62. Klepfisz, interview.
63. Klepfisz, “Secular Jewish Identity,” 43.
64. Ibid., 43–44.
65. Klepfisz to Dear Vilde Chayes, June 2, 1982, Greenfield’s personal collection.
66. Irena Klepfisz, “Anti-Semitism in the Lesbian/Feminist Movement,” in Nice Jewish Girls, 52.
67. Ibid., 52–54, 55–57.
68. Irena Klepfisz, Keeper of Accounts (Watertown, MA: Persephone, 1981); Klepfisz, A Few Words in the Mother Tongue: Poems Selected and New, 1971–1990 (Portland, OR: Eighth Mountain, 1991); Klepfisz, Dreams of an Insomniac: Jewish Feminist Essays and Diatribes (Portland, OR: Eighth Mountain, 1993).
69. Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz, “To Be a Radical Jew in the Late 20th Century,” in Issue Is Power, 94.
70. Kaye/Kantrowitz, “Some Notes on Jewish Lesbian Identity,” 39–41; Clark, “Act of Resistance.”
71. Kaye/Kantrowitz, “To Be a Radical Jew in the Late 20th Century,” 93.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid., 94.
74. Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz, “Stayed on Freedom: Jews in the Civil Rights Movement and After,” in Brettschneider, Narrow Bridge, 107, 109, 111–112.
75. Kaye/Kantrowitz, “To Be a Radical Jew in the Late 20th Century,” 94–95.
76. Ibid., 95.
77. Kaye/Kantrowitz, “Stayed on Freedom,” 114.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid., 77, 97, 111–112.
80. Kaye/Kantrowitz, remarks at WLJIC; Kaye/Kantrowitz, “Stayed on Freedom,” 112.
81. Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz, The Color of Jews: Racial Politics and Radical Diasporism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007), 222.
82. “Notes from Di Vilde Chayes: A Jewish Lesbian Feminist Collective,” typescript in the possession of Evelyn Torton Beck.
83. Irena Klepfisz to “Schvesters,” February 2–7, 1982, Greenfield’s personal collection. Schvesters is Yiddish for “sisters.”
84. Clark, “Act of Resistance.”
85. “Notes from Di Vilde Chayes.”
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Adrienne Rich to “Dear Schvesters,” February 18, 1982, Greenfield’s personal collection.
89. Beck to author, August 7, 2016.
90. Rich, “Split at the Root,” 83.
91. Ibid., 76, 78.
92. Ibid., 81, 83.
93. Ibid., 6, 84.
94. Rich to “Dear Schvesters.”
95. Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz and Irena Klepfisz, “Jewish Feminist Conference: Thoughts and Impressions,” off our backs 12, no. 8 (1982): 2.
96. Ibid.
97. “Zionism and White Supremacy,” Sojourner 7, no. 7 (1982): 2–3. See Feldman, Shadow over Palestine, 188–189.
98. Women Against Imperialism, “Feminism, Anti-Semitism, and Racism . . . Taking Our Stand against Zionism and White Supremacy,” off our backs 12, no. 7 (1982): 20.
99. Women Against Imperialism, “Who Are the Real Terrorists? Zionist Israel and the USA!,” June 12, 1982, mimeo, Hall-Hoag Collection of Extremist Literature in the United States, Brandeis University Archives, Waltham, MA.
100. Women Against Imperialism, “Feminism, Anti-Semitism, and Racism,” 20; Di Vilde Chayes, “What Does Zionism Mean?,” off our backs 12, no. 7 (1982) 21.
101. See Evelyn Beck, Nancy Bereano, Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz, and Irena Klepfisz, “Di Vilde Chayes: Zionists Deplore Killings in Lebanon and Criticize Nature of Anti-Israel Protests,” off our backs 12, no. 9 (1982): 27.
102. Ruth Hubbard, “Theocracy vs. People” (letter), off our backs 12, no. 11 (1982): 25–26; Rachael Kamel, “Two Half-Truths Needing a Whole,” off our backs 12, no. 9 (1982): 28.
103. Irena Klepfisz to author, September 25, 2016.
104. “Notes from Di Vilde Chayes.”
105. Klepfisz, “Yom Hashoah, Yom Yerushalayim,” 119, 116.
106. Ibid., 119–120.
107. Klepfisz to author, September 25, 2016; Beck to author, August 7, 2016.
108. Adrienne Rich, “Jewish Days and Nights,” in Kushner and Solomon, Wrestling with Zion, 162.
109. Al-Hibri and Sanchez were not included, and Bulkin replaced Beck, whose panel contribution was printed separately in Women’s Studies Quarterly along with summaries of the other panelists.
110. See Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz, “Yours in Struggle: In Review,” off our backs 15, no. 9 (1985): 20. Bulkin published a chapter of the book, titled “Breaking a Cycle,” in off our backs 14, no. 4 (1984): 14–17.
111. Minnie Bruce Pratt, “Identity: Skin Blood Heart,” in Bulkin, Pratt, and Smith, Yours in Struggle, 9–63.
112. Barbara Smith, “Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Relationships between Black and Jewish Women,” in Bulkin, Pratt, and Smith, Yours in Struggle, 71.
113. Ibid., 68–69, 72, 75, 85.
114. Elly Bulkin, “Hard Ground: Jewish Identity, Racism, and Anti-Semitism,” in Bulkin, Pratt, and Smith, Yours in Struggle, 93–94, 138.
115. Ibid., 98, 110–111, 109, 138, 153.
116. “Statement of Purpose and Justification to the Coordinating Council of NWSA from the Jewish Women’s Task Force / Proposed Caucus,” 1984, Jewish Women’s Caucus Papers, NWSA, Mindy Sue Shapiro’s personal collection. It expressed “the irony of having to ‘qualify’ as an oppressed group” amid “centuries of international Jew-hating and currently, amidst the present era of blatant anti-semitism.”
117. In the first years of the Jewish Women’s Caucus, Martha Ackelsberg served as its representative to NWSA’s Steering Committee. Other members of the caucus included Judith Arcana, Annette Kolodny, and Mindy Sue Shapiro (who served as chair). Jewish Caucus Papers, NWSA, Shapiro’s personal collection.
118. Kaye/Kantrowitz and Klepfisz with Mennis, “In Gerang / In Struggle.” See Penny Rosenwasser, Hope into Practice: Jewish Women Choosing Justice Despite Our Fears (PennyRosewasser.com, 2013), for an example of a recent work on internalized anti-Semitism.
119. Rogow, “Why Is This Decade Different from All Other Decades?,” 70.
120. Kaye/Kantrowitz, “To Be a Radical Jew in the Late 20th Century,” 102.
121. Klepfisz, Dreams of an Insomniac, quoted in Shana Penn, “The Reclamation of Yidishkayt,” Women’s Review of Books 8, nos. 10–11 (1991): 46.
122. See Elly Bulkin, “Bridges: A Journal for Jewish Feminists and Our Friends,” in Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, March 1, 2009, Jewish Women’s Archive; Claire Kinberg, “Challenges of Difference at Bridges,” in Brettschneider, Narrow Bridge, 31; “Feminists Hope Party Will Prevent Collapse of Bridges,” Jewish News of Northern California, August 20, 1999, www.jweekly.com.
123. Jews for Racial and Economic Justice, “Our Strategic Vision,” 2015, www.jfrej.org.
124. Jewish Women’s Archive, “Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz,” accessed February 17, 2016, http://jwa.org.
125. Klepfisz to author, September 25, 2016. The November 8–10, 1991, NJA conference, “Carrying It On: A National Conference Organizing against Anti-Semitism and Racism for Jewish Activists and College Students,” attracted five hundred participants. Jenney Milner and Donna Spiegelman, “Carrying It On: A Report from the NJA Convergence on Organizing against Racism and Anti-Semitism,” Bridges 3, no. 1 (1992): 138–147.
126. Irena Klepfisz, “A Jewish Women’s Call for Peace—Days of Awe,” unpublished speech, quoted in Evelyn Torton Beck, introduction to Klepfisz, Dreams of an Insomniac, xxvii.
127. See Rose Katz, “Jewish Feminist Publishing,” Feminist Collections: Women’s Studies Library Resources in Wisconsin 4, no. 2 (1983): 24–26.
1. See Judith Zinsser, “From Mexico to Copenhagen to Nairobi: The United Nations Decade for Women, 1975–1985,” Journal of World History 13, no. 1 (2002): 140, 142; Kristen Ghodsee, “Revisiting the United Nations Decade for Women: Brief Reflections on Feminism, Capitalism and Cold War Politics in the Early Years of the International Women’s Movement,” Women’s Studies International Forum 33 (2010): 3–12; Jane Jaquette, “The 1980 Mid-Decade Conference,” in Anne Winslow, ed., Women, Politics, and the United Nations (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1995), 47–48; Jocelyn Olcott, International Women’s Year: The Greatest Consciousness-Raising Event in History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), 5, 15. Also see Lourdes Benaria, “Reflections on the Copenhagen Conference,” Feminist Studies 7, no. 2 (1981): 335–344.
2. On Betty Friedan and Jewishness, see Antler, Journey Home, 259–267; Kirsten Fermaglich, American Dreams and Nazi Nightmares: Early Holocaust Consciousness and Liberal America, 1957–1965 (Hanover, NH: Brandeis University Press, 2006), chap. 2; Horowitz, “Jewish Women Remaking American Feminism,” 235–256.
3. Alix Kates Shulman, interview by author, December 18, 2008.
4. Other seder sisters were Edith Isaac-Rose, Bea Kreloff, Michele Landsberg, and Lily Rivlin. The “seder mothers” included Bella Abzug, Grace Paley, and Gloria Steinem.
5. See E. M. Broner, The Telling: The Story of a Group of Jewish Women Who Journey to Spirituality through Community and Ceremony (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1993).
6. Marcia Freedman, Exile in the Promised Land: A Memoir (Ithaca, NY: Firebrand Books, 1990), 234.
7. Helen S. Lewis, “The Copenhagen Conference and Its Aftermath: Implications for a Jewish Women’s Agenda,” International Council of Jewish Women, January 29, 1981, National Council of Jewish Women Records, Library of Congress, http://wasi.alexanderstreet.com.
8. Lober, “Conflict and Alliance in the Struggle,” 173; Women Against Imperialism, “Who Are the Real Terrorists?,” quoted ibid., 174.
9. On criticisms of American Jewish feminists’ identity work, see Jenny Bourne, “Homelands of the Mind: Jewish Feminism and Identity Politics,” Race & Class 29, no. 1 (1987): 1–24. Also see Ellen Cantarow, “Zionism, Anti-Semitism and Jewish Identity in the Women’s Movement,” Middle East Report 154 (September–October 1988): 38–43.
10. Jocelyn Olcott, “Globalizing Sisterhood: International Women’s Year and the Politics of Representation,” in Niall Ferguson, Charles S. Maier, and Erez Manela, eds., The Shock of the Global: The 1970s in Perspective (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), 286–287; Olcott, “Cold War Conflicts and Cheap Cabaret: Sexual Politics at the 1975 United Nations International Women’s Year Conference,” Gender & History 22, no. 3 (2010): 733–754; Olcott, International Women’s Year, 5, 15.
11. Niliifer Cagatay and Ursula Funk, “Comments,” Signs 6, no. 4 (1981): 777.
12. See Feld, Nations Divided, 91–92.
13. Betty Friedan, “Scary Doings in Mexico City,” in “It Changed My Life”: Writings on the Women’s Movement (New York: Norton, 1985), 350.
14. United Nations, “Report of the World Conference of the International Women’s Year, Mexico City, 19 June–2 July 1975,” paragraph 26, 7; also see paragraphs 23–24, 6.
15. Gil Troy, Moynihan’s Moment: America’s Fight against Zionism as Racism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 84.
16. Ibid.
17. Betty Friedan, “Anti-Semitism as a Political Tool: Its Congruence with Anti-Semitism,” 1985, Betty Friedan Papers, Schlesinger Library, 6.
18. Antler, Journey Home, 267; Troy, Moynihan’s Moment, 85.
19. Olcott, International Women’s Year, 116–121, 126.
20. Bernard Goodwin to Betty Friedan, December 8, 1975, Friedan Papers, quoted in Troy, Moynihan’s Moment, 178.
21. Troy, Moynihan’s Moment, 85.
22. Friedan, “Anti-Semitism as a Political Tool,” 12.
23. Ibid.
24. Troy, Moynihan’s Moment, 85.
25. Quoted in Marlin Levin, It Takes a Dream: The Story of Hadassah (Jerusalem: Gefen, 1997), 342.
26. Marcia Freedman, “Dear Sisters,” letter from the Knesset, October 24, 1975, Freedman Papers, Brandeis University.
27. Freedman, Exile in the Promised Land, 42–43, 45; “Marcia Freedman on Israeli Feminism,” off our backs 13 (March 1983): 18.
28. Marcia Freedman, interview by author, November 8, 1912.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. “Marcia Freedman on Israeli Feminism.”
32. Tzafu Saar, “The American Woman Who Brought Feminism to Israel,” Haaretz, August 3, 2010, www.haaretz.com.
33. Freedman, interview; Freedman, “How I Went to Israel and Became an Anglo-Saxon: The American Influence on Second-Wave Israeli Feminism,” Brandeis University, 1998–2000, Freedman Papers.
34. Freedman, “How I Went to Israel”; Freedman, interview; Saar, “Woman Who Brought Feminism to Israel,” Haaretz, March 8, 2010; Freedman, Exile in the Promised Land, 55, 59, 97, 105.
35. “Marcia Freedman on Israeli Feminism.”
36. Marcia Freedman, “Thoughts on Kenya, 1985,” Shirley Joseph Papers, American Jewish Historical Society.
37. See Georgia Dullea, “U.N. World Conference on Women Opens Today in Copenhagen,” New York Times, July 14, 1980; Helen S. Lewis, “The Copenhagen Conference: An Orchestrated Attack on Zionism,” preliminary report to the Jewish Community Council of Greater Washington and to Pioneer Women, August 10, 1980, American Jewish Historical Society; Feld, Nations Divided, 93.
38. See Dullea, “U.N. World Conference on Women”; Joan Borsten, “UN Women Join the Anti-Israel Bandwagon,” Jerusalem Post, n.d.; Judy Krausz, “The Anguish of Copenhagen: Three Israeli Representatives Talk about the Disastrous Women’s Conferences,” Pioneer Women, November 1980, 18–20; Zinsser, “From Mexico to Copenhagen to Nairobi,” 139–168; Lois A. West, “The United Nations Women’s Conferences and Feminist Politics,” in Mary K. Meyer and Elisabeth Prügl, eds., Gender Politics in Global Governance (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999), 191.
39. Zinsser, “From Mexico to Copenhagen to Nairobi,” 152.
40. Betty Friedan, “Afterword to ‘Scary Doings in Mexico City,’” in “It Changed My Life,” 392.
41. Ibid., 393.
42. Helen S. Lewis, “Reflections on Copenhagen: A Chilling Experience—1980 Conference Seen as Throwback to 1930s,” Pioneer Women, November 1980, 15–16; “prerequisite for peace” quoted in Troy, Moynihan’s Moment, 241.
43. United Nations, Report of the World Conference of the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace (New York: United Nations, 1980), 10–11.
44. Selma Baxt to Sheila Mittleman, August 26, 1980, Joseph Papers; Lewis, “Copenhagen Conference and Its Aftermath.”
45. Lewis, “Reflections on Copenhagen,” 15–16.
46. Judy Krausz, “The Anguish of Copenhagen,” Pioneer Woman, November 1980, 18; E. M. Broner, “Women: Embraced and Embattled at the UN: Part II,” n.d. (circa 1985), E. M. Broner Papers, Brandeis University.
47. Krausz, “Anguish of Copenhagen,” 20; Naomi Chazan, “The Women’s Movement and Anti-Semitism,” typescript, Pogrebin Papers; Chazan, “Anti-Semitism and Politics in the International Women’s Movement,” paper prepared for the “International Conference on Politics and Anti-Semitism in the Women’s Movement: The Road to Nairobi,” Paris, July 8–10, 1984, American Jewish Historical Society.
48. Joan Borsten, “Copenhagen Letter: People Listened When Aloni Defended Israel,” Jerusalem Post, July 25, 1980.
49. “Israel Delegates at UN Conference Call Apartheid Abhorrent,” Los Angeles Times, July 20, 1985, quoted in Feld, Nations Divided, 96.
50. Chazan, “Anti-Semitism and Politics in the International Women’s Movement.”
51. Ibid.
52. Freedman, “Thoughts on Kenya, 1985.”
53. Lewis, “Copenhagen Conference at Its Aftermath.”
54. Broner, quoted in Regina Schreiber, “Sisterhood Is Powerful . . . Unless You’re Jewish,” Lilith 8, offprint, June 1981 (prepared for the National Women’s Studies Association Meetings, June 1981). Original article: Schreiber, “Copenhagen: One Year Later,” Lilith 8 (January 31, 1981): 30–35.
55. E. M. Broner, “The Road to Nairobi,” paper presented at the International Gathering of Women’s Organizations, July 1984, Broner Papers; also printed in Moment, November 1984, 35–39.
56. Esther Broner to Letty Cottin Pogrebin, July 13, 1980, Broner Papers.
57. E. M. Broner, “Women: Embraced and Embattled at the UN,” 1980, Broner Papers.
58. Broner, “Road to Nairobi.”
59. Broner, “Women: Embraced and Embattled at the UN.”
60. Phyllis Chesler to author, June 20, 2017.
61. Schreiber, “Sisterhood Is Powerful.”
62. Quoted in Feld, Nations Divided, 93.
63. Robin Morgan, ed., Sisterhood Is Global: The International Women’s Movement Anthology (New York: Anchor/Doubleday, 1984); Morgan, The Demon Lover: On the Sexuality of Terrorism (New York: Norton, 1989).
64. Esther Broner, “Out of Africa, or, A Sad Thing Happened to Me on the Way to a Happy Ending,” 1985, Broner Papers.
65. Batya Bauman, notes from Feminists Against Anti-Semitism meeting, February 22, 1981, Broner Papers.
66. Broner, “Road to Nairobi.”
67. George Jochnowitz, “A Conversation with Phyllis Chesler: American Feminist and Zionist Activist,” Midstream 53, no. 5 (2007): 10.
68. Ibid.; Phyllis Chesler to author, March 21, 2014.
69. Phyllis Chesler, “The Walls Came Tumbling Down: How Jewish Feminists Made History,” On the Issues 11 (February 28, 1989), www.phyllis-chesler.com.
70. Aviva Cantor Zuckoff, “An Exclusive Interview with Dr. Phyllis Chesler,” Lilith 1 (Winter 1976–1977): 24; Chesler to author, March 21, 2014.
71. “Hear the Voices of Women of Religious Conviction,” St. Petersburg Times, January 28, 1984; Doree Lovell and Elsa A. Soldender, “Soul Survivors,” Baltimore Jewish Times, January 27, 1984; Inge Lederer Gibel, memo, Second Women of Faith in the 80s Conference, November 16, 1983, Greenberg Papers.
72. “Conversation with Phyllis Chesler”; Chesler to Esther Broner, June 27, 1984, Broner Papers.
73. Lewis, “Copenhagen Conference and Its Aftermath.”
74. Cantarow, “Zionism, Anti-Semitism and Jewish Identity,” 38.
75. Lewis, “Copenhagen Conference and Its Aftermath.”
76. Ibid.
77. Pogrebin, Deborah, Golda, and Me, 154, 158–159.
78. Ibid., 146, 149.
79. Letty Cottin Pogrebin, “A Writer, a Woman, and a Jew,” Forward, January 13, 2006.
80. Pogrebin, Deborah, Golda, and Me, 154.
81. Pogrebin, “A Writer, a Woman, and a Jew.”
82. Cantor to Pogrebin, July 27, 1982, Pogrebin Papers.
83. Pogrebin, Deborah, Golda, and Me, 215.
84. Ibid., 223–226.
85. “Letters Forum: Anti-Semitism,” Ms., February 1983, 12–13.
86. Pogrebin, Deborah, Golda, and Me, 231, 234. A bitter dispute over Jewish identity politics also unfolded in London, where the issues of anti-Semitism, anti-Zionism, and racism in the women’s movement emerged in the radical feminist journal Spare Rib in the 1980s. See “Women Speak Out against Zionism: If a Woman Calls Herself Feminist She Should Call Herself Anti-Zionist,” in the August 1982 issue; Bourne, “Homelands of the Mind”; JF Publications, ed., A Word in Edgeways: Jewish Feminists Respond (London: JF Publications, 1988); and Bernice Hausman, “Anti-Semitism in Feminism: Rethinking Identity Politics,” Iowa Journal of Literary Studies 11 (1991): 85–86.
87. Chesler to Broner, June 27, 1984, Broner Papers.
88. Esther Broner, “A Women’s Petition for International Sisterhood to Be Presented at Nairobi, 1985,” Broner Papers.
89. Broner, “Road to Nairobi.”
90. Christie Balka and Reena Bernards, memo to NJA National Council Representatives, Middle East Task Force and Feminist Contacts re: UN Decade for Women Conference in Nairobi, May 15, 1985, Joseph Papers.
91. See Feld, Nations Divided, 96–97.
92. Lena Einhorn, “Being a Jew at the UN Women’s Forum in Nairobi,” Bulletin of the International Council of Jewish Women, March 1986; Connie Kreshtool, “The Road to Nairobi,” Reform Judaism, Winter 1985–1986, 20, 29; Ruth Cowan, “Nairobi Diary,” Jewish Standard, August 9, 1985, 3, 25; National Council of Jewish Women, “American Jewish Women Better Prepared at Nairobi,” Joseph Papers.
93. Galia Golan, interview by author, March 11, 2015.
94. Broner, “Out of Africa.”
95. Esther Broner, “In and Out of Africa, 1985,” Broner Papers.
96. Golan, interview.
97. Ezra Berkley Brown, “New Jewish Agenda: A People’s History,” New Jewish Agenda, accessed July 1, 2017, http://newjewishagenda.net.
98. Ibid. Also see Feld, Nations Divided, 96.
99. Ruth Seligman, “Dialogue,” Forum, July 15, 1985, 7.
100. Balser, “Diane Balser, 68, Talks to Susan Schnur,” 37–38; Broner, “In and Out of Africa.”
101. Feld, Nations Divided, 97, quoting New Jewish Agenda press release, July 23, 1985.
102. Broner, “In and Out of Africa.”
103. Shirley Joseph, “‘Forward-Looking Strategies’: How It Happened,” Moment, October 28, 1985, 28–29.
104. Broner, “In and Out of Africa.”
105. Mary Battiata, “The Feminist Finale,” Washington Post, July 20, 1985, G1, G5; “Women’s Conference Clouded by Hostility toward U.S., Israel,” News Wire Service, n.d.; “Nairobi Women’s Conference Ending a Decade for Women . . . with Forward Looking Strategies,” off our backs 15, no. 9 (1985): 1; Ghodsee, “Revisiting the United Nations Decade for Women,” 9.
106. Pogrebin, Deborah, Golda, and Me, 161, quoted in Feld, Nations Divided, 97.
107. Friedan, “Anti-Semitism as a Political Tool.”
108. Christie Balka, “Beyond Zionism Is Racism in Nairobi,” Sojourner, October 1985.
109. Ibid. In “Jewish Women & Nairobi: Another View” in the November 1985 issue of Sojourner, Ellen Cantarow responded to Balka’s article, questioning whether Zionism should be regarded as the “national liberation movement of the Jewish people” and asking the “implicit question, ‘Was Nairobi good, or bad, for the Jews?’” She urged the American women’s movement to move beyond its own “chauvinist self-concern” (18–19).
110. Galia Golan, interview; Golan to author, July 10, 2017; E. M. Broner, Mass/Broner Letter, April 11, 1987, Broner Papers.
111. Alice Shalvi, “Israel Women’s Network,” in Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, March 1, 2009, Jewish Women’s Archive.
112. Louise Woo, “Pursuing the Promise of Equality in the Promised Land,” Oakland (CA) Tribune, March 8, 1987.
113. Letty Cottin Pogrebin, statement, 2011, http://lilith.org.
114. Randi Jo Land, “Peace Is a Women’s Issue too,” Jerusalem Post, December 8, 1988.
115. Randi Jo Land, “Feminists Convene—and Clash on Peace,” Jewish Week, December 23, 1988.
116. Ibid.
117. The service was prepared by Rivka Haut, Norma Joseph, Rabbi Helene Ferris, and Shulamit Magnus. Phyllis Chesler to author, June 21, 2017. See Phyllis Chesler and Rivka Haut, eds., Women of the Wall: Claiming Sacred Ground at Judaism’s Holy Site (Woodstock, VT: Jewish Lights, 2002).
118. Phyllis Chesler, “The Walls Came Tumbling Down,” On the Issues 11 (1989): 11.
119. Ibid., 9.
120. In 2013, several founding members of WOW broke away from the group to form Original Women of the Wall (OWOW), which describes itself as an “independent, autonomous, pluralistic, feminist group.” See the group’s website: www.originalwow.org. OWOW rejected a compromise that allowed women to pray at a more distant site south of the Western Wall but not at the Kotel.
121. Sherry Gorelick, “Peace Movement in the United States,” in Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, March 20, 2009, Jewish Women’s Archive.
122. Solomon, “Building a Movement,” 42–43.
123. See Feld, Nations Divided, 98; Cantarow, “Zionism, Anti-Semitism and Jewish Identity,” 43.
124. Ellen Willis, typescript, no title (Speeches on Jews and Israel), n.d. (circa 1985), Willis Papers.
125. Ibid.
126. Willis, “Is There Still a Jewish Question?”
127. Willis, typescript (Speeches on Jews and Israel).
128. Pogrebin, “Zionism, Meet Feminism.”
129. Examples of the recent commentary on feminism and Zionism include Emily Shire, “Does Feminism Have Room for Zionists?,” New York Times, March 7, 2017, www.nytimes.com; and Collier Meyerson, “Can You Be a Zionist and a Feminist? Linda Sarsour Says No,” Nation, March 13, 2017, www.thenation.com.
130. Solomon, “Building a Movement,” 43.
1. Klatch, Generation Divided; Sherkat and Blocker, “Political Development of Sixties’ Activists”; Braungart and Braungart, “Life-Course Development”; Nathan Glazer, Remembering the Answers: Essays on American Student Revolt (New York: Basic Books, 1970).
2. Jacobson, Roots Too.
3. Rothstein, remarks at WLJIC.
4. Gordon, “Participatory Democracy,” 120.
5. Greenberg, interview.
6. Adrienne Rich, “If Not with Others, How?,” in Blood, Bread, and Poetry: Selected Prose, 1979–1985 (New York: Norton, 1986), also quoted in Jacobson, Roots, Too, 256.
7. Dworkin, “Song for Women in Five Questions,” 44.
8. Cheryl Greenberg, “Pluralism and Its Discontents,” in Biale, Heschel, Galchinsky, Insider/Outsider, 82.
9. Doress-Worters, interview.
10. Greenberg, “How an Orthodox Woman Evolved,” 5.
11. Stephen J. Whitfield comments, “If Jews have been disproportionately radicals, it may because they have been disproportionately intellectuals.” Whitfield, “Famished for Justice,” 228–229.
12. Willis, “Next Year in Jerusalem,” 135.
13. Tax, “False Idol of Land Worship”; Tax, remarks at WLJIC.
14. Plaskow, Standing Again at Sinai, 12.
15. Agus, interview.
16. Kesselman et al., “Our Gang of Four,” 36.
17. Hawley, remarks at “A Revolutionary Moment.”
18. Rothstein to author, June 20, 2016.
19. Brownmiller, Against Our Will; and Jewish Women’s Archive, “Susan Brownmiller.”
20. Kesselman to author, August 20, 2008.
21. Jacobson argues that multiculturalism was in force from the 1970s but emerged as a “coherent phenomenon” only in the 1990s. Roots Too, 226–227.
22. David Biale, Michael Galchinsky, and Susannah Heschel, introduction to Insider/Outsider, 8. On the exclusion of American Jews from multiculturalism, see Beck, “Politics of Jewish Invisibility”; Pinsky, Jewish Feminists, 97; Greenberg, “Pluralism and Its Discontents,” in Biale, Galchinsky, and Heschel, Insider/Outsider, 82; Hollinger, Postethnic America.
23. Lisa E. Bloom, Jewish Identities in American Feminist Art: Ghosts of Ethnicity (New York: Routledge, 2006).
24. Marla Brettschneider, Jewish Feminism and Intersectionality (Albany: State University of New York, 2016), 8.
1. On feminist movement history, see Nancy A. Hewitt, ed., No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2010).
2. Profiles of the six women are based on their remarks at the WLJIC panel.
3. See Leah Berkenwald, “Meet Jaclyn Friedman: Jewess with Attitude,” June 20, 2011, Jewish Women’s Archive.
4. Friedman’s citation of this line echoes Alix Kates Schulman’s in chapter 2.
5. Jaclyn Friedman and Jessica Valenti, eds., Yes Means Yes! Visions of Female Sexual Power and a World without Rape (Berkeley, CA: Seal, 2008); Jaclyn Friedman, Unscrewed: Women, Sex, Power, and How to Stop Letting the System Screw Us All (Berkeley, CA: Seal, 2017).
6. Nona Willis Aronowitz and Emma Bee Bernstein, Girldrive: Criss-Crossing America, Redefining Feminism (Berkeley, CA: Seal, 2009).
7. See Collier Meyerson, “Reflections on Off and Running,” and “Lots of Latkes,” Be’chol Lashon, accessed June 14, 2011, www.bechollashon.org.
8. Collier Meyerson, “On Passing, Wishing for Darker Skin, and Finding Your People: A Conversation between Two Mulattos,” Fusion, June 5, 2015, www.fusion.net.
9. See Collier Meyerson, “Clinton, Sanders, and the Myth of a Monolithic ‘Black Vote,’” New Yorker, April 15, 2016, www.newyorker.com.
10. Irin Carmon and Shana Knizhnik, Notorious RBG: The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg (New York: Dey Street Books, 2015).
11. Pew Research Center, “Millennials: Confident. Connected. Open to Change,” February 24, 2010, www.pewsocialtrends.org.
12. Catherine Harnois, “Re-presenting Feminisms: Past, Present, and Future,” NWSA Journal 20, no. 1 (2008): 128.