Ruaha National Park (www.tanzaniaparks.com/ruaha.html; adult/child US$30/10), together with neighbouring conservation areas, forms the core of a wild and extended ecosystem covering about 40,000 sq km and providing home to one of Tanzania’s largest elephant populations. In addition to the elephants, which are estimated to number about 12,000, the park (Tanzania’s largest, with an area of approximately 22,000 sq km) hosts large herds of buffaloes, as well as greater and lesser kudus, Grant’s gazelles, wild dogs, ostriches, cheetahs, roan and sable antelopes, and more than 400 different types of birds. Bird life is especially prolific along the Great Ruaha River, which winds through the eastern side of the park, as are hippos and crocodiles.
Why Go Outstanding dry season wildlife watching, especially known for its elephants and hippos; excellent birding; rugged scenery.
When to Go June through November for wildlife; December through April for birding.
Practicalities Drive in from Iringa; fly in from Arusha or Dar es Salaam. Entry fees are per 24-hour period, single entry only, and payable only with Visa or MasterCard. The main gate (open 7am to 6pm) is about 8km inside the park boundary on its eastern side, near the park’s Msembe headquarters. Driving is permitted within the park from 6am to 6.30pm.
Budget Tips Get a group of four or five, hire a vehicle in Iringa for an overnight safari and sleep at the old park bandas. Meals are available, but bring your own drinks. It's also possible to take the bus from Iringa to Tungamalenga, and arrange car hire there for a safari (about US$250 per day). Confirm in advance vehicle availability, and remember park fees are single entry only. Car hire from Iringa and sleeping inside the park usually works out at better value.
4Sleeping & Eating
The park runs several public campsites (camping US$30) about 9km northwest of the Msembe park headquarters, with toilets and showers, and about five special campsites (camping US$50) with no facilities scattered in the bush well away from the Msembe area.
Ruaha Park Bandas & CottagesCOTTAGES
(%0756 144400; ruaha@tanzaniaparks.com; s/d bandas with shared bathroom US$30/60, s/d/f cottages US$50/100/100;
p)
Ruaha's 'old' park bandas are twin-bedded metal rondavels in a good setting on the river near park headquarters. Meals are available. Restoration work is underway; soon, all should have a private bathroom. About 3km beyond here are the 'new' tidy cement cottages (all with bathroom) on a rise overlooking the river in the distance. There's a dining hall on-site (meals Tsh6000).
Accommodation should be paid for at the entry gate with credit card.
Mwagusi Safari CampTENTED CAMP
(%UK +44 18226 15721; www.mwagusicamp.com; s/d all-inclusive US$660/1190;
hJun-Mar;
p)
This highly regarded 16-bed owner-managed camp is set in a prime location for wildlife viewing on the Mwagusi Sand River about 20km inside the park gate. The atmosphere is intimate and the guiding is top-notch. In addition to the superb surrounding wildlife, highlights are the spacious tented bandas, the rustic, natural feel and the romantic evening ambience.
Ruaha River LodgeLODGE
(%0754 237422; www.tanzaniasafaris.info; s/d incl full board & wildlife drives US$405/650;
p)
This unpretentious, beautifully situated 28-room lodge was the first in the park and is the only place on the river. It’s divided into two separate sections, each with its own dining area. The stone cottages directly overlook the river – elephants and hippos are frequently spotted here – and there’s a treetop-level bar-terrace with stunning riverine panoramas.
Mdonya Old River CampTENTED CAMP
(%022-260 1747; www.mdonya.com; per person incl full board & excursions US$390;
hJun-Mar;
p)
The relaxed Mdonya Old River Camp, about 1½ hours’ drive from park headquarters, has 12 tents on the banks of the Mdonya Sand River, with elephants occasionally wandering through camp. It’s a straightforward, unpretentious place with the necessary comforts tempered by a bush feel. If you take advantage of Coastal Travel's special fly-in offers, it offers good value for a Ruaha safari.
There are several places just outside the park boundaries along the Tungamalenga village road (take the left fork at the junction when coming from Iringa). If staying here, remember that park entry fees are valid for a single entry only per 24-hour period.
Chogela CampsiteCAMPGROUND
(%0782 032025, 0757 151349; www.chogelasafaricamp.wix.com/chogelasafaricamp; camping US$10, s/d safari tents US$30/60;
p)
Shaded grounds, a large cooking-dining area and hot-water showers make this a popular budget choice. There are also twin-bedded safari-style tents. Vehicle rental can be arranged (US$250 for a full-day safari, advance notice required), as can meals. The camp is about 34km from the park gate along the Tungamalenga Road.
Ruaha Cultural Tourism Program (%0757 151349, 0752 142195; www.ruahaculturaltours.com; half-/full-day tour US$20/40, per person full-board in Maasai village US$27) also has a base here, for arranging nature walks, village tours and day or overnight visits to a nearby Maasai community.
Tungamalenga Lodge & CampsiteLODGE
(%026-278 2196, 0787859369; www.ruahatungacamp.com; Tungamalenga Rd; camping US$10, r per person with breakfast/full board US$40/65;
p)
This long-standing place, about 35km from the park gate and close to the bus stand, has a small garden for camping, basic but tidy rooms in double-storey bungalows and a restaurant. Village tours can be arranged. Vehicle rental is possible with advance arrangement only.
Tandala Tented CampTENTED CAMP
(%0755 680220, 0757183420; www.tandalacamp.com; s/d full board US$250/440;
hJun-Mar;
p
s)
Lovely Tandala is just outside the park boundary, 12km from the gate. Its 11 raised tents are scattered around shaded grounds with a bush feel (elephants and other animals are frequent visitors). Staff can organise vehicle rental to Ruaha, and guided walks and night drives in park border areas. The swimming pool and low-key ambience make it a good family choice.
8Getting There & Away
Air
There is an airstrip at Msembe, near park headquarters.
Coastal Aviation flies from Dar es Salaam and Zanzibar to Ruaha via Selous Game Reserve (one way from Dar es Salaam US$350, from Zanzibar US$390) and between Ruaha and Arusha (US$330). Safari Airlink has similarly priced flights connecting Ruaha with Dar es Salaam, Selous and Arusha, and also with Katavi and Mikumi.
Bus
There’s a daily bus between Iringa and Tungamalenga village (Tsh6000, five hours), departing Iringa's Mwangata bus stand (on the southwestern edge of town at the start of the Ruaha road) at 1pm. Look for the one marked 'Idodi-Tungamalenga'. Departures from Tungamalenga's village bus stand (along the Tungamalenga road, just before Tungamalenga Camp) are at 6am. From Tungamalenga, there’s no onward transport to the park, other than rental vehicles arranged in advance through the Tungamalenga road camps (prices start at US$250 per day). There’s no vehicle rental once at Ruaha, except what you’ve arranged in advance with the lodges.
Car
Ruaha is 115km from Iringa along an unsealed road. About 58km before the park, the road forks; both sides go to Ruaha and the distance is about the same each way, but it's best to take the more travelled Tungamalenga road (left fork). The closest petrol is in Iringa.
From Iringa, the Tanzam highway continues southwest, past dense stands of pine, before reaching the junction town of Makambako. En route are some lovely possibilities for detours.
oKisolanza – The Old Farm HouseCAMPGROUND, COTTAGES
(%0754 306144; www.kisolanza.com; camping US$7, s/d/tr/f cottages half-board from US$110/140/185/170, tw without bathroom US$40;
p)
S
This gracious 1930s farm homestead 50km southwest of Iringa is fringed by stands of pine and rolling hill country and recommended for its accommodation and its outstanding cuisine. There are two camping grounds (overlanders and private vehicles), twin-bedded rooms, cosy wooden chalets, family cottages with fireplace, and two luxury garden cottages. All are spotless, impeccably furnished and excellent value.
There’s also a bar, a shop selling home-grown vegetables and other produce, and many beautiful walks in the area. Buses will drop you at the Kisolanza turn-off, from where it’s a 1.5km walk in to the lodge. Advance bookings are advisable for accommodation, but there’s always room for campers.
Makambako (a stop on the Tazara railway line) is a windy highland town at the junction where the road from Songea and Njombe meets the Dar es Salaam–Mbeya highway.
Triple J Hotel (%0767 310176, 026-273 0475; kaributriplejhotel@yahoo.com; Njombe Rd; s/d Tsh20,000/25,000;
p) has small rooms and a restaurant with meals for about Tsh5000. It’s 800m south of the main junction along the Njombe road, 700m north of the bus stand and signposted.
The bus stand is about 1.5km south of the main junction along the Njombe road. The first bus to Mbeya (Tsh8000 to Tsh9500, three hours) leaves at 6am, with another bus at 7am. The first buses (all smaller Coastals) to Njombe (Tsh3000, one hour) and Songea (Tsh12,000, five hours) depart about 6.30am, and there’s a larger bus departing at 6.30am for Iringa (Tsh8000) and Dar es Salaam.
Njombe, about 60km south of Makambako and 235km north of Songea, is a district capital, regional agricultural centre and home of the Bena people.
4Sleeping & Eating
Hill Side HotelHOTEL
(Chani Motel; %0752 910068, 026-278 2357; chanihotel@yahoo.com; r Tsh30,000-50,000;
p)
This cosy place has modest twin- and double-bedded rooms, hot water (usually), small but lovely poinsettia-studded gardens, and a restaurant with TV and filling meals. There's currenty no signpost; turn off the main road onto the dirt lane next to the courthouse (Mahakamani); it's just downhill and diagonally opposite from the police station.
FM HotelHOTEL
(%0786 513321; Songea Rd; s Tsh30,000-40,000, d Tsh50,000, ste Tsh70,000;
p)
This large, soulless multistory place bills as Njombe’s sleekest option, with modern rooms boasting nets and TV. Some face the highway, with views over Njombe, others overlook an interior courtyard. There’s a restaurant. It’s on the main road 1km south of and diagonally opposite the bus stand.
Duka la MaziwaSELF-CATERING
(Cefa Njombe Milk Factory; %026-278 2851;
h7am-6pm Mon-Sat, 10am-2pm Sun)
Fresh milk, yoghurt and delicious Italian cheeses. It’s just off the main road; turn in by the TFA building and go down about two blocks. The shop is to the left.
8Getting There & Away
The bus stand is on the west side of the main road, about 600m south of the large grey-water tank.
Buses go daily to Songea (Tsh9000 to Tsh12,000, four hours), Makambako (Tsh3000, one hour), Iringa (Tsh8000) and Mbeya (Tsh8000 to Tsh9000, four hours), with the first departures at 6.30am.
Pop 385,280
The thriving town of Mbeya sprawls at about 1700m in the shadow of Loleza Peak (2656m), in a gap between the verdant Mbeya mountain range to the north and the Poroto mountains to the southeast. Today it’s a major trade and transit junction between Tanzania, Zambia and Malawi. The surrounding area is lush, mountainous and scenic, with many nearby excursions.
Mbeya
TTours
Gazelle SafarisTOUR, SAFARIS
(
MAP
GOOGLE MAP
; %025-250 2482, 0784 666600; www.gazellesafaris.com; Jacaranda Rd)
Arranges guides and transport for day tours around Mbeya, excursions to Kitulo National Park, car rental, and safaris further afield, especially in the southern circuit. It also does domestic and international flight bookings.
Sisi Kwa SisiTOUR
( MAP GOOGLE MAP ; Station Rd)
Between the market and the bus station, and unsignposted, this sometimes-on, sometimes-off budget operator can occasionally be useful for arranging a guide to local attractions. The office is often unstaffed (whenever its owner is out leading an excursion), so send a text to the number he leaves on the door.
4Sleeping
Karibuni CentreGUESTHOUSE
(
GOOGLE MAP
; %0754 510174, 025-250 3035; www.mec-tanzania.ch/karibuni; camping Tsh5000, s/d Tsh20,000/32,000;
p)
This quiet mission-run place is in a small, enclosed compound where you can also pitch a tent. Most rooms have bathrooms, and there’s a restaurant. Karibuni is 3km southwest of the town centre. Take a taxi from the bus stand (Tsh4000).
If you are driving, go 1.2km west along the highway from the big town-airport junction at the entrance to Mbeya to the tiny signpost on Lehner St. Turn right, continue 300m to the T-junction, turn right again. The compound is 200m up on the left.
Sombrero HotelHOTEL
(
MAP
GOOGLE MAP
; %0766 755227, 025-250 0663; Post St; s/tw/ste Tsh30,000/40,000/60,000)
No-frills rooms in a convenient, central location, and a tiny restaurant downstairs. There are no screens in the windows, but most rooms have nets.
Mbeya HotelHOTEL
(
MAP
GOOGLE MAP
; %025-250 2224/2575; mbeyahotel@hotmail.com; Kaunda Ave; s/d/tr/ste Tsh50,000/70,000/90,000/100,000;
p
a
W)
The former East African Railways & Harbours Hotel has straightforward twins and doubles. The better ones (all doubles) are in an extension attached to the main building. More cramped rooms are in separate bungalows out back. There are also small gardens and a restaurant. It’s opposite NBC bank.
New Millennium InnGUESTHOUSE
(
MAP
GOOGLE MAP
; %025-250 0599; Mbalizi Rd; r Tsh17,000-20,000)
In a noisy but convenient location directly opposite the bus stand, with good-value ‘newer’ rooms upstairs and separate from the main building, and smaller, darker rooms near the reception. The more expensive rooms have beds big enough for two, but there’s no same-gender sharing.
Utengule Coffee LodgeLODGE
(%0786 481902, 0753 020901; www.riftvalley-zanzibar.com; camping US$8.50, s US$85-140, d US$100-177, f US$165;
p
W
s)
This lovely lodge is set in expansive grounds on a working coffee plantation in the hills 20km west of Mbeya. Accommodation includes spacious standard rooms, two-storey balconied suites and a large family room. There are tennis courts and a restaurant. From Mbeya, follow the highway 12km west to Mbalizi junction. Turn right; continue 8.5km to the lodge entry on your right.
5Eating
Azra SupermarketSUPERMARKET
( MAP GOOGLE MAP ; School St)
Small but well stocked; just up from the Tanesco building.
Mbeya HotelINDIAN
(
MAP
GOOGLE MAP
; %025-250 2224/2575; mbeyahotel@hotmail.com; Kaunda Ave; meals Tsh6000-10,000;
h7am-9pm;
v)
This popular hotel restaurant has a large menu featuring reasonably good Indian cuisine, including vegetarian selections, plus Chinese and continental fare. Meals tend to be on the heavy side (lots of extra oil), but portions are large and it remains one of the better dining options in the town centre.
8Information
Dangers & Annoyances
As a major transport junction, Mbeya attracts many transients, particularly in the area around the bus station. Watch your luggage, don’t change money with anyone, only buy bus tickets in the bus company offices and avoid walking alone through the small valley behind the bus station. Also be very wary of anyone presenting themselves as a tourist guide and don’t make tourist arrangements with anyone outside of an office. Bus ticketing scams abound, especially for cross-border connections. Ignore all touts, no matter how apparently legitimate, trying to sell you through-tickets to Malawi (especially) or Zambia. Pay the fare only to the border, and then arrange onward transport from there.
Medical Services
Babito PharmacyPHARMACY
(
GOOGLE MAP
; %0754 376808, 025-250 0965; Station Rd;
h7.30am-6.30pm Mon-Fri, 8am-5pm Sat)
Money
Travel Agencies
Juve Travel & ToursTRAVEL AGENCY
(
GOOGLE MAP
; %0767 927627, 0655 656542; School St;
h8am-6pm Mon-Fri, 9am-2pm Sat)
Fastjet agent; also does bookings for other airlines.
8Getting There & Away
Air
Flights on Auric Air, Air Tanzania, Precision Air (
GOOGLE MAP
; %0686 310228; www.precisionairtz.com; School St;
h8am-5pm Mon-Fri, to 2pm Sat & Sun), Fastjet and Flightlink go daily between Mbeya's Songwe airport (22km from Mbeya near Mbalizi) and Dar es Salaam (one way Tsh55,000 to Tsh160,000), often for not much more than the cost of a bus fare, and much faster. Auric Air also flies weekly from Mbeya to Ruaha (US$200). In Mbeya, all airlines can be booked through Gazelle Safaris or Juve Travel.
Bus
Green Star Express, JM Luxury and other lines depart daily from the main bus station to Dar es Salaam from 6am (Tsh28,000 to Tsh44,000, 12 to 14 hours), going via Iringa (Tsh16,000) and Morogoro (Tsh30,000).
To Njombe (Tsh8000 to Tsh12,000, four hours) and Songea (Tsh17,000 to Tsh24,000, eight hours), Super Feo departs daily at 6am, with a later departure as well.
To Tukuyu (Tsh3000, one to 1½ hours), Kyela (Tsh5500, two to 2½ hours) and the Malawi border (Tsh5500, two to 2½ hours; take the Kyela bus), there are several smaller Coastal buses daily. It’s also possible to get to the Malawi border via dalla-dalla, but you’ll need to change vehicles in Tukuyu. For Itungi port, you’ll need to change vehicles in Kyela. Note that there are no direct buses from Mbeya into Malawi, though touts at the Mbeya bus station may try to convince you otherwise.
To Matema, there is occasionally one direct bus daily via Kyela, departing Mbeya by about 1pm (Tsh9000 to Tsh10,000). Usually you'll need to take transport to Kyela, from there to Ipinda, and then Ipinda to Matema.
To Tunduma, on the Zambian border, there are daily minibuses (Tsh5000, two hours). Once across, there’s Zambian transport; we recommend doing the journey in this way. There is also a weekly bus between Dar es Salaam and Lusaka that sometimes takes passengers at Mbeya (Tsh35,000 from Mbeya to Lusaka), but ticketing scams are common.
To Sumbawanga, Sumry goes daily at 6am and 8am (Tsh13,000 to Tsh15,000, six hours), with some buses continuing on to Mpanda (Tsh29,000, 14 hours).
To Tabora, there are a few vehicles weekly during the dry season, going via Rungwa. Some, which you can pick up at Mbalizi junction, take the western route via Saza and Makongolosi, while others – catch them along the main Tanzam highway just east of central Mbeya – go via Chunya.
To Moshi (Tsh52,000) and Arusha (Tsh56,000, 18 gruelling hours), Sumry departs daily at 5am.
Train
Book tickets at least several days in advance at Tazara train station (
GOOGLE MAP
; h8am-noon & 2-5pm Mon-Fri, 10am-2pm Sat).
8Getting Around
Taxis park at the bus station and near Market Sq. Fares from the bus station to central hotels start at Tsh3000. The Tazara train station is 4km out of town on the Tanzania–Zambia highway (Tsh8000 in a taxi).
The small, peppy town of Tukuyu is set in the heart of a beautiful area of hills and orchards near Lake Nyasa. There are many hikes and natural attractions nearby, but only the most basic tourist infrastructure. Destinations include the 2960m Mt Rungwe, Ngozi Peak and Crater Lake, and Daraja la Mungu (Bridge of God).
2Activities
Hiking opportunities abound, with Rungwe Tea & Tours and Bongo Camping the main options for organising something. Afriroots also does tours here. Expect to pay Tsh20,000 to Tsh35,000 for most tours.
TTours
Rungwe Tea & ToursHIKING
(%0754 767389, 025-255 2489; rungweteatours@gmail.com)
This is a one-man-show type of place where you can organise guides for hikes in the surrounding area. Prices start about Tsh15,000 per day including a guide and local community fee. It's in the Ujenzi area at the 'Umoja wa Wakulima Wadogo wa Chai Rungwe' building, behind the Landmark Hotel.
4Sleeping & Eating
Landmark HotelHOTEL
(%0782 164160, 025-255 2400; camping US$5, s/d US$40/45;
p)
Spacious, good-value rooms, all with TV and hot water, a small lawn where it’s sometimes permitted to pitch a tent, and a slow but good restaurant. The doubles have two large beds, and the singles have one bed that’s big enough for two people. It’s the large multistorey building at the main junction just up from NBC bank.
DM MotelHOTEL
(%0764 061580, 025-255 2332; s/d/ste Tsh15,000/20,000/30,000, s without bathroom Tsh10,000;
p)
Clean rooms with a large bed (no same-gender sharing permitted) and meals on request. It’s just off the main road at the turn-off into Tukuyu town, and signposted.
Bongo CampingCAMPGROUND
(%0732 951763; www.bongocamping.com; camping with own/hired tent Tsh6000/8000;
p)
A backpacker-friendly place with a large, grassy area to pitch your tent, basic cooking facilities, hot-bucket showers, tents for hire and meals on order. It’s at Kibisi village, 3.5km north of Tukuyu, and 800m off the main road (Tsh1000 in a taxi from Tukuyu bus stand). They also arrange activities (%0732 951763; www.bongocamping.com).
8Information
NBC bank in the town centre has an ATM.
8Getting There & Away
Minibuses run several times daily between Tukuyu and both Mbeya (Tsh3000, one to 1½ hours along a scenic, tarmac road) and Kyela (Tsh2500, one hour).
Two roads connect Tukuyu with the northern end of Lake Nyasa. The main tarmac road heads southwest and splits at Ibanda, with the western fork going to Kasumulu (Songwe River Bridge) and into Malawi, and the eastern fork to Kyela and Itungi port. A secondary dirt road heads southeast from Tukuyu to Ipinda and then east towards Matema.
Lake Nyasa (also known as Lake Malawi) is Africa’s third-largest lake after Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika. It’s more than 550km long, up to 75km wide and as deep as 700m in parts. It also has a high level of biodiversity, containing close to one-third of the world’s known cichlid species. The Tanzanian side is rimmed to the east by the Livingstone Mountains, whose green, misty slopes form a stunning backdrop as they cascade down to the sandy shoreline.
This quiet lakeside settlement is the only spot on northern Lake Nyasa that has any sort of tourist infrastructure, and with its stunning beachside setting backed by the Livingstone Mountains, it makes an ideal spot to relax for a few days. There’s nowhere in Matema to change money, so bring enough shillings with you.
4Sleeping & Eating
Matema Lake Shore ResortCOTTAGES
(%0782 179444, 0754 487267; www.mec-tanzania.ch/matema; camping Tsh6000, d/tr/f Tsh50,000/50,000/60,000, d without bathroom Tsh25,000;
p)
This recommended Swiss-built place has several spacious, breezy, comfortable two-storey beachfront family chalets, some smaller, equally nice double and triple cottages and a quad. All rooms front directly onto the lake – with lovely views – except the doubles sharing bathrooms. Breakfast is not included in room prices, but the restaurant serves tasty, reasonably priced meals.
oBlue Canoe SafariCAMPGROUND, COTTAGES
(%0783 575451; www.bluecanoelodge.com; camping US$7, s/d bungalows US$70/90, bandas from US$20/35;
p
i)
S
This lovely beachfront place has camping with spotless amenity blocks, plus four 'luxury bungalows' with verandahs overlooking the lake, polished wood floors and comfortable beds with spacious mosquito netting. Nearby are simple budget bandas. The bar is well-stocked and the cuisine delicious. Snorkelling and excursions can be arranged. It’s 3.5km from Matema's main junction; pick-ups are possible with advance notice.
8Getting There & Away
Boat
Schedules are highly variable these days, but there is usually at least one boat weekly – either the MV Iringa or the MV Songea – which stops at Matema on its way from Itungi port down the eastern lake shore to Mbamba Bay. The boat stop for Matema is actually at Lyulilo village, about 25 minutes on foot from the main Matema junction. Just follow the main ‘road’ going southeast from the junction, paralleling the lake shore, and ask for the ‘bandari’.
Bus
From Tukuyu, pick-ups to Ipinda leave around 8am most mornings from the roundabout by NBC bank (Tsh2500, two hours). Although drivers sometimes say they are going all the way to Matema, generally they go only as far as Ipinda. Once in Ipinda, pick-ups run sporadically to Matema (Tsh3000 to Tsh3500, 35km), departing around 2pm, which means you’ll need to wait around in Ipinda for a while. Returning from Matema, departures are in the morning. Chances are better on weekends for finding a lift between Matema and Ipinda with a private vehicle. If you get stuck in Ipinda, there are several basic guesthouses.
Occasionally there is also a direct bus between Mbeya and Matema, departing Mbeya by about 1pm and Matema at 5am (Tsh9000, five hours). All transport in Matema departs from the main junction near the hospital.
Car & Motorcycle
From Kyela, the signposted turn-off to Ipinda and Matema is about 3km north of Kyela town centre. From here, it’s about 14km to Ipinda, and another 25km to Matema along a readily passable but rough road. Allow one to 1½ hours for the 40km stretch. There’s also a shorter, scenic, slightly less rough, route directly from Tukuyu to Ipinda.
The relaxing outpost of Mbamba Bay is the southernmost Tanzanian port on Lake Nyasa. St Benadetta Guest House (r Tsh15,000) near the water has simple, clean rooms and meals. There's also the relaxing Mbamba Bay Bio Camp (%0765 925255; info@bushkomba.de; d tent/banda Tsh30,000/70,000), 5km north of town.
There’s one direct vehicle daily from Songea (Tsh9000, five to six hours). Otherwise you will need to change vehicles at Mbinga.
Entering or leaving Tanzania via Mbamba Bay, you’ll need to stop at the immigration office/police station near the boat landing to take care of passport formalities.
The sprawling town of Songea, just over 1000m in altitude, is capital of the surrounding Ruvuma region. The main tribal group here is the Ngoni. Songea takes its name from one of their greatest chiefs, who was killed following the Maji Maji rebellion and is buried about 1km from town near the Maji Maji museum.
1Sights
Maji Maji MuseumMUSEUM
(admission Tsh10,000; h8am-4pm)
About 1km from the town centre, off the Njombe road, is this small museum commemorating the Maji Maji uprising. Behind it is Chief Songea’s tomb. From town, take the first tarmac road to the right after passing CRDB bank and continue about 200m. The museum entrance is on the left with a pale-blue archway.
4Sleeping & Eating
OK Hotels 92GUESTHOUSE
(d Tsh15,000-20,000)
Small but decent rooms. From the bus stand, head uphill 400m past the market, take the second right (watch for the sign for the Lutheran church). After about 200m go right again, and look for the apricot-coloured house in a fenced compound to your left. Meals are available at Krista Park across the street.
Heritage CottageHOTEL
(%0754 355306, 025-260 0888; www.heritage-cottage.com; Njombe Rd; s/d Tsh75,000/90,000;
p
a)
This good hotel has modern, clean rooms with TV (some with mini-fridge), a popular bar-restaurant, a large lawn area behind, and a playground for children. It’s located 3km north of town along the Njombe Rd.
Seed Farm VillaB&B
(%0752 842086, 025-260 2500; www.seedfarmvilla.com; s Tsh75,000-90,000, d Tsh85,000-105,000;
p
a)
This place has eight modern, quiet rooms with TV set in tranquil garden surroundings away from the town centre in the Seed Farm area. There’s a sitting room with TV, and a restaurant (advance order necessary). Head out of town along the Tunduru Rd for 2.5km to the signposted turn-off, from where it’s 200m further.
8Information
CRDBBANK
(Njombe Rd)
ATM.
ImmigrationTOURIST INFORMATION
(Uhamiaji; Tunduru Rd)
At the beginning of the Tunduru Rd. Get your passport stamped here if you are travelling to/from Mozambique.
NBCBANK
Behind the market; ATM.
8Getting There & Away
To Iringa (Tsh18,000, eight hours) and Dar es Salaam (Tsh40,000, 13 hours), Super Feo departs daily from 5am.
To Mbeya (Tsh18,000 to Tsh24,000, eight hours), Super Feo departs daily at 6am in each direction via Njombe (Tsh9000 to Tsh12,000, four hours). There are also departures to Njombe at 9.30am and 11am.
For Mbamba Bay, there’s one direct vehicle departing daily by 7am (Tsh9000, five to six hours). Otherwise, get transport to Mbinga (Tsh4000, two hours) and from there on to Mbamba Bay (Tsh5000, three to four hours).
To Tunduru, there’s a daily bus in the dry season departing by 7am (Tsh15,000, seven to eight hours). There’s also one bus daily direct to Masasi (Tsh25,000, 13 hours), departing by 6am.
Transport to Mozambique departs from the Majengo C area, southwest of the bus stand and about 600m in from the main road; ask locals to point out the way through the back streets. If you’re driving, head west 18km from Songea along the Mbinga road to the signposted turn-off, from where it’s 120km further on an unpaved but decent road to the Mozambique border.
Tunduru, halfway between Masasi and Songea, is in the centre of an important gemstone-mining region. You’re likely to need to spend the night here if travelling between Masasi and Songea.
Namwinyu Guest House (%0655 447225, 0786 447225; Songea Rd; r Tsh30,000;
p
a), at the western end of town on the main road, has clean, pleasant rooms and meals.
8Getting There & Away
Bus
There’s at least one bus daily between Tunduru and Masasi, departing by 6am (Tsh10,000, five hours) and a daily bus direct from Tunduru to Dar es Salaam (Tsh35,000). Between Tunduru and Songea, there’s also daily transport in the dry season (Tsh15,000, seven to eight hours). In both directions from Tunduru, there is little en route, so bring food and water with you. Reserve a seat for onward travel when you arrive in Tunduru for rainy season travel, as vehicles fill up quickly.
Car & Motorcycle
The road from Tunduru in either direction is unpaved but easily passable in the dry season, although somewhat more challenging (especially between Tunduru and Songea) during the rains. Heading east, the sealed road currently starts about 55km before Masasi, and large sections in both directions from Tunduru are being prepared for paving.
Time seems to have stood still in Tanzania’s sparsely populated southeast. It lacks the development and bustle of the north and tourists numbers are a relative trickle. Yet, for adventurous travellers seeking to learn about traditional local life, for safari enthusiasts and for divers, the southeast makes an ideal destination. But, get here soon: the region’s easy pace is already starting to show signs of strain from recent discoveries of offshore gas reserves.
Mafia Island Marine Park (adult/child US$20/10) – at around 822 sq km the largest marine protected area in the Indian Ocean – shelters a unique complex of estuarine, mangrove, coral reef and marine channel ecosystems. Diving and snorkelling here are highly rewarding; excursions are offered by Big Blu and Mafia Island Diving. Both are based in the Chole Bay area, which is in the southeastern corner of Mafia island, and forms the heart of the marine park.
Entry fees (payable by everyone, whether you dive or not) are collected at a barrier gate across the main road about 1km before Utende (the closest village to Chole Bay), and can be paid in any major currency, cash only. Save your receipt, as it will be checked again when you leave. Park headquarters (%023-240 2690; www.marineparktz.com) are also in Utende.
Stroll along sandy lanes through the coconut palms. Explore a coastline alternating between dense mangrove stands and white-sand beaches. Get to know traditional Swahili culture. If these appeal, you’ll love Mafia.
1Sights & Activities
Chole IslandHISTORIC SITE
(day visit per person US$5)
This is a good place to start exploring, especially around its crumbling but atmospheric ruins, dating from the 19th century. Also on Chole is what is probably East Africa’s only Fruit Bat Sanctuary (Comoros lesser fruit bat). This is thanks to the efforts of a local women’s group who bought the area where an important nesting tree is located.
Big BluDIVING
(%0784 474108; www.bigblumafia.com/blog; Chole Bay)
Next to Mafia Island Lodge, and under the direction of Moez, a veteran diver with long experience on Mafia. Offers diving, dive-certification courses, snorkelling, excursions around Mafia and reasonably priced accommodation.
Mafia Island DivingDIVING
(%0688 218569; www.mafiadiving.com; Mafia Island Lodge, Chole Bay)
Offers snorkelling, diving, dive-certification courses and excursions.
4Sleeping & Eating
Whale Shark LodgeGUESTHOUSE
(Sunset Camp; %0755 696067, 023-201 0201; carpho2003@yahoo.co.uk; Kilindoni; s/d US$25/50;
i)
This backpacker-friendly budget place, in a quiet, clifftop setting overlooking a prime whale-shark viewing area, is good value, with six simple, pleasant cottages with fan, mosquito net and bathroom. There’s a large, lovely dining terrace with sunset views and local-style meals (US$7) on order. A short walk down the cliffside is a small beach with high-tide swimming.
oButiama BeachLODGE
(%0784 474084; www.butiamabeach.com; s/d half board US$180/300;
i)
This lovely 15-room place is spread out in palm-tree-studded grounds on a fine stretch of beach near Kilindoni, about 2km south of the small harbour. Accommodation is in spacious, breezy, appealingly decorated cottages. It has delicious Italian-style dining, sea kayaks for exploring the birdlife in nearby creeks, magnificent sunset views and a warm, classy ambience. Very good value for money.
For all Chole Bay accommodation (including all budget hotels in Utende situated after entering the park gate and all accommodation on Chole Island), you’ll need to pay daily marine park entry fees, whether you go diving or not. These fees are not included in accommodation rates.
Meremeta Guest House & ApartmentGUESTHOUSE
(%0787 345460, 0715 345460; www.meremetalodge.com; s/d/tr US$30/50/75)
On the main road about 800m before the marine-park entry gate, this tidy place has simple but clean and pleasant budget rooms with fan, meals (US$10 to US$15), and free coffee and tea. It also offers bicycle rental and can help arrange excursions around the island. Look for the pink building and local artwork display.
Big BluGUESTHOUSE
(%0784 474108; www.bigblumafia.com/blog; Chole Bay; r per person US$45, s/d tent US$20/30;
hJul–mid-Apr;
i)
This friendly dive outfitter on the beach at Chole Bay has several simple, good-value beachside rooms, plus a few tents set back from the beach. It’s primarily for divers with Big Blu, although anyone is welcome. Special dive-accommodation packages are available. There's also a good beachside restaurant serving sandwiches, salads and other light meals.
Kinasi LodgeLODGE
(%0777 424588; www.kinasilodge.com; Chole Bay; s/d full board from US$200/360;
i
s)
S
A lovely, genteel choice, with 14 stone-and-thatch cottages set on a long, green, palm-shaded hillside sloping down to Chole Bay. The Moroccan-influenced decor is at its most attractive in the evening, when the grounds are lit by small lanterns. There’s an open lounge area with satellite TV, a small beach, a spa, a dive centre and a quiet, welcoming ambience.
Chole MjiniTREEHOUSE
(%0787 712427, 0784 520799; www.cholemjini.com; Chole island; s/d full board US$265/420;
hJun-Easter)
S
Chole Mjini is unique: an upmarket bush adventure in synchrony with the local community and environment. Sleep in spacious, rustic and fantastic treehouses, eat fresh seafood, experience the real darkness of an African night without electricity, and take advantage of diving excursions, all while supporting Chole Mjini's work with the local community.
8Information
Internet CaféINTERNET
(Kilindoni; per hour Tsh3000; h8am-6pm)
At New Lizu Hotel.
National Microfinance BankBANK
Just off the airport road, and near the main junction in Kilindoni; changes cash only (dollars, euros and pounds). There are no ATMs on Mafia.
8Getting There & Away
Air
Coastal Aviation (%022-284 2700, 0767 404350, 0654 404350) flies daily between Mafia and Dar es Salaam (US$120), Zanzibar (US$160) and Kilwa Masoko (US$190, minimum five passengers), with connections also to Selous Game Reserve and Arusha. Tropical Air (
%024-223 2511; www.tropicalair.co.tz) has a similarly priced daily flight between Mafia and Dar es Salaam with connections to Zanzibar. Costs of a transfer from the airfield to Chole Bay cost US$15 to US$30 per person.
Boat
There’s at least one motorised boat daily in each direction between Mafia (Kilindoni port) and Nyamisati village on the mainland south of Dar es Salaam. MV Baccara (%0686 649616; www.mafiarufijiexpress.com) (Tsh15,000, three to four hours) is the best, when it's running. In Kilindoni, the main ticketing office is next to the big mosque, with another office in the red-roofed building at the port; buy tickets the afternoon before. In Nyamisati, buy tickets at the port. Smaller boats charge Tsh12,500 and take about four hours.
While a steady trickle of budget travellers reach Mafia this way, remember that there is no safety equipment on any of the boats. They are often overcrowded, there is little shade and the ride can be very choppy in the middle of the channel. Departure times for smaller boats depend on the weather and tides, but are usually at around 6am from Kilindoni; departure times from Nyamisati are irregular.
To reach Nyamisati, get a southbound dalla-dalla from 'Mbagala Rangi Tatu' (along the Kilwa road and reached via dalla-dalla from Dar es Salaam’s Posta) to Nyamisati (Tsh6000, up to four hours). For evening arrivals on Mafia, unless you’ve made arrangements with the lodges for a pick-up, you will need to sleep in Kilindoni. Head straight up the hill from the port for about 300m to the town centre. If you get stuck overnight in Nyamisati, there’s basic accommodation at the old Swedish mission.
8Getting Around
Dalla-dallas connect Kilindoni with Utende (Tsh1500, 45 minutes), which has at least one vehicle daily in each direction.
It’s easy to hire pick-ups or bajajis in Kilindoni to take you around the island. Bargain hard, and expect to pay from Tsh15,000 between Kilindoni and Utende for a vehicle (Tsh10,000 for a bajaji).
Between Utende and Chole Island local boats sail throughout the day from the beach in front of Mafia Island Lodge (Tsh400).
At the heart of southern Tanzania is the Selous Game Reserve ( GOOGLE MAP ; adult/child US$50/30 plus daily conservation fee US$15-25), a vast 48,000-sq-km wilderness area stretching over more than 5% of mainland Tanzania. It is Africa’s largest wildlife reserve, and Tanzania’s most extensive protected area, although the extended ecosystems of Ruaha National Park and the Serengeti come close. It’s also home to large herds of elephants, plus Africa's largest lion population, buffaloes, crocodiles, hippos, wild dogs, many bird species and some of Tanzania’s last remaining black rhinos. Bisecting it is the Rufiji River, which winds its way more than 250km from its source in the highlands through the Selous to the sea, and boasts one of the largest water-catchment areas in East Africa. En route, it cuts a path past woodlands and grasslands and stands of borassus palm, and provides the chance for some unparalleled water-based wildlife watching.
Boat safaris along the Rufiji are a highlight of a Selous safari, and are offered by most of the camps and lodges. Most also organise walking safaris, usually short (three-hour) hikes, or further afield, with the night spent at a fly camp.
Why Go Rewarding wildlife watching against a backdrop of stunning riverine scenery; wonderful, small camps; excellent boat safaris and the chance for walking safaris.
When to Go June through December; many camps close from March through May, during the heavy rains.
Practicalities Fly or drive in from Dar es Salaam; drive in from Morogoro or Mikumi. Both Mtemere and Matambwe gates are open from 6.30am to 6.30pm. Reserve headquarters (mtbutalii@gmail.com; Matambwe Gate) are at Matambwe on the Selous’ northwestern edge.
Budget Tips Travel by bus from Dar es Salaam to Mloka village, and base yourself outside Selous' boundaries, paying park fees only when you enter the reserve.
4Sleeping
Special campsites (camping US$50) can be arranged in the area between Mtemere gate and Lake Manze (northeast of Lake Tagalala).
oSelous Impala CampTENTED CAMP
(
GOOGLE MAP
; %0753 115908, 0787 817591; www.adventurecamps.co.tz; s/d full board plus excursions US$690/1200;
hJun-Mar;
p
s)
Impala Camp has eight well-spaced, nicely appointed tents in a prime setting on the river near Lake Mzizimia. Its restaurant overlooks the river and has an adjoining bar area on a deck jutting out towards the water, and the surrounding area is rich in wildlife.
Lake Manze Tented CampTENTED CAMP
(
GOOGLE MAP
; %0753 115908, 0787 817591; www.adventurecamps.co.tz; s/d full board plus excursions US$520/900;
hJun-Mar;
p)
The rustic but comfortable Lake Manze is favourably situated, with 12 simple but pleasant tents in a good location along an arm of Lake Manze. The ambience is low-key with a bush feel, and the camp is recommended for those on tighter budgets, especially as part of Coastal Travels' flight-accommodation deals.
Rufiji River CampTENTED CAMP
(
GOOGLE MAP
; %0784 237422; www.rufijirivercamp.com; s/d per person all inclusive US$465/730;
p
s)
This long-standing, unpretentious camp is run by the Fox family who own camps throughout southern Tanzania. It has a fine location on a wide bend in the Rufiji River about 1km inside Mtemere gate, tents with river views and a sunset terrace. Activities include boat safaris and overnight walking safaris. Overall good value for those on more limited budgets.
Most lodges outside Mtemere gate arrange boat safaris on the Rufiji east of the reserve boundaries and walking tours outside the reserve, as well as wildlife drives inside Selous. Reserve fees are payable only for days you enter within the Selous’ boundaries. It’s 75km through the Selous between Mtemere and Matambwe gates. Spending a few days on each side, linked by a full-day’s wildlife drive in between, is a rewarding option, although wildlife concentrations in the Matambwe area cannot compare with those deeper inside the reserve towards Mtemere.
Selous River CampCOTTAGES
(
GOOGLE MAP
; %0784 237525; www.selousrivercamp.com; camping US$5, s/d tent full board US$105/155, s/d mud hut full board US$235/285;
p)
This friendly place is the closest camp to Mtemere gate. It has cosy, river-facing 'mud huts' with bathrooms, plus small standing tents surrounded by forest with cots and shared facilities. The bar-restaurant area is lovely, directly overlooking the river at a particularly scenic spot. Overall, it's a fine choice for budget travellers.
Selous Mbega CampTENTED CAMP
(
GOOGLE MAP
; %0784 624664, 0784 748888; www.selous-mbega-camp.com; s/d full board US$140/200, s/d backpackers’ special full board US$95/140)
This laid-back, family-friendly camp is located about 1km outside the eastern boundary of the Selous near Mtemere gate and just west of Mloka village. It has raised, no-frills tents set in the foliage directly overlooking the river, and reasonably priced boat safaris and vehicle safaris. Pick-ups and drop-offs to and from Mloka are free. It is very good budget value.
All fees are per 24-hour period and currently payable in US dollars cash only. At the time of writing, multiple entries within a 24-hour period are permitted, although this may soon change.
Admission US$50 per adult (US$30 per child aged five to 17 years of age)
Conservation fee US$25 per person for those staying at camps inside the Selous; US$15 per person for those staying at camps outside the Selous' boundaries.
Vehicle fee Tsh20,000 for Tanzania-registered vehicles
Camping at ordinary campsite US$30 per adult (US$20 per child)
Camping at special campsite US$50 per adult (US$30 per child)
Wildlife guard (mandatory in camping areas) US$25
Guide US$40 (US$25 for walking or boat safari guides)
8Getting There & Away
Air
Coastal Aviation, ZanAir and Safari Airlink have daily flights linking Selous Game Reserve with Dar es Salaam (one way US$185), Zanzibar (US$220), Mafia (via Dar; US$280) and Arusha (via Dar; US$525), with connections to other northern-circuit airstrips. Coastal also flies between Selous and Ruaha National Park (US$320). Flights into the Selous are generally suspended during the March to May wet season. All lodges provide airfield transfers.
Bus
There is a daily bus between Dar es Salaam’s Temeke bus stand (Sudan Market area) and Mloka village, about 10km east of Mtemere gate (Tsh11,000, six to nine hours). Departures in both directions are at 5am. From Mloka, you’ll need to arrange a pick-up in advance with one of the camps. Hitching within the Selous isn’t permitted, and there are no vehicles to rent in Mloka.
If you are continuing from the Selous southwards, there’s a daily dalla-dalla from Mloka to Kibiti, departing Mloka between 3am and 5am (three to four hours). Once at Kibiti, you’ll need to flag down one of the passing buses coming from Dar es Salaam to take you to Nangurukuru junction (for Kilwa) or on to Lindi or Mtwara.
Coming from Morogoro, Tokyo Bus Line goes daily to/from Kisaki, departing in each direction between about 9am and 11am (Tsh9000, seven hours). From Kisaki, you’ll need to arrange a pick-up in advance with the lodges to reach Matambwe gate, 21km further on.
Car & Motorcycle
You’ll need a 4WD in the Selous. There’s no vehicle rental at the reserve and motorcycles aren’t permitted.
To get here via road, there are two options. The first: take the Dar es Salaam to Kibiti road, where you leave the tarmac and continue 100km further on a mostly decent dirt track to Mtemere gate (250km from Dar). Allow six hours from Dar es Salaam.
Alternatively, you can go from Dar es Salaam to Kisaki via Morogoro and then on to Matambwe via a scenic but rough route through the Uluguru Mountains. It's 141km from Morogoro to Kisaki, and 21km from Kisaki on to Matambwe gate. This route has improved considerably in recent times, but is still adventurous. In Morogoro, take the old Dar es Salaam road towards Bigwa. About 3km or 4km from the centre of town, past the Teachers’ College Morogoro and before reaching Bigwa, you will come to a fork in the road, where you bear right. From here, the road becomes steep and scenic as it winds its way through the Uluguru Mountains onto a flat plain. Allow five to six hours for the stretch from Morogoro to Matambwe, depending on the season. If you are coming from Dar es Salaam and want to bypass Morogoro, take the unsignposted left-hand turn-off via Mikese, about 25km east of town on the main Dar es Salaam road that meets up with the Kisaki road at Msumbisi.
Coming from Dar es Salaam, the last petrol station is at Kibiti (about 100km northeast of Mtemere gate), although supplies aren’t reliable. Otherwise try Ikwiriri; there is no fuel thereafter. Coming from the other direction, the last reliable petrol station is at Morogoro. Occasionally you may find diesel sold on the roadside at Matombo, 50km south of Morogoro, and at several other villages, although quality isn't reliable. If you plan to drive around the Selous, bring sufficient petrol supplies with you as there is none available at any of the lodges, nor anywhere close to the reserve.
Train
All Tazara trains stop at Kisaki, which is about five to six hours from Dar es Salaam and the first stop for the express train. Ordinary trains also stop at Matambwe, near Selous headquarters, and at Kinyanguru and Fuga stations, although these latter two are seldom used these days. It works best to take the train from Dar es Salaam to Selous; be sure you have a pick-up confirmed in advance, as the train arrives after nightfall. Going the other way around be prepared for 20-hour-plus delays. For this reason, many lodges are unwilling to collect travellers coming from the Mbeya side. There are several basic, nonrecommendable local guesthouses in Kisaki, should you get stuck.
Kilwa Masoko (Kilwa of the Market) is a sleepy coastal town nestled amid dense coastal vegetation and several fine stretches of beach about halfway between Dar es Salaam and Mtwara. It’s the springboard for visiting the ruins of the 15th-century Arab settlements at Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara.
Kilwa Masoko
1Sights
Transport
1Sights & Activities
On the eastern edge of town is Jimbizi Beach ( MAP GOOGLE MAP ), a short, pleasant stretch of sand. The best coastline is the long, idyllic palm-fringed open-ocean beach at Masoko Pwani, 5km northeast of town, and best reached by bicycle or bajaji (one way Tsh5000).
4Sleeping
Kilwa Bandari LodgeGUESTHOUSE
(
MAP
GOOGLE MAP
; %0713 850745; s/d/tw Tsh39,000/49,000/49,000; meals Tsh7000;
p)
Six tidy, modern rooms with fan, mosquito net, window screens and Zanzibari-style beds make this one of the best budget bets in town. Local-style meals are available on order. It's about 1.5km south of the bus stand (Tsh1000 in a bajaji), along the main road and shortly before the port gates.
Kimbilio LodgeLODGE
(
MAP
GOOGLE MAP
; %0656 022166; www.kimbiliolodges.com; s/d/tr/q US$90/130/150/170;
p)
This pleasant place has a good beachside setting on the best section of Jimbizi Beach. Accommodation is in six, spacious, tastefully decorated rondavels with makutis directly on the sand. It's warmly recommended. There’s good Italian cuisine and (with advance notice) diving. Snorkelling excursions and visits to the hippos and mangrove swamps can be arranged.
Kilwa DreamsCOTTAGES
(%0784 585330; www.kilwadreams.com; Masoko Pwani; camping US$10, d/f bungalow US$70/95; meals Tsh25,000-35,000;
p)
This is an ideal spot for getting away from just about everything, with a handful of bright blue, spartan but well-tended bungalows with cold water and no electricity in an idyllic setting directly on the long, wonderful beach at Masoko Pwani. There's also a beachside bar-restaurant. Take the airport turn-off and follow the signs along sandy tracks for about 4km to the beach. Bajaji charge Tsh5000 from town.
Kilwa Seaview ResortLODGE
(
GOOGLE MAP
; %0784 613335, 023-201 3064; www.kilwa.net; Jimbizi Beach; camping US$10, s/d/tr/q half board US$100/130/160/190;
p
s)
This family-friendly place has spacious A-frame cottages perched along a rocky escarpment overlooking the eastern end of Jimbizi Beach. There’s a restaurant built around a huge baobab tree with tasty meals, and the swimming beach is just a short walk away.
8Information
The National Microfinance Bank ( GOOGLE MAP ; Main Rd) changes cash. There’s no ATM.
District Commissioner’s OfficeTOURIST INFORMATION
(Halmashauri ya Wilaya ya Kilwa;
GOOGLE MAP
; h7.30am-3.30pm Mon-Fri)
This is where you get permits to visit Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara. Ask for the 'Mambo ya Kale' (Antiquities) office.
Kilwa Islands Tour Guides AssociationTOURIST INFORMATION
( GOOGLE MAP ; Main Rd)
This small office provides information. It is where you need to go to get guides for visiting Kilwa Kisiwani, Songo Mnara and other local excursions, including to the caves near Kipatimo, the Mto Nyange hippo pools and Kilwa Kivinje. It also rents bicycles. Prices for most excursions start at about US$25 per person for guide and transport (less with larger groups).
8Getting There & Away
Air
Coastal Aviation flies daily on demand between Dar es Salaam and Kilwa (one way US$250) and between Kilwa and Mafia (US$190, minimum two passengers). Book through its Dar es Salaam office, or in Kilwa through the Coastal Aviation Booking Office (Sudi Travel; MAP GOOGLE MAP ), north of the petrol station and just north of the transport stand. The airstrip is about 2km north of town along the main road.
Bus
To Nangurukuru (the junction with the Dar es Salaam–Mtwara road; Tsh2000, one hour) and Kilwa Kivinje (Tsh2000, 45 minutes), shared taxis depart several times daily from the transport stand on the main road just north of the market. The transport stand is also the place to hire taxis or bajajis for local excursions.
Between Kilwa and Dar es Salaam's Mbagala Rangi Tatu, there is at least one bus daily (stopping also in Kilwa Kivinje), departing in each direction by about 5.30am (Tsh12,000, four to five hours). Through Dar es Salaam–Mtwara buses will drop you at Nangurukuru, but charge the full Dar es Salaam–Mtwara fare.
To Lindi, there’s at least one direct bus daily (Tsh7000, four hours), departing Kilwa about 6am. There are no direct connections to Mtwara.
Today Kilwa Kisiwani (Kilwa on the Island; adult/student Tsh27,000/13,000) is a quiet fishing village baking in the sun just offshore from Kilwa Masoko, but in its heyday it was the seat of sultans and centre of a vast trading network linking the old Shona kingdoms and the goldfields of Zimbabwe with Persia, India and China.
While these glory days are now well in the past, the ruins of the settlement are among the most significant groups of Swahili buildings on the East African coast and a Unesco World Heritage site.
1Sights
The ruins at Kilwa Kisiwani are in two groups. When approaching Kilwa Kisiwani, the first building you’ll find is the Arabic fort (gereza). It was built in the early 19th century by the Omani Arabs, on the site of a Portuguese fort dating from the early 16th century. To the southwest of the fort are the ruins of the beautiful Great Mosque, with its columns and graceful vaulted roofing, much of which has been impressively restored. In its day, this was the largest mosque on the East African coast. Further southwest and behind the Great Mosque is a smaller mosque dating from the early 15th century. To the west of the small mosque are the crumbling remains of the Makutani, a large, walled enclosure in the centre of which lived some of the sultans of Kilwa. It is estimated to date from the mid-18th century.
Almost 1.5km from the fort along the coast is Husuni Kubwa, once a massive complex of buildings covering almost a hectare and, together with nearby Husuni Ndogo, the oldest of Kilwa’s ruins. Watch in particular for the octagonal bathing pool.
8Information
To visit the ruins, you will need to get a permit (per adult/student under 16 years Tsh27,000/13,000) from the District Commissioner's Office in Kilwa Masoko, diagonally opposite the post office. The permit is issued without fuss while you wait. To maximise your chances of finding the Antiquities Officer available, it’s best to go in the morning. On weekends, telephone numbers of duty officers are posted on the door, and officials are gracious about issuing permits outside of working hours. You’ll need to be accompanied by a guide to visit the island, arranged through the Kilwa Islands Tour Guides Association.
There are no restaurants or hotels on the island.
8Getting There & Away
Local boats go from the port at Kilwa Masoko to Kilwa Kisiwani (Tsh200) whenever there are enough passengers – usually only in the early morning, about 7am. However, as you are required to go with a guide to the islands, you'll generally need to pay their prices. Guides from the Kilwa Islands Tour Guides Association charge US$25 per person for a guide including dhow transport (US$30 for a boat with motor, and less with larger groups). With a good wind, the trip in a sailing dhow takes about 20 minutes. Excursions arranged through the hotels cost about the same or more.
Pop 108,300
Sprawling Mtwara is southeastern Tanzania’s major town. While it lacks the historical appeal of nearby Mikindani and other places along the coast, it has decent infrastructure, easy access and a relaxed pace (somewhat less so in recent times, with the discovery of offshore natural gas reserves), and is a convenient entry/exit point for travelling between Tanzania and Mozambique.
Mtwara is loosely located between a business and banking area to the northwest, near Uhuru and Aga Khan Rds, and the market and bus stand about 1.5km away to the southeast. The main north–south street is Tanu Rd. In the far northwest on the sea, and 30 to 40 minutes on foot from the bus stand, is the Shangani quarter, with a small beach. In Mtwara’s far southeastern corner, just past the market, are the lively areas of Majengo and Chikon’gola, and St Paul’s church ( GOOGLE MAP ), with beautiful paintings inside.
4Sleeping
Drive-In Garden & Cliff BarGUESTHOUSE
(
GOOGLE MAP
; %0784 503007; Shangani Rd; camping Tsh5000, r Tsh20,000)
This friendly place allows campers to pitch their tent in the garden. There are also several simple, good-value rooms, plus a restaurant. Breakfast is not included in the price. It’s just across the road from the beach, although for swimming you’ll need to walk up to the main Shangani beach near Shangani junction.
VETAHOSTEL
(
GOOGLE MAP
; %023-233 4094; Shangani; s/ste Tsh35,000/60,000;
p
a
s)
This large compound has clean rooms, all with one large twin bed, fan, TV and views towards the water, plus a restaurant. It’s in Shangani, about 200m back from the water (though there’s no swimming beach here). From the T-junction in Shangani, go left and continue for about 2km. There’s no public transport; bajaji charge around Tsh3000 from town.
Mtwara Lutheran CentreHOSTEL
(
GOOGLE MAP
; %0686 049999, 0754 255576; Mikindani Rd; r Tsh10,000-30,000;
p)
Clean-ish, no-frills rooms, some with private bathrooms and all with fans. Meals can be arranged with advance notice. It’s on the southern edge of town, just off the main roundabout along the road heading to Mikindani (Tsh2000 with a bajaji from the bus stand). Arriving by bus, ask the driver to drop you at the roundabout.
FL High Class HotelGUESTHOUSE
( GOOGLE MAP ; r Tsh50,000)
This is a decent budget option near the bus stand. All rooms have a small double bed. Transport to Mozambique departs from next door. It's one block south of the bus stand.
Naf Beach HotelHOTEL
(
GOOGLE MAP
; %0687 703042, 023-233 4706; www.nafbeachhotels.com; s/d from US$100/130;
p
a
W)
This hotel is probably Mtwara's closest to a Western-style business hotel. All rooms have one double bed, minifridge and satellite TV, some have sea views and there's a restaurant. It's just opposite the sea, but for swimming you'll need to go about 1.5km east to Shangani Beach. Visa and Mastercard are accepted.
It's about 1.8km west of the Shangani junction.
5Eating
Himo 2 RestaurantTANZANIAN
(
GOOGLE MAP
; Sokoine Rd; meals Tsh5000; hlunch & dinner)
This popular local-style eatery serves chicken, mishikaki (marinated, grilled meat kebabs) and other standard local fare with rice, ugali (a staple made from maize or cassava flour, or both) or chips, as well as fruit juice. Coming from town, take the first right after NBC bank. Himo 2 is a few doors up to the left.
Msemo HotelTANZANIAN, EUROPEAN
(Southern Cross Hotel; GOOGLE MAP ; Shangani; meals Tsh12,000-20,000)
This hotel restaurant, on a terrace overlooking the water, is popular for sundowners and has tasty meals.
8Information
CRDBBANK
( GOOGLE MAP ; Tanu Rd)
ATM. Other CRDB ATMs are at St Augustine's University, next to the cathedral on Port Rd, and opposite the bus stand. Accepts Visa and MasterCard.
Exim BankBANK
( GOOGLE MAP ; Tanu Rd)
ATM. This is also the best place to change cash. Accepts Visa and MasterCard.
Info SolutionsINTERNET
(
GOOGLE MAP
; Uhuru Rd; per hour Tsh2000; h8am-6pm Mon-Sat)
On the side of the CCM building.
8Getting There & Away
Air
There are daily flights between Mtwara and Dar es Salaam (one way Tsh180,000 to Tsh230,000) with Precision Air (
GOOGLE MAP
; www.precisionairtz.com; Tanu Rd) and, less reliably Air Tanzania (
GOOGLE MAP
; %0713 506959, 0713 766230; www.airtanzania.co.tz; Tanu Rd) (four times weekly).
Bus
All long-distance buses depart between about 5am and noon from the main bus stand just off Sokoine Rd near the market.
To Masasi, there are roughly hourly departures between about 6am and 2pm (Tsh7500, five hours); once in Masasi you’ll need to change vehicles for Tunduru and Songea.
To Kilwa Masoko, there's currently no direct bus. You'll need to go first to Lindi (Tsh4000, three hours) and get onward transport from there.
To Dar es Salaam, there are daily buses (Tsh26,000, eight hours to Temeke, another hour or two to Ubungo), departing in each direction from 6am. Book in advance. Most start and end in Dar at Temeke’s Sudan Market area, where all the southbound bus lines also have booking offices.
To Mozambique, there are several pick-ups and at least one minivan daily to Mahurunga and the Tanzanian immigration post at Kilambo (Tsh5000), departing Mtwara between about 5am and 10am. Departures are from in front of Chilindima Guesthouse, one block south of the main transport stand.
The best places for updated information on the Kilambo river crossing are the Old Boma at Mikindani and Ten Degrees South Lodge, both in Mikindani. Note that Mozambican visas are not issued at this border and there is no Mozambique consulate in Mtwara (the closest one is in Dar es Salaam).
8Getting Around
Taxis to and from the airport (6km southeast of the main roundabout) cost Tsh10,000 (Tsh5000 in a bajaji). Town taxis are difficult to find. Bajajis wait at the bus stand and near the CCM building; the cost for a town trip is Tsh1000 to Tsh2000 (Tsh3000 from the town centre to Shangani).
There are a few dalla-dallas running along Tanu Rd to and from the bus stand, although none to Shangani.
Mikindani – set on a picturesque bay surrounded by coconut groves – is a quiet, charming Swahili town with a long history. Although easily visited as a day trip from Mtwara, many travellers prefer it to its larger neighbour as a base for exploring the surrounding area.
For David Livingstone fans, the famous explorer spent a few weeks in the area in 1866 before setting out on his last journey.
1Sights & Activities
BomaHISTORIC BUILDING
The imposing German boma, built in 1895 as a fort and administrative centre, has been beautifully renovated as a hotel. Even if you’re not staying here, it’s worth taking a look and climbing the tower for views over the town.
Slave MarketHISTORIC BUILDING
Downhill from the boma is the old Slave Market building, which now houses several craft shops. Unfortunately, it was much less accurately restored than the boma and lost much of its architectural interest when its open arches were filled in. The original design is now preserved only on one of Tanzania’s postage stamps.
Prison RuinsRUINS
These ruins are opposite the jetty. Nearby is a large, hollow baobab tree that was once used to keep unruly prisoners in solitary confinement.
ECO2DIVING
(%0784 855833; www.eco2tz.com; Main Rd)
This good outfit offers PADI instruction and diving in both Mikindani Bay and at Mnazi Bay-Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park.
4Sleeping & Eating
Ten Degrees South LodgeLODGE
(ECO2; %0766 059380, 0684 059381; www.tendegreessouth.com; Mikindani; d without/with bathroom US$20/60)
This good budget travellers’ base has four refurbished rooms, all with large double beds and shared bathrooms, plus bay views and deck chairs up on the roof. Next door are a handful of newer, self-contained double-bedded rooms with hot-water showers. There's also an outdoor restaurant-bar with delicious wraps, pancakes, curries and other meals for about Tsh17,000.
oOld Boma at MikindaniHISTORIC HOTEL
(%0756 455978, 023-233 3875; www.mikindani.com; s US$77, r with/without balcony from US$188/120, ste US$223;
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i
W
s)
S
This beautifully restored building is on a breezy hilltop overlooking the town and Mikindani Bay. It offers spacious, atmospheric, high-ceilinged doubles and the closest to top-end standards that you’ll find in these parts. There’s a sunset terrace overlooking the bay, a pool surrounded by bougainvillea bushes and lush gardens, and a restaurant.
8Information
The closest banking facilities are in Mtwara.
The Old Boma at Mikindani has a tourist information office and an internet connection. Walking tours of towns and local excursions can be organised here and at Ten Degrees South Lodge.
8Getting There & Away
Mikindani is 10km from Mtwara along a sealed road. Minibuses (Tsh400) run between the two towns throughout the day. Taxis from Mtwara charge from about Ts10,000.
Masasi, a scruffy district centre and birthplace of former Tanzanian President Benjamin Mkapa, stretches itself out along the main road off the edge of the Makonde Plateau against a backdrop of granite hills. It’s a potentially useful stop if you are travelling to/from Mozambique via the Unity Bridge. If you’re cash-strapped there’s an NBC bank with an ATM on the main road at the eastern end of town.
4Sleeping & Eating
Holiday HotelMOTEL
(Tunduru Rd; r Tsh35,000)
Clean-ish, straightforward rooms with fan in a noisy but convenient location about 100m east of the bus stand.
Sechele LodgeGUESTHOUSE
(%0784 534438; Newala Rd; r Tsh20,000-35,000;
p)
About 800m from the bus stand along the Newala road, this place has a handful of clean, decent rooms – some with bathrooms, others with a bathroom just outside – and is quieter than the more central guesthouses. Meals are available on order.
8Getting There & Away
The bus stand is at the western edge of Masasi at the intersection of the Tunduru, Nachingwea and Newala roads.
To Mtwara, buses go approximately hourly between 6am and 2pm daily (Tsh7500, five hours).
To Newala (Tsh5000, 1½ hours) transport leaves several times daily.
History
Tanzania’s history begins with the dawn of humankind. Hominid (human-like) footprints unearthed near Oldupai (Olduvai) Gorge, together with archaeological finds from Kenya and Ethiopia, show that our earliest ancestors were likely roaming the Tanzanian plains over three million years ago.
The Maji Maji rebellion, which was the strongest local revolt against the colonial government in German East Africa, is considered to contain some of the earliest seeds of Tanzanian nationalism. It began around the turn of the 20th century when colonial administrators set about establishing enormous cotton plantations in the southeast and along the railway line running from Dar es Salaam towards Morogoro. These plantations required large numbers of workers, most of whom were recruited as forced labour and required to work under miserable salary and living conditions. Anger at this harsh treatment and long-simmering resentment of the colonial government combined to ignite a powerful rebellion. The first outbreak was in 1905 in the area around Kilwa, on the coast. Soon all of southern Tanzania was involved. In addition to deaths on the battlefield, thousands died of hunger brought about by the Germans’ scorched-earth policy, in which fields and grain silos in many villages were set on fire. Fatalities were undoubtedly exacerbated by a widespread belief among the Africans that enemy bullets would turn to water before reaching them, and so their warriors would not be harmed – hence the name Maji Maji (maji means ‘water’ in Swahili).
By 1907, when the rebellion was finally suppressed, close to 100,000 people had lost their lives. The Ngoni put up the strongest resistance to the Germans. Following the end of the rebellion, they continued to wage guerrilla-style war until 1908, when the last shreds of their military-based society were destroyed. In order to quell Ngoni resistance once and for all, German troops hanged their leaders and beheaded their most famous chief, Songea.
Among the effects of the Maji Maji uprising were a temporary liberalisation of colonial rule and replacement of the military administration with a civilian government. More significantly, the uprising promoted development of a national identity among many tribal groups and intensified anti-colonial sentiment, kindling the movement for independence.
The Independence Struggle
The 1905 Maji Maji rebellion contains the earliest seeds of Tanzanian independence. During the following decades, the nationalist movement in Tanganyika – which is what mainland Tanzania was then known as – solidified. Farmers’ cooperatives began to play an increasingly important political role, as did an up-and-coming group known as the Tanganyika Africa Association (TAA). Soon the TAA came to dominate Tanganyika’s political scene, serving as the central channel for grass-roots resentment against colonial policies.
In 1953 the TAA elected an eloquent young teacher named Julius Nyerere as its president. He quickly transformed the group into an effective political organisation. A new internal constitution was introduced on 7 July 1954 (now celebrated as Saba Saba Day) and the TAA became the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), with the rallying cry of ‘uhuru na umoja’ (freedom and unity).
Independence was the main item on TANU’s agenda. In 1958 and 1959, TANU-supported candidates decisively won general legislative elections, and in 1959 Britain – which at the time held the reins in Tanganyika as governing ‘caretaker’ – agreed to the establishment of internal self-government. On 9 December 1961 Tanganyika became independent and on 9 December 1962 it was established as a republic, with Nyerere as president.
On the Zanzibar Archipelago, which had been a British protectorate ever since 1890, the predominant push for independence came from the radical Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP). Opposing the ASP were two minority parties, the Zanzibar and Pemba People’s Party (ZPPP) and the sultanate-oriented Zanzibar Nationalist Party (ZNP). Both the ZPP and the ZNP parties were favoured by the British. As a result, at Zanzibari independence in December 1963, it was the two minority parties that formed the first government.
This new government did not last long. Within a month, a Ugandan immigrant named John Okello initiated a violent revolution against the ruling ZPPP–ZNP coalition, leading to the toppling of the government and the sultan, and the massacre or expulsion of most of the islands’ Arab population. The sultan was replaced by an entity known as the Zanzibar Revolutionary Council, which comprised ASP members and was headed by Abeid Karume.
On 26 April 1964 Nyerere signed an act of union with Karume, thereby creating the United Republic of Tanganyika (renamed the United Republic of Tanzania the following October).
Formation of the union, which was resented by many Zanzibaris from the outset, was motivated in part by the then-prevailing spirit of pan-Africanism, and in part as a Cold War response to the ASP’s socialist program.
Karume’s government lasted until 1972, when he was assassinated and succeeded by Aboud Jumbe. Shortly thereafter, in an effort to subdue the ongoing unrest resulting from the merger of the islands with the mainland, Nyerere authorised formation of a one-party state and combined TANU and the ASP into a new party known as Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM; Party of the Revolution). This merger, which was ratified in a new union constitution on 27 April 1977, marked the beginning of the CCM’s dominance of Tanzanian politics, which endures to this day.
The Great Socialist Experiment
Nyerere took the helm of a country that was economically foundering and politically fragile, its stability plagued in particular by the mainland’s lack of control over the Zanzibar Archipelago. Education had also been neglected, and at independence there were only a handful of university graduates in the entire country.
This inauspicious beginning eventually led to the Arusha Declaration of 1967, which committed Tanzania to a policy of socialism and self-reliance. The policy’s cornerstone was the ujamaa (familyhood) village – an agricultural collective run along traditional African lines, with an emphasis on self-reliance. Basic goods and tools were to be held in common and shared among members, while each individual was obligated to work on the land.
Tanzania’s experiment in socialism was acclaimed in the days following independence, and is credited with unifying the country and expanding education and health care. Economically, however, it was a failure. Per capita income plummeted, agricultural production stagnated and industry limped along at less than 50% of capacity. The decline was precipitated by a combination of factors, including steeply rising oil prices, the 1977 break-up of the East African Community (an economic and customs union between Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda), and sharp drops in the value of coffee and sisal exports.
Democracy
Nyerere was re-elected to a fifth term in 1980, amid continuing dissatisfaction with the great socialist experiment in the country. In 1985 he resigned from political office, handing over power to Zanzibari Ali Hassan Mwinyi. Mwinyi tried to distance himself from Nyerere and his policies, and instituted an economic recovery program. Yet the pace of change remained slow, and Mwinyi’s presidency was unpopular. The collapse of European communism in the early 1990s, and pressure from Western donor nations, accelerated the move towards multiparty politics, and in 1992 the constitution was amended to legalise opposition parties.
Since then, four national elections have been held, generally proceeding relatively smoothly on the mainland, less so on the Zanzibar Archipelago, where tensions between the CCM and the opposition Civic United Front (CUF) are strong. In elections in 2010, Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete was elected president for a second term with 62% of the vote. His main opposition was candidate Willibrod Slaa of the Party for Democracy and Progress, who garnered 27% of the vote – the most decisive opposition showing to date in Tanzania’s history. The next elections are scheduled for October 2015. As of this writing, the field of potential candidates is still wide open.
Tanzania is home to about 120 tribal groups, in addition to relatively small but economically significant numbers of Asians and Arabs, and a miniscule European community. Most tribes are very small; almost 100 of them combined account for only one-third of the total population. As a result, none has succeeded in dominating politically or culturally, although groups such as the Chagga and the Haya, who have a long tradition of education, are disproportionately well represented in government and business circles.
About 95% of Tanzanians are of Bantu origin. These include the Sukuma (who live around Mwanza and southern Lake Victoria, and constitute approximately 16% of the overall population), the Nyamwezi (around Tabora), the Makonde (Southeastern Tanzania), the Haya (around Bukoba) and the Chagga (around Mt Kilimanjaro). The Maasai and several smaller groups incorporating the Arusha and the Samburu (all in northern Tanzania) are of Nilo-Hamitic or Nilotic origin. The Iraqw, around Karatu and northwest of Lake Manyara, are Cushitic, as are the tiny northern-central tribes of Gorowa and Burungi. The Sandawe and, more distantly, the seminomadic Hadzabe (around Lake Eyasi), belong to the Khoisan ethno-linguistic family.
Tribal structures, however, range from weak to nonexistent – a legacy of Nyerere’s abolishment of local chieftaincies following independence.
About 3% of Tanzania’s total population live on the Zanzibar Archipelago, with about one-third of these on Pemba. Most African Zanzibaris belong to one of three groups: the Hadimu, the Tumbatu and the Pemba. Members of the non-African Zanzibari population are primarily Shirazi and consider themselves descendants of immigrants from Shiraz in Persia (Iran).
ATake time for greetings and pleasantries.
ABefore entering someone’s house, call out hodi (May I enter?), then wait for the inevitable karibu (welcome).
ADon’t eat or pass things with the left hand.
ARespect authority: losing your patience is always counterproductive; deference and good humour will see you through most situations.
AAvoid criticising the government.
AReceive gifts with both hands, or with the right hand while touching the left hand to your right elbow.
Always ask before photographing people.
About 35% of Tanzanians are Muslim and between 35% and 40% are Christian. The remainder follow traditional religions. There are also small communities of Hindus, Sikhs and Ismailis. Muslims are traditionally found along the coast and in the inland towns that line the old caravan routes. The population of the Zanzibar Archipelago is almost exclusively Sunni Muslim, with tiny Christian and Hindu communities.
The greatest influence on Tanzania’s modern music scene has been the Congolese bands that began playing in Dar es Salaam in the early 1960s, and the late Remmy Ongala (‘Dr Remmy’), who was born in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC: formerly Zaïre), but gained his fame in Tanzania.
On Zanzibar, the music scene has long been dominated by taarab.
No visit to Zanzibar would be complete without spending an evening listening to the evocative strains of taarab, the archipelago’s most famous musical export. A traditional taarab orchestra consists of several dozen musicians using both Western and traditional instruments, including the violin, the kanun (similar to a zither), the accordion, the nay (an Arabic flute) and drums, plus a singer. There’s generally no written music, and songs – often with themes centred on love – are full of puns and double meanings.
Taarab-style music was played in Zanzibar as early as the 1820s at the sultan’s palace, where it had been introduced from Arabia. However, it wasn’t until the 1900s, when Sultan Seyyid Hamoud bin Muhammed encouraged formation of the first taarab clubs, that it became more formalised.
A good time to see taarab performances is during the Festival of the Dhow Countries in July.
Tanzania’s Makonde, together with their Mozambican counterparts, are renowned throughout East Africa for their original and highly fanciful carvings. Although originally from the Southeast around the Makonde Plateau, commercial realities lured many Makonde north. Today the country’s main carving centre is at Mwenge in Dar es Salaam, where blocks of hard African blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon or, in Swahili, mpingo) come to life under the hands of skilled artists.
At over 943,000 sq km (almost four times the size of the UK), Tanzania is East Africa’s largest country. It is bordered to the east by the Indian Ocean. To the west are the deep lakes of the Western Rift Valley with mountains rising up from their shores. Much of central Tanzania is an arid highland plateau averaging 900m to 1800m in altitude and nestled between the eastern and western branches of the Great Rift Valley.
Tanzania’s mountain ranges are grouped into a sharply rising northeastern section (Eastern Arc), and an open, rolling central and southern section (the Southern Highlands or Southern Arc). A range of volcanoes, the Crater Highlands, rises from the side of the Great Rift Valley in northern Tanzania.
The largest river is the Rufiji, which drains the Southern Highlands en route to the coast. The Ruvuma River forms the border with Mozambique.
Tanzania’s fauna is notable for its sheer numbers and its variety, with 430 species and subspecies among the country’s more than four million wild animals. These include zebras, elephants, wildebeests, buffaloes, hippos, giraffes, antelopes, dik-diks, gazelles, elands and kudus. Tanzania is known for its predators, with Serengeti National Park one of the best places for spotting lions, cheetahs and leopards. There are also hyenas and wild dogs and, in Gombe and Mahale Mountains National Parks, chimpanzees. Complementing this are over 1000 bird species of birds, including many endemics.
Small patches of tropical rainforest in Tanzania’s Eastern Arc mountains provide home to a rich assortment of plants, many found nowhere else in the world. These include the Usambara or African violet (Saintpaulia) and Impatiens, which are sold as house plants in grocery stores throughout the West. Similar forest patches – remnants of the much larger tropical forest that once extended across the continent – are also found in the Udzungwas, Ulugurus and several other areas. South and west of the Eastern Arc range are stands of baobab.
Away from the mountain ranges, much of the country is covered by miombo (‘moist’ woodland), where the main vegetation is various types of Brachystegia tree. Much of the dry central plateau is covered with savannah, bushland and thickets, while grasslands cover the Serengeti Plain and other areas that lack good drainage.
Tanzania has 16 mainland national parks, 14 wildlife reserves, the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, three marine parks and several protected marine reserves.
Tanzania’s national parks are managed by the Tanzania National Parks Authority (Tanapa; www.tanzaniaparks.com; Dodoma Rd, Arusha).
Park entry fees, which are posted on the Tanapa website, range from US$30 to US$100 per adult per day, depending on the park. Other costs include guide fees of US$20 to US$25 per group for walking safaris, plus vehicle fees (US$40 per foreign-registered vehicle and Tsh20,000 for Tanzania-registered vehicles).
Wildlife reserves are administered by the Wildlife Division of the Ministry of Natural Resources & Tourism (%022-286 6064, 022-286 6376; scp@africaonline.co.tz; cnr Nyerere & Changombe Rds, Dar es Salaam). Selous is the only reserve with tourist infrastructure. Large areas of most others have been leased as hunting concessions, as has the southern Selous.
Mafia Island Marine Park and the Dar es Salaam Marine Reserves (Mbudya, Bongoyo, Pangavini and Fungu Yasini Islands) and Tanzania’s other marine protected areas are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Natural Resources & Tourism’s Marine Parks & Reserves Unit ( MAP GOOGLE MAP ; www.marineparks.go.tz; Olympio St, Upanga, Dar es Salaam).
The Ngorongoro Conservation Area was established as a multiple-use area to protect wildlife and the pastoralist lifestyle of the Maasai, who had lost other large areas of their traditional territory with the formation of Serengeti National Park. It is administered by the Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (www.ngorongorocrater.org).