17. Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800 (New York, 1993), 4, 77. Classic accounts of the origins of American political parties from very different perspectives are Joseph Charles, The Origins of the American Party System: Three Essays (New York, 1961) and Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology (Ithaca, N.Y., 1978).