Index

Abitur 69

Administrative data 15, 19, 31, 58, 65, 68, 71, 117 see also Goodhart’s law

Adult Skills Survey (PIAAC) 159, 161, 162

Age differences in

attitudes to immigration 179

attitudes to membership of the EU 180

attitudes to redistribution 182

birth of first child 133

feelings of closeness to one’s country 190

national pride 170–1

unemployment 125

Alcohol

affordability 50–1

consumption 44, 50–2

international comparisons of consumption 52

trends 50–2

Alzheimer’s disease see dementias

American National Research Council panel 37, 38

Annual Population Survey 41, 83

Aristotle 167

Atkinson, Anthony 4, 17

Attitudes to immigration 179, 181, 192

Attitudes to membership of the EU 180

Attitudes to redistribution 182, 192

Austerity measures 14, 33, 211

Australia 81

baccalauréat 69

Bank of England 22

Barro, Robert 68

Barro-Lee dataset 68

Basic amenities see housing conditions

Bedroom standard 95–7

Beer, Samuel 196

Bell, David 115

Better Life Index see OECD

Beveridge, William 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 23, 24, 34, 61, 88, 114, 115, 116, 125, 198–211

Beveridge Report see Social Insurance and Allied Services, report

Big Society programme 167, 201

Black Caribbean and African

experience of discrimination 145–7, 158

experience of overcrowding 98

risks of unemployment 129–31see also ethnic differences

Blair MP, Tony 8, 166, 174

Blanchflower, David 115, 120

Body mass index (BMI) 47, 83

Bowling Alone 6, 183

Bradshaw, Jonathan 25, 26, 97

Brexit 8, 166, 178–9, 211

Brexit Referendum 178

Britain Against Itself 196

British Beer and Pub Association 50, 51

British Cohort Study 1970 149

British Election Survey 83, 173, 179–80, 181, 182, 187

British Household Panel Study 23, 153, 156, 186

British identity 171–4

British Medical Journal 30, 45

British Social Attitudes Survey 82, 83, 84, 169, 170, 173, 175, 177, 181, 182, 186, 187

British values 8, 166, 174–8

Brooks, Greg 72, 73, 74

Brown MP, Gordon 8, 166

Bukodi, Bess 154, 163

Bynner, John 83

Callaghan MP, James 61

Cameron MP, David 6, 8, 166, 201

Canada 11 see also peer countries

Cancer

breast 42, 43

lung 33, 42, 43, 45

survival rates 57–8

Care-leavers and risks of NEET 135

Casey, Louise 166

Casey Report 166, 174

Causal evidence 9, 33, 45, 83, 84, 115, 201, 206

Census, decennial 90, 91, 95, 97, 100, 105, 106, 144, 152

Centrepoint 102

Chandola, Tarani 56

Charges for healthcare 56

Cheshire, Paul 94

Citizenship Survey 169, 175, 177, 186

Civic community 6, 166

Civic Culture Survey 1959 186, 187, 188

Civic participation 83, 115, 185–9

Claimant count (of unemployment) 117

Classification of occupations 53, 54

Coe, Robert 73, 86

Colley, Linda 174

Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) 146, 165

Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress 11, 139

Community Life Survey 83, 169, 186

Community spirit 90, 114, 168

Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 194

Comprehensive system of education 62, 80

Cribb, Jonathan 18, 19, 27

Crime and disorder 9

Cross-national comparisons see peer countries

Cruickshank, Heather 108

Culture

role in educational attainment 81, 208–9

role in health 53, 56, 208

Curriculum and Qualifications Authority 72

Cycling 49

Davis Report 150

De Gaulle, General 179

Death rates from diseases 42–6, 51

Debt

secured 22

trends in 23

unsecured 22–3

Debt to income ratio 22–3

Decent homes standard 91–2

Defence of the Realm Act 1914 50

Dementias 42, 44

Deming, J. Edwards 8

Democracy in America 66

Democratization of education 81

Department for Education statistics 65, 66, 70

Department of the Environment statistics 93

Department for Transport statistics 49

Depression, the Great 90, 114, 168

Deregulation 15, 97, 117, 120, 136, 207, 229

Destitution 28–9, 33

Devolution 171–2

Diminishing marginal returns 53, 89

Disability-free life expectancy 41–2, 47, 221

Disconnect from politics 185–9 see also political efficacy

Discord, the giant of 201, 203 see also social cohesion

Discouraged workers 116

Discrimination

effects on well-being 10, 140

field experiments 142

international comparisons 158

legislation 139, 143, 181

Muslim discrimination 158

racial discrimination 143–7, 157–8, 203, 205

sex discrimination 148, 150

social class discrimination 15

trends 143–7

Disease

cerebrovascular 42

infectious 34

ischaemic heart 42, 43

liver 44, 50

of affluence 34, 44

the giant of 2, 9, 34–60, 202 see also dementias, cancer

Disengagement 183–9

Disraeli MP, Benjamin 6, 165

Diversity

and social cohesion 195, 196

ethnic 165, 168, 179, 189

gender 148

Doll, Richard 45

Dolton, Peter 148

Dose-dependence 47

East Asian educational success 81, 208

Education

and capabilities 62

and empowerment 62

and healthy lifestyles 62

and the labour market 61

democratization of 81

reforms 72, 86, 200, 208–9

systems 62, 80 see also comprehensive system, tripartite system

Educational differences in

attitudes to immigration 181, 192

attitudes to membership of the EU 180

attitudes to redistribution 182, 192

British values 176–8

civic engagement 188

economic outcomes 82–3

life satisfaction 11

national pride 170

non-economic outcomes 82–3, 228

risks of unemployment 123–5

trust 188, 193

turnout 188

voluntary association membership 188

Education Act 1944 2, 3, 62

Educational participation 9, 64–9

Educational progress, dark side 87, 116, 121, 137

Educational standards 9, 63, 74

Employment Protection Act 1976 148

English Housing Survey 91, 96, 98, 103, 110

English identity 171–4

English Longitudinal Study of Ageing 30

Environment 9

Equal Pay Act 1970 148, 151

Equal treatment, measures of 144, 149

Equality Act 2010 139, 140

Equality of opportunity 3, 4–5, 139

Equity 60 see also fairness

Ermisch, John 162

Ethnic differences in

British values 176–8

national pride 170

overcrowding 98

rickets 31

segregation 166

unemployment 129–31 see also diversity, ethnic

Ethnicity 236

Exercise 37, 48

Eurobarometer 169

European Social Survey 160, 162

European Values Survey 169, 186, 188

European Union

attitudes to membership of 179–80

Eurostat 23, 110

Evaluation

of educational reforms 71, 86

of effects of education 83, 87

Examinations

11 plus 63

Abitur 69

baccalauréat 69

GCE A level 63, 154

GCE Ordinary Level 63, 69, 70

GCSE 69, 70

High-stakes 69, 81, 85, 88, 97, 137

School Certificate 69

Expectations, changing 88, 89

Experiments

and causal evidence 84

field 142, 143–7

natural 201, 206

Fairness 5, 60, 139, 140, 141, 148, 163–4

Family and Class in a London Suburb 90

Family and Kinship in East London 90

Family Expenditure Survey 19, 27

Family Resources Survey 19, 27

FareShare 29, 30

Financial crash of 2007/8 14, 16, 22, 27, 33, 94, 107, 119, 121, 133, 199, 202, 206, 207

First International Mathematics Study (FIMS) 74–5

Fisher, R.A. 45

Fitzpatrick, Ray 56

Flexible labour market see deregulation

Floud, Roderick 53

Focus groups 25

Food

banks 29

insecurity 29–31, 219

nutritional quality 24, 29

parcels 30

France 11 see also peer countries

Free school meals as a measure of social class 238

Full Employment in a Free Society 4, 7, 88, 114, 115

Full employment 114, 121

Garratt, Elisabeth 30

GDP per head

definition of 15

international comparisons 15

limitations of 17

measures of 217

trends in 15, 36

Gender differences in

disability-free life expectancy 41–2

diseases 43

educational participation 66–7, 70–1

life expectancy 41–2, 55

modal age at death 40

national pride 170

obesity 48

occupational segregation 150

opportunity 147

smoking-related mortality 46

unemployment 122–31

upwards mobility 154

wages 148–51

General Household Survey 91, 123, 124, 127, 128, 130, 134, 153, 156

General Lifestyle Survey 41

General Register Office 53

Germany 11 see also peer countries

Giants, the Five 2–4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 198–211

Gini coefficient 17

Gini, Corrado 17

Global Burden of Disease Study 42

Globalization 18, 166, 179

Goldacre, Michael 30, 31

Goldthorpe, John 152

Goodhart, Charles 71

Goodhart’s law 71, 72, 73, 198, 226, 245

Grade inflation 71, 72, 86

Gray, J. L. 142, 143, 149, 154

Great Gatsby curve 161–2

Grenfell Tower fire 92

Grenier, Paola 167, 184

Griffiths MP, Peter 181

Hall, Nick 31

Hall, Peter 184, 199

Health

differences in life satisfaction 11

self-rated 83 see also disease, life expectancy

Health Survey for England 83

Healthcare

expenditure 58, 224

systems 37, 38, 56

Healthy lifestyles 10, 37, 44–52

Heath, Anthony 158

Heath MP, Edward 181

Heath, Oliver 189

Hidden homeless 100

Higher education

expansion 62

participation 67

Higher Education Statistics Agency 67

Hill, Austin Bradford 45

Hobolt, Sarah 179, 184

Holmans, A.E. 96, 100, 108, 112

Homelessness

definitions of 99–100

hidden 100

statutory 100

trends in 99–102

Homophily 147

Hospital admissions

alcohol-related 51

malnutrition-related 30

House prices, ratio to household income 107

House-building 3, 111

Households

concealed 103–4

debt 22–3

definition of 103

dual career 18

growth in number 103

income 19–21

increasing number of 21

median income 19–21, 27

Housing

affordability of 106–8

cost of mortgage interest payments 107

demand for 102–4

inequality of 104–6

space 108–11

trends in stock 93

Housing Act 1949 90

Housing conditions

and amenities 90–1

and well-being 89

quality 88 see also overcrowding

Housing crisis

after Second World War 89–90, 103

in twenty-first century 89, 102–13, 208

Housing Health and Safety Rating System 92

Human Development Index (HDI) 62, 64, 216

Human Mortality Database 36, 46

Idleness, the giant of 2, 9, 114–38, 203

Ignorance, the giant of 2, 9, 61–87, 203

Income tax rates 18

Income differences in

attitudes to immigration 181

attitudes to membership of the EU 180

attitudes to redistribution 182

life satisfaction 11

national pride 170–1

mobility 161–3

Indebtedness 22 see also debt

Inequality

and Brexit vote 179

and social cohesion 165, 195, 196, 201, 209

effects of 35, 53, 165, 209

evil of 4

international comparisons 17

measurement of 17, 78, 105, 218

of housing space 96, 104–6

of income 4–5, 17–18, 19–21, 56

of opportunity 140–64, 200–1

of social progress 204

of test scores 78–9

socioeconomic 37, 38, 52–6

trends 17

Infant mortality see mortality

Inflation, evil of 120, 135

Institute for Fiscal Studies 23, 32

International Educational Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement 74, 76

International Labour Office 116, 117, 132

International Social Survey Programme 191, 193

Irish identity 171–4

Italy 11 see also peer countries

Jackson, Michelle 155, 156

Jahoda, Marie 168

Japan 11 see also peer countries

Jencks, Christopher 12

Jerrim, John 76, 77, 81, 208

Joad, Professor 24

Joseph Rowntree Foundation 28

Joshi, Heather 148, 150

Key Stage 3 72

Keynes, John Maynard 114

Labour Force Survey 117, 123, 124, 127, 128, 130, 134, 153, 156

Labour market

conditions 66

reforms 116, 117, 120, 199

League tables 71, 85

Learning to Labour 66

Lee, Yong-Wha 68

Level playing field principle 141, 143

Liebig, Thomas 158

Life expectancy

international comparisons 35–8

trends 35–8, 41–2, 55 see also disability-free life expectancy

Life satisfaction 10, 11 see also well-being

Literacy

adult 80

international comparisons 73–4, 76–8, 80, 81

trends in 72–3, 86

Maastricht Treaty 1992 180

Macmillan MP, Harold 3, 10

Makepeace, Gerry 148

Malnutrition, hospital admissions 30

Mandelson MP, Peter 182

Marienthal 114, 167

Marginalized groups 99, 115, 131, 135, 168, 170, 189, 204–5

Market economy

coordinated 199, 206

liberal 199, 206

Market forces

in housing 94, 112–13, 207

in education 209

Marmot, Michael 52

Marmot Review 56

Marriage bar 160

Material deprivation 23, 32, 220

Material prosperity

and health 37, 44, 60

as a measure of social progress 9

international comparisons 14–16

spillover effects on the housing market 104

trends 14–23, 202, 206, 211

Maths performance

international comparisons 74–80

trends in 75

Median 17, 20, 78

Men Without Work 114

Mental health 133

Milburn MP, Alan 5, 139, 163

Miller, David 166

Minimum income standard 25–6

Minimum school-leaving age, see school-leaving age

Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG, formerly DCLG) 101, 108

Modal age at death 40

Morelli, Salvatore 17

Morgan, Malcolm 108

Mortality

adult 40

from different diseases 42–4

infant 38–9, 53

smoking-related 46

Moshinsky, Pearl 142, 143, 149, 154

Muslims

risks of unemployment 131

discrimination against 146, 158

National Audit Office 101, 135

National Child Development Study 149

National Citizen Service 201

National Health Service (NHS) 34, 56–8, 60

National identity 8, 166, 168–71

National pride and belonging

international comparisons 190–1

trends in 168–71

National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification 54

National Survey of Health and Development 149

NEET (not in Education, Employment or Training)

definition of 132, 235

effects of 132

international comparisons 135–6

trends in 133–4

Non-discrimination principle 141

Northern Ireland identities 171–4

Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey 173

Non-voting 178 see also turnout

Obesity

educational differences 83

international comparisons 46–8

trends in 46–8, 83

Occupational differences in

attitudes to immigration 181

attitudes to membership of the EU 180

attitudes to redistribution 182

national pride 170–1

Occupational structure, changes in 123, 151–2

Ofsted 72

OECD Better Life Index 110, 139, 214

OECD Health Statistics 57

Office for National Statistics 22, 23, 40, 42, 50, 54, 67, 93, 106, 107, 133, 135

Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study 55

Official statistics see administrative data

One nation at home 3, 6, 203 see also two nations

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 23, 52, 57, 64, 76, 77, 79, 80, 111, 117, 118

Our World in Data 15, 39, 54

Overcrowding

bedroom standard 95, 96, 97, 98, 108, 109, 230

European measure 109, 232

Greater London Authority internal space guidelines 108

in different housing sectors 99

international comparisons 109–11

parallels with poverty 88, 94

risks of 98

space-based measures 108–11

statutory measure 230

trends 96, 99

Owner occupation 92–3

Paskov, Marii 22, 23

Peer countries

choice of 11–12

comparisons of alcohol consumption 52

comparisons of breast cancer survival rates 57

comparisons of closeness to one’s country 190–2, 205

comparisons of cycling and exercise 49

comparisons of educational standards 73–8

comparisons of educational inequality 78–80

comparisons of ethnic diversity 189–90

comparisons of GDP per head 14–16, 206

comparisons of gender earnings gaps 159, 205

comparisons of healthcare expenditure 58

comparisons of household income 21

comparisons of housing space and expenditure 109–10

comparisons of income inequality 17–18

comparisons of infant mortality 39

comparisons of life expectancy 35–8

comparisons of NEET 135

comparisons of obesity 47–8

comparisons of political disconnect 194

comparisons of relative poverty 27

comparisons of racial discrimination 157–8, 205

comparisons of smoking 45

comparisons of social fluidity and mobility 161–2, 205

comparisons of support for immigration 192

comparisons of support for redistribution 192

comparisons of university graduation 68–9

comparisons of trust 193, 205

comparisons of turnout 194

comparisons of unemployment rates 117–21, 207

Phillips, Trevor 165

Pickett, Kate 5, 6, 165

Political Action Survey 1974 84, 187

Political efficacy 82–4

Polytechnics 67

Populism 196

Poverty 24

Poverty

definitions of 24

international comparisons 27

measurement of 22, 218, 219

parallels with overcrowding 88

trends 27–31 see also destitution, material deprivation, relative poverty, socially acceptable standard of living, subsistence level of living

Powell MP, Enoch 181, 243

Prescription charges 56

Pride, national 8

Private sector

renting 92–3, 108

schools 66

Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 76–81, 161–2

Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) 80, 159, 240 see also Adult Skills Survey

Protected characteristics 140

Purchase of commissions 140

Putnam, Robert 6, 167, 168, 183, 184

Quality of life 34–5, 44

Race Relations Acts 143

Racial prejudice, trends in 147

Rashid, Sammy 72, 73

Recessions 14, 16, 107, 118, 119, 125, 126, 133, 207

Redistribution of income and wealth, attitudes to 182

Redfern Review 207, 231, 245

Registration of deaths 35

Relative deprivation 10

Relative housing poverty 96–7

Relative poverty

definition 26

international comparisons 27

measurement 219

trends 27

Response rates 76

Rickets 30–1

Riots 140

Robbins report 62

Roemer, John 141

Roser, Max 15, 39, 54

Rough sleeping 100–2

Rowntree, Joseph 28

Rowntree, Seebohm 13, 24, 25, 26, 28

Royal Commission on the Housing of the Working Classes 1885 94

Russia 36–7

School exclusion 133

School improvement 73

Schooling, participation after minimum leaving age 65, 66

School-leaving age 62, 63, 64, 133, 136, 225

Science performance, international trends in 74–5

Scotland 65, 69

Scottish Election Survey 173

Scottish Independence Referendum 178, 185

Scottish Social Attitudes Survey 173

Scottish identity 171–4

Second International Mathematics Study (SIMS80) 75

Self-harm 44

Sex Discrimination Act 1975 148

Shure, Nikki 78

Simon, Patrick 158

Slum clearance 3, 90, 112

Smoking 37, 45–6, 83, 208

Social capital 7, 183–4, 189

Social class differences in

attitudes 182

entry to the salariat 153

fluidity 160, 236, 241

healthy lifestyles 52

infant mortality 53–4

life expectancy 53–6

opportunities 151–7

political support 179 see also occupational differences

Social cohesion 4–7, 165–97, 200–1, 242

Social desirability bias 50

Social housing 92–3, 108

Social insurance 2, 13, 200

Social Insurance and Allied Services, report (the Beveridge Report) 2, 12, 13

Social integration 37, 44

Social mobility see social class

Social Mobility Commission 5

Social progress

Commission on Measurement 11, 139

concept 7, 8–9

indicators 9–11, 35, 60, 64, 84, 94, 140, 216

trends 198–211

Social surveys see Surveys

Social trust see Trust 183–7

Socially acceptable

standard of living 25–6, 32

housing space 97

Soskice, David 199

Squalor, the giant of 2, 9, 88–113, 202

Stevenson, T.H.C. 53, 56, 60

Stroke see disease, cerebrovascular

Subsistence level of living 24, 26, 32

Suicide 81, 115, 232, 233

Survey data

limitations of 76

representative samples 19, 41, 68, 117, 152

Rowntree’s surveys of York 24–5, 28, 33

Sweden 11 see also peer countries

Sybil: or, the Two Nations 6, 165

Technical progress 18, 39, 59, 206

Thatcher MP, Margaret 6, 15, 32, 120

reform programme of 16, 32, 116, 120, 136, 199–220

speech on discord 201

speech on evil of inflation 120

speech on society 201, 213

vision 94

The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money 114

The Spirit Level 5, 165

Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 75, 80

Time for Change 5, 139

Tobacco

companies 33, 45

smoking 45

Tolerance 83

Toqueville, Alexis de 6, 183

Tripartite system

of education 1, 62, 63, 80, 207

of housing 92

Trussell Trust 29, 30

Trust

international differences in 193, 205

trends in 83, 183–7

Tunstall, Becky 96, 97, 105, 106, 111

Turnout 8, 185–9

Two nations 6, 8, 165, 166, 203, 218

UK Longitudinal Household Survey (also known as Understanding Society) 11, 83, 153, 156, 186, 188

Unemployment 9, 10, 114–38

definition 116

international comparisons 117–19

long-term 114–15, 120

measurement 117, 233, 234

scarring effects of 125

social and psychological effects 115

trends 117–21

youth 116, 125–9

Unfairness, the giant of 203 see also discrimination, fairness, inequality of opportunity

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 62

United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights 139, 141

University

enrolments 67, 69

graduation 68–9

USA 11 see also peer countries

Vehicle miles

by bicycle 49

by car or taxi 49

Vocational qualifications 137

Voluntary Action 7

Voluntary associations 6, 7, 185–9 see also civic participation

Voting see turnout

Wage gap see gender differences

Want, the giant of 2, 9, 13–33, 202

Welfare arrangements

liberal 199

models 12, 199

policy 13, 18

reforms 13, 15–16, 32

social democratic 199

state 2, 13, 15, 199

Well-being 9, 10, 89, 115, 140, 214, 216

Welsh identity 171–4

Welsh Assembly Election Survey 173

Welsh Life and Times Survey 173

Why are there more questions than answers, Grandad? 12

Wiertz, Dingeman 67

Wilkinson, Richard 5, 6, 165

Willis, Paul 66

Willmott, Peter 90

Wolf, Alison 71, 137

Women

employment 18, 21, 25

participation in the labour market 147

Women on Boards 150

World Health Organization 36, 46

World Values Survey 170, 175, 177, 187

Wright, Karen 167, 184

Yeates, David 31

Young, Michael 90