an active adherent of the populist “Know Nothing” party, which enjoyed brief success in the United States during the mid-1850’s. Asia Booth Clarke, The Unlocked Book, a Memoir of John Wilkes Booth, (G.P. Putnam & Sons, New York, 1938), p. 105. The party’s somewhat xenophobic beliefs were sometimes referred to as “Kni-ism.”
107Artemisia cina, commonly known as santonica, Levant wormseed, and wormseed, is an herbaceous perennial of the daisy family. Its dried flowerheads are the source of the vermifugic drug santonin since ancient times. Its common names arise from its known ability to expel worms. The powder is grayish-green in colour with an aromatic odour and a bitter taste.
108For additional discussions on the pervasive importance of Chernyshevsky’s What Is to Be Done? within the framework of the “Generation of the Sixties,” see, e.g., N. Kolchevska, introduction to S. Kovalevskaya, Nihilist Girl, pp. x, xiii, xvi (Modern Language Assn of America, 2001); C. Porter, Fathers and Daughters, Russian Women in Revolution (Virago, 1975), pp. 77-80, 97, 120, 136, 158, 177; Siljak, pp. 71-73, 84-85.
109A. B. Ulam, In the Name of the People (Viking Press, 1977), pp. 53-55; Siljak, p. 72.
110Siljak, pp. 71-72.
111Drozd, p. 10; Siljak, p. 85.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 2: THE NEW TSAR LIBERATOR
112H. Troyat, Alexandre II, Le Tsar Liberateur (Flammarion, 1990), pp. 18-19.
113A. Tarsaidze, Katia, Wife Before God (MacMillan, 1970), p. 39.
114Troyat, pp. 23-24.
115Troyat, p. 60.
116Troyat, p. 58.
117Ulam, p. 40.
118Troyat, p. 36.
119Samuel D. Kassow, The University Statutes of 1863, reprinted in Russia’s Great Reforms (anthology), (B. Eklof, J. Bushnell & L. Zakharova editors), Indiana Univ. Press 1994, p. 261 fn. 15.
120P. Pomper, Sergei Nechaev (Rutgers Univ. Press 1979), p. 47.
121Troyat, pp. 63-67.
122Troyat, p. 68.
123On Alexander II’s initiative to free the serfs, described here, see generally, C. De Grunwald, Le Tsar Alexandre II et Son Temps (Editions Berger-Levrault, 1963), 61-70.
124Troyat, pp. 68-69.
125Troyat, pp. 70-75.
126Troyat, pp. 75-76.
127Troyat, p. 77.
128Troyat, pp. 61-62.
129De Grunwald, pp. 103-05.
130Troyat, p. 84.
131De Grunwald, pp. 104-07.
132Troyat, pp. 91-92.
133E. Radzinsky, Alexandre II, La Russie Entre L’Espoir e Le Terreur, (A. Coldefy-Foucard tr., le cherche midi 2009), p. 173.
134Ulam, pp. 86-87.
135Troyat, pp. 92-93.
136Ulam, pp. 46-47; Troyat, p. 113.
137Ulam, p. 50.
138Siljak, pp. 57-58.
139Drozd, introduction p. xiii.
140Porter, p. 53.
141Ulam, pp. 102-05.
142Ulam, p. 112.
143De Grunwald, p. 163; Troyat, pp. 116-17.
144Unless otherwise stated, dates of events mentioned in this work are given in terms of the Julian calendar that was used in Russia until 1918 (sometimes called “Old Style,” or “OS”). During the period covered here, the Russian dates were 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar based days used in the rest of the western world. Thus, May 28, 1862 was June 9, 1862 elsewhere. Dates prior to January 1, 1900 that are given here according to the Gregorian calendar are labeled “NS” for “New Style”.
145Ulam, pp. 111-12.
146Troyat, pp. 102-03.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 3: THE PROPHET OF ANARCHISM, MIKHAIL BAKHUNIN
147M. Grawitz, Bakounine, Biographie (Calmann-Levy, 2000) pp. 10-15.
148Grawitz, pp. 30-37.
149Grawitz, pp. 24-27.
150Grawitz, pp. 82-84.
151Grawitz, pp. 92-96.
152Grawitz, pp. 114-18.
153Grawitz, pp. 120-26.
154Grawitz, p. 131.
155Grawitz, p. 132.
156Grawitz, p. 136.
157Grawitz, pp. 137-39.
158Grawitz, pp. 143-44.
159Grawitz, pp. 168-69.
160Grawitz, pp. 171-75.
161Grawitz, p. 186.
162Grawitz, p. 210.
163Grawitz, pp. 192-97.
164Grawitz, p. 210.
165Grawitz, p. 214.
166Grawitz, pp. 215-22.
167Grawitz, pp. 224-31.
168Grawitz, pp. 231-33.
169Grawitz, p. 236.
170Grawitz, p. 242.
171Grawitz, pp. 247-50.
172Grawitz, pp. 262-67.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 4: BIRTH OF A PRINCESS
173N. A. Troitsky, Sofia Lvovna Perovskaya, A Life, Personality, Fate (Saratov State University, 2014), p. 38. Prior biographers, including Troitsky and Perovskaya’s other Russian biographers, missed the fifth child. The author uncovered the existence of Varvara, the oldest girl and named after her mother, who was born October 4, 1846, from a review of the Formulary List of Service of Lev Nikolaevitch Perovsky (hereafter, “List of Service”) at the Central State Historical Archive in St. Petersburg. This List of Service is in essence a curriculum vitae prepared on behalf of Lev Nikolaevitch Perovsky for his application for a position in the Russian customs office on Oct. 12, 1850. Varvara apparently died in early childhood and she is not mentioned further in accounts of Sofia Perovskaya’s family.
174Troitsky, p. 38.
175The background information in this chapter on the Razumovsky family is taken primarily from K. Valishevsky, The Razumovsky Family (St. Petersburg, 1880).
176See https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Разумовский,_Кирилл_Григорьевич (Wikipedia page).
177Another of Kirill’s sons was Andrei Razumovsky, who became the Russian ambassador to the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Andrei Razumovsky, in addition to being a prominent diplomat, was an accomplished musician who commissioned three string quartets now bearing his name by Ludwig von Beethoven.
178V. Leontosovich, The History of Liberalism in Russia (Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 2012), pp. 85, 135.
179W. Moss, Russia in the Age of Alexander II, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky, pp. 44-45 (Anthem Press, London 2002). Moss comments that although the Perovskys were influenced by post-Napoleonic war reformist hopes, they did not go so far as to join the Decembrists. Vasily Perovsky stood by Nicholas and personally took part in putting down the Decembrists.
180Troitsky, p. 32.
181List of Service, pp. 2-3.
182List of Service, pp. 1-3; Troitsky, p. 34; see also V. Perovsky, Vospominia o Sestre (Moscow 1927), p. 6.
183Perovsky, p. 4; see also Troitsky, p. 40.
184Quoted in T. Cymrina, Sofia Perovskaya, a Political Portrait (Tagenrog 2006), p. 37.
185Troitsky, pp. 35-36.
186Cymrina, p. 36.
187Troitsky, p. 35.
188Troitsky, p. 34.
189List of Service, pp. 2-6.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 5: HE CALLED HER GLOOMY GIRL
190Troitsky, p. 41.
191Troitsky, pp. 43-44 (citing Perovsky memoirs).
192Perovsky, pp. 14-15.
193Troitsky, pp. 45-47 (citing Perovsky)
194Perovsky, pp. 14-15, 22-23; see also Troitsky, p. 50.
195Perovsky, pp. 22-23; see also Troitsky, p. 50.
196Troitsky, p. 53.
197Perovsky, pp. 4-7; see also Porter, pp. 179-80.
198 Troitsky, pp. 40 (quoting Perovsky), 48; see also List of Service, p. 2.
199Perovsky, p. 25.
200Perovsky, p. 23; see Radzinsky, p. 156.
201Troitsky, p. 51.
202Perovsky, p. 29.
203Perovsky, pp. 15-16.
204Perovsky, p. 28; Troitsky, p. 54 (quoting Perovsky).
205Troitsky, p. 57; see Radzinsky, pp. 424-25.
206Troitsky, p. 54.
207Perovsky, p. 31; Troitsky, p. 57.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 6: A SHOT THAT CHANGED RUSSIA FOREVER
208Ulam, pp. 2-3; Troyat, p. 119; C. Verhoeven, The Odd Man Karakozov (Cornell Univ. Press 2009), p. 72.
209Verhoeven, pp. 136-38; Ulam, p. 159.
210Verhoeven, pp. 19, 43.
211Verhoeven, p. 146; Ulam, p. 60.
212Verhoeven, pp. 20-22.
213Verhoeven, pp. 22, 130-32. To the conspiracy minded, this evidence could well point in the direction of a plot by neo-Decembrist liberals to kill Alexander II and, after seizing power, to install Constantine (referred to as “K” in the letter found in Karakozov’s possession) on the throne.
214Verhoeven, pp. 130, 143. Ulam, pp. 162-63 & fn. 29, questions whether the pamphlet was written by Karakozov, and suggests it was in fact written by Khudiakov, who also was responsible for getting it printed. Regardless, it represents Karakozov’s ideation and state of mind.
215Ulam, p. 166.
216Verhoeven, pp. 16, 17;
217Troyat, pp. 122-23.
218Porter, pp. 179-80. Some historians have assumed that Perovsky’s demotion was due to lax security that allowed Karakozov access for the assassination attempt. But this is not credible. Alexander frequently took walks by himself without any special security detail. Tarsaidze, p. 91.
219S. Kravchinsky, Underground Russia (Scribner & Sons 1883), p. 118; Cymrina, p. 39.
220Perovsky, pp. 37-38.
221Cymrina, p. 39.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 7: A SELECT HARVEST OF REBELLIOUS SEEDLINGS
222Kravchinsky, p. 107.
223V. Zasulitch memoir, reprinted in C. Fauré, Quatre Femmes Terroristes Contre le Tsar (François Masparo, Paris 1978), pp. 32-36.
224Zasulitch, in Quatre Femmes, op. cit., pp. 36-38.
225Zasulitch, in Quatre Femmes, op. cit., p. 37.
226Zasulitch, in Quatre Femmes, op. cit., p. 42.
227Zasulitch, in Quatre Femmes, op. cit., pp. 41-44.
228Grawitz, p. 339.
229Pomper, pp. 25-28, 45.
230Pomper, pp. 125, 141.
231Zasulitch, in Quatre Femmes, op. cit., pp. 46-49; Pomper, pp. 62-64.
232Pomper, pp. 66, 69.
233Grawitz, pp. 340, 347.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 8: TERRORISM GETS A CATECHISM
234Grawitz, pp. 264, 278-79.
235Grawitz, pp. 282-83.
236Grawitz, pp. 307-08.
237Grawitz, pp. 321-24.
238Pomper, pp. 90-91.
239Grawitz, p. 347.
240Pomper, pp. 96-97.
241Pomper, p. 102. February 19, 1870 was the ninth anniversary of the decree emancipating the serfs and, under the decree, it was scheduled to mark the final phase of the prescribed land settlement. Nechaev and others theorized, altogether erroneously, that because the duplicitous nature of the decree would become apparent on that date, peasant revolt was certain to occur.
242M. Prawdin, The Unmentionable Nechaev (Roy Publishers, New York, 1961), p. 37.
243Pomper, pp. 103-05.
244Pomper, p. 112.
245Pomper, pp. 113-15; R. Seth, The Russian Terrorists (Barrie & Rockliff, London, 1966), p. 35.
246Pomper, pp. 109, 117-19.
247Pomper, pp. 140-41.
248Pomper, p. 143.
249Pomper, pp. 143-44.
250Grawitz, pp. 338, 349-50.
251Pomper, pp. 151-52.
252Grawitz, pp. 351-67; Pomper, pp. 147-62.
253Pomper, pp. 181-82.
254Pomper, pp. 183-214; Prawdin, pp. 97-107.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 9: GOING TO THE PEOPLE
255V. Figner, Memoirs of a Revolutionist (Moscow, 1925), pp. 17-18.
256Porter, pp. 64, 67.
257Porter, p. 90.
258A. Lindenmeyr, The Rise of Voluntary Associations During the Great Reforms, reprinted in Russia’s Great Reforms, op. cit., p. 264; Porter, p. 92.
259M. Maxwell, Narodniki Women (Pergamon Press 1990), p. 61 & fn. 17.
260Cymrina, p. 41.
261E. Kovalskaya, in Quatre Femmes, p. 271.
262Kravchinsky, in Underground Russia, p. 115.
263Writings of Tikhomirov, as quoted in Ulam, p. 301, indicate that the feelings of Perovskaya’s one time fictitious husband, Lev Tikhomirov, for her were more than platonic, and were unrequited to his dismay. Goldenberg, from his time spent with her in Moscow, also was reported to have a big crush on Perovskaya. Trifonov, pp. 262, 321; see also Footman, pp. 160, 163.
264An unflattering police report at the end of the decade described the typical nihilist woman in the following fashion: “She has cropped hair, wears blue glasses, is slovenly in her dress, [and] rejects the use of comb and soap.” Moss, p. 78.
265Porter, p. 182; Maxwell, p. 62; Perovsky, p. 41.
266Elizabeth Kovalskaya, in Quatre Femmes, pp. 272-73.
267Perovsky, p. 44.
268Figner, Memoirs, p. 109.
269Perovsky, pp. 44-50; Porter, p. 184.
270Perovsky, p. 51; see also Ulam, pp. 201-05; Figner, Memoirs, p. 108; L. Kern, Die Zaren Morderin (Osburg Verlag Hamburg 2013), p. 115.
271Kovalskaya, in Quatre Femmes, p. 274.
272Porter, pp. 186-87; Cymrina, p. 44.
273Kravchinsky, pp. 119-20.
274Porter, p. 187, 238; Kravchinsky, pp. 120-21.
275Kropotkin is quoted in De Grunwald, p. 308.
276D. Footman, Red Prelude: The Life of Russian Terrorist Zhelyabov (“Red Prelude”), p. 42 Yale Univ. Press 1945); A. Kornilov, Modern Russian History, Vol. II, (Alfred A. Knopf 1917), pp. 212-13.
277Ulam, pp. 209, 221; Troyat, pp. 181-82; A. Svobodin, in the Introduction to Y. Trifonov, The Impatient Ones (Progress Publishers 1978), p. 14; Kern, p. 49.
278This village is not to be confused with the larger Stavropol that is situated in the Crimea. Perovskaya herself added a note at the end not to confuse the two in the letters we quote here. The Stavropol in the province of Samara was founded in 1780 and existed under that name until 1924. But now it is renamed Tolyatti [Тольятти]. It is a small city (11,000 sq. kilometers), with current population by nationality being Russian 150,907, Mardva, 26,145, Chuvash, 8,779, Tatars, 32,354, total, 280,185. https://ru.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ставропольский_уезд_(Самарская_губерния).
279“Unpublished Letters of S. L. Perovskaya,” with introductory historical notes and comments by R. M. Kantor, published in: Krasnyi arkhiv (Red Archive), vol 3. (1923), pp. 243-250 (hereafter, “Perovskaya Unpublished Letters”).
280Perovskaya Unpublished Letters, p. 245. The quoted memoir states that the people in Stavropol described Perovskaya’s cheeks as “two pots on the face,” a quaint Russian expression meaning rosy healthy looking cheeks.
281Footman, Red Prelude, pp. 42-43; see generally Ulam, pp. 219-33; Troyat, p. 183.
282Perovskaya Unpublished Letters, pp. 246-47. Translation by the author, with assistance from V. Kourova.
283The identity of “Mikhail Fedovich” is unknown. Probably he was another Chaikovsky adherent who had “gone to the people.”
284Perovskaya Unpublished Letters, p. 248. Translation by the author with assistance from V. Kourova.
285Nikolai Vasilyevich Vereshchagin (1839 - 1907) was an agronomist and cheesemaker. In the spirit of the Generation of the Sixties, he organized a series of communal, artisanal cheese-making enterprises, of which the largest was in the region of Corcescom, Tver province. This is where Obodovskaya was then working as a teacher.
286Perovskaya Unpublished Letters, p. 249. Translation by the author with assistance from V. Kourova.
287A Discourse delivered at the Royal Institution, on Friday, the 19th of March, 1858 (reprinted from “Fraser's Magazine,” for April, 1858). This text is from The Miscellaneous and Posthumous Works of Henry Thomas Buckle (1872).
288Edited by Terry Heller, Coe College. Downloaded at http://www.public.coe.edu/~theller/soj/u-rel/buckle.html(Dec. 26, 2016).
289Porter, p. 193.
290Porter, pp. 188, 194.
291Perovsky, pp. 58-59; Porter, p. 194; Cymrina, p. 54.
292Perovsky, p. 64.
293Kern, p. 64.
294Porter, pp. 194-95; Perovsky, p. 63.
295Cymrina, pp. 60-61; Perovsky, pp. 78-79.
296Perovsky, pp. 78-84.
297Footman, Red Prelude, p. 41; Troyat, p. 182; Kornilov, p.
219.
298Troyat, p. 183; Kornilov, p. 220 (citing statistics in a report by Count Pahlen). Many of the others were dealt with by “administrative” decisions such as de facto confinement to a particular city or province.
299Porter, p. 205.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 10: THE TSAR’S SECOND FAMILY
300Tarsaidze, pp. 15, 100.
301Tarsaidze, pp. 106-09, 134, 148.
302Troyat, pp. 144-47.
303Troyat, p. 151.
304Moss, pp. 147, 157.
305Porter, pp. 177-78; Kravchinsky, pp. 116-22.
306Figner, Memoirs, p. 53; Troyat, pp. 184-86.
307Radzinsky, p. 335.
308Ulam, p. 263; D. Footman, The Alexander Conspiracy, a Life of A. I. Zhelyabov (“Alexander Conspiracy”), p. 83 (Barrie & Rockliff, London, 1944).
309Kravchinsky, p. 38.
310Ulam, p. 280.
311Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 90-91; Porter, pp. 207-08. On Masha Kolenkaya’s beauty, see Porter, p. 202.
The quote is from Figner, Memoirs, p. 56.
312See Kovalskaya, in Quatre Femmes, p. 275.
313Y. Trifonov, The Impatient Ones (Progress Publishers 1978), p. 71.
314Kovalskaya, in Quatre Femmes, pp. 275-76.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 11: DISORGANIZING
315Maxwell, p. 25.
316Zasulitch, in Quatre Femmes, pp. 94-98.
317Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 92; Svobodin, in The Impatient Ones, p. 16.
318Maxwell, pp. 3-18; Porter, p. 217; Seth, p. 55; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 92-93. It is interesting that after spending several years abroad, Zasulitch eventually turned out to be a staunch opponent of terrorism. She would ally herself closely with the “moderate” faction of Zemlya i Volya that opposed the terrorist path of Zhelyabov, Mikhailov and, later, Perovskaya.
319Kravchinsky, pp. 158-65; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 99-104.
320A. Kornilov, Modern Russian History, Vol. II, (Alfred A. Knopf 1917), p. 218.
321Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 104-05; Cymrina, p. 73; Porter, p. 251.
322Radzinsky, p. 347; Trifonov, p. 104. Additional color on Kovalsky may be found in Trifonov, pp. 75-84.
323Ulam, pp. 275-76; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 107-09; Cymrina, pp. 74-76; Porter, pp. 223-24, 290; Kern, p. 111. On the impact of Mezentsov’s assassination on the policies of the Tsar and his immediate circle of ministers, see P. A. Zaionchkovsky, The Russian Autocracy in Crisis, 1878-1882 (Academic International Press, Gulf Breeze, Florida, 1979), pp. 45-47.
324Perovsky, p. 86.
325Perovsky, pp. 86-88; Lyubatovich in Quatre Femmes, p. 149; Kovalskaya in Quatre Femmes, p. 277; Cymrina, pp. 74-75; Kravchinsky, p. 124; Porter, p. 222; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 105-06; http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sof'ja_L'vovna_Perovskaja, accessed July 8, 2015 (hereafter, “Italia Wikipedia Perovskaya”). There are some inconsistent details between Perovsky, Kovalskaya and Lyubatovich, each of whom gives an account of Sofia’s subsequent description of the escape.
326Lyubatovich, in Quatre Femmes, pp. 149-51.
327Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 106.
328Footman, Red Prelude, p. 91.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 12: TERRORISTS SPLIT OFF
329Figner, Memoirs, p. 48.
330Radzinsky, p. 354.
331Figner, Memoirs, passim. Her account of Solovyev’s visit to her in Saratov is found at pp. 62-65.
332Lyubatovich in Quatre Femmes, p. 146.
333Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 122-23; Radzinsky, pp. 357-58.
334Radzinsky, pp. 359-60.
335Troyat, pp. 189-91.
336Zaionchkovsky, pp. 50-53.
337Zaionchkovsky, p. 56.
338Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 130. On the time of Osinski’s arrest, see Cymrina, p. 78.
339Radzinsky, pp. 364-65; Trifonov, p. 153.
340Radzinsky, p. 365.
341Figner, Memoirs, p. 69; Cymrina, p. 81.
342Figner, Memoirs, pp. 56, 67 (Voronezh as location of populist commune), 69; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 126.
343Porter, pp. 230-31; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 126-27.
344Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 3-4.
345Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 13; Trifonov, pp. 90-91.
346Trifonov, pp. 50-53; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 14-15.
347Indications are, to the contrary, that Zhelyabov as an adult got on decently with Lorentsov. Trifonov, p. 90.
348Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 28.
349Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 41-45.
350Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 47; Trifonov, p. 26.
351Trifonov, p. 111 (quoting Pimen Semenyuta).
352Trifonov, pp. 32, 60.
353Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 64-67.
354Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, 68-70; Trifonov, pp. 29-32, 36-41, 75-76.
355Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 89-91; Trifonov, pp. 41-42.
356Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 91-92; Trifonov, pp. 69-72.
357Trifonov, p. 113.
358Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 127; Trifonov, pp. 109-10.
359Footman, Red Prelude, p. 72,
360Trifonov, pp. 113-16 (summarizing first person account by Semenyuta).
361Trifonov, pp. 110-18 (account of Semenyuta); Footman, Alexander Conpsiracy, p. 127.
362Trifonov, pp. 152-53.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 13: THE FORMATION OF NARODNAYA VOLYA
363Ulam, p. 323.
364Trifanov, pp. 55, 156.
365Lyubatovich, in Quatre Femmes, p. 145; see also id. at 211 (“Boris”).
366Radzinsky, p. 382.
367Trifonov, p. 156; Lyubatovich in Quatre Femmes, p. 191; see also Porter, p. 236.
368Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 134-36; Trifonov, pp. 164-80.
369Porter, p. 234.
370Kravchinsky, Underground Russia, p. 126.
371On the fundamental acceptance of anarchy as the underlying political philosophy by the Chaikovsky Circle and other populists who emerged out of the Generation of the Sixties, see generally the discussion in G. Gamblin, Russian Populism and Its Relation With Anarchism 1870-81 (doctoral thesis, University of Birmingham, 1999), pp. 88-127 (accessed at http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/1401/1/PhD1999Gamblin.pdf, Aug. 11, 2015.
372Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 141, citing Deitch; Italia Wikipedia Perovskaya, citing Deitch Memoirs, pp. 407-08.
373Cymrina, p. 83; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 13742; Porter, pp. 233-37; Figner, Memoirs, p. 110.
374Kravchinsky, in Underground Russia, p. 116.
375Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 142, citing Kovalskaya.
376Porter, pp. 237-39; Figner, Memoirs, pp. 73-74.
377Dynamite had been invented in 1867 in Sweden by Alfred Nobel. Radzinsky, p. 382.
378Seth, pp. 65-66; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 148-50; Porter, p. 247.
379Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 151-57.
380Kravchinsky, p. 140.
381Kravchinsky, p. 147.
382Porter, p. 251; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 261-62.
383Quoted in Cymrina, p. 86.
384Radzinsky, p. 399.
385Radzinsky, p. 394.
386Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 158-64; Seth, pp. 68-71; Radzinsky, pp. 395-96.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 14: ATTACK IS MADE ON A TRAIN OF MARMALADE
387Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 165-67; Radzinsky, p. 396.
388Trifonov, pp. 235-36, 244; Radzinsky, p. 402.
389Radzinsky, pp. 398-402.
390Lyubatovitch in Quatre Femmes, p. 191.
391Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 201-11; Radzinsky, pp. 402-03.
392Ulam, pp. 310-11, 316; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp 108-09, 120-21, 122, 333.
393Ulam, pp. 292, 305.
394Trifonov, p. 160.
395Ulam, p. 361.
396Quoted in Ulam, pp. 290-91.
397Ulam, p. 292.
398Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 87-90 (citing Kletochnikov’s own writings); Radzinsky, pp. 477-79 (citing account of Anna Korba); Trifonov, pp. 119-49.
399Italia Wikipedia article, Stepan Nikolaevič Chalturin, accessed at url, https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepan_Nikolaevi%C4%8D_Chalturin, July 8, 2015 (“Italia Wikipedia Khalturin”), citing Ju. Z. Polevoj, Stepan Chalturin. Nel 100º anniversario dell’Unione settentrionale.de.
400 Italia Wikipedia Khalturin, citing Georgi V. Plekhanov, L'operaio russo nel movimento rivoluzionario, in «Works», vol. III, Moscow, 1923, p. 195.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 15: DYNAMITE IN THE WINTER PALACE
401 Italia Wikipedia Khalturin, citing Stepan Khalturin: The Family, Childhood and Adolescence. Interesting Details (in Russian), url http://tornado-84.livejournal.com/80575.html.
402Italia Wikipedia Khalturin, citing Polevoj.
403Italia Wikipedia Khalturin, citing Plekhanov and Polevoj.
404Italia Wikipedia Khalturin, citing Plekhanov.
405Italia Wikipedia Khalturin, citing Ju. A. Pelevin, The Attempt of Khalturin and Narodnaya Volya on the Winter Palace, ttp://www.nivestnik.ru/2011_1/13_pelevin_10.shtml.
406Footman, The Alexander Conspiracy, p. 176; Italia Wikipedia Khalturin, citing History of the Governate of Vjatka; Trifonov, pp. 273-74.
407Trifonov, pp. 235-36; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 167.
408Italia Wikipedia Khalturin, citing Tikhomirov; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 179-80.
409Ulam, p. 340; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 176; Troyat, p. 197; Lyubatovich in Quatre Femmes, p. 212.
410Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 180-81; Figner, Memoirs, pp. 85-86.
411Radzinsky, pp. 412-15.
412Italia Wikipedia Khalturin, citing V. Burvev, The Trial of the Sixteen Terrorists, and Pelevin; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 181-82.
413Italia Wikipedia Khalturin, citing Literature of the Narodnaya Volya Party, published Paris, 1906.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 16: A DICTATOR TAKES THE HELM
414Radzinsky, pp. 430-31.
415Radzinsky, pp. 425-28.
416Radzinsky, pp. 431-33; Troyat, pp. 203-05.
417Radzinsky, p. 434; Troyat, p. 205.
418Radzinsky, p. 440.
419Footman, pp. 183-84.
420Zaionchkovsky, pp. 164-69.
421Radzinsky, pp. 442-47.
422Zaionchkovsky, pp. 141-42; Radzinsky, p. 458.
423Trifonov, pp. 259-62; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 184-85; Ulam, p. 344.
424Trifonov, pp. 326-30.
425Radzinsky, pp. 449-57.
426Radzinsky, pp. 457-61; Troyat, pp. 215-16.
427Radzinsky, p. 462; Troyat, pp. 215-16.
428Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 209, 210; Trifonov, p. 330.
429Sympathetic writers have argued that Narodnaya Volya slowed the pace of its attacks on Alexander after Loris-Melikov’s appointment. E.g., Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 207-08. They point to a document signed by others on the Narodnaya Volya Executive Committee to the effect that a constitutional government that included the Tsar would be respected. They have, however, adduced no evidence that Perovskaya ever personally approved of a decision to relent in the campaign to kill Alexander. They admit she was away from St. Petersburg, working on a plot to assassinate Alexander in Odessa, when the document stating Narodnaya Volya would support a constitution was produced. She was personally responsible for heading off any thought of moderation within the Executive Committee. Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 221. In the end, as further discussed below, Perovskaya personally pulled off the assassination of Alexander on the eve of his granting of local representation on two new advisory commissions.
430Figner, Memoirs, pp. 88-89.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 17: THE NARODNAYA VOLYA LOVE AFFAIRS
431Radzinsky, pp. 345-46; Mothers and Daughters: Women of the Intelligentsia in Nineteenth Century Russia, by Barbara Alpern Engel (Northwestern University Press 1983), p. 178.
432Lyubatovich, in Quatre Femmes, pp. 157, 173, 179.
433Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 130-32; Trifonov, pp. 153-54.
434Lyubatovich, in Quatre Femmes, pp. 143-46, 215-17, 218; Trifonov, p. 239.
435Italia Wikipedia article, Aleksandr Aleksandrovič Kvjatkovskij, accessed at https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Aleksandrovi%C4%8D_Kvjatkovskij, retrieved July 28, 2015, citing Chronos, Biographical Notes on Ivanova; Trifonov, pp. 290-91; Lyubatovich, in Quatre Femmes, p. 184. Kviatkovsky was already married to Ekaterina Konstantinovna Tonjaeva, who had chosen to remain in Tomsk rather than return to the St. Petersburg underground with Kviatkovsky. His son by this marriage, also named Alexander Kviatkovsky, also turned out to be a radical and eventually was shot after the Bolshevik revolution.
436Porter, pp. 247-48.
437Porter, p. 252; Kravchinsky, p. 210 (confirming “husband and wife” relationship between Kolodkevitch and Helfman); Trifonov, p. 304 (calling Kolodkevitch “the Purring Cat”); Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 315.
438Anna Korba went to great lengths to stress Zhelyabov’s physical attributes. Unlike other radicals, she described Zhelyabov primarily on a level of physical, rather than spiritual, idolization. “He was enormously beautiful and handsome,” she wrote. “His teeth were white. Beautiful hair. Beautiful beard. White, high forehead. Cheeks – rosy. Eyebrows were beautiful. He had a straight nose that was an ideal form. When he was talking and smiling, you could see his bright, fresh teeth. He had a great posture – held his head up high. He had an energetic, powerful appearance.” She also emphasized his size and his “broad shoulders.” A.P. Pribilyova-Korba, Narodnaya Volya, Memoirs, 1870 – 1880’s (Mospolygraph, Government publisher, Moscow, 1926), p. 82.
439Porter, p. 257 says this happened in the “summer” of 1880. Footman, in Alexander Conspiracy at p. 204 gives the date when Epstein moved out and Zhelyabov moved in as September 1880. Trifonov, p. 367, gives the date when Zhelyabov moved in as Sonia’s “brother” as October 1880. The author chooses to put credence in the words of Perovskaya herself, who told the authorities after her arrest that Zhelyabov had moved in with her in “September” of 1880. Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 286.
440L. B. Croft, Nikolai Ivanovich Kibalchich: Terrorist Rocket Pioneer (Tempe, Arizona, 2006) p. 77.
441Yuri Trifonov, in his 1978 historical novel called The Impatient Ones, gave this account of the development of the relationship between Boris and Sonia. Boris showed interest in Sonia as early as Lipetsk, asking Tikhomirov if the two of them were still engaged, to which Tikhomirov immediately responded that they were not. (Trifonov, pp. 177-78.) In the aftermath of Voronezh, even though Boris and Sonia had clashed, they each admired the other’s revolutionary ardor. They continued to engage in heated discussions about tactics, but in the course of doing so, became interested in each other’s company. (Trifonov, pp. 189-92.) After Sonia returned to St. Petersburg from her first assassination attempt in Odessa in late November, 1879, the two definitely fell for each other. They had sex for the first time on the night of the Narodnaya Volya New Year’s celebration, the early morning of Jan. 1, 1880. (Trifonov, pp. 276-82.) From that point forward, they were desperately in love. Trifonov does not cite any sources for his narrative on these points.
442Perovsky, p. 93 (translation by author); see also as translated in Porter, p. 258.
443Cymrina, p. 111, citing Kravchinsky; Kern, p. 184, citing Praskovya Ivanovskaya.
444Figner, Memoirs, p. 112.
445Quoted in Ulam, pp. 300-01.
446L.A. Tikhomirov, Sofia Lvovna Perovskaya, Carouge (Geneva), 1906, p. 27; see also Porter, p. 258; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 204.
447Trifonov, pp. 361-65; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 189-90; Figner, Memoirs, p. 90. As for the haste to head off a “tsar-liberator” initiative, see the insightful analysis by Ulam, p. 344.
448Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 212-15.
449Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 217-19.
450Seth, pp. 79-80; Radzinsky, pp. 394-95; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 172, 186; Ulam, pp. 344-45; Trifonov, pp. 347-50.
451Trifonov, p. 374.
452Trifonov, pp. 374-75, 378.
453Trifonov, p. 375.
454An eyewitness account of the executions of Kviatkovski and Presnyakov which appeared in the daily newspaper Nation (“Nation Account”) may be found on line at http://historydoc.edu.ru/catalog.asp?cat_ob_no=16500&ob_no=16566.
455See Trifonov, p. 334.
456Radzinsky, pp. 479-80 (quoting General Bogdanovich); see also Nation Account, op. cit.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 18: “OUR GIRLS ARE FIERCER THAN OUR MEN”
457 Quoted in Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 221.
458 Ibid.
459 Porter, p. 262, quoting Kibalchich.
460 Porter, pp. 243-44.
461 Porter, p. 264.
462 Porter, p. 261; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 226-27.
463 Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 222; Trifonov, pp. 384-86.
464 Lyubatovich, in Quatre Femmes, pp. 215-18.
465 Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 187.
466 Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 230; Trifonov, p. 406.
467 Kravchinsky, p. 94.
468 Kravchinsky, pp. 92-99; Figner, p. 74; Trifonov, pp. 178-79; Italia Wikipedia article with citations, found 12-5-15 at https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitrij_Andreevi%C4%8D_Lizogub; Ulam, pp. 319-22.
469 Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 231.
470 Figner, Memoirs, pp. 96-98; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 230-31; Trifonov, pp. 399-401.
471 Trifonov, pp. 406-07.
472 Figner, Memoirs, p. 98.
473 Trifonov, p. 408; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 240; Croft, p. 85.
474 Kern, p. 67, translated these Narodnaya Volya “program guidelines” as:
Every Committee member undertakes:
1.to give all mental and spiritual powers to the revolutionary cause, forsaking all family ties, abandoning sympathy, love and friendship;
2.if necessary, to give his life, and without regard to others;
3.to possess nothing that is not part of the organization;
4.to renounce his personal will and to subordinate it to the majority vote of the organization;
5.to keep all matters, plans, intentions and membership of the organization strictly secret;
6.in all respects of a public and private character, and in all official acts and declarations to never describe oneself as a member, but always only be described as representative of the Executive Committee; and
7.in the case of withdrawal from the society maintain inviolable silence to preserve above all the activity of the company concerned.
475Pomper, pp. 196-201.
476Pomper, p. 200; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 232-34.
477Pomper, pp. 201-04: Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 232-33. Trifonov, pp. 428-33, gives a more extended version in which Zhelyabov actually went to the wall of the Ravelin itself one night and spoke with Nechaev, with the assistance of his “staff.” There is no independent historical support for this aspect of Trifonov’s narrative.
478An “envoy” whom Zhelyabov, at this time, sent to Switzerland to deliver a letter to a former revolutionary associate, Mikhail Dragomanov, told Dragomanov that Zhelyabov explicitly fancied himself in the role of a “Parnell,” a reference to Charles Stewart Parnell, the Irish Fenian nationalist who, like Zhelyabov, was a stirring speaker. Trifonov, p. 356; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 211. Parnell served as a representative of the Irish separatist movement in the British Parliament.
479Zaionchkovsky, pp. 181-82.
480Zaionchkovsky, pp. 178-85.
481Ulam, pp. 337-38, 349; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 152-57, 234; Trifonov, p. 375, 378, 381-82. For another’s recognition of the insight that class guilt played a role in the discontent of the typical product of the landed nobility who took part in the Generation of the Sixties, see Kern, p. 49.
482Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 235; Croft, p. 84; Troitsky, p. 285.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 19: DEATH OF A TSAR
483Figner, Memoirs, p. 97.
484Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 243, 245; Croft, pp. 85, 103.
485Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 244-45, 326, 328; Trifonov, p. 393.
486Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 252-53; Trifonov, p. 439.
487Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 246, 340.
488Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 247-48.
489V. Laferté, Alexandre II, Détails Inédits Sur La Vie e La Mort (1882), pp. 6-26; Troitsky, p. 288.
490Figner, Memoirs, p. 99; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 253-54; Croft, p. 85; Troitsky, p. 284; Mravinsky, for his incompetence, was later stripped of his military position and exiled to the far north.
491See, e.g., A. Kornilova-Moroz, Sofia Lvovna Perovskaya (Uzdatelstvo Politkatorzhan, Moscow, 1930), pp. 19-20.
492See P. Yablonskii, A. Vizel, V. Galkin & M. Shulgina, Tuberculosis in Russia, Its History and Status Today, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 191, No. 4 (2015), pp. 372-76. Furthermore, it is quite possible that Sonia’s father Lev Nikolaevitch Perovsky also suffered from tuberculosis. This would explain his repeated and otherwise unexplained bouts of “illness,” for which he went on an extended visit to a German sanitarium in 1869, as we have seen. The sanitarium was a nineteenth century method of choice for treating tuberculosis, particularly among the upper classes. See http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/alav/tuberculosis/, “Early Research and Treatment of Tuberculosis in the 19th Century.”
493Trifonov, pp. 394, 403, 433, 436; Kravchinsky, pp. 211-13 (reporting eyewitness account of Rina Epstein); Figner, Memoirs, p. 109; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 209, 273-74 (reporting eyewitness account of Arkady Tyrkov) N. Asheshov, Sofia Perovskaya, Materials for Biography (Government Publisher, St. Petersburg, 1920), p. 110.
494Croft, p. 86.
495Figner, Memoirs, pp. 100-01.
496Figner, Memoirs, p. 101; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 255.
497Maxwell, p. 70; Figner, Memoirs, p. 101; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 255-56.
498Quoted in Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 256.
499Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 257.
500Lafertè, pp. 23-24; Radzinsky, pp. 505-06.
501Lafertè, pp. 25-26.
502Troitsky, p. 314, quoting confession of Perovskaya from her interrogation of March 11, 1881.
503Radzinsky, pp. 508-09; Lafertè, p. 28; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 259.
504Radzinsky, p. 509 (citing Tyrkov); Troitsky, p. 293 (citing Tyrkov).
505Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 100; Radzinsky, p. 510; Lafertè, p. 30; Croft, pp. 91-92. Footman, probably relying on a figure casually thrown in by Lafertè, states that Rysakov was “100 yards” down the embankment when he threw his bomb. This does not exactly fit with other reports that the bombers were “evenly spaced.” The entire length of the quay between Inzhenernaya Street and the Moika River, where the cortege was to turn left, was measured by the author at approximately 264 yards.
506Croft, pp. 91-95; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 259-63; Radzinsky, pp. 511-14; Lafertè, pp. 34-37. Footman, pp. 263-65, pointed out that it is impossible to reconcile the eyewitness accounts of the assassination, because they have impossible contradictions in the sequence of events. We lack tangible photographic evidence such as the Zapruder film. What is stated here is considered to be the most plausible amalgamation.
507Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 262-63.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 20: “SONIA HAS LOST HER HEAD”
508Troitsky, pp. 292-93 (quoting Tyrkov); Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 265 (quoting Tyrkov).
509Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 266.
510Quoted in Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 268.
511Porter, p. 271.
512Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 270-71; Troitsky, p. 305.
513Troitsky, pp. 294-98; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 272-73; Porter, p. 271.
514Quoted in, Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 274.
515Kravchinsky, pp. 214-18 (recounting letters from Epstein); Troitsky, pp. 322-23.
516Kravchinsky, pp. 219-20 (recounting letters from Epstein).
517Figner, Memoirs, pp. 112-13; Kornilova-Moroz, p. 37.
518Troitsky, pp. 299-301; Cymrina, pp. 106-07. The full text of the “Letter of the Executive Committee of the Will of the People to Tsar Alexander III” is published in English translation as an appendix to Figner’s Memoirs of a Revolutionist (pp. 311-16).
519Figner, Memoirs, p. 131.
520Troitsky, p. 311; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 277.
521Troitsky, pp. 312-13.
522Cymrina, p. 113; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 286. The characterization of the attitude of Perovskaya and other Narodnaya Volya “martyrs” as one of the spirit of “sacrifice for humanity” is taken from the writings of a Narodnaya Volya member, Lyubatovich, in Quatre Femmes Terroristes Contre Le Tsar, p. 129.
523Perovsky, pp. 102-03.
524Perovsky, p. 106, gives a third hand account of the meetings which is somewhat different in that it implies a more extensive outpouring of emotion by Sonia occurred during her visits with Varvara Stepanovna. The author chooses to credit the report by prison matrons who were actually present that in reality very little was said during these meetings, with a “sick” Sonia merely resting the whole time on her mother’s lap. Figner, Memoirs, p. 109. Much of what Vasily ascribes to Sonia from the meetings essentially summarizes what she said to her mother in her March 22 letter.
525English translation of letter is from Kravchinsky, pp. 131-33, with several corrections by the author’s research assistant Maria Hoffman from her review of the handwritten image of the letter in V. Perovsky, following p. 103.
526Croft, p. 103; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 286.
527See, e.g., https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ United_States_v._ Khalid_Sheikh _Mohammed (detailing the various faltering steps that occurred over a period of a decade in connection with the trial of the “9-11” terrorists, as well as the terrorists’ own attitude welcoming a “prolonged” martyrdom).
528See, e.g., People v. Allen (Cal. Ct. of Appeal, 2ndApp.Dist. 2009) 2009 Cal.App.Unpub. LEXIS 9592 (depublished opinion) (example of upholding hate crime enhancement of punishment for racist terrorists whose professed aim was to overthrow U.S. Government); United States v. Gregory (D. Utah 2007) 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 62413 (upholding upward departure from federal sentencing guideines for defendant whose avowed purpose in robbing banks was to obtain the funds needed to operate a terrorist organization whose aim was to overthrow the U.S. Government). On the reaction of even so-called “progressive” organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union favoring the enhanced punishment of terrorism as a “hate crime,” see generally, R. Riggs, Punishing the Politically Incorrect Offender Through "Bias Motive" Enhancements: Compelling Necessity or First Amendment Folly?, 21 Ohio N.U.L. Law Review (1995).
529Letter of Leo Tolstoy to Alexander III, marked “draft,” dated March 8, 1881, found on line athttp://tolstoylit.ru/tolstoy/pisma/18801886/letter33.htm. Translation is by the author.
530Troitsky, p. 329.
531Croft, p. 111; Troitsky, pp. 323-25; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 287.
532Quoted in Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 289-90; Troitsky, pp. 323-24.
533Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 290; Troitsky, pp. 327-28.
534Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 291.
535Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 294, 309; Troisky, p. 340; on Perovskaya’s admissions at trial, see Kornilova-Moroz, p. 42.
536Perovsky, p. 12; Porter, p. 274; Troitsky, pp. 43, 325.
537Porter, p. 275, translating report from Asheshov, p. 127.
538Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 296-99; Troitsky, pp. 329-31; Croft, pp. 113-14; Porter, p. 275.
539Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 296.
540Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 310.
541Croft, p. 114.
542Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 311; Croft, p. 114.
543Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 301.
544Le Figaro, April 9, 1881 p.2 (Paris, France)
545Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 311; Troitsky, p. 338.
ENDNOTES TO CHAPTER 21: RESOLUTE TO THE END
546Приговор по делу 1 марта 1881 года и казнь осужденных [“The verdict in the case on March 1, 1881 and the execution of the convicts”], p. 20 (Nizhny Novgorod, 1906) [retrieved from National Library of Russia as Card Catalog Item No. 34.48.7.1164] (this 32 page document, hereafter, “Verdict and Execution,” is referred to by Troitsky, p. 359, and by E. Segal, Sofia Perovskaya, p. 386 (Moscow 1962) as “the official report of the execution;” it is referred to by Footman as “Protsess 1 Marta” (Trial of March 1)); Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 311-12; Kern, p. 230. An account published in the Times of London on Monday, April 11 (NS), 1881 gives slightly different versions of the bizarre hours of the proceedings, stating that the judges were sent out to consider the sentence at 2 a.m., and returned the death sentences at 7 a.m.
547Croft, p. 116. Croft notes, fn. 175, that the attribution of the “whispered news” to Kibalchich as the source of the discovery that Helfman was pregnant is found only in one source, a 1995 biography of Kibalchich by Ivachenko & Kravets. Italia Wikipedia, https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesja_Meerovna_Gel%27fman, also accepts this version. Whether or not Kibalchich indeed disclosed the secret of Helfman’s pregnancy without her consent, the indisputable fact is that Helfman concealed her pregnancy for a period of 26 days that she spent in custody following her arrest on March 3, 1881. Thus, it would appear she was not given a thorough physical examination.
548That we know of, Russian women “revolutionaries” living underground, besides Helfman (and Kolodkevitch), to whom children were born out of wedlock during this period include: Fanny Litchkous (and Serge Kravchinsky); Olga Lyubotovitch (and Nikolai Morozov); Sofia Ivanova (and Alexander Kviatkovsky), and Anna Yakimova (and Grigory Isaev) (see Porter, pp. 277-78). It is also of interest that Lyubatovich, who spent time with Helfman in early 1881, described her as being “not in good health,” presumably because she was carrying an early stage pregnancy under highly stressful circumstances with her sex partner having been arrested. Lyubatovich, in Quatre Femmes, pp. 220-21. Olga’s comment on Helfman’s poor “health” is reminiscent of what various persons said about Perovskaya in early March 1881.
549The subject probably can still be investigated forensically if Perovskaya’s body could be located. Historians to date have been unable to say exactly where her remains are located, reporting only that the five who were hanged on April 3, 1881 were placed in unmarked graves somewhere within the Preobrazhensky cemetery in St. Petersburg. Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 322; Kern, p. 328; Troitsky, p. 363.
550Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 314-17; Croft, pp. 121-22.
551Verdict and Execution, p. 25; Croft, p. 123; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 317.
552Verdict and Execution, pp. 24, 25; Troitsky, p. 350.
553Verdict and Execution, pp. 24-26.
554Verdict and Execution, p. 23.
555Verdict and Execution, pp. 24-25, 26.
556Figner, p. 107 (Figner did not attend the execution, but she commented on the lovely weather); Execution des Assassins du Czar, an eyewitness account by a “correspondent” dated April 15 (NS), 1881 published in Le Figaro, April 16, 1881 p.1 (Paris, France) (“Le Figaro account”); Verdict and Execution, p. 26; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 320.
557Le Figaro account, p. 1; Verdict and Execution, pp. 29-30; account in the Times of London, published Monday, April 16 (NS), 1881.
558Le Figaro account, p. 1; Verdict and Execution, p. 30; Kern, p. 236 (quoting eyewitness acount of Andrej Brejtfus); Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 320.
559Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 320; Kern, p. 236 (quoting Brejtfus); Le Figaro account, p. 1; Verdict and Execution, p. 30.
560Verdict and Execution, p. 31; Le Figaro Account, p. 1; Kern, p. 236; Asheshov, p. 140.
561Interestingly, multiple eyewitness accounts, specifically, the Le Figaro correspondent, the St. Petersburg “official record,” and 14-year old Andrej Brejtfus, fail to make any mention of this dramatic incident. The Times of London, in its editions of Saturday, April 16 (NS), 1881, and Monday, April 18 (NS), 1881, included the description about Mikhailov’s hanging that is relied on here. Perovskaya’s prior biographers are divided in terms of whether or not they include the account that “Mikhailov fell twice while hanging” prior to Perovskaya’s death. Her earliest real biographer, N. Asheshov, writing in 1920, did not mention such an incident (see pp. 139-40). Neither did Elena Segal, writing in 1962 (see pp. 385-89). Segal’s actively pro-Soviet viewpoint almost certainly would have resulted in her emphasizing any such event. Two more recent Russian biographers, Tatiana Cymrina (p. 115, citing a 1913 account by L. A. Planson), and Nikolai Troitsky (pp. 360-61, also citing Planson) do include the “Mikhailov fell twice” version. However, Liliana Kern, in her 2013 German language biography of Perovskaya, relies on the Brejtfus eyewitness account and does not mention that “Mikhailov fell twice” (see pp. 236). There is a small possibility that the account that “Mikhailov fell twice” could be a semi-hagiographic retelling based on the story of the execution of five Decembrists on July 13, 1826. On that occasion, three of the martyrs’ ropes broke, requiring re-hanging.
562Le Figaro account, p. 1; Verdict and Execution, p. 31; Troitsky, p. 362; Kern, pp. 236-37; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, p. 322.
563What Is to Be Done?, Ardis Edition, p. 459.
ENDNOTES TO EPILOGUE
564http://www.saint-petersburg.com/cathedrals/church-resurrection-jesus-christ/ .
565Troyat, pp. 241-42.
566Lyubatovich, in Quatre Femmes, pp. 222-23; see also, https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Gesja_Meerovna_Gel%27fman.
567Pomper, pp. 201-14.
568Figner, Memoirs, pp. 277-93.
569Figner, Memoirs, p. 120.
570Lyubatovich, in Quatre Femmes, pp. 223-48; see also Fauré, in Quatre Femmes, p. 126.
571Kissell, Michael S., The Revelation in Thunder and Storm, in Popular Astronomy, v. 48 (Dec. 1940), pp. 538-41.
572N. T. Bobrovnikoff, Pseudo-Science and Revelation, in Popular Astronomy, Vol 49 (May 1941), p. 252.
573A. Fomenko, History, Fiction or Science? Chronology 1, (Mithec 2007), retrieved at https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_YcjFAV4WZ9MC.
574https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Aleksandrovi%C4%8D _Tichomirov; Footman, Alexander Conspiracy, pp. 344, 347.
575Ulam, p. 325; https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgij_Valentinovi%C4%8D _Plechanov.
576Ulam, pp. 392-93.
577Ulam, pp. 392-94.
578P. Avrich, Anarchist Portraits (Princeton University Press, 1988) (in his chapter on Makhno), p. 112 (quoting Lenin). Portions of the text are based on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin and https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin.
579See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Kaplan.
580Kern, p. 239.
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