Beef, Brahmins, and Broken Men: An Annotated Critical Selection from The Untouchables

Aboriginal, Aborigine: 77, 87, 98–9n3, 263n1, 295n6, 338n6, 348n25; Aboriginal Tribes, 295; Durkheim on, 263; origins of society, 98–9

Adi Sankara: 142n33, 190n1, 242n54, 311n39; and Brahmanical revivalism, 180, 142n33, 333; and Vedanta, 176n41, 215, 242–3n54

Adivasi(s): 11, 12, 14–37, 50; and Brahmanism, 58n2, 99n3, 114–6; and Dalits, 57–8n2, 316n59; and Ian Duncan on Ambedkar’s views, 100n3; and food rights, 18–9, 24–5; and the RSS, 129–30n13; in universities, 67, 316n59. See also Tribes, Tribals, tribal

Advaita: 176n41; and Adi Sankara, 242n54; and animal killing, 159–60, 215. See also Adi Sankara, Vedanta, Yajnavalkya

Aga Khan III: 113, 126n5n6; and the Simla deputation, 126n5

Aghnya: 153–4; and the cow, 153–4, 168n16; linguistic origins, 168n16

Agra: 53, 127; leather industry, 53–4

Ahimsa: 218; and Buddhism, 23, 142–4n33, 218–9; and the cow, 23, 244n56, 26; and defilement, 244n56; Hindu appropriation, 23. See also Himsa, non-violence, violence

Aitareya Brahmana: 166n10, 202, 204–9, 226n3, 227n5, 228n8, 229n11n12, 230n13n14n17n18, 231n22n24, 232n26n27n29, 233n30; on animal sacrifices, 200–5; Brahmins and the rights of flesh, 207, 209; and the Brihati metre, 208–9, 232n27; how to conduct a sacrifice, 200–5; human sacrifices, 226n3; and the Madhuparka, 172n28; and Plato, 225n2; sacrifice of kine in honour of guests, 172n28n30; on the sacrificial essence, 167n12; sacrificial meat and its division, 168n14; and B.G. Tilak, 233n31; translation and interpretation, 230n19; on the Yupa, 200–2, 226–7n4

Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP), 12–3

Akhlaq, Mohammed, 29, 38, 55

Aktor, Mikael: origin of Untouchability, 307n30; proliferation of caste names, 305n26; similarity with Ambedkar, 293–4n4, 298n11; “Stereotypes and Proliferations”, 305n27; types of Chandalas, 304–5n26n27n28, 307n30, 321n66

Allen, Charles, 192n3

Alltudes, 70, 355, 370, 373

Alsdorf, Ludwig: on the word ‘Aghnya’, 168n16

Amarakosha, 313n46

Ambedkar, B.R.: method, 74–5, 78–81, 106–7n11, 132n18, 141n30, 162–3n1, 180n45, 223–5n1, 263–4n2, 275–6n17, 294n4, 298n11, 315–8n60, 320n65, 354–6, 359–74; Annihilation of Caste, 32, 35, 70, 72, 126n4, 233n32, 271n11, 36; “Buddha or Karl Marx”, 70; “Castes in India: Their Genesis, Mechanism and Development”, 275n17, 306n28, 316n59; “The Decline and Fall of Buddhism”, 142–3n33, 345n19; “The Mahars: Who Were They and How They Became Untouchable?”, 272n13; “Racial Difference as the Origin of Untouchability”, 124n4; “Revolution and Counter-Revolution in Ancient India”, 70, 76, 223n1, 248n61, 345n19; Riddles in Hinduism, 66, 70, 76, 123n2, 226n3, 307n29, 340n11, 350n27; The Shudras— Who they were and How they came to be the Fourth Varna of the Indo; Aryan Society, 65, 81, 82, 87, 96–7n1, 342n14; “States and Minorities”, 100n3; What Congress and Gandhi Have Done to the Untouchables, 103n6, 264n2

Ambedkar Students’ Association (ASA), 13, 15

Ambedkar–Periyar Study Circle (APSC), 22

Ambedkarite: 75, 79, 271n12, 359, 365, 373; Broken Men Theory, 107, 351; Constitution, 68; Ian Duncan, 100n3; Neelam Cultural Centre, 21; politics, 15, 320n65; thought, 75, 351

Ambedkar University, Delhi, 316n59

Andhra Pradesh, 39, 125n4, 151n2, 306n28, 339n9

Anguttara Nikaya, 177n43

Animists, animism: distinction in the Census, 129n10; and Hinduism, 112–5, 122–3n2

Anthony, Frank, 26

Antya: 75, 284, 294n5, 296n8n9, 311n39, 315n59; in the Brahadaranyaka Upanishad, 283; connection with the term ‘Asprashya’, 75, 278–80; in Manusmriti, 282, 294n5; usage in Sutras and Smritis, 279–81; translation by Bühler, 282, 310n37. See also Antyaja, Antyavasin, Asparshya, Bahya

Antyaja: 75, 283–4, 296n9, 302n18, 303n19, 304n22, 313n46, 318n61, 319n64; castes regarded as Antyaja in Atri Smriti and Veda Vyas Smriti, 280–1, 304n25, 312n41; connection with the term ‘Asprashya’, 280–1; and the cow, 150n1; Vivekanand Jha on, 336n3; in P.V. Kane 1941, 152n4; in the Mahabharata, 283; in the Mitakshara, 284; usage in Sutras and Smritis, 279–81; in the Veda Vyas Smriti, 147–8; in Vedic literature, 315–6n59, 324. See also Antya, Antyavasin, Asparshya, Bahya

Antyavasin: 75, 284, 299n15, 313n46, 315n59, 321; as a Brahmachari, 284; castes regarded as Antyavasin in Madhyamangirs, 281; connection with the term ‘Asparshya’, 280; in Manusmriti, 294n6; in the Mitakshara, 284; usage in Sutras and Smritis, 279–81; translations, 301n17. See also Antya, Antyaja, Asprashya, Bahya

Anuloma, 282, 349n27. See also Pratiloma

Anusasana Parva, 301n18, 315n54, 337n3

Apararka, Aparaditya, 74, 118, 137–8n26

Apastamba: 167n13, 222, 291n1n2, 294n5; Apastamba Dharma Sutra, 154–5, 157, 159, 168n15, 175n40, 195n13, 279, 296n8, 297n11; Apastamba Grihya Sutra, 173n32, 175n39; disposal of the dead, 157; editions, 296n8; and the Madhuparka, 156, 173n32; on meat eating, 154–6, 159, 167–8n14n15, 171n27; on sins, 118. See also Dharma Sutras

Aranyakas (in general), 166n10, 170n24, 246n58

archaeology, archaeologist, 41, 94, 100n4, 101n4, 135n23, 192n3, 195n13, 250n64, 254n77, 354, 358, 372

Aryan(s): 41–2, 43–4, 70–3, 77, 140, 156, 226n3, 283, 299n16, 308n31, 308n32, 336n3, 348n25, 354, 367; and ancient Romans, 233n31; Aryan invasion theory, 41, 124–5n4; B.R. Ambedkar on Aryan society, 65, 70–2, 87, 96n1, 248n61; as cow-killers, 153–5, 159–60, 244n56; sacrificial customs, 156; in South India, 191n2

Asad, Talal, 266n5

Asoka: 193n10, 194n11, 195n14, 196–7n15, 220–1, 253n74, 306, 343n17; and Buddhism, 191–2n3, 248n61; comparison with Manu, 184, 186–9, 210; on cow-slaughter, 187–9; non-violence, 187–9; Pillar Edicts, 184–6, 192–3n5; Rock Edicts, 184–6, 192n4

Asvaghosha: 236n35; Buddhacharita, 236n35

Asprashya, 75, 278–81, 285, 292n4. See also Antya, Antyaja, Antyavasin, Bahya

Asura, 44, 136n23, 207, 226n4, 283, 332, 338n6

Asvalayana, Asvalayana Grihya Sutra, 157–9, 172n31, 175n38n39

Atri, Atri Smriti, 234n33, 279–81, 294n5, 296–7n10, 303n19, 304n24

Ayodhya, 339n9

Ayyankali, 14

Ayyathurai, Gajendran, 79

Bahmani dynasty, 274n15

Bahujan, 12–4, 18, 26, 43–4, 57n1, 58n2, 100n3, 316n59

Bahujan Samaj Party, 14, 57n1

Bahya: 294n5, 341n12; in Apastamba Dharma Sutra, 297n11; Bühler’s translation, 297–8n11, 308n32; connection with the term ‘Asparshya’, 280–1; in Manusmriti, 282; in Narada Smriti, 299n14; usage in Sutras and Smritis, 279–81; in Vishnu Dharma Sutra, 298n12n13. See also Antya, Antyaja, Antyavasin, Asparshya

Bajrange, Dakxin, 98n2

baluta: 19, 130n14, 272n13; Amritnak, 272n14

Bana, Banabhatta: 332; on Chandala settlements, 330; description of the Chandala girl, 331–3, 348n26; Harshacharita, 346n22; Kadambari, 330, 346n22, 347n23n24; poetry, 349n27

Basavanna, 339n9

Basham, A.L., 141n31

Baudhayana Dharma Sutra, 236n35, 286, 291n1n2, 297n11

Bauer, Laurie, 162n1

Bayly, Christopher, 122n1

Bayly, Susan, 122n1

Bedar dynasty: 274n15; special rights of Mahars, 260, 272n14

beef: 146–61 passim, 183–9 passim, 238n46, 241n53, 248n60, 255–62 passim; beefarian(ism), 41; Beef Anthem, 21; beef-eating as sacrilege, 135n22, 256, 258–9, 355; beef-eating in mythology, 150n2; Beef Song, 19, 21; why Brahmins gave up beef-eating, 149, 153–4, 159–61, 189, 199–210, 213–33; in Buddhist literature, 47, 160, 361; differences and similarities in modern scholarship, 23–4, 196n15; festival, 11–8, 21–2, 34, 55–6; fresh meat and carcasses, 20–1, 23, 29, 35–6, 67, 150–1n2, 260–1, 269n9; origin of Untouchability, 24, 66–7, 77, 91, 114, 146–8, 150n2, 255–61, 290, 294n4, 309n33, 320n65n66, 323, 334, 345n19, 355; philosophical justification, 328; beef-eating in Hindu society, 32, 155, 159–61, 169n17, 175n40, 189

begar, Vethbegar, 273n14

Beteille, Andre, 33

Bhagat, R.D, 128n10

Bhagavad Gita: 242n54, 274n16, 321–2n66, 345n19; as counter-revolutionary, 223–4n1

bhakti: emergence, 190n1, 250n64, 300n16; poetry, 298n11, 363

Bhandarkar Orient Research Institute: 254n77; Critical Editions, 312n41

Bhandarkar, Devadutta

Ramkrishna, 254n77

Bhandarkar, Ramchandra Gopal, 254n77

Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 11–4, 17–8, 28–30, 43, 45, 48, 51, 55, 70, 77

Bhattra tribe, 228n7

Bhavabhuti: Malati-Madhava, 139n29

Bhikshus/bhikkus: 23, 217–20, 222, 249n62, 365; and meat-eating, 218–20

Bhillas, 147, 281, 312n41

Bhillama II, 283, 312n43

Bhishma, 301–2n18, 312n41

Bidalkara/Bidalkari, 338n6

Bilva tree, 200–1, 227n6

Blacks: discrimination, 54, 102n5, 311n38

Bodhisatta, bodhisattva, 179–80n45

Bombay, 30, 49, 69, 105n9, 137n25, 150n1, 169n17, 195n13, 297n11, 301n16, 341n12

Bonn University: Ambedkar at, 321n66

Bourdieu, Pierre, 264n3

Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, 274n15

Brahadaranyaka Upanishad: 245n57, 246n58; on Antyas, 283; and sacrifices, 244n56, 247n60; and the transmigration of the soul, 215, 244n56

Bradley, F.H., 123n2

Brahma (god), 211, 226n3, 233–4n33, 247n59, 332, 348n25

Brahmachari, Brahmacharin, 174n35, 284, 296n9, 313n46, 315n59

Brahman (universal principle in Advaita), 176n41, 242–4n55

Brahmanas, 154–60, 166n10, 170n24, 181n45, 212, 225n2, 226n3, 227n6, 233n31n32, 237n40n43, 242n54, 249n62, 299n13, 337n3, 340n11

Brahmin, Brahmanic(al): 12, 18, 19, 22, 26, 27, 28, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 79, 81, 96n1, 114–5, 123n2, 136n24, 143–4n33, 152n3, 234n33, 236n35, 237–8n45, 239n49, 251n66, 275n17, 300–1n16, 302–3n18, 307–8n30, 314n49, 316n59, 342n14; appropriation of Sramanic systems, 23, 99n3, 142n33, 194n12, 195n15; assimilation by colonisers, 71, 121, 131n16; contempt for Buddhism, 118–20, 148, 328; assimilating into Brahmanism, 107n11, 142n33, 189, 225n2, 251n67, 274n16, 275–6n17; things Brahmins should avoid, 239n39n40n41n42n43n44, 238n48, 239–40n50, 286, 294–5n6, 302–3n18, 303n20, 304n22, 340n11; in Buddhist texts, 160–1, 177–8n44, 179–81n45, 249n62, 347–8n25; considered as inferior, 116–7, 120, 132n18, 311–2n35; culture, 15, 16, 30–1, 39–40, 43–4; decline, 190n1; genetic questions, 44, 72, 73, 124–6n4; Kanvayana, 345n18; Kayastha, 32, 301n16; killing a Brahmin, 137n25, 141n30, 142n32, 214, 221–2, 236n36, 253n75; land-grab, 306n28; and linear hierarchies, 318–9n63; monopoly on flesh, 165n8, 175n40, 176n42, 206–9, 211–2, 269n9, 297n11; obsession with obscurantist rules, 35, 165n6, 291n1, 294n4, 317n60; Pancha Dravida and Pancha Gauda, 190–1n2; regicide, 248n61, 327, 328; revival, 66, 80, 181n3, 254n76; Saraswat, 191n2, 350n28; as scholars but not intellectuals, 24, 66–7, 76, 88–90, 129n10; as slaughterers, 32, 44, 154–60, 200–6, 231n23; Tamil, 103n6; and tribal culture, 99n3, 250n64, 306n28, 348n25; triumph over Buddhism, 66, 120, 133n25, 216–20, 248n61, 328, 344n18; Tulu, 133n21; turning vegetarian, 36, 91, 153, 184, 199–222, 244n56, 251n67, 259, 261; under the Guptas, 138n26, 221–2, 254n76, 274–5n16, 296n9, 333, 344n18; Vatsyayana, 332–3

Brahmin priests: 182n47, 228n9, 229n12; Achhavaka, 203, 225n2; Adhvaryu, 154, 166n10, 201, 202, 207, 209, 229n12, 230n14n16; Agnidhara/Agnidh, 208, 225n2, 229n12, 230n16; Atreya, 208, 230n16; Brahma, 230n16; Brahman, 229n12, 230n14; Brahmanachhamsi, 208, 225n2; Gravastut, 208, 230n16; Hotar, 165n8, 166n10, 201–8, 225n2, 228n9, 229n12, 230n14n16; Maitravaruna (Prasastar), 208, 225n2, 229n12, 230n16; Neshtar/ Nestar, 208, 225n2, 229n12, 230n16; Potar, 208, 225n2, 229n12, 230n16; Pratihartar, 208, 230n16; Pratipashatar, 208, 230n16; Sadasya, 208, 230n16; Subrahmanya, 208, 230n16; Udgatar, 208, 230n16; Unnetar, 208, 230n16

Brereton, Joel P., 99, 163n2n3n4n5, 164n6, 165n8, 166n9, 169n20n21n22, 226n3, 297n10, 337n4n5

Briggs, G.W., The Chamars: 151n2

Britain, British, 70–1, 79, 89, 97n2, 105n9n10, 121n1, 123n2, 126n5, 128n10, 131n16, 167n13, 193n6, 252n69, 272n13, 291n1, 313n44, 317n60. See also colonial

Broken Men: 23, 70, 91, 106n11, 117, 255–62 passim, 272n13, 323–35 passim, 351–74 passim, 361, 366–7; becoming Untouchable, 66, 91, 118, 120, 148, 256, 258, 323, 340n11, 355; as beef-eaters, 91, 146, 148, 255, 259–61, 323; the Broken Men theory, 24, 73, 78, 107n11, 134–5n22, 318n60, 351–74 passim; as Buddhists, 23, 66, 91, 106n11, 118, 120, 148; not considered untouchable or impure, 91, 117–8, 340n11; opposition to Brahmins, 91, 117–8, 120, 355; similar communities, 70, 355, 370, 373; as speculation, 78, 79, 135, 147, 354, 298n11, 356–7, 359–60, 365–6, 369

Buddhism, Buddhist:19, 23, 36, 39–41, 120–20 passim, 252n68, 295n6, 306n28, 344n18, 355, 361–3; against animal sacrifice, 160, 221–2; Ambedkar’s interpretation, 66, 77, 140–1n30, 180n45, 223n, 245–6n57, 248–9n61, 320n65, 321n66; appropriation of local gods and customs, 135n23; Arhant, 254n78; Buddhist kings, 182n47, 191n3, 196n14, 210; Buddhist monks in Brahmanical literature, 138n26, 139n29, 142n32; and caste, 179–81n45, 308–9n33; contempt for, 74, 91, 118–20; Divyavadana and Manjusrimulakalpa, 344n18; kulas, 181n45; Lalitavistara Sutra, 180n45; Mahasaka tradition, 253n72; Mahayana Buddhism, 180n45; and non-vegetarianism, 47, 148, 218–9; reasons for rise and fall, 136n23, 142–4n33, 250n64, 345n19, 364–5; opposition to yajna, 235n34; pilgrims to India, 193n5, 345n20; religion of the majority, 216–7; Second Buddhist Council, 252n71; outside the Indian subcontinent, 345n20; stratification of the Buddhist canon, 176–7n43; strife with Brahmanism, 216–8, 220, 251n65, 328, 335, 366; Theravada, 178n45; translation of texts, 231n19

Buddhist architecture: 136n23; Ajanta caves, 251n65; Fifth pillar edict (Pillar Edict No. V), 184–5, 188, 192n5, 193n8; Girnar rock, 192n4; as revolutionary, 136n23, 250–1n64; Rock Edict No. 1, 184, 192n4; Sanchi stupa, 221; Sangamner Plate, 283; survival among the people, 135–6n23

buffalo, 18, 24, 32, 36, 41–8, 171n27, 175n40

Bühler, Johann Georg: 195n13, 236n36; origin of Manusmriti, 327–9, 343n15; criticism of Bühler’s translation, 194n13, 294n6, 295n7, 299n16, 340n11; Laws of Manu, 194n13, 233n32; specifics of Bühler’s translations, 236n36n37, 237n38n39n40n41n42n43n44, 238n46n47n48, 239n50, 240n51, 241n52, 291n2, 297–8n11, 301n17, 309n34, 310n36, 314n47, 315n55n56n57n58; translation of Antya, 282, 310n37

Burnouf, Eugène, 179n45

Buruda (caste), 281, 324, 338n7

Carmakaras or Carmamnas, 337n3

The Casteless Collective, 21

Catholic Church, Catholicism, 88–9, 264n3

Census: 97n2, 112, 121n1, 128–9n10n11, 146, 233n33, 318n62n63, 320n65, 348n25; 1872, 129n12; 1901, 133n21; 1910, 112–6, 122n2; 1911, 123n2, 129n12, 130n15; 1931, 75, 123n3, 314n49; 2001, 123n3; 2007 Livestock Census, 42; 2011, 123n3

Census Act 1948, 123n3

central India, 191n2, 221, 228n7, 306n28, 346n21

Central University of Hyderabad, 12

chaanya, 19

Chaityabhoomi, 130n14

Chakkiliyar, 116, 132n17

Chakravarti, Uma: on assimilation of tribal groups into Brahmanical society, 306n28; on Buddha’s egalitarianism, 181n45, 249n62; on caste-organization in Buddhist society, 181n45

Chalukya, 273n13, 312n43

Chamar: 72, 151n2, 288, 316n59, 320n65; appearing on both colonial lists and ancient Smritis, 289–90

Chambhars, 35, 272n13

Chandala, Candala, Kandala: 75, 140–1n30, 148, 235n34, 284–6, 303n19, 315n59, 321n66, 347n25, 361, 367–8; adultery Chandala, 305n26; in Buddhist literature, 179n45, 295n6, 304n26; caste Chandala, 305n26; Fa-Hian on, 314n49, 329–30, 334, 346n21; as impure but not untouchable, 313n46, 324, 326; in Kadambari, 330–3, 348n26, 349n27; in the Mahabharata, 301–2n18; purification, 285–6; relation to the term Asparshya, 285, 292n3; usage in the Smritis, 280–1; translation by Bühler, 340n11; translation by Doniger and Smith, 311n37, 340n11; translation by P.V. Kane, 294n5, 301n18, 311n39, 319n64; tribe Chandala, 295n6, 305n26; in Vishnu Dharma Sutra, 292n3, 299n13

Chandran, Ravi, 17

Charsley, Simon, 151n2

Chavadar Tank, 34, 342n14, 374

Chemudugunta, Seshu, 13

cheri, 132n18, 312n39

Childe, V. Gordon, 100–1n4. See also civilization, civilized

China, Chinese, 43, 218–9, 252n68n69n72, 314n49, 329, 333, 340n11, 345n20, 346n21, 347n25

Choudhury, Soumyabrata: 271n12, 223n1, 264n2; on Ambedkar as a Europeanist, 264n2; on the Bhagavad Gita, 223n1

Christian, Christianity, 16, 40, 50, 69, 112, 123n2, 130n13, 131n16, 265n4

civilization, civilized: 42, 79, 131n16, 191n2; Hindu Civilization, 67, 87–90; definition, 74, 100–1n4

Cohn, Bernard, 121n1

colonial, colonialism, colonised: 15, 22, 24, 28, 51, 66, 71, 76, 78, 99n3, 128n10, 131n16, 132n17, 133n20, 134n21, 142n33, 196n15, 265n4, 266n4, 318n63, 320n65, 362; consolidation of caste identity, 121–2n1, 318n62; and ‘Criminal Tribes’, 78, 97n2; Mahar soldiers, 150n1, 272n13; ethnography, 121n1; penchant for Census taking, 121n1; use of the term ‘aborigine’, 98n3

communal: 16, 39, 336n1; division, polarisation, 128n9n10, 265–6n4

Communist Party of India (Marxist), 38

Congress (Indian National), 18, 27–8, 43, 55, 103n6, 126n5, 264n2

cow: and Asoka, 187–9, 195–6n14, 196n15, 210, 220–1, 253n74; belt, 42; and B.G. Tilak, 233n31; in the Census, 42, 146; consuming the dead cow, 23, 66–7, 150n1n2, 259–61, 340n11; cow-killing as a sin, 25, 29, 221, 259; cow-protectors, 25–8, 48, 55, 69–70, 165–6n8, 188, 197n15, 274n16; dung, 50, 132n18, 137n25; giving up cow-killing, 25, 218–22, 335; and guests, 157, 172n30, 174–5n37, 217, 241n53; indiscriminate killing, 159–60; in the Madhuparka, 156–7, 174n35, 238n46; in the Manusmriti, 194n12, 211–13; in mythology, 151–2n2; reverence for, 115, 148, 235n74; as sacred in the Vedas, 154–5; sacrifice, 23, 44, 154, 165n6, 166n8, 168n15n16, 194n12, 220; in the Satapatha Brahmana and the Apastamba Dharma Sutra, 154, 158–60, 167–8n14; smugglers, 22, 30, 46; Untouchable tasks in relation with the cow, 21, 23, 29, 35–6, 67, 146, 148

Criminal Tribes: 87; and Ambedkar, 100n3, 341n12; Criminal Tribes Act, 1871, 97–8n2. See also Adivasis, Tribes, Tribals, tribal

Dalit: 21, 24, 26, 28–30, 33, 35–7, 39, 41–4, 46–7, 50, 53, 55–6, 57n1n2, 65, 70, 80, 98n2, 100n3, 266n4, 342n14, 348n25, 352–3; emancipation, 223–4n1; Christians, 40; Dalitization, 33–4, 40; Dalit-ness, 303n18; Gods, 44–5, 151n2; movement, 316n59; subjectivity, 162n1; Tamil Nadu, 132n17, 151n2; University politics, 11–6, 18–9, 22, 34

Dalit Adivasi Bahujan Minority Students’ Association (DABMSA), 12, 58n2

Dalit-Bahujan, 13, 26, 43–4, 57n1, 58n2, 100n3, 316n59

Damodaran, Harish, 42

Dandekar, V.M., 31

Dange, S.A., 81

Daphtary, Chander Kishan, 327, 343n16

darsan, 250n64

Dasa, 147, 281

Dasyus, 282, 308n31

Datta, Swati, 191n2, 350n28, Dattatreya, Bandaru, 13

Davis, Donald R., 123n2, 138n26, 176n42, 292n4, 296n9

DeCaroli, Robert: Haunting the Buddha: Indian Popular Religions and Formation of Buddhism, 135n23; and image-worship, 250n64; incorporation of existent customs, 144n33; persistence of Buddhism, 250n64. See also Buddhism, Buddhist

Deccan, 195n13, 274n15, 300n16, 312n43

defilement, 117, 244n56, 317n60

Delhi: 14, 18, 26, 27, 29, 30, 37, 44, 46, 134n21, 316n59; Delhi Agricultural Cattle Preservation Act, 1994, 17; Delhi High Court, 17; Delhi-Topra pillar, 192–3n5

Deliège, Robert, 67

Denotified Tribes (DNTs), 97n2. See also Criminal Tribes

Deobandi Ulema, 127n9

Depressed Classes, 103n6, 112, 223n1, 266n4

Desai, Ashwin, 32, 49–51, 71

Deweyan philosophy, 271n12

dhamma: 70, 178n44, 180n45, 245n57, 248n61, 369; and Asoka, 191–2n3

Dhand, Aarti, 239n49

dharma, 167n13, 171n27, 224n1, 234n33, 239n49, 300n16, 301n18,

Dharma Sutras: 92, 138n26, 139n28, 154–5, 157, 159, 167n13n14, 168n15, 171n27, 175n40, 195n13, 235n35, 278–81, 285–6, 287, 291n1n2, 296n8, 297n11, 301n17, 314n47, 315n50, 324, 362; on Untouchability, 280, 284–90, 294n5, 301n117, 309n33, 314n47; terms denoting impure subject, 279–81

Dhere, R.C., 298n11, 364–5

Dhulipala, Venkat: creation of Pakistan, 127–8n9

Dirks, Nicholas B., caste and colonialism, 121n1, 134n21

Doniger, Wendy: appropriation of folk myths, 190n1; on Bühler’s translation, 238n46, 295n7, 299n16, 310n36n37; Gupta patronage of Hinduism, 275n16; on karma, 245n57; Laws of Manu, 194n12n13, 253n73, 343n15; on the Madhuparka, 238n46; Sramanic challenge to Brahmanism, 340n11; on temple-worship, 251n65; The Hindus: An Alternative History, 18; translation issues, 295n7; translation of Manusmriti, 194n12, 294n6, 340n11; on violence, 234n34

Dravidian, 42, 70–2, 124n4

Dumont, Louis: 306n28; Homo Hierarchicus, 73

Durga, 44–5, 99n3, 332

Durkheim, Emile: 197n16; influence, 264n3; interdictions, 268n8, 269n9, 270n10; origin of religion, 263n1, 268n7; on taboos, 257; The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, 263n1, 266n5; the sacred and the profane, 36, 256–7, 265n3, 267n6n7, 269n9; totemic religions, 263n1. See also interdictions on contact

dwija, 136n24, 137n25, 138n26, 231n21

Eggeling, Julius, 166n10n11, 167n12

Eitel, Ernest J., definition of ‘Chandala’, 346n21

Elphinstone College:, 105n9, 195n13, 297n11

Elphinstone, Mountstuart: 93, 105n9n10

equality: 16, 22, 32, 37, 56, 223n1, 264n2, 303n18, 320n65, 368; Ambedkar’s theory of, 34, 80, 224n1, 359–60, 362, 370–2; Buddha and, 180n45; memory of, 73; right to Equality, 49

Elliot, Walter, 191n2

European: 105n10, 113, 125n4; Buddhism, 179n45; colonisers, 98n3; discovery of Asoka, 192n3; disinterest in Untouchability, 90; Enlightenment, 102n5; Europeanist, 264n2; World Religions in universities, 265n3

Feldhaus, Anne, 298n11, 364

Food and Agriculture Organisation, 43

French: 75; colonisers, 131n16; missionaries, 130n16; obsession with Brahmanism, 131n16; Revolution, 130n16, 264n2, 328

Freud, Sigmund, 336n1

Fuidhirs, 70, 355, 370, 373

Fuller, C.J., 291n1

Fundamental Rights, 27, 49–50, 54

Gajapati dynasty, 312n42

Ganapati, 304n2. See also Ganesh Chaturthi

Gandhara style: Hellenist inspiration, 274n16. See also Buddhist architecture

Gandhi, M.K.: 19, 25–6, 28, 31–2, 45, 55, 68–9, 103n6, 121n1; love for Gandhi, 22, 69, 322n66; and non-violence, 224n1; Partition, 128n9; Poona Pact, 342n14; satyagraha, 224n1; in South Africa, 71, 311n38

Gandhism, 103n6

Ganesh Chaturthi, 169n17

Ganguli, K.M.: 301–2n18; translation of the Mahabharata, 301n18, 312n41

gau-, go-: hatya, 221–2; raksha, 25, 28; rakshak, 165n8; seva, 25

Gaudas: 190–1; Pancha Gaudas, 190n2

gaushalas, 28, 51

Gautama Dharma Sutra: 297n11, 309n33; description of the Chandala, 285; occurrence of Antyavasin, 299n15

Gayatri Purana, 189

gender, 130n13, 239n49, 339n8

Germany: 52, 195n13; history, 104n7; philosophical influence, 123n2

Gharpure, J.R., 74, 137n25

ghetto, 309n33, 318n60

Ghosh, Jayati, 124n3

Ghurye, G.S., 72

Gita Press, 25

Go-ghna, goghna, 217

guests described as cow-killers, 157, 174n37

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von: 104–5n8; on history, 92; and Germany, 104n7

Gopalan, C., 31,

Gopalan, V., 173n34

Gopinatha: Jativiveka, 300n16; reassertion of caste, 300–1n16

Gorky, Maxim: 94, 108n12; on writing and subjectivity, 108n13; Literature and Life, 108n13

gotra: 191n2, 275n17, 297n10, 350n28; sagotra unions, 285; classification, 348n25

Government College of Poona, 228n8

Government of India Act, 1935, 317n60

Grihya Sutras: 138n26, 159, 172n29, 173n33n34n35, 175n38n39; on Madhuparka, 156, 172n31, 173n32

Griffith, Ralph T.B., 169n22, 171n25n26, 232n27

Grihapati, 208, 230n16

Gujarat, 27, 28, 35, 49, 65, 137n25, 150n1, 192n4

Gundimeda, Sambaiah, 15–6, 32, 49–51

Gupta empire: 292n4, 296n9, 333, 337n3, 344n18; Chandragupta, 191n3, 192n4, 221; cow-killing as a sin, 221, 261, 274n16, 335; commissioning of the Smritis, 138n26; emergence of temple-culture, 250n63; growth of the Vaishnavaite cult, 275n16; revival of Brahmanism, 253n76; Skandagupta, 192n4, 221

Gurram Jashuva, 14

Habib, Irfan: 319–20n64; on Jats, 319n64

Habitual Offenders Act, 1952, 98n2

halal, 20

Hammond, Philip E.: difference between the religious and the sacred, 267n6

Haq, Jalalul: on Brahma and Brahmins, 234n33

Harappa, Harappan, 41, 43–4, 124n4, 354

Haryana, 30, 193n5, 319n63

Harsha (king), 346n22

Haug, Martin: 195n13; interpreting Aitareya Brahmana, 227n5, 228n8, 229n11, 230n13n17n18, 231n22n24, 232n26, 233n30

Haviryajna, 206, 231n23

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: on religion, 122n2; influence, 123n2

Hemingway, F.R., 116

Himsa, 194n12, 234–5n34, 261

Hina, 282, 308n32n33, 338n6, 361

Hindu, Hinduism: 16–20, 23–6, 28–30, 36, 39, 45, 54, 68–70, 77, 81, 102n6, 121n1, 126n5, 137n25, 153–61 passim, 167n13, 168n17, 169n18, 172n29, 190n1, 195n14, 216, 221–2, 223n1, 227n7, 228n8, 234n33, 239n49, 244n56, 253n74, 254n76, 260, 266n4, 270n10, 291n1, 341n12, 342n14, 364, 369; assimilation of tribal practices, 44, 99n3, 132n17; as Buddhists, 118–20, 140n30, 142n33, 245n57, 250n64; in the Census, 112–5, 122–3n2, 129n11n12; civilization, 67, 74, 87–90; difference from Untouchable communities, 70, 91, 112–5, 122–3n2, 129n10, 278, 317–8n60; differences in food habits, 146–7, 149, 150n2, 153–4, 159–61, 183; gods, 114, 122n2, 242n54; guru, 114; lack of intellectuals, 88; orthodox Hindus, 90, 92, 168n17, 278, 325, 345n19; temples, 143n33, 217, 251n65

Hindu Mahasabha, 25, 342n14

Hindutva, 11, 13, 22, 28–30, 40–1, 45, 47–8, 50, 55, 57, 143n33

Hiriyanna, M., 242n54

history: 15, 24, 28, 41, 55, 66, 69, 79, 81–2, 93–4, 96n1, 100n3, 101n4, 105n8n10, 108n13, 122n1, 126n9, 128n10, 132n18, 151n2, 163n2, 191n3, 216, 223n1, 238n46, 263n1, 265n4, 293n4, 307n30, 317n60, 319n64, 321n66, 335, 362–3, 367–73; as memory, 357–9; speculative, 78–81, 351, 354, 356–7, 359–60, 365–6, 369; materialism, 81, 351, 356–60, 366

Hoefe, Roseanne, 53–4

Holegiri, 117

Holeyas: 116–7, 132n18, 133n19n21, 311n39; as a sacred race, 134n21

Hultzsch, E., 192n4, 193n5n10

Hume, Robert Ernest, 247–8n59

Hyderabad, 11–3, 15, 17, 37–8, 46-7, 124n4

imitation: 261; Ambedkar on, 89, 189, 197–8n16, 275–6n17. See also Tarde, Gabriel

impure, impurity: 117–8, 194n12, 2728–90 passim, 296n9, 317–80n60, 336n3, 342n13, 368; and Untouchability, 73, 74, 92, 116, 287, 289, 324, 326, 333, 355; cow, 150–1n1, 213, 237n44n45; purification from, 139n28; lists, 285–6, 289–90

India, Indian: Constitution, 25; food culture, 12, 15–6, 19, 30–1, 34, 36, 42, 253n73; thought, 194n12

Indian Antiquary, 132n18, 133n20n21

Indian Councils Act, 1909, 126n6

Indian Institute of Technology, 22, 54

India Spend, 30

Indo-Aryans, 65, 77, 87, 96, 124n4, 155, 159

Indra, 155–6, 163n2, 169n20, 170n22, 171n25, 176n41, 226n4, 229n10, 231n19, 349n26

innovation, 250n64, 276n17, 354

interdictions on contact, 36–7, 121n1, 257–8, 268–9n8, 269n9, 270n10

Iran, Iranian: 41, 228n8; origin of the ‘Aghnya’, 168n16; and Harappa, 124n4; Soma sacrifices, 228n9; Zaotar (reciting priests), 228n9

Irani, Smriti, 13

Islam, Islamic: 24, 69, 142n33; ideology in Pakistan, 127n9; misconceptions, 46; nationalism, 126–8n9; Utopia, 127n9

Isn’t This Plate Indian: Dalit Histories and Memories of Food, 19

Jaiminiya Upanisad Brahmana, 172n28

Jain, Jaina, Jainism: 295n6, 313n46; on caste, 18; challenge to Vedism, 182n47, 253n73; image worship, 251n65; influence on Brahmanism, 144n33; sanctity of animal life, 195n14; Tirthankaras, 252n71

Jaiswal, Suvira, 322n66

Jalal, Ayesha, 127n9

Jamba Purana, 151–2n2

Jambavan, 151–2n2

Jamison, S.W.: 163n2n3n4n5, 164n6, 165n8, 166n9, 169n20n21, 170n22, 226n3, 228n9, 297n10, 337n4n5; castes in the Rig Veda, 99n3; the Rig Veda as a tribal text, 99n3

janeu, 234n33

Japan, 46, 252n72, 347n23

Jat, Jatt: rebellion, 319–20n64

Jatakas: 140n30, 295n6, 305n26; and caste, 179n45; chronology, 180n45; Citta Sambhutta Jataka, 179n45; Kusa Jataka, 338n6; Matanga Jataka, 179n45; Setaketu Jataka, 179n45

jati: 96n1, 98n2, 125n4, 150n2, 179n45, 234n33, 295n6, 300n16, 304n21, 308–9n33, 310n37, 314n46n47, 318–9n63, 319n64, 338n6, 361, 367

Jawaharlal Nehru University, 16–8, 37, 316n59

Jew, Jewish, Judaism, 102n5, 125n4

Jha, D.N., 32, 77, 169n17, 172n28n30, 174n37, 176n42, 293–4n4, 304n25

Jha, Vivekananda: 303n19; engagement with Ambedkar, 293–4n4, 361; origin of Untouchability, 298n11, 306n28, 309n33, 320–2n66, 336–7n3, 338n6, 339n8; “Social Content of the Bhagvadgīta: Idealized Notion of Caste sans Untouchability”, 321n66

Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 127–8n9

Jolly, Julius: 195n13, 298n13, 299n14, 303n20, 342n13; Vishnu Smriti, The Institutes of Vishnu: 292n3

Joseph, Tony, 41, 43, 44, 354

Junagad, 192n4

Kabul, 105n9, 252n72

Kakatiya dynasty, 273n14

Kali, 99n3

Kalidasa: 254n76, 274n16; Shakuntala, 140n30; Malavika and Agnimitra, 344n18

Kaliyuga, 152n2n3, 300n16

Kalpasutras, 227n6

Kalyani biryani, 13

Kamadhenu, 151n2

Kamasutra, 343n15

Kamyashti, Kamyas Ishti, 155, 170n23

Kane, P.V.: 139n28, 168n17, 254n77, 283, 310n35, 312n42, 315n51, 321n66; anecdote about temple-entry, 169n17; on Antyas, 294n5, 296n8, 300n16, 301n18, 313n45, 324; caste names in early Vedic literature, 291–2n3, 294n5, 298n12, 299n14, 301–3n18, 311n38n39, 312n42, 313n45, 314n49, 319n64; on the cow, 32, 137n25, 155, 236n36, 244n56; Dharm Shastra Vichar, 169n19; History of Dharmasastras (Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law) Vol 1, Part I, 139n28, 254n77; History of Dharmasastras (Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law) Vol 2 Part I, 291n3, 311n38, 312n40, 314n49, 336n2; History of Dharmasastras (Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law) Vol 2 Part II, 244n56; History of Dharmasastras (Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law) Vol V, 169n17; Katyayanasmriti on Vyavahara (Law and Procedure), 292–3n4; usefulness to Ambedkar, 152n4, 174n36, 291n2n3, 293n4, 296n8, 296n10, 297n11, 298n12n13, 299n14, 303n19, 304n23n25, 310n36, 311n39, 312n41, 319n64, 362

Kant, Immanuel: categorical imperatives, 270–1n11; ethics, 270–1n11

Kanva dynasty, 166n10, 344n18

Karkare, Aakash, 20

karma: 367; in Buddhism, 245n57; karmic cycle, 242n54; origin, 245n57

Kashmir: 310n35; Kashmiri pandits, 138n26

Kasyapa, 347–8n25, 350n27

Katyayana: 291n3; Katyayana Smriti, 279, 292n4; Srauta-sutra, 173n33

Kausika Sutra, 156, 173n34

Kautilya: 292n4; Arthashastra, 197n15, 312n42

Keer, Dhananjay, 68, 298n11, 363

Kerala, 27, 38, 99n3

Khattiyas, 181n45, 249n62, 309n33, 347–8n25

Khatri, 46

King of Bedar, 260, 272n14

Klostermaier, Klaus K., 231n21, 253n75

Konkan, 137n25n26, 171n24

Kosala, 161, 181–2n47, 249n63

Kosalasamyutta, 161, 181n47

Kosambi, D.D.: 344n17n18; on Buddhist influence on Brahmanism, 144n33; on the Guptas, 254n76; on Mricchakatika, 140n30; on tribal origins, 182n47, 305n26, 348n25

Kotani, Hiroyuki, 150n1

Krishna: 42, 70, 134n21, 232n28, 331; on dharma, 224n1; in the temple, 217; tribal origin, 99n3, 344n18

Krishna (Black) Yajur Veda: 170n24, 173n35

Kshatriya, Ksatriya, 18, 31, 35, 96n1, 130n14, 177–8n44, 179–80n45, 224n1, 225n2, 233n32, 251n66, 272n13, 284, 295n6, 302n18, 307n29, 309n33, 314n47, 320n64, 339n10, 349n27

Kumar, Aishwary, 223n1

Kumar, Digumarthi Suresh: “Goddu Mamsam”, 20

Kumar, Nitish, 319n63

Laboria Cuboniks, 80

Lacan, Jacques, 336n1

Laghu Harita, 139n28

Lahiri, Nayanjot, 194n11

Latour, Bruno, 106n11, 197n16

laukika deities, 135–6n23, 144n33

left, left-wing, leftist, 15, 18, 38–9, 220, 316n59

Legge, James, 346n20n21

Lenin, Vladimir, 21, 108n12

liberalization, 53

Likhita Smriti, 279, 294n5, 296n10

Lingayatism, 339n9

Lochtefeld, James G., 166n10, 169n18, 234n33, 346n22

Lord Minto, 113, 126n5n6, 129n11

lynchings, 21, 29, 54

Madhuparka: 172n28, 173n32n33, 176n42, 238n46; and beef, 174n35, 214; in the Grihya Sutras, 156–7; contents of the Madhuparka, 172n31; who receives the Madhuparka, 241n53

Madhyamangiras: 303n19; occurrence of the term ‘Antyavasin’, 279–81

Madiga: 134n21; Chindus, 151n2; fable of Jambavan and Chennaiah, 151–2n2; terminologies, 132n17; yakshagana, 151n2

Madras, 21–2, 30, 51, 54, 72, 130n15, 132n17, 297n11

Magadha: 249n63, 303n19; Buddhist kings, 182n47

Mahabharata: 227n6, 232n28, 236n35, 274n16, 302n18, 343n15, 345n19, 349n27; reference to Antyajas, 283, 301n18, 312n41; authorship, 152n3; BORI critical edition, 312n41

Mahad: 34; Conference, 1927, 342n14

Mahapataka (mortal sins): 74, 118, 239n49; cow-killing as a Mahapataka, 214, 221–2; Four Great Crimes, 253n75; as listed by Manu, 214; punishments, 239n50. See also Upapataka

Mahar: 67, 75, 137n25, 263n1, 298n11; as Broken Men, 260, 272n13, 355; burial rituals, 130n14; Charter of 52 Rights, 272n14; claiming animal carcasses, 19, 35, 276n18; duties, 273n14; history, 271n13n14; internal conflicts in the colonial era, 150n1; temple entry conflicts, 169n17; Vatandar, 150n1

Maharashtra, 19, 30, 137n25, 260–1, 273n14, 300n16, 306n28, 338n7, 364

Mahisha, Mahishasura, 44, 332

Malabou, Catherine, 75

Malagatti, Aravinda, 44

Manava Grihya Sutra, 173n32n33n34, 174n35

Mandal Commission, 14, 57n2

Mang, 20, 150n1, 272n13, 298n11

Manu, Manusmriti, Manavadharmashastra: 102n6, 137n25, 138n26, 142n32, 167n13, 170n22, 174n37, 216, 234n33n34, 235n35, 240n50n52, 253n73, 267n6, 286, 291n1, 294n5n6, 2969, 297n1, 303n21, 306n28, 307n29, 308n31, 310n35n37, 315n50n58, 339n10, 342n14, 349n27, 362, 367; usage of the term Antya, 279, 282; usage of the term Antyaja, 280, 284; usage of the Antyavasin, 279, 284; authorship, 343n15; usage of the term Bahya, 279, 282, 298n12; caste categorisation, 300n16; context of creation, 248n61, 345n19; date of origin of Manusmriti, 327–9; influences, 74, 118, 136n24, 174n35, 175n40, 176n42, 195n13, 233n32, 240n50; on meat-eating, 184, 186–7, 189, 194n12, 210–6, 233n32, 244n56; on slaughter of cows, 210–6, 222, 236n36, 238n45, 335; Untouchability in Manusmriti, 238n45, 294n6, 317n60, 324–9, 337n3, 339n10, 340n11, 340n12

Marxist, 23, 38, 100–1n4, 151n2

Masuzawa, Tomoko: on Durkheim and secularism, 265n3; invention of ‘World Religions’, 265n3

Matanga: 179n45, 305n26, 315n54, 331–2, 347–8n25, 350n27, 367; Sopaka, 348n25

Mauryan dynasty: 319n63; Ajatasattu, 249n63; Brihadratha, 327–8, 343n17; and Buddhism, 191n3, 248n61, 308–9n33; Chandragupta Maurya, 191n3, 192n4, 221; defeat, 328, 343n17

Mayawati, 14, 55

Mayukhas, 74, 118, 136n24, 137n25

Medhatithi: 282, 310n36; Manubhashya, 310n35

Meillassoux, Quentin: on the scientific method, 106–7n11, 109n14; and speculative materialism, 351, 356

metre (poetic): 203, 347n23; anustup, 138n26, 232n27; Brihati, 208, 232n27; Gayatri, 202

Mewani, Jignesh, 35, 65

midday meal scheme, 51

Mills, James, 105n10

Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare, 43

Minto-Morley Reforms, 126n6

Mitakshara/Mitaksara, 279, 280, 284, 303n19, 304n23

Mitra, Rajendralal, 137n25, 226n3

Mleccha, 75, 282, 292–3n3n4, 300n16, 311n39, 314n46

Modi, Narendra, 11, 18, 28, 32, 48, 50, 51, 55

Mohamedan, Mohametan, Muhammaden, 93, 113, 126n5

moksha, 139n28, 245n57

monotheism, 122n2, 129n10, 242n54

Mookerji, Radhakumud: 196–7n15; on Asoka and cow-slaughter, 188

Müller, Max, 195n13, 233n32, 297n11

Muria tribe, 228n7

Musahar, 316n59

Muslim: 11, 16, 21, 24–5, 29–30, 34, 37–8, 41, 46, 49–50, 53, 55, 69–70, 112–4, 126n5, 131n16, 368; attack on Buddhism, 143n33; Pasmanda, 40; representation, 126–7n9, 129n11, 265–6n4; rulers, 260, 272–3n14, 274n15, 300n16

Muslim League, 126n6, 127n9

Mysore, 116, 130n15, 131n16, 133n20, 312n42

Narada Smriti: 326, 341n13; occurrence of Bahya, 279, 298n12, 299n14

Naramedha, 226n3

Nata, 147, 280–1, 288

National Family Health Survey, 30

National Food Security Act, 2013, 51

National Institute of Nutrition, 30

National School Lunch Act, 1946, 51

nation: 27, 31, 67, 124n4, 127n9, 264n3, 266n4, 310n36; nationalism, 11, 18; nationhood, 128n9, 196n15

Natyashastra, 139n29

Neelam Cultural Centre, 21

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 16, 26–7, 37

The New Materialists, 16–7

Nikayas: 180n45; Anguttara Nikaya, 177n43; Digha Nikaya, 177n43, 178n45; Khuddaka Nikaya, 177n43; Majjhima Nikaya, 177n43, 181n45; Samyutta Nikaya, 161, 177n43, 181n47

Nilakantha: Prayaschit Mayukha, 74, 118, 137n25

Nishada, 284, 298n11, 299n16, 313n46, 367

Nomadic Tribes, 97n2, 135n22, 354–5, 366. See also Broken Men Theory

non-vegetarianism, 22, 183–9 passim

non-violence, 28, 136n23, 224n1, 251n67, 365. See also violence, Himsa, Ahimsa

Oldenberg, Hermann, 172n31, 173n32n33, 175n39, 228n9, 229n12

Olivelle, Patrick: 138n26, 167n13n14, 171n27, 175n40, 246n58, 291n1, 292n4, 294n5, 296n8, 296n9, 297n11, 299n15, 310n36n37; Dharmasutras: The Law Codes of Apastamba, Gautama, Baudhyana, and Vasistha, 291n2; Manusmriti, 176n42, 343n15; on the origin of Manusmriti, 343n15

Omvedt, Gail: on the decline of Buddhism, 142–4n33, 249n63, 347n25; difference with Brahmanism, 144n33

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 46–7

Organiser, 102n6

Orient, Orientalism, 76, 128n10, 179n45, 195n13, 228n8, 297n11, 318n62

Orissa, 306n28, 312n42

Osmania University, 11, 12, 16, 21, 37

outcast(e), 70, 235n34, 238n48, 272n14, 282, 285–6, 293n4, 294n6, 296n9, 297–8n11, 299n14n16, 303n21, 309n34, 315n59, 340n11, 348n25, 349n27, 362, 364

Pali: 178n45, 219, 295n6, 309n33, 338n6, 348n25, 363; Canon, 176n43

Pallar, Pallan, 116, 132n17, 319n63

Pallavas, 251n65

Pancha Dravida and Pancha Gauda, 190–1n2

Panchasaradiya-seva, 155, 171n26

Pandavas, 236n35

Panini: 173n34, 174n37, 227n6

pantheism: 122n2

Parasara Madhaviya, Madhavacarya, 315n53

Paraskara Grihya Sutra, 173n33

Paraiar, Parayan, Pariah, 32–3, 72, 116, 131n16

pariah, 131n16

Partition, 26, 127n9, 265n4

Parvati, 151n2, 332

Pasenadi (king), 161, 181–2n47, 249n63

Pataliputra, 253n76, 344n18

Patanjali: 227n6, 344n17; on two types of deities, 135n23

Patole, Shahu: Anna He Apoornabrahma, 19

patriarchy, 239n49

Paulkasa, 311n38, 324

Pawar, Daya: Baluta, 19, 130n14, 272n13

Persian: 168n16, 195n13

Peshwas, 105n9, 273n14, 370

Phule, Jotiba/Jotirao, 14–5, 57n1, 72–3, 356

Phule, Savitribai, 14–5, 356

Plato: 21, and Aitareya Brahmana, 225n2; Republic, 225n2

pollution: causes, 87, 115, 137n25, 139n28, 213, 269n9, 286, 317n60; the Untouchable and the Impure, 287

Poona, Pune: 19, 228n8, 297n11, 313n46, 363; Pact, 266n4, 342–3n14

Prajapati: 211, 233n33, 332, 348n25; as sacrifice, 226n3; and the Viswakarma community, 234n33. See also Brahma

Prakrit, 140n30, 195n13, 283–4

Prataprudradeva: Saraswativilasa, 312n42

Pratiloma, 282, 293n4, 305n26, 349n27, 368. See also Anuloma

prehistoric, 41

profane: and the cow, 269n9; difference with the sacred, 34, 54, 256, 267n6, 268n7; and Durkheim, 257–9, 265n3, 269n9, 270n10; interdictions against, 36–7, 269n9. See also interdictions against contact

proto-Untouchable groups, 307n30, 321n66

Pukkasa, 294n6, 299n16, 309n34, 313n46

Punarvasa, Punarvasu, 186, 194n11

Puranas: 138n26, 151n2, 189, 198n17, 227n6, 307n28, 345n19; appropriation of folk beliefs, 190n1; composition, 152n3; Gupta period, 274n16; Puranicization, 274n16

purity, 73, 167n13, 176n42, 185, 194n12, 238n45, 302–3n18, 317n60, 367–8

Purusha Sukta hymn: description of castes, 163n2; and the fifth varna, 306n28

Purusha, 226n3, 233n33

Purva Mimamsa, 242n54

Pushyamitra Sunga: 344n17; Ashvamedha yajna, 248n61; in literature, 344n18; usurpation of the Maurya throne, 327–8; persecution of Buddhist, 344n18; regicide, 345n19

racial theories: origin of caste, 70–3, 124n4; Portuguese influence, 122n1. See also colonial, colonialism, colonised

racism, 56, 102n5

Rajagopalachari, C., Ambedkar Refuted: 103–4n6

Rajah, M.C.: on Adi Dravidas, 132n18; The Oppressed Hindus, 132n18

Rajakas: 288, 324; as Antyajas, 147, 283–4, 319n64; in the Atri Smriti, 281; caste role, 147; in the Ramayana, 339n9; in the Veda Vyas Smriti, 281

Raje, Vasundhara, 51

Rajkumar, N.D., 20

Rajput, 320n64

Rajputana, 130n15, 310n36

Rajya Sabha, 169n17, 343n16

raksasas, rakshasas, raksasis, 135n23, 207, 212, 338n6

Ram, Kanshi, 14, 55, 57n1

Ramachandran, M.G., 51

Ramanuja, 134n21, 190n1, 242n54

Ramanujan, A.K., “Three hundred Ramayanas”, 18

Ramasamy, Periyar E.V.: 14–5, 22, 72; on beef, 32–3

Ramayana, 227n6, 339n9, 345n19

Rangachari, K., 133–4n21, 190n2

Ranjith, Pa, 21

Rao, Anupama, 67

Rao, G. Kalyana: Antarani Vasantham (Untouchable Spring): 151n2

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS): 17, 28; on Ambedkar, 102n6; assimilation of tribal groups, 130n13; Panchajanya, 29

Rathakaras, 301n16, 319n63

Rattu, Nanak Chand, 69

Rege, Sharmila, 19

Reich, David: 41, 354; on ANI and ASI groups, 124–5n4

religion: 17, 20, 25, 41, 49, 54, 82, 89, 96n1, 112–3, 122n2, 127n9, 128–9n10, 135–6n23, 142–3n33, 153, 160, 199, 216–7, 222, 226n3, 242n54, 250n64, 254n76, 264–5n3n4, 267n6, 268n7n8, 269n9, 270n10, 271n11, 300n16, 345n19, 355, 362–3, 365–6, 369; definition of, 256-8, 263n1

The Revolt of 1857, 121n1

revolution, revolutionary: Ambedkar’s conception of, 101n4, 372; Buddhism as, 223n1, 248n61, 249n62, 328; via food consumption, 320n65; among the non-Brahmins, 199, 215

Rhys Davids, Caroline Foley: 178–9n45; Dialogues of the Buddha, 181n46; interpretations of the Pali Canon, 178n45

Rhys Davids, T.W., 178n45, 252n70, 295n6

Ridding, C.M., 347n24, 349n26, 350n29

Rig Veda: 40, 175n38, 225n2, 226n3, 228n9, 229n12, 231n19, 297n10, 324, 337n4n5, 367; on the distribution of cow-meat, 158n20n21, 159n25; linguistic obscurity, 164n6; metre of the text, 232n27; Rig-Veda Sanhita, 163n2, 301n16; reference to the cow, 153–5, 170n22, 172n30; as a tribal text, 99n3

right-wing, 11–3, 28, 51, 70, 77, 132n17, 304n25, 371–2

Rights of the Child, 1990, 51

rishi(s), 160, 170n24, 209, 227n4, 297n10

Risley, H.H.: 133n21; on animism, 122–3n2; definition of Hinduism, 123n2; ethnographic methods, 134n21

Rome, Romans, 98n3, 233n31

Round Table Conference, 1932, 34

Roundtable India, 45

Rudra, 154–5, 166n9, 171n25, 234n33

Ryder, Arthur William: 141n30, 141n31; translation of Mrichhakatika, 140n30

Sacred Books of the East (SBE) series, 195n13, 233n32, 297n11

sacrifice: 20, 142n33, 156–7, 169n18, 170n23, 212, 226–7n4, 227n5, 229n12, 234n34, 238n46, 239n50, 240n51, 241n53, 242n55, 247n59n60, 286, 337n4; to Agni, 155, 225n2, 228n10; animal, 23, 44, 69, 154, 161, 165n6, 168n14n15n16, 170n22, 171n26n27, 194n12, 195n14, 199–210, 214–5, 217–8, 220, 228–9n10, 233n32, 244n56, 245n57, 246n58, 248n61, 269n9, 328, 331, 345n19; Asoka on, 184, 188, 195–6n14; Buddha on, 160, 177–8n44, 181n47; in Buddhist literature, 138n26, 221, 249n63; division of sacrificial meat, 156, 166n8, 175n40, 230n14n15n16; exclusion from, 209–10; human, 209–10, 226n3, 232n29, 234n33, 338n6; implements, 157–9, 200, 203; ingredients recommended by the Apastamba Dharma Sutra, 157–9, 175n40; sacrificial essence, 167n12; Soma sacrifices, 163n2, 172n28, 208, 225n2, 228n9, 228n10, 231n23; Srauta sacrifices, 172n28, 236n36; to Vishnu, 155

Said, Edward W., 128n10

Saivite(s), 183, 190n1, 300n16

Sakhya (clan), 182n47, 319n63

sangha, samgha, 180–1n45, 249n62, 251n64, 363

Samhitas, 166n10, 169n18, 170n24

samsara, 245n57

Samskara, 172n29

Sangh parivar, 17

Sankhya, 242n54

Sanskrit: 40–1, 44, 124n4, 152n4, 344n17; Ambedkar’s ability in, 76, 82, 96n1; Buddhist plays, 118, 139n29; modern editions of literature in Sanskrit, 300n16; scholars, 137n25, 168n16n17, 174n37, 195n13, 228n8, 254n76, 321n66, 346n22; translations, 227n7, 231n20, 273n14, 292n4, 297n11, 304n25, 312n42, 313n46, 338n5

Sanskritization: 33, 39–40, 276n17; Sanskritized Victorian values, 130n13

Saraswati, 346n22

Saraswativilasa, 312n42

Satapatha Brahmana: 155, 166n10, 172n28, 225n2, 226n3; on cow-killing, 154, 159–60

Satavahana dynasty, 192n4, 344n18

Sathaye, S.G., 225n2, 226n2, 230n14

Savarna, 150n1, 179n45, 272n13, 318n63, 325

Scheduled Castes: 33, 38, 57n1, 98n2, 103n6, 132n17, 318n62; getting into the schedule, 123n3

Scheduled Tribes, 99n3, 123n3

Schwarz, Henry, 98n2

scientific inquiry, 94, 105n11

secular: 18, 24, 27, 38, 41, 55–6, 255–6, 268n8; difference with the sacred, 256, 267n6; in the Indian subcontinent, 265–6n4; in Western society, 265–6n4, 266–7n5

Settled communities: conflict with Nomadic communities, 135n22, 354–6; creation of Broken Men, 255, 259–61, 323. See also Broken Men Theory, Nomadic Tribes

Shaikh, Ghulamuddin, 46

Shakahari, 183

shakhas, 170n24, 191n2

Shanti Parva: 234n33, 279, 283, 312n41; on facing a crisis in dharma, 301n18

Sharma, R.S.: 346n22, 347n23; ‘absorption of tribals’, 306n28; commonality between Buddhist and Brahmanic texts, 295n6; engagement with Ambedkar, 293–4n4, 298n11, 307n29, 309n33, 320n66; Sudras in Ancient India, 306n28

Shastras: 147, 152n4, 288–9, 297n10, 303n18, 307n29, 319n64, 342n14, 369; five classes of Chandalas, 285

Shatrugna, Veena, 30–1, 37

Simla, 126n5

Shiva: 227n6n7, 242n54; spread

Shiva worship, 142–4n33, 190n1, 217; tribal origin, 99n3

Shudra: 11, 14, 19, 24, 37, 39–40, 44, 47, 55, 56, 57n1n2, 87, 225n2, 258, 285, 307n29, 349n27, 361, 363; interdictions related to, 96n1, 258; origin of the caste, 42, 96n1

Shudraka: 330–1; Padmaprabhrutakam, 139n29

Simmel, Georg: on piety, 267n6

sin: 14, 74, 118, 137n25, 227n6, 283, 293n4, 328; as caste-dharma, 239n49; cow-killing as, 25, 29, 221, 259; Buddhist notion of, 245–6n57; meat-eating as, 211; minor sin, 214, 239n49, 240n52; mortal sin, 214, 239n49n50, 241n52

Smith, Brian K.: on Bühler’s translation of the Manumriti, 294n6, 295n7, 299n16, 310–11n37, 340n11; date of origin of the Manusmriti, 343n15; natural order and violence in Manusmriti, 194n12; on Madhuparka, 238n46; meat-eating in Manusmriti, 194n12, 253n73; on sacrifices, 194n12; translation issues, 195n13n14, 238n46; on vegetarianism, 253n73

Smith, Vincent: 193n6n7n8, 196n14; on Asoka’s prohibition of cow-killing, 187–8, 197n15, 220; Snataka: 235–6n35, 237–8n45, 238n46, 241n53, 296n9; and the Madhuparka, 156; rules for the, 213

socialist, 28

Socio Economic Caste Census (SECC), 123n3

Soma: 164n4, 172n30; god, 231n19; hymns, 163n2, 348n25; sacrifice, 172n28, 206, 208, 210, 225n2, 228n9n10, 229n12, 231n23

South Asia, 99n3, 122n1, 191n3

southern India, South India, 42, 44, 131n16, 133n20, 171n24, 191n2, 244n56, 251n65

speculation: 106–7n11, 147, 166n10, 305n27, 330; and Ambedkar, 78–81, 93, 135n22, 223n1, 298n11, 356, 359–60, 366, 369; definition, 108n13, 356–7

Speculative Materialism, 351, 356–7, 366

Speculative Realism, 81

spirit-deities: 250–1n64; asuras, 136n23; bhutanis, 136n23; bhutas, 135n23; gandharvas, 136n23; kimpurusas, 135n23; kinnaras, 135n23; mahoragas, 136n23; nagas, 136n23; pisacas, 135n23; raksasas, 135n23; suvarnas, 136n23; vidyuts, 136n23; yaksas, 135n23

Sramana, Sramanic, 138n26, 144n33, 235n34, 252n72, 253n73, 340n11, 355

Srauta rituals and sacrifices, 172n28, 236n36

Sri Lanka: 345n20; and caste, 339n9; Vattagamini, 176n43

Srinivas, M.N.: difference with Ambedkar, 276n17; Sanskritization, 33

sruti, 138n26, 172n28, 174n35

Ssu-fen-lu (Shi-bun-ritsu), 219, 252n72

State Mahadalit Commission, 319n63

Suds, 46

Sufi, 230n19

Sunga dynasty: 136n23, 248n61, 327–8, 343–4n17; in literature, 344n18; overthrowing the Mauryas, 248n61, 327–8, 344n18; Vedic counter-revolution, 344n17

Supreme Court of India, 30, 32, 49–51

Sura, 214, 239n50

Surya, 165n6, 171n25, 234n33

Suttas, Sutta Pitaka: 177n43, 181n47, 347n25; Kutadanta Sutta, 160, 177n43n44; Sutta Nipata, 348n25; Vasalasutta, 347n25

svapaca, 75, 303n19, 307n30

Swaminathan, M.S., 31

Tamil, Tamil Nadu, 20, 22, 27, 51, 53, 79, 103n6, 132n17, 151n2, 191n2, 319n63, 339n9

Tanjore, 116, 132n18

Tarde, Gabriel: contemporary influence, 197n16; and the law of imitation, 189, 198n16, 275n17; social interaction theory, 197n16

Tejani, Shabnum: on Ambedkar’s conception of nationalism, 128n9; on the meaning of secularism in India, 265–6n4

Telangana, 338n7, 339n9

Telangana Students’ Association, 12

Teltumbde, Anand, 319n63

Telugu, 14, 20, 40, 132n17, 151n2, 339n9

Thapar, Romila, 192n3

Thass, Iyothee, 79, 356

Therigatha, 178n45

Thibaut, George, 242n54, 243n55

Thite, Ganesh Umakant, 231n23

Thurston, Edgar: biased and racist methods, 134n21; on types of Brahmins, 190n2; Castes and Tribes of Southern India, 133n21; work on the Census, 133n21

Tilak, B.G.: The Arctic Home in the Vedas, 73, 233n31

Tipitaka: 254n78; Abhidhamma Pitaka, 176n43; Sutta Pitaka, 176n43; Vinaya Pitaka, 176n43

Tishya, 186, 194n11

Touchable: 153, 323; linguistic analysis, 72, 124n4, 162n1, 354

Transmigration of the Soul: 215–6, 244n56; and the Buddha, 245n57

Tribes, Tribals, tribal: 19, 54, 57n1n2, 123n3, 259–60, 295n6, 298n11, 299n16, 348n25, 355; Ambedkar’s attitude, 77, 87, 99n3, 308n31, 366–7; assimilation, 98n3, 306n28; Australian, 263n1; colonial characterisation of, 97–8n2; difference from Hindus, 91, 112, 114–5, 123n2, 129n10; gods and their appropriation, 99n3, 144n33; kings, 182n47, 344n18; languages, 130n13; myths, 228n7, 245n57; origin of society, 42; primitive, 135n22, 317n60; and the RSS, 130n13; texts, 304–5n26

Tsang, Hsuan/Yuan Chwang: 218–20, 252n69n70, 333–4, 350n30, 345n20; descriptions of houses, 333–4, 350n30; on pure flesh, 218; on violence against Buddhists, 143n33; also Yuan Chwang and Xuanzang, 252n68

Tughlaq dynasty: 193n5; Muhammad bin Tughlaq, 273n14, 274n15

Turkey, Turkish, Turk (Turuska), 42, 89, 127n9, 134n21, 142n33, 300n16

Ujjain, 344n18

Una, 29, 35, 65

Union Human Resource Development Minister, 13

United Kingdom, 128n10

United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), 43

United Nations’ World Conference against Racism, 2001, 56

United Provinces, Uttar Pradesh, 100n3, 127n9, 193n6

upanayana, 96n1, 167n13, 173–4n35, 228n7, 235n35

Upanishads: 215–6, 242n54, 244n56, 245n57, 246n58, 247n59n60, 283, 311n38; reinterpretations of, 242n54; style, 246n58; as part of the Vedas, 166n10, 170n24

Upapataka, 222, 239n49. See also Mahapataka

Upapuranas, 152n3

Vaideha, Vaidehika, Vaidehaka, 281, 303n19, 310n36

Vaisali, 219, 252n71

Vaishnavism, Vaishnavaite, Vaishnavites, 134n21, 183, 275n16

Vaishya: 18, 35, 41, 96n1, 179n45, 225n2, 251n66, 284, 301n17, 307n29, 314n47, 336n3, 339n10; erstwhile Vaishyas, 336n3

Vajasaneyi Samhita, Vajasaneyins: 166n10, 338n8; on cow sacrifice, 155, 168n14, 171n27; on human sacrifice, 338n6

Vajrasuchi, 343n15

Valhe, Vijaya, 172n28

Vannan, Vannar, 339n9

Vanvasi Kalyan Ashram, 130n13

Varadpande, M.L., 139n29

Vardhana dynasty, 346n22

Varghese, George, 234n33

varnasamkara: 300n16, 301n17, 305n26, 318n63; groups, 305n28; theories, 306n28

varnashrama, 192n3, 322n66

Varuna, 163n2, 171n25, 229n12, 231n19

Vasistha Dharma Sutra: occurrence of ‘Antya’, 279; occurrence of ‘Antyavasin’, 314n47; occurrence of ‘Chandala’, 286; translation, 301n17; consequences of varnasamkara, 301n17

Vayu, 171n25

Veda Vyas Smriti: 148, 304n25, 315n51n52; on Antyajas, 147, 280–1; other caste terms in, 281

Vedanta Sutra: authorship, 242n54; and sacrifices, 215, 243n55

Vedas: 44, 114, 152n3, 157, 166n10, 169n18, 238n46, 240n51, 243–4n55, 245n57, 247–8n60, 258, 291n1, 296n9, 297n11, 324; division, 170n24; on cow-killing, 153, 160; reinterpretation, 212–4, 237n40n43, 242n54

vegetarianism, 11, 19, 22, 25–6, 30–1, 34, 36, 39, 41, 47, 54–5, 91, 147, 149, 175n40, 183–4, 190n2, 194n12, 199–222 passim, 211, 215–8, 220, 251n67, 253n73

Vemula, Rohith: 11; fellow activists, 13; “My birth is my fatal accident”, 14; Veliwada, 14

Vidalkaras, Bidalkaras, 324, 338n6, 339n8

Vidyarnava, Srisa Chandra, 138n26, 241n53, 296n9, 304n22

Vijayanagar, 274n15

Vimukta jatis, 98n2. See also Denotified Tribes, Criminal Tribes

vinaya, 138n26

Vinaya Pitaka, 176n43, 309n33, 337n3

Vinayas: Dharmagupta Vinaya, 252–3n72; Ssu-fen, 219, 252n72

Viramitrodaya: 313n44; prescriptions of caste, 284

Vishnu: 155, 171n25, 183, 190n1, 217, 227n7, 242n54, 251n67, 254n76, 279–80; avatars of, 142–4n33, 344n18

Vishnu Smriti, Vaishnava Dharmasastra, Vishnusutra, 292n3, 298n12, 299n13

Vishwa Hindu Parishad, 17

Viswanath, Rupa, 132n17

Viswakarma, 234n33

Viswamitra, 301–2n18

Vitthal, 298n11, 364–5

Voltaire: 88–9; racism, 102n5

Vrddha Harita, 74, 118, 139n28

Vritra, Vrtra, 155, 226n4, 229n10

Vyasa, 152n3, 170n24, 304n25

vyavahara, 292–3n4, 313n44

Warangal, 39, 274n15

Watters, Thomas: 218; translation of Hsuan Tsang, 252n69n70

West/ Western: cows, 42; thought, 99, 102n5; world, 99n3; scholarship, 67, 71, 359, 263n1, 266, 268n7, 359; Aryans as, 71; Ambedkar’s reliance of scholarship, 263–4n2; Tomoko Masuzawa on, 265n3;

Westernised: Dalits, 39; Indian elite, 266;

White Yajur Veda: 173n33

Wilson, H.H., 163n2, 301n16, 337n5

world religions, 265n3

yajna: 182n47, 199–200, 220, 234n34, 248n61, 251n66, 344n17n18; in Buddhist Sutras, 160; decline, 144n33; performed by kings, 161; principle of, 209; rejection by Buddhists, 217

Yajnavalkya: 170n24, 176n41n42, 222, 291n1, 292n4, 296n9, 300n16, 304n22; on beef, 160, 167n11, 215

Yajnavalkya Smriti: 137n25, 176n41, 303n19; beef, 241n53; commentary on, 137n26; occurrence of Antya, 279; occurrence of Antyaja, 280; reference to Buddhism, 138n26

Yajur Veda, 166n10, 170n24, 173n33n35, 227n6

Yazdani, Ghulam, 273n14

Yogi Adityanath, 48

Yupa, 200–2, 226–7n4

Zend, 195n13

Zoroastrian, 228n8