1. Baldwin tells the story in Horace Ové’s film, Baldwin’s Nigger, Infilms, 1968.
2. On Enoch Powell see Camilla Schofield, Enoch Powell and the Making of Postcolonial Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013); Paul Foot, The Rise of Enoch Powell: An Examination of Enoch Powell’s Attitude to Immigration and Race (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969); Enoch Powell, Reflections of a Statesman: The Writings and Speeches of Enoch Powell, ed. Rex Collings (London: Bellew, 1991); Douglas Schoen, Enoch Powell and the Powellites (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1977).
3. On letters to Powell see Diana Spearman, ‘Enoch Powell’s Postbag’, New Society, 9 May 1968, pp. 667–9; Amy Whipple, ‘Revisiting the “Rivers of Blood” Controversy: Letters to Enoch Powell’, Journal of British Studies 48, 3 (2009), pp. 717–35. I quote here from p. 722.
4. On the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination see Benjamin Heinemann, The Politics of the Powerless: A Study of the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination (London: Oxford University Press, 1972) and ch. 6 of Kennetta Hammond Perry, London is the Place for Me: Black Britons, Citizenship and the Politics of Race (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016). For instances of discrimination see the Report of the Race Relations Board for 1966–1967 (London: HMSO, 1967) and W. W. Daniel, Racial Discrimination in England: Based on the PEP Report (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968); for CARD advice on ‘How to Expose Discrimination’ see http://www.irr.org.uk.ezproxy.princeton.edu/black_history_resource/Racial_Discrimination.pdf.
5. Hanif Kureishi gives his account of growing up in South London in the 1960s in ‘London and Karachi’, in Raphael Samuel, ed., Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity, Vol. 2: Minorities and Outsiders (London: Routledge, 1989), pp. 270–87.
6. Dilip Hiro’s recollection of the Olympic salute occurs in Dilip Hiro, Black British, White British: A History of Race Relations in Britain (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1971), p. 107. His and Kureishi’s re-collections are discussed in Rob Waters, ‘Black Power on the Telly: America, Television, and Race in 1960s and 1970s Britain,’ Journal of British Studies 54, 4 (2015), pp. 947–70.
7. For national newspaper coverage of US race riots and the growth of Black Power in Britain see Rob Waters, ‘The Significance of Michael X’, M.Sc. Research Dissertation, University of Edinburgh, 2010. For accounts of Black Power in Britain see Rob Waters, Thinking Black: Britain, 1965–1985 (Berkeley: University of California Press, forthcoming); Anne-Marie Angelo, ‘The Black Panthers in London: A Diasporic Struggle Navigates the Black Atlantic’, Radical History Review 103 (2009), pp. 17–35; Robin Bunce and Paul Field, ‘Obi B. Egbuna, C. L. R. James and the Birth of Black Power in Britain: Black Radicalism in Britain 1967–72’, Twentieth Century British History 22, 3 (2010), pp. 391–414; Robin Bunce and Paul Field, Darcus Howe: A Political Biography (London: Bloomsbury, 2013); A. Sivanandan, ‘The Heart is Where the Battle Is: An Interview with the Author’, in Communities of Resistance: Writings on Black Struggles for Socialism (London: Verso, 1990), pp. 1–16, and A Different Hunger: Writings on Black Resistance (London: Pluto, 1982); Roy Sawh, From Where I Stand (London: Hansib Publications, 1987); Paul Gilroy, There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack: The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation (London: Hutchinson, 1987). Contemporary publications referred to include J. A. Hunte, Nigger Hunting in England? (London: West Indian Standing Conference, 1966); Neville Maxwell, The Power of Negro Action (London: Privately Printed, 1965).
8. On the Dialectics of Liberation Congress see David Cooper, ed., Dialectics of Liberation (London: Penguin, 1968), which reproduces Carmichael’s speech. For links between Irish, UK and US civil rights and revolutionary groups see Pat Dooley, The Irish in Britain (London: Connolly Association, 1943), and the discussion of Clann na hÉireann in Brian Hanley and Scott Millar, The Lost Revolution: The Story of the Official IRA and the Workers’ Party (Dublin: Penguin Ireland, 2009) – I quote Pádraig Yeates on the County Associations from p. 49.
9. William Craig, 16 October 1968, Stormont Papers, Vol. 70 (1968), p. 1022.
10. See Anatomy of Violence, dir. Peter Davis, 1967, which includes footage of Carmichael’s debate with members of the audience. On the prosecution of Malik see Gavin Schaffer, ‘Legislating Against Hatred: Meaning and Motive in Section Six of the Race Relations Act of 1965’, Twentieth Century British History 25, 2 (2014), pp. 251–75.
11. Copies of Black Ram and Hustler are available at the George Padmore Institute and Archive, Finsbury Park, London.
12. See Obi B. Egbuna, Black Power in Britain (London: UCPA, 1967) and Destroy This Temple: The Voice of Black Power in Britain (London: William & Morrow, 1971); Sivanandan, ‘The Heart is Where the Battle Is’, p. 10.
13. For Colin MacInnes’s defence of Michael X, see Waters, ‘The Significance of Michael X’, p. 31.
14. See Baldwin’s Nigger.
15. For Andrew Salkey on ‘metropolitan approval’ see Rob Waters, ‘Henry Swanzy, Sartre’s Zombie? Black Power and the Transformation of the Caribbean Artists Movement’, in Ruth Craggs and Claire Wintle, eds., Cultures of Decolonisation: Transnational Productions and Practices, 1945–1970 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2016), p. 79.
16. For James Coster see Thomas J. Cottle, Black Testimony: The Voices of Britain’s West Indians (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1978), pp. 71–8.