1. Stuart Hall, quoted in Mike Phillips and Trevor Phillips, Windrush: The Irresistible Rise of Multi-Racial Britain (London: HarperCollins, 1998), pp. 197–8.
2. For background on the Smethwick election see Michael Hartley-Brewer, ‘Smethwick’, in Nicholas Deakin, ed., Colour and the British Electorate 1964: Six Case Studies (London: Pall Mall Press for the Institute of Race Relations, 1965), pp. 77–105. See also Muhammad Anwar, Race and Politics: Ethnic Minorities and the British Political System (London: Tavistock Publications, 1986); Joe Street, ‘Malcolm X, Smethwick, and the Influence of the African American Freedom Struggle on British Race Relations in the 1960s’, Journal of Black Studies 38, 6 (2008), pp. 932–50.
3. ‘White Backlash in Leyton?’ Magnet, 13 February 1965, p. 1.
4. See Hartley-Brewer, ‘Smethwick’, pp. 81, 90–91.
5. ‘Britain’s Racist Election’, Channel 4, 16 March 2016.
6. On Bean’s campaign see David Woolcott, ‘Southall’, in Deakin, ed., Colour, pp. 31–53. I quote here from pp. 40–41. Satnam Virdee notes that 9.1 per cent was the largest share of the vote for a minority party in the post-war era; see Virdee, ‘Anti-Racism and the Socialist Left, 1968–1979’, in Evan Smith and Matthew Worley, eds., Against the Grain: The British Far Left from 1956 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2014), p. 211.
7. Alan Shuttleworth, ‘Sparkbrook’, in Deakin, ed., Colour, pp. 54–76 (p. 68).
8. Rex and Moore found ‘the impression of Irishness was overwhelming’ at the Sparkbrook Labour Club in the early 1960s: ‘The list of club members was mostly Irish. The songs that were sung were Irish. The jokes and the names given to numbers in the Bingo sessions had an Irish reference. Although the club did include some pure “Brummies”, they seemed to stand out as foreigners.’ John Rex and Robert Moore, Race, Community and Conflict: A Study of Sparkbrook (London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations, 1967), p. 196; see pp. 191–211 for a discussion of the politics of Sparkbrook in the 1964 general election. David Pitt is quoted in Deakin, ed., Colour, pp. 6–7.
9. Deakin, ed., Colour, p. 100. See also Avtar Singh Jouhl, ‘History of the Indian Workers Association’, https://iwagb.wordpress.com/category/history-of-iwa/.
10. DeWitt John Jnr, Indian Workers’ Associations in Britain (London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Race Relations, 1969), p. 66.
11. John, Indian Workers, pp. 62, 52.
12. Sheila Allen, Stuart Bentley and Joanna Bornat, Work, Race and Immigration (Bradford: University of Bradford, 1977), p. 237.
13. John, Indian Workers, p. 138.
14. The Birmingham Post and Express and Star are quoted in Street, ‘Malcolm X’, pp. 939–40.
15. Philip Donnellan, The Colony, BBC, 16 June 1964.
16. On the government White Paper see Kennetta Hammond Perry, London is the Place for Me: Black Britons, Citizenship and the Politics of Race (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 210–29.