Guns Down: How to Defeat the NRA and Build a Safer Future with Fewer Guns

NOTES

Preface: Shooting Guns in the Desert Can Surprise You

1. John Gramlich, “5 Facts About Crime in the U.S.,” Pew Research Center, January 30, 2018, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/01/30/5-facts-about-crime-in-the-u-s.

Introduction: Why You Should Give Up Your Guns

1. Antonis Katsiyannis, Denise K. Whitford, and Robin Parks Ennis, “Historical Examination of United States Intentional Mass School Shootings in the 20th and 21st Centuries: Implications for Students, Schools, and Society,” Journal of Child and Family Studies, April 2018, press release at ScienceDaily, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/04/180419131025.htm.

It’s Far Too Easy to Buy a Gun

1. “Universal Background Checks,” Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, http://lawcenter.giffords.org/gun-laws/policy-areas/background-checks/universal-background-checks.

Guns Kill Young People

1. Center for American Progress analysis of data from “Fatal Injury Reports, National, Regional and State, 1981–2016,” WISQARS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://webappa.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/mortrate.html.

2. David Hogg and Lauren Hogg, #NeverAgain: A New Generation Draws the Line (New York: Random House, 2018), Kindle ed., 10.

3. Nikki Graf, “A Majority of U.S. Teens Fear a Shooting Could Happen at Their School, and Most Parents Share Their Concern,” Pew Research Center, April 18, 2018, www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/04/18/a-majority-of-u-s-teens-fear-a-shooting-could-happen-at-their-school-and-most-parents-share-their-concern; John Woodrow Cox et al., “More Than 215,000 Students Have Experienced Gun Violence at School Since Columbine,” Washington Post, August 23, 2018.

4. Alexia Fernández Campbell, “After Parkland, a Push for More School Shooting Drills,” Vox, March 14, 2018, www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/2/16/17016382/school-shooting-drills-training.

5. Fernández Campbell, “After Parkland.”

6. Lauren Rygg, “School Shooting Simulations: At What Point Does Preparation Become More Harmful Than Helpful?” Children’s Legal Rights Journal 35, no. 3 (January 1, 2015), https://lawecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1106&context=clrj.

7. Rebecca Onion, “The Teacher Would Suddenly Yell ‘Drop!’” Slate, March 13, 2018, https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/03/are-duck-and-cover-school-drills-from-the-nuclear-era-a-useful-parallel-to-active-shooter-drills.html.

Guns Kill People of Color

1. “Past Summary Ledgers,” Gun Violence Archive, August 27, 2018, www.gunviolencearchive.org/past-tolls.

2. Anita Knopov, Molly Pahn, and Michael Siegel, “Gun Violence in the US Kills More Black People and Urban Dwellers,” Boston University School of Public Health, https://www.bu.edu/sph/2017/11/15/gun-violence-in-the-us-kills-more-black-people-and-urban-dwellers.

3. David Hemenway and Elizabeth G. Richardson, “Homicide, Suicide, and Unintentional Firearm Fatality: Comparing the United States with Other High-Income Countries,” Journal of Trauma 70, no. 1 (January 2011): 238–42.

4. Giffords, “Urban Gun Violence,” https://giffords.org/issue/urban-gun-violence.

5. Everytown for Gun Safety, “Strategies for Reducing Gun Violence in American Cities,” https://everytownresearch.org/reports/strategies-for-reducing-gun-violence-in-american-cities.

6. Mary Patillo et al., “Crime in Chicago: What Does the Research Tell Us?” Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, March 9, 2018, https://www.ipr.northwestern.edu/about/news/2018/crime-in-chicago-research.html.

7. Patillo, “Crime in Chicago.”

8. Center for American Progress analysis of John Muyskens, “Fatal Force,” Washington Post, https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/national/police-shootings-2018.

9. DeJuan Patterson, “How My Run-in with Gun Violence Inspired Me to Make an Impact in My Community,” Elite Daily, September 20, 2016, https://www.elitedaily.com/news/politics/dejuan-patterson-shot-head-community/1617698.

10. Molly Bangs and Maya T. Miller, “Gun Violence Coverage, Consumption Paint False Reality,” Century Foundation, August 1, 2016, https://tcf.org/content/commentary/gun-violence-coverage-consumption-paint-false-reality.

Guns Kill Women and Children

1. Katie McDonough, “‘Where There Are More Guns, More Women Die’: A Harvard Public Health Expert Breaks Down the Data on Firearms and Women’s Safety,” Salon, February 24, 2015.

2. Center for American Progress analysis of Supplemental Homicide Data, Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice, 2006–2015. “Intimate partner” includes boyfriends, girlfriends, husbands, wives, ex-wives, ex-husbands, common-law wives, and common-law husbands. The state of Florida does not report information to the FBI and therefore is not included in this analysis.

3. Winnie Stachelberg et al., “Preventing Domestic Abusers and Stalkers from Accessing Guns” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2013), http://americanprogress.org/issues/civil-liberties/report/2013/05/09/60705/preventing-domestic-abusers-and-stalkers-from-accessing-guns.

4. Everytown for Gun Safety, “Guns and Domestic Violence,” April 4, 2018, https://everytownresearch.org/guns-domestic-violence.

5. Everytown for Gun Safety, “Guns and Domestic Violence.”

6. Evan DeFilippis and Devin Hughes, “Gun-Rights Advocates Claim Owning a Gun Makes a Woman Safer: The Research Says They’re Wrong,” The Trace, May 2, 2016, https://www.thetrace.org/2016/05/gun-ownership-makes-women-safer-debunked.

7. “Data Collection: National Crime Victimization Survey,” Bureau of Justice Statistics, http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=dcdetail&iid=245; Emily DePrang, “The Truth About Women and Guns,” Marie Claire, February 11, 2016; and Evan DeFilippis, “Having a Gun in the House Doesn’t Make a Woman Safer,” The Atlantic, February 25, 2014.

8. Katherine A. Fowler et al., “Childhood Firearm Injuries in the United States,” Pediatrics 140, no. 1 (June 2017).

9. Fowler, “Childhood Firearm Injuries.”

We Are Killing Ourselves with Guns

1. Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence, “Americans in Crisis: Access to Guns Increases Deaths by Suicide,” September 2017, https://www.bradycampaign.org/sites/default/files/AmericansInCrisis-GunsAndSuicide_09-2017.pdf.

2. Center for American Progress analysis of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Injury Prevention & Control: Data & Statistics (WISQARS): Fatal Injury Data.” For both African Americans and white people, we selected non-Hispanic. The rate of gun homicides from 2007 to 2016 for young African Americans was 40.79 per every 100,000 people while the rate of white young people was 2.29.

3. “Firearm Access Is a Risk Factor for Suicide,” Harvard School of Public Health, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/means-matter/means-matter/risk.

4. Deborah M. Stone et al., “Vital Signs: Trends in State Suicide Rates—United States, 1999–2016, and Circumstances Contributing to Suicide—27 States, 2015,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, June 07, 2018, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6722a1.htm.

5. Jen Christensen, “LGBQ Teens Face Serious Suicide Risk, Research Finds,” CNN, December 19, 2017, https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/19/health/lgbq-teens-suicide-risk-study/index.html.

6. Ann P. Haas, Philip L. Rodgers, and Jody L. Herman, “Suicide Attempts Among Transgender and Gender Non-conforming Adults: Findings of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey,” January 2014, Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law, https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/AFSP-Williams-Suicide-Report-Final.pdf.

How I Became a Fewer-Guns Activist

1. Ashby Jones and Dan Frosch, “Rifles Used in San Bernardino Shooting Illegal Under State Law,” Wall Street Journal, December 4, 2015.

2. Tom Kertscher, “Do 90% of Americans Support Background Checks for All Gun Sales?” Politifact, October 3, 2017, https://www.politifact.com/wisconsin/statements/2017/oct/03/chris-abele/do-90-americans-support-background-checks-all-gun-.

3. Igor Volsky, Archived “Thoughts and Prayers” Tweets, December 2, 2015, http://observer.com/2015/12/journalist-exposes-lawmakers-who-received-nra-donations-becomes-twitter-sensation.

4. John Bonazzo, “Journalist Exposes Lawmakers Who Received NRA Donations, Becomes Twitter Sensation,” December 3, 2015, http://observer.com/2015/12/journalist-exposes-lawmakers-who-received-nra-donations-becomes-twitter-sensation.

The Founding Fathers Wanted a Country with Fewer Guns

1. Ronald Reagan, “Remarks at the Annual Members Banquet of the National Rifle Association in Phoenix, Arizona,” May 6, 1983, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=41289.

2. “Remarks by President Trump at the National Rifle Association Leadership Forum,” April 28, 2017, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-president-trump-national-rifle-association-leadership-forum.

3. Saul Cornell, A Well-Regulated Militia: The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), Kindle ed., 2.

4. Cornell, Well-Regulated Militia, 27.

5. District of Columbia et al. v. Dick Anthony Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008), brief of amici curiae, http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/01/07-290_amicus_historians.pdf.

6. Cornell, Well-Regulated Militia, 43.

7. Michael Waldman, The Second Amendment: A Biography (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), Kindle ed., 29.

8. DC v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008), brief of amici curiae.

9. Waldman, Second Amendment.

10. Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, Loaded: A Disarming History of the Second Amendment (San Francisco: City Lights, 2018), Kindle ed., 35, quoting Gaillard Hunt, ed., The Writings of James Madison, vol. 5, p. 319.

11. Waldman, Second Amendment, 55–56.

12. Waldman, Second Amendment, 55–56.

13. DC v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008), brief of amici curiae.

The NRA: Birth of a Lobby

1. Josh Sugarmann, NRA: Money, Firepower, Fear (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, rev. ed. 2010), 27.

2. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means, 73rd Congress, 2nd Session, Hearings on H.R. 9066, National Firearms Act, April 16, 18 and May 14–16, 1934.

3. “Disarmament by Subterfuge,” American Rifleman, May 1934.

4. Robert Sherrill, The Saturday Night Special (New York: Charterhouse, 1973).

5. Frances Stead Sellers, “How the Assassinations of 1968 Led the NRA to Become the Lobbying Force It Is Today,” Washington Post, May 29, 2018.

6. Sugarmann, NRA, 48.

7. Laura Smith, “The Man Responsible for the Modern NRA Killed a Hispanic Teenager, Before Becoming a Border Agent,” Timeline, July 6, 2017, https://timeline.com/harlon-carter-nra-murder-2f8227f2434f.

8. Erin Blakemore, “The Largest Mass Deportation in American History,” History.com, March 23, 2018, https://www.history.com/news/operation-wetback-eisenhower-1954-deportation.

9. Smith, “The Man Responsible for the Modern NRA.”

10. Robert J. Spitzer, The Politics of Gun Control, 7th ed. (Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis, 2017), Kindle ed.

How the NRA Weaponized the Second Amendment

1. Michael Waldman, The Second Amendment: A Biography (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), Kindle ed., 98.

2. Waldman, Second Amendment, 101.

3. “From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 19 June 1796,” Founders Online, National Archives and Records Administration, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/01-29-02-0091.

4. Waldman, Second Amendment, 102.

5. David Cole, Engines of Liberty: The Power of Citizen Activists to Make Constitutional Law (New York: Basic Books, 2016), Kindle ed., 123.

6. “Post-Heller Litigation Summary,” Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, April 2017, http://lawcenter.giffords.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Post-Heller-Litigation-Summary-2017-April.pdf.

Why the NRA Is Successful

1. Nicole DuPuis et al., “City Rights in an Era of Preemption: A State-by-State Analysis,” Center for City Solutions, National League of Cities, April 2, 2018, https://www.nlc.org/resource/city-rights-in-an-era-of-preemption-a-state-by-state-analysis.

2. Bruce Drake, “5 Facts About the NRA and Guns in America,” Pew Research Center, April 24, 2014, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/04/24/5-facts-about-the-nra-and-guns-in-america.

3. Chris W. Cox, “Mission Focused: The NRA’s Legislative Agenda Looks to a Freer, Safer America,” NRA-ILA, August 1, 2017, https://www.nraila.org/articles/20170801/mission-focused-the-nra-s-legislative-agenda-looks-to-a-freer-safer-america.

4. Cox, “Mission Focused.”

How the NRA Channels Hatred into Political Success

1. “Wayne LaPierre, on the Ropes,” New York Times, May 20, 1995.

2. Charlton Heston, “Address to the Free Congress Foundation’s 20th Anniversary Gala,” Montgomery Citizens for a Safer America, December 20, 1997, https://www.mcsm.org/heston2.html; for the excerpt, quoted from a slightly longer version of December 7, see NRA on the Record, http://nraontherecord.org/charlton-heston; and for a thorough analysis, see Eliana Rae Eitches, “The National Rifle Association and the White Male Identity,” Columbia University, December 21, 2012, https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:156096/content/NRAotherizationRATD.pdf.

3. Violence Policy Center, “Lessons Unlearned: The Gun Lobby and the Siren Song of Anti-Government Rhetoric,” April 2010, http://www.vpc.org/studies/lessonsunlearned.pdf.

4. “Dana Loesch Has a New Show Coming to NRATV,” YouTube, February 14, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dcFEAZQql8.

The New Second Amendment Compact

1. “Homicide,” Injury Control Research Center, Harvard School of Public Health, June 30, 2016, https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/hicrc/firearms-research/guns-and-death.

2. Michael Siegel, Craig S. Ross, and Charles King III, “The Relationship Between Gun Ownership and Firearm Homicide Rates in the United States, 1981–2010,” American Journal of Public Health 103, no. 11 (November 2013): 2098–2105, https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301409; and D. Mark Anderson, Daniel I. Rees, and Joseph J. Sabia, “Medical Marijuana Laws and Suicides by Gender and Age,” American Journal of Public Health 104, no 12 (December 2014): 2369–76, https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301612.

3. “FBI Releases Study on Active Shooter Incidents,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, September 24, 2014, https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/fbi-releases-study-on-active-shooter-incidents.

4. “Mass Shootings in the United States: 2009–2016,” Everytown Research.org, April 11, 2017, https://everytownresearch.org/reports/mass-shootings-analysis.

End Gun Manufacturer Immunity

1. Daniel W. Webster et al., “Effects of Undercover Police Stings of Gun Dealers on the Supply of New Guns to Criminals,” Injury Prevention 12, no. 4 (August 2006): 225–30, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2586780.

2. Eli Rosenberg and Kristin Hussey, “Judge Dismisses Suit Against Gun Maker by Newtown Victims’ Families,” New York Times, December 21, 2017.

Increase Oversight and Regulation of Gun Manufacturers

1. “Design Safety Standards,” Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, http://lawcenter.giffords.org/gun-laws/policy-areas/child-consumer-safety/design-safety-standards.

2. “Design Safety Standards.”

Regulate All Gun Dealers

1. Everytown for Gun Safety, “Strategies for Reducing Gun Violence in American Cities,” n. 18, https://everytownresearch.org/reports/strategies-for-reducing-gun-violence-in-american-cities/#foot_note_anchor_18.

2. “Strategies for Reducing Gun Violence.”

Reduce the Number of Guns in the United States

1. Mayors Against Illegal Guns, “Analysis of Recent Mass Shootings,” January 2013, http://libcloud.s3.amazonaws.com/9/56/4/1242/1/analysis-of-recent-mass-shootings.pdf, 1.

2. House of Representatives, 115th Congress, 2017–18 Session, Hearings on H.R. 5490, Handgun Purchaser Licensing Act, https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/5490/text.

A License to Kill

1. Sarah Richards, “Why Background Checks for Gun Purchases Have Gun-Owner Support,” Johns Hopkins Magazine, September 11, 2015, http://hub.jhu.edu/magazine/2015/fall/background-checks-guns.

2. Daniel W. Webster, Cassandra Kircher Crifasi, and Jon S. Vernick, “Effects of Missouri’s Repeal of Its Handgun Purchaser Licensing Law on Homicides,” Center for Gun Policy and Research, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, December 17, 2013, https://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/johns-hopkins-center-for-gun-policy-and-research/_pdfs/effects-of-missouris-repeal-of-its-handgun-purchaser-licensing-law-on-homicides.pdf.

3. Center for Gun Policy and Research, “Permit-to-Purchase Licensing for Handguns,” March 2015, Center for Gun Policy and Research, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, https://www.jhsph.edu/research/centers-and-institutes/johns-hopkins-center-for-gun-policy-and-research/publications/FactSheet_PermittoPurchaseLicensing.pdf.

4. Center for Gun Policy and Research, “Permit-to-Purchase Licensing for Handguns.”

5. Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, “Safe Storage,” http://lawcenter.giffords.org/gun-laws/policy-areas/child-consumer-safety/safe-storage.

6. “Number of Mass Shootings in the United States Between 1982 and 2018, by Shooter’s Gender,” Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/476445/mass-shootings-in-the-us-by-shooter-s-gender.

7. Giffords Law Center, “Safe Storage.”

8. Giffords Law Center, “Safe Storage.”

9. Cassandra K. Crifasi et al., “Association Between Firearm Laws and Homicide in Urban Counties,” Journal of Urban Health 95, no. 3 (June 2018): 383–90, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11524-018-0273-3.

Insure Your Piece

1. Peter Kochenburger, “Liability Insurance and Gun Violence,” University of Connecticut Faculty Articles and Papers, 2014, https://opencommons.uconn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1225&context=law_papers.

2. Michelle Singletary, “The Enormous Economic Cost of Gun Violence,” Washington Post, February 22, 2018.

Unleash the Power of Science to Save Lives

1. “Removing Barriers and Reinvesting in Public Health Research on Gun Violence,” Center for American Progress, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/guns-crime/reports/2016/03/09/132894/removing-barriers-and-reinvesting-in-public-health-research-on-gun-violence.

2. Christine Jamieson, “Gun Violence Research: History of the Federal Funding Freeze,” Monitor on Psychology, American Psychological Association, February 2013, http://www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2013/02/gun-violence.aspx.

3. Sam Roberts, “Jay Dickey, Arkansas Lawmaker Who Blocked Gun Research, Dies at 77,” New York Times, April 24, 2017.

Reducing Gun Violence in Chicago

1. Shelby Bremer, “Most Guns in Chicago Crimes Come from out of State: Report,” NBC 5 Chicago, October 31, 2017, https://www.nbcchicago.com/blogs/ward-room/chicago-gun-trace-report-2017-454016983.html.

2. Everytown for Gun Safety, “Strategies for Reducing Gun Violence in American Cities,” n. 18, https://everytownresearch.org/reports/strategies-for-reducing-gun-violence-in-american-cities/#foot_note_anchor_18.

How to Eliminate Mass Shootings

1. German Lopez, “The Research Is Clear: Gun Control Saves Lives,” Vox, October 4, 2017, https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2017/10/4/16418754/gun-control-washington-post.

The Solutions in the Compact Have Worked in the Rest of the World

1. Zack Beauchamp, “America Doesn’t Have More Crime than Other Rich Countries: It Just Has More Guns,” Vox, February 15, 2018, https://www.vox.com/2015/8/27/9217163/america-guns-europe.

2. Everytown for Gun Safety, “Strategies for Reducing Gun Violence in American Cities,” n. 18.

3. Aaron Karp, “Estimating Global Civilian-Held Firearms Numbers,” Small Arms Survey, Briefing Paper, June 2018, http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/T-Briefing-Papers/SAS-BP-Civilian-Firearms-Numbers.pdf.

4. Erin Grinshteyn et al., “Violent Death Rates: The US Compared with Other High-income OECD Countries,” American Journal of Medicine 129, no. 3 (2010): 266–73, https://www.amjmed.com/action/showCitFormats?pii=S0002-9343(15)01030-X&doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.10.025.

5. Michael Hiltzik, “After Its Own Mass Shootings, Germany Beefed Up Gun Control Laws: The Number of Shootings Dropped,” Los Angeles Times, June 15, 2016.

6. David Hemenway, Private Guns, Public Health (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004), Kindle loc. 355–57.

Gun Owners Support a World with Fewer Guns

1. Maj Toure as told to Mike Spies, “Urban Gun Violence as Seen by a Black Second Amendment Activist,” The Trace, August 19, 2016, https://www.thetrace.org/2016/08/black-guns-matter-urban-violence.

How You Can Build a Future with Fewer Guns

1. Aaron Blake, “Manchin-Toomey Gun Amendment Fails,” Washington Post, April 17, 2013.

Learning from the Fight for Marriage Equality

1. “Evan Wolfson,” Freedom to Marry, http://freedomtomarry.org/the-team/entry/Evan-Wolfson.

A Strategy for Building a World with Fewer Guns

1. Arkadi Gerney and Chelsea Parsons, “License to Kill: How Lax Concealed Carry Laws Can Combine with Stand Your Ground Laws to Produce Deadly Results” (Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, September 2013), https://cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/StandYrGround.pdf.

2. Bobby Allyn, “Some 3D Printing Companies Are Taking Action Against Gun Blueprints,” NPR, August 14, 2018, https://www.npr.org/2018/08/14/638629404/some-3d-printing-companies-are-taking-action-against-gun-blueprints.

3. Mariella Moon, “Senators Want Google and Facebook to Block 3D-printed Gun Files,” Engadget, August 17, 2018, https://www.engadget.com/2018/08/17/senators-urge-tech-giants-block-3d-printed-gun-files.

We Will Win

1. Harry Enten, “There’s a Gun for Every American, but Less Than a Third Own Guns,” CNN, February 15, 2018, https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/15/politics/guns-dont-know-how-many-america/index.html.

2. Giffords, “Gun Safety Activism Spurred Action as 26 States Pass 55 Laws to Address Gun Violence Crisis,” July 23, 2018, https://giffords.org/2018/07/midyear-trendwatch.

Appendix: How to Talk to Gun People and Win

1. Matthew Miller, David Hemenway, and Deborah Azrael, “State-Level Homicide Victimization Rates in the US in Relation to Survey Measures of Household Firearm Ownership, 2001–2003,” Social Science & Medicine 64, no. 3 (February 2007): 656–64, https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/state-level-homicide-victimization-rates-in-the-us-in-relation-to-TNMKd0qUVn.

3. Christopher Ingraham, “Guns Are Now Killing as Many People as Cars in the U.S.,” Washington Post, December 17, 2015.

4. Kevin Quealy and Margot Sanger-Katz, “Comparing Gun Deaths by Country: The U.S. Is in a Different World,” New York Times, June 21, 2018.

5. Jonathan M. Metzl and Kenneth T. MacLeish, “Mental Illness, Mass Shootings, and the Politics of American Firearms,” American Journal of Public Health 105, no. 2 (February 2015): 240–49, doi:10.2105/ajph.2014.302242.

6. Jutta Lindert, “Violence Exposure and Mental Health States,” Violence and Mental Health: Its Manifold Faces, ed. Jutta Lindert and Itzhak Levav (New York: Springer, 2015), ch. 3, pp. 47–69, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8999-8_3.

7. Max Fisher, “Ten-Country Comparison Suggests There’s Little or No Link Between Video Games and Gun Murders,” Washington Post, December 17, 2012.

8. Dennis A. Henigan, Guns Don’t Kill People, People Kill People and Other Myths About Gun Control (Boston: Beacon Press, 2016), 27.

9. Caroline Wolf Harlow, “Firearm Use by Offenders,” Bureau of Justice Statistics, November 4, 2001, http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=940.

10. Mark Follman, Gavin Aronsen, and Deanna Pan, “A Guide to Mass Shootings in America,” Mother Jones, June 28, 2018, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/07/mass-shootings-map.

11. Henigan, Guns Don’t Kill People, 18.

12. Geoffrey A. Jackman et al., “Seeing Is Believing: What Do Boys Do When They Find a Real Gun?” Pediatrics 107, no. 6 (June 2001): 1247–50, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/107/6/1247.abstract.

13. Henigan, Guns Don’t Kill People, 69.

14. Henigan, Guns Don’t Kill People, 48.

15. Henigan, Guns Don’t Kill People, 50.

16. Evan DeFilippis and Devin Hughes, “Gun-Rights Advocates Say Places That Ban Guns Attract Mass Shooters: The Data Says They’re Wrong,” The Trace, May 15, 2018, https://www.thetrace.org/2015/06/gun-rights-advocates-say-that-places-that-ban-guns-attract-mass-shooters-the-data-says-theyre-wrong.

17. “Proof That Concealed-Carry Permit Holders Live in a Dream World,” Part 1, VPCvideos, YouTube, April 21, 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QjZY3WiO9s.

18. Christopher Ingraham, “Watch What Happens When Regular People Try to Use Handguns in Self-Defense,” Washington Post, July 28, 2015.

19. Henigan, Guns Don’t Kill People, 105.

20. Christopher Ingraham, “Guns in America: For Every Criminal Killed in Self-Defense, 34 Innocent People Die,” Washington Post, June 19, 2015.

21. Philip J. Cook and Kristin A. Goss, The Gun Debate: What Everyone Needs to Know (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), Kindle ed., 21.