19. Hietala, Manifest Design, 30–32. For a sampling of slaveholder fear mongering, see Edmund P. Gaines to Calhoun, May 5, 1844, in Clyde Wilson, ed., The Papers of John C. Calhoun, vol. 18 (Columbia, S.C., 1989), 440–44, Calhoun to Ana Maria Calhoun Clemson, May 16, 1844, ibid., 469, Calhoun to William King, August 12, 1844, ibid., vol. 19 (Columbia, S.C., 1990), 574–75, Robert M. Harrison to Calhoun, August 12, 1844, ibid., 634–36, and Wilson introduction to ibid., xiii–xviii.