actions: fundamental, 90, 114; three basic, 110
alternative ways, 37, 59, 63, 78, 82
amplitude: arrow, 68; changes, 102; for a coupling, 92; j, 121; P(A to B), 121; for photon exchange, 100; probability, 33
Anderson, Carl, 98
angle: of incidence, 38; relative, 30, 32
arrow(s): adding, 26, 53, 56, 83; amplitude, 68; combining, 83, 85, 124; drawing, 37; final, 59; identical, 112; multiplying, 63; radius, 106; reflection, 27–32, 71; representing probabilities, 25; transmission, 71; unit, 60–65, 68–69, 82
atom(s): helium, 113; hydrogen, 100, 113; lithium, 113; oxygen, 5; sodium, 48
atomic bomb, 132
b quark, 148
baryons, 132
Bell Laboratories, 84
Bethe, Hans, 128
c quark, 148
charge: calculated, 127; electric, 84; observed, 128; of quarks, 134
chemical properties, 113
chemistry, fundamental theoretical, 5
chromodynamics, quantum, 139
“color”: of gluons, 137; of quarks, 136
complex numbers, 63
compound events, 59
conditions: final, 81; initial, 81
coupling: amplitude for, 92, 130; d quark, 148; observed, 129; three-way, 141
coupling constant: for gluons, 137; j, 120, 130, 143; with a muon, W, 144; for W’s, 141, 142
crystal: nickel, 84; salt, 48, 49
d quark, 133–41, 145, 148, 150
Davisson, C. J., 84
De Broglie, Louis, 84; formula, 84
diagrams, 118
difference, time, 89
diffraction: grating, 46–49, 59; through a small hole, 55
Dirac, Paul, 6, 98, 115; theory, 6
duality, wave-particle, 23, 37
dynamite, exploding, 132
E (A to B), formula for, 91
eclipses, lunar, 11
Eddington, Arthur, 130
Einstein, Albert, 112; theory of relativity, 5, 87, 89
electricity and magnetism: Maxwell’s theory of, 5; quantum theory of, 7
electrodynamics, quantum, see quantum electrodynamics theory
electromagnetic potentials, scalar, 123; vector, 123
electron(s): backwards-moving, 98; exchanging photons, 100, 136; fake, 90; heavy, 146, 147; magnetic moment of, 7, 115, 118; moving, 98, 123; neutrino, 144–45; patterns, 132; polarization of, 120; relativistic theory of, 6; spin-zero, 112; theory of matter, 4; wavelike character of, 84
electron-positron pair, 126
energies, negative, 129
event(s): analyzing, 75; compound, 60; observed physical, 83; probability of an, 37, 63; suspicious, 151
exchanges, photon, 95, 100, 107, 114
experiment(s): high-energy, 132; laboratory, 116–17; low-energy, 132; measuring reflection, 28; results of Newton’s, 23
eye, human, 14
force(s): electrical, 113, 134–35, 151; gravitational, 151; nuclear, 131
formula: De Broglie’s, 84; for E (A to B), 91, 132; for P (A to B), 88, 90–91
Franklin, Benjamin, 134
gamma rays, 13
Gell-Mann, Murray, 132
Germer, L. H., 84
glass: opaque, 110; thick sheet of, 30, 105; thin sheet of, 20, 33; transparent, 110; scatters, 107
gluon(s), 134–38; color of, 137; coupling constant, 135, 137; quarks exchanging, 136; theory, 137–38
grating, diffraction, 46–48, 59
gravitation, theory of, 4
gravitons, 151
gravity, quantum theories of, 151
Greeks, point of view of, 61
Hanbury-Brown-Twiss effect, 75
heat phenomena, 4
history, of physics, 6
holes: and spots theory, 18; tiny, 78–79, 85
holograms, 48
hummingbirds, 34
ideas: old-fashioned, 56; of quantum mechanics, 3; revolutionary, 55
incidence, angle of, 38
Indians, Maya, 11
initial conditions, 81
initial state, 82
interaction(s): “color”-changing, 136; electrical, 143; of light and matter, theory of, 6; strong, 136; types of, 142; weak, 142, 143
interference: colors, 33; effects, 81; principle of, 81, 83
iridescence, 34
irrational numbers, 63
j, 91, 120–21, 125–30, 143; value of, 91
junction number, j, 91, 120–21, 125–30, 143
knowledge, precise, 55
lambda particle, 132
lasers, 112
laws: mechanical, 5; of Nature, 89; Newton’s, 5
light, 13, 23; blue, 33; dim, 14, 15; in everyday circumstances, 15; infrared, 13; particles of, 36; photon model of, 112; speed of, c, 87, 89–90; speed of, in water and air, 51; ultraviolet, 13, 149; weak monochromatic, 36; white, 35, 102
line: unit, 62; wavy, 88, 91, 92, 95, 105
lines, multiplying, 62
lithium metal conducting electricity, 113
location: physical, 105; relative, 110
m and e, observed values, 127
magnetic interaction, 131
magnetic moment: of electron, 7, 115, 118; of neutron, 131; of proton, 131, 138
mass(es): calculated (n), 127; of heavier particles, 145; of muon, 143; number, 133; observed (m), 151–52; of t quark, 147; of tau, 146; of W, 140
material: opaque, 108; reflective, 18
mathematicians, 63
matter, electron theory of, 4
Mautner, Alix, 3
Maxwell, James Clerk, 4; theory, 5
Maya Indians, 11
mesons, 132
MeV, 133
mirage, 52
monochromatic source, 101–102, 106
motion, phenomena of, 4
mu-neutrino, 144
muon(s), 143–44; mass of, 143; W coupling with a, 144
n, 125
n and j, calculated numbers, 125
Nature: analysis of, 78; laws of, 89; particle in, 98; phenomenon of, 84; strangeness of, 80; variety in, 110
neutral W, 141
neutrons, 131
New Zealand, 3
Newton, Sir Isaac, 5, 13–14, 18, 21–23, 37, 85
nuclear: forces, 131; particles, 9, 131; phenomena, 8, 77; physics, 8; reactors, 139
nucleus, 5; atomic, 7; exchanging photons, 113
number(s): complex, 63; irrational, 63; junction (j), 91; mass (m), 133; m and e, 126–28; mysterious, 126, 130, 135; n and j, 125–30
opaque material, 108
optical phenomena, 49
P (A to B), formula for, 88, 90
pair(s): muon-antimuon, 143, 144; positron-electron, 116, 119, 126, 143; quark-antiquark, 139
partial reflection, 15–25, 36, 47, 64, 66, 69, 72, 75, 77, 100–110; colors produced by, 33; depending on thickness of glass, 22, 34; of many surfaces, 22; suggested theories for, 18; by two surfaces, 24; wave theory of, 22
particle(s): fundamental, 132, 145, 151; individual, 139; intermediate, 140; of light, 36; light behaves like, 13, 15; in Nature, 98; nuclear, 9, 131; repetition of, 145; spin 1, 140; spin 1/2, 121, 133, 140, 146–47; stationary, 100; undiscovered, 150
path(s): definite, 85; of least time, 52; neighboring, 45, 53–55, 123; straight-line, 53–55
patterns: electron, 132; proton-neutron, 132
peacocks, 34
phenomena: at the atomic level, 5; celestial, 11; familiar, 16, 38; of heat, 4; of motion, 4; of Nature, 84; nuclear, 8, 77; optical, 49; that QED theory describes, 7; radioactive, 8; simplest, 82; of sound, 4
philosophical worries, 124
phonograph record, 48
photographic plates, 13
photomultiplier, 14
photon, 14, 36; bouncing, 28–29; detecting a single, 14; divides, 80; emitted, 143; exchanges, 95, 100, 107, 113–14, 136; front reflection, 29; identical, 19; incoming, 101; model of light, 112; reflecting, 30–31; relation to W’s, 142; virtual, 95, 120
physical: event, observed, 83; location, 105; world, 8
physicist(s), theoretical, 129, 147–48
physics: classical, 123; is probabilistic, 19; liquid-state, 114; nuclear, 8; quantum, 55, 78, 148; solid-state, 114; students of, 9, 75; theoretical, 82
pions, 132
polarization, 13, 120; of electrons, 120; of photons, 120
positron, 98
positron-electron pair, 116–17, 119, 143
predictions, absolute, 25
probability(ies): amplitude, 33, 37; calculating, 78; essential in quantum physics, 19; of an event, 37, 63; as the square of an amplitude, 24, 37
proton(s), 131; exchanging photons, 113; and neutrons, theory of, 138; observed magnetic moment of, 138; stability of, 150
proton-neutron patterns, 132
psi-meson, 145
Pythagoras, 31
Pythagorean Theorem, three-dimensional, 89
QED, 4
quantum chromodynamics, 132, 139
quantum electrodynamics theory: accuracy of, 7; experiments to test, 8; shocking characteristic of, 124; structure of, 131; unsatisfactory feature of, 151
quantum mechanical behavior, 85
quantum mechanics, ideas of, 3, 5, 40
quantum theory, 7, 39, 50, 53; calculating probabilities in, 24; of electricity and magnetism, 7; of gravity, 151; of strong interactions, 132
quark(s), 132; b, 148; c, 148; “color” of, 136; coupling to a W, 148; d, 133–41, 145, 148, 150; exchanging gluons, 136; “flavor” of, 135; heavier, 144; isolated individual, 139; s, 145, 148; t, 147, 150; u, 133–41, 144, 148, 150
quark-antiquark pairs, 139
Rabi, I. I., 145
radius arrow, 106
rays: gamma, 13; ultraviolet, 149; X-, 13
reactions, chemical, 114
reduction, of a wave packet, 76
reflection: arrow, 28–32, 71; back, 29; front, 28; front surface, 66; partial, 16–25, 36, 47, 64, 66, 69, 72, 75, 77, 100–110; surface, 31, 60
reflective material, 18
refraction, 49
relativistic theory of the electron, 6
relativity: Einstein’s theory of, 5, 87, 89; principle of, 121
renormalization, 128
repetition of particles, 145
rho meson, 132
rules: that fail, 85; peculiar, 78; for quantum calculations, 37
Salam, Abdus, 142
Schwinger, Julian, 6, 15, 116, 128
sigma particle, 132
soap bubbles, 33
sodium: atoms, 48; streetlights, 35
solar systems, 84
sound, phenomena of, 4
space, three-dimensional, 89
space-time, 85–86, 99, 110; drawing, 107; graph, 88, 105
spin, 121
spin 1/2 particles, 133, 140, 146–47, 149
spin 2 particles, 122
spin 3/2 particles, 151
spin-zero: electrons, 112; particles, 93
square: absolute, 63; of an amplitude, 37
stopwatch, imaginary, 27, 101–102
subevents: concomitant, 93; simpler, 83
successive: steps, 64, 67, 82; transformations, 62, 63; turnings, 69; turns, 63
surface(s): back, 105, 107; front, 105, 107; grooved, 48–49; reflection, 31; partial reflection by two or more, 19; transmission through, 17
tau, mass of, 146
television waves, 13
theory(ies): Dirac’s, 6; electron, 4; gluon, 137–38; of gravitation, 4; of gravity, quantum, 151; of holes and spots, 18; of the interaction of light and matter, 6; Maxwell’s, 5; quantum, see quantum theory; of quantum electrodynamics, see quantum electrodynamics theory; of quantum mechanics, 5; relativistic, 6; of relativity, 5, 87, 89; similarity of various, 149; speculative, 150; of strong interactions, 138; unification of, 150; of W’s, 141; wave, 23, 26; of weak and electromagnetic fórces, 142
time: curve, 57; difference, 88–89; path of least, 52; scale, 87–88; on the vertical axis, 86
transformations, successive, 62–63
transmission: arrows, 71; through a surface, 17
transparent materials, 108, 110, 113
turn(s): half, 29–30, 65; successive, 63
u quark, 133–41, 144, 148, 150
unification of theories, 150
unified theory of weak and electromagnetic interaction, 142
value(s): of j, 91; of m and e, 127
Venus, 11
W(s), 139–45, 148, 150; couplings, 141–42, 144, 148; mass of, 140; and photon interrelation, 142; types of, 141
water, light’s speed in, 51
wave(s): electromagnetic, 4; packet, reduction of a, 76; radio, 13, 34, 75; television, 13
wave theory, 23, 36; of partial reflection, 22
wavelike character of electrons, 84
Weinberg, Stephen, 142
Weisskopf, Victor, 128
world: complex, 114; physical, 8
yellowish bands, 35
Z particle, 141