Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations
Aaronson, Aaron, 54
Aaronson, Sarah, 55
Abbas, Mahmud, 243–44
Abd ad-Din, Sabri, 118
Abd al-Hai, Muhammad, 171
Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi, Muhammad, 137
Abdallah, King of Transjordan: and Arab revolt, 92, 99; assassination of, 204, 239, 310n50; and an-Nashashibi, 93; and Palestine question, 97–98, 200; on Palestinian Arabs, 193
Abdallah, Shaikh, 21
Abd al-Latif, Dhu al-Kuffar, 138, 153, 178
Abd al-Latif, Saad ad-Din, 228
Abd al-Qadir al-Husaini, 12–13, 199, 200, 201
Abd an-Nasir. See Nasir, Jamal Abd an- (Jamal Abd an-Nasir)
Abduh, Muhammad, 39
Abdülhamid II, 21
Abdülmecid II, 69
Abetz, Otto, 125
Abu al-Fadl, Mamun, 39
Abu al-Huda, Taufiq, 100
Abu as-Saud, 156
Abwehr, 97, 111, 117, 118, 133, 135, 141, 142, 150
Acheson, Dean, 198
Afghanistan: jihad strategy in, 51; -Turkey cooperation, 68; and Weimar Republic, 74
Aflaq, Michel, 245
Aga Khan, 170–71
Ahmadinejad, Mahmud, 92
Ahmadiyya mosque, Berlin, 83
Ahmad Khan, Sultan, 68
Aitelkhan, Juwad Rifat, 55
al-Alamain, Battle of, 142, 143
al-Alami, Musa, 94, 192, 193, 194
Algeria, independence war in, 220
Algerian Jews, 138–39
Ali Khan, Mirza, 205
Al-Islam newspaper, 81
Allenby, Edmund, 70
Alp, Munis Tekin (Marcel Cohen), 36–37
Aluba, Muhammad Ali, 205
Amanullah, King of Afghanistan, 51, 73, 168, 180
Amé, Cesare, 142
Andreas, Friedrich C., 114
Anticapitalist Views of Islam, The (Djozo), 156
Anti-Semitism: of ex-Nazis, 217, 219; of Hitler, 26, 30, 160; of al-Husaini, 30, 55, 94–95, 157–59, 251; Islamist, 158, 251–53; in Islamist-Nazi worldviews, 182–83; propaganda, 138, 140–41, 142, 143, 150
Arab Club of Damascus, 64–65, 110
Arab Club of Syria, 97
Arab Commercial Bank, Geneva, 227, 229–30
Arab Cooperation Committee, 123–24, 125, 127
Arab Freedom Corps, 139–40, 145–46, 149, 178
Arab League, 120, 194, 198, 206, 246
Arab Nation Party, 178
Arab-Nazi alliance. See Nazi-Arab alliance
Arab Peoples Bank, Algiers, 227
Arab revolt, against Ottomans, 63, 64
Arabs: Hitler’s view of, 26–27, 28–29, 77; Karl May’s portrayal of, 29. See also Palestinian Arabs
“Arab Spring” of 2011, 237, 250
Arab Summit of 1944 (Alexandria), 192–93
Arafat, Yasir, 92, 95, 108, 173; continuity of al-Husaini’s policy, 241–42; -al Husaini’s dispute with, 239–41; and Muslim Brotherhood, 201; and Soviet bloc, 239, 240, 243; successor to al-Husaini, 233, 237, 238; two-state strategy, 242
al-Arafati, Mahmud Ibn Salim, 84
Aras, Tevfik Rüstü, 158
al-Ard, Midhat, 210
Argentina, Nazi war criminals in, 209, 216–17
al-Arif, Arif, 64
Arikat, Rashid, 320n16 sic: (Araikat)
Armenian massacre, 25, 36, 44, 52–54, 58, 71
Arslan, Shakib, 39, 80–81, 84, 88, 124, 248–49
Ashmawi, Salih Mustafa, 169
Atatürk, Kemal (Mustafa Kemal), 50, 68, 69, 158, 159
At-Taqwa Bank, Lugano, 229
Auschwitz concentration camp, 164, 185, 189, 190, 223, 225
Auslands-Organization of Nazi Party NSDAP, 109
Austria-Hungary, in World War I, 32
Azadi ash-Sharq, 75
Azerbaijan independence movement, 226–27
Azerbaijan National Committee, 226
Azma, Adil, 111
Azzam, Abd al-Wahhab, 159–60, 246
Azzam, Abd ar-Rahman, 100, 118, 140, 160, 197, 206, 246
al-Badih, Muhammad, 253
Bahri, Yunus, 178
Baku conference of 1920, 71–72, 72
Balfour, Arthur J., 55
Balfour Declaration, 55–56, 63, 64, 70, 153
Balkan Muslims, recruitment to Muslim force, 122, 145, 151, 151–152, 180
Bandung conference of 1955, 204–5, 217, 230
Banking system, Islamist, 229–30
Bank Misr, Cairo, 74
al-Banna, Hasan, 39, 81, 118, 199, 248, 250, 251
Barbie, Klaus, 229
Barzani, Mahmud, 148
Ba’th Party: formation of, 128–29; in Iraq, 128, 129, 245; Nazi collaboration with, 4; in Syria, 121, 234, 245
Battle of Hittin (1187), 20
Battle of Ras al-Ain (1948), 200
Baxter, C.W., 103–4
Bayar, Celal, 74
Beck, Sebastian, 114
Becker, Carl Heinrich, 18, 32–33, 34, 38, 41–42
Begin, Menachim, 225
Begova Mosque, Sarajevo, 152
Beisner, Wilhelm, 224
Bek, Kemal Dogan, 158
Bender, Bernard, 221
Ben Yusuf, Salah, 219–20
Berger, Gottlob, 152, 153, 155, 156, 190
Berlin to Baghdad railroad, 22, 23
Bernstorff, Johann-Heinrich Graf von, 56
Bernwald, Zvonimir, 181, 305n45
Beyli-Dudanginsky, Abd ar-Rahman Fatal, 226–27
Bigiyev, Musa Ali, 207
Bigiyev, Musa Jarullah, 207
Bineth, Max, 222
Bin Ladin, Usama, 19, 59, 69, 90, 92, 252
Black Persian, The (May), 27
Black September terrorists, 243
Blomberg, Axel von, 131
Bohle, Wilhelm, 109
Bolshevik revolution, 37–38
Bormann, Martin, 191
Bose, Subhas Chandra, 169–70
Bosnian Muslims, recruitment to Muslim forces, 150, 151–52, 180
Bragon, Ilias, 81
Bridgeport Company, 49
Britain: Aga Khan’s reports to Hitler on, 171; Arab allies of, 48, 63; and German imperialism, response to, 13, 22, 24; German propaganda against, 45; on al-Husaini’s war crimes, 198; al-Husaini appointed grand mufti by, 67–68; al-Husaini as intelligence agent for, 63, 64, 67; and Indian jihad plan, response to, 169; Iran occupation of, 132, 136; -Iraq relations, 115; Islamist hatred of, 159–60, 180; jihad strategy against, 12, 13, 25, 30–31, 32, 36, 46, 124; mandates in Middle East, 62, 70, 99; military success in Middle East, 47, 56, 130–33; Muslims in forces of, 36; and Nazi-Arab alliance, response to, 119–21; outbreak of World War I, 32, 35. See also Palestine mandate, British
Brockelmann, Carl, 41
Brunner, Alois, 185, 224–26, 315n70
Bukabuya, Rabah, 39
Bülow, Bernhard von, 22
Bureau for Revolutionizing Middle Eastern Lands, 35
Buruqaiba (Bourqiba), al-Habib, 137
Camp David summit, 242
Canaris, Wilhelm, 107, 150, 169, 195; al-Husaini’s cooperation with, 142; intelligence operation of, 111; Iraq visit of, 117; radical Arabs funded by, 97
Carlos the Jackal, 229
Castro, Fidel, 224
Caucasian Muslim Legion, 149
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 196, 203, 207, 210
Central Islamic Institute, 137, 179, 180
Chamberlain, Neville, 101
Chile, Nazi war criminals in, 224
Churchill, Winston S., 119, 132, 171
Ciano, Gian Galeazzo, 134, 162
Clapper, James, 250
Colombo conference of 1954, 204
Commando paratroopers, Arab, 153–55
Communism, and Islam, 183–84
Contemporary Islam, 83
Cotta Bey, Aziz, 74
Crane, Charles R., 64
Czechoslovakia, Hitler’s annexation of, 96–97, 101, 103
Danish, Husain, 84
Darlan, François, 127
Darwin, Charles, 26
Darwish, Muhammad Ishaq, 205
Daud, Mansur, 141
ad-Dawalibi, Maruf, 177, 245, 248, 250
Dayan, Moshe, 132
Dehlavi, Kifayatullah, 169
Deininger-Schaeffer, Friedrich, 155
Delmer, Sefton, 215
Der Islam, 33
Desert Ride, A (May), 27
Deutsche Bank, 23
Diplomats, Nazi era, 230–31
Djozo, Husain Sulaiman, 156, 196–97
Doemling, Joachim, 221
East Turk Unit, 149
Echo de l’Orient, 75
Ecuador, Nazi war criminals in, 224
Effendi, Musa Kazim, 71
Effendiev, Said, 39
Egypt: and Algerian war of independence, 220; in Gaza Strip, 202; German prisoners of war in, 221; German scientists in missile program of, 222–23; jihad strategy in, 36, 46, 47; Muslim Brotherhood in, 206, 234, 248; -Nazi Germany economic relations, 118; Nazi party branch in, 109; Nazi sympathizers in, 4, 140, 141–42; Nazi war criminals/officials in, 213, 213, 214, 217–22, 225, 244; Ottoman invasion of, 35; Soviet Muslims in, 227; Wafd Party, 140, 192; and White Paper, 106–7. See also Nasir, Jamal Abd an-
Eichmann, Adolf, 185, 207, 211; capture of, 220; documentary about, 308n12; escape of, 209; and al-Husaini, 8–9, 163, 167, 173–74, 195–96, 209; and Jewish genocide, 165, 190, 223, 224; Palestine visit of, 96; trial of, 194, 196, 220, 225, 227, 297n111, 298–99n132–133; at Wannsee Conference, 163, 164
Eichmann, Veronica, 207
Einstein, Albert, 27
Eisele, Hans, 218
Enver Pasha, Ismail: and Armenian massacre, 52, 53, 71; death of, 73; and German-Ottoman alliance, 48, 48; and German-Ottoman jihad strategy, 35, 40, 43, 45; in Soviet Union, 71, 72–73; as Young Turk, 25
Eppler, John W., (Husain Jaffar), 141, 220
Erden, Ali Fuat, 148
Erkilet, Hüsnü, 148
Ettel, Erwin, 135, 141, 169, 179
Extermination camps, Arab tour of, 1, 2–3, 9–10, 164
Fahmi, Abd al-Azim Ibrahim, 218
Fahrmbacher, Wilhelm, 221
Faisal, King of Iraq, 64, 65, 91, 112
Faisal, King of Saudi Arabia, 100
Fakhusa, Hasan, 218
Falkenhayn, Erich von, 50, 132
Faqir of Ibi, 170
Farid, Muhammad, 39
Farid, Mustafa, 39
Farisi, Muhammad, 42
Faruq, King of Egypt, 140, 141, 142, 171, 178, 234
Felmy, Hellmuth, 130, 145, 150
Ferdinand of Bulgaria, Tsar, 41
Fidaiyyun al-Islam, 205
al-Fiqar, Husain Dhu, 141
Fischer, Oskar, 226
France: capture and release of al-Husaini, 96, 173–74, 196, 197–98; and German imperialism, response to, 13, 22, 24; German jihad strategy against, 25, 30–31, 36; mandates in Lebanon and Syria, 65, 70, 96, 99, 115, 196; Muslim soldiers of, 36; outbreak of World War I, 32, 35. See also Vichy France
Franco, Francisco, 111
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, 32
Franz Joseph, Kaiser of Austria-Hungary, 41
Frobenius, Leo V., 48
From Baghdad to Istanbul (May), 27
Funk, Walter, 228
al-Futuwa youth movement, 116
Garaudy, Roger, 229
Gehlen, Reinhard, 210, 211, 225
Gelfhand, Israel Lazarevich (Alexander Parvus), 37
General Islamic Congress, 84, 88
Genoud, François, 211, 227, 228, 229–30, 250
German Middle Eastern Formation, 150
German Muslim League, 207
German Orient Bank, 23, 61, 74
German Orient Institute, 79
German scientists, in Egyptian missile program, 222–23
German Village, The (Sansal), 220
Germany. See East Germany; Germany-Middle East policy; Nazi Germany; Weimar Republic; West Germany
Germany-Middle East policy, under Kaiser: von Bismarck’s view of, 11–12; economic, 22–24; expansionist, 11–12, 13–14; jihad strategy in (See Jihad strategy, German-Ottoman); in Morocco, 24; parallels with Hitler’s policy, 57–59; railroad building, 22, 23
Germany-Middle East policy, Nazi. See Nazi-Arab alliance; Nazi Germany-Middle East policy
Germany-Middle East policy, Weimar, 74–75
Ghazi, King of Iraq, 116
al-Ghuri, Emil, 205
Gielhammer, Lutz, 115
Gladstone, William Ewart, 42, 159
Gleim (SS commander), 221
Globke, Hans, 210
Goebbels, Joseph, 152, 173, 178, 179–80, 191
Goerke, Heidi, 223
Goerke, Paul, 223
Golden Square faction, 115, 130
Goldmann, Nahum, 225
Goltz, Colmar von der, 24
Gondos, Georg, 47
Göring, Emma, 228
Göring, Hermann, 5, 131, 228, 285n67, 296n96
Grobba, Fritz, 5, 9, 70, 115, 118, 158, 161, 164; Afghan mission of, 74; at Arab concentration camp tour, 1, 2; Arab Legion under, 127, 216; on Blomberg plane incident, 131; fired by Hitler, 176; as Iraq envoy, 6, 97, 98, 112, 116, 117, 118; and Iraqi revolt, 130, 131; on Jewish immigration, 137; and jihad strategy, 112; and Nazi-Arab alliance, 125–26; Saudi employment of, 210–11; as Saudi envoy, 112, 117; West German employment of, 210
Grothmann, Werner, 190
Gutmann, Eugen and Herbert M., 23
Gutmann family, 26
Gwinner, Arthur von, 74
Habib Allah, Amir, 51
Haddad, Kamal Uthman, 124
al-Hadi, Auni Abd, 97, 107, 118
Hagemeyer, Hans, 181
Haidar, Rustum, 106
Halder, Franz, 129
Hamas, 42, 195, 229, 244, 251–52
Hanzar (Khanjar) Division, 190
Harb, Salih, 140
Hartmann, Richard, 155
Harun ar-Rashid, Caliph, 71
Hasan, Habib, 202
Hasan, Shaikh, 156
al-Hashimi, Taha, 100, 107, 120
Hasuna, Khaliq, 218
Haurani, Husain, 207
al-Hayat newspaper, 247
Heiden, Ludwig (alias al-Hajj, Luis), 220
Heim, Aribert F., 315n70
Heim, Ferdinand, 220
Heins, Rolf, 116
Hentig, Werner Otto von, 50, 70, 74, 98, 125, 230
Herzfeld, Ernst, 114
Herzl, Theodor, 20
Hess, Alfred, 109
Hess, Rudolf, 109
Hesse, Hermann, 27
Heydrich, Reinhard, 8, 9, 111, 161, 162, 164, 296n96
al-Hilali, Taqi ad-Din, 137
Hilmi, Abbas, 47, 81, 84, 88, 171
Himmat, Hani, 249
Himmler, Heinrich, 152, 153, 156, 231; at Arab concentration camp tour, 1, 2; and al-Husaini, 157, 164, 173, 184, 184–85, 186–88, 189–90; and Jewish genocide, 165, 166, 189, 296n97
Hindenburg, Paul von, 112
Hintersatz, Wilhelm (since 1919 Harun ar-Rashid Bey), 70–71, 73
Hinz, Walther, 114
Hippel, Theodor von, 130
Hisham ad-Din Jar Allah, 202
Hitler, Adolf: Aga Khan’s meeting with, 170–71; anti-Semitism of, 26, 30, 160; on Armenian massacre, 53–54; assassination attempt on, 221; death in Berlin Bunker, 191; early life in Vienna, 25–26; al-Husaini correspondence, 2, 124–25, 127; al-Husaini’s leadership supported by, 6, 7, 127, 136, 173, 176, 177; al-Husaini’s meetings with, 3, 6, 131, 161–62, 195; on Islam religion, 75, 170–71; and Jewish expulsion vs extermination, 8, 93–94; Jewish genocide ideology of, 4; al-Kailani’s meeting with, 3, 178–79; Karl May’s influence on, 26–29; Mein Kampf, 4, 77, 93, 123, 220, 247; Munich coup attempt of, 50, 76, 78; Nazi-Arab alliance supported by, 5, 127; pan-Germanism of, 26; and von Papen, 113; racist attitude toward Arabs, 75, 77–78; in recruitment propaganda, 156; revenge motivation of, 61; rise to power, 78, 112–13; romantic view of Arabs/Middle East, 26–27, 28–29, 77; and Soviet invasion, 144, 150; on Soviet Muslims, 148–49; in World War I, 54, 61; on Zionism, 78
Hitler Youth, 116
Hohenloe, Prince Max, 171
Holocaust. See Jewish genocide
Honecker, Erich, 226
al-Hudaibi, Hasan, 204
Humann, Carl Wilhelm, 35
Humann, Hans, 35
Husain, Ahmad, 230
Husain Bin Ali, 70
Husain, King of Jordan, 240–41
Husain, Saddam, 18, 59, 86, 90, 92, 129, 245
al-Husain, Saif al-Islam, 100
al-Husaini, Amin: anti-Semitic propaganda of, 138, 140–41, 142, 143, 150, 231, 251; anti-Semitism of, 30, 55, 94–95, 157–59, 251; as Arab leader, 5, 6, 7, 66–67, 84, 85, 87–88, 89, 105, 119, 127, 136, 176, 177, 178, 179; -Arafat dispute, 239–41; Arafat as successor to, 233, 237, 238; Aryan status granted to, 7, 8; Berlin visit of, 5–7, 107; as British intelligence agent, 63, 64, 67; captured and released by France, 173–74, 196–98; and concentration camp visits, 164, 185, 189, 223, 225; credentials for leadership, 89, 176; death of, 208; education of, 29–30; and Eichmann, 163, 167, 195–96, 209; entourage of, 177–78; escape from Iran and Turkey, 133, 179; espionage activities of, 176; family background of, 29, 67, 89; financing of, 227–30, 250; goals for Nazi-Arab alliance, 4, 122–23, 124–25; and Goebbels, 172, 179–80; as grand mufti, 67, 89; and Himmler, 157, 164, 173, 184, 184–85, 186–88, 189–90; historical role of, 87–88; Hitler’s correspondence with, 2, 124–25, 127; Hitler’s meetings with, 3, 6, 7, 131, 161–62; Hitler’s support for, 6, 7, 127, 136, 173, 176, 177; institutional bases in Berlin, 179–81; and Iraqi revolt, 130, 131, 132, 177; Iraqi support for, 100, 107, 123; as Islamist hero, 198–99; Japan initiatives of, 171–72; in Jewish genocide briefings, 8–9, 157, 163, 164, 189, 195; Jewish genocide involvement of, 160, 163–64, 165–67, 299n134, 319n9; and Jewish genocide plan for Middle East, 2, 4, 7, 94, 125, 138, 140, 157, 160, 164–65; Jewish immigration opposed by, 94, 95, 160–61, 165–66; jihad strategy in India, 168–169; in Lebanon, 96; and von Leers, 217, 218; in London Conference talks, 101; loyalty to Nazi Germany, 172; militancy of, 78, 89; and an-Nasir, 205, 239–40, 240; as Nazi-Arab alliance leader, 6, 7–8, 10, 78, 122, 134, 177; as Nazi intelligence agent, 110–11, 136, 143, 176; Nazi supporters of, 152–53, 173; in 1947–48 Palestine war, 199, 200, 201–2; in North African campaign, 137–38, 139, 140, 165, 177; overtures to Nazis, 93, 96–97; and Palestinian Arab revolt of 1936–39, 4, 95–99, 117, 242; Palestinian loyalty to, 237; as Pan-Arab nationalist, 65; political identity of, 65–66, 88–89, 91–92; and postwar Islamist movement, 202–7, 217, 241, 242, 249; radical nationalist/Islamist strategy of, 89–93, 103, 106; recruitment of Arab forces, 122, 137, 139–40, 150, 179; recruitment of Arab forces, for commando operations, 153–55; recruitment of Balkan/Soviet Muslim forces, 122, 151, 151–52, 155, 180, 211; recruitment and training tasks of, 136, 149; Saudi support for, 239, 246; stump speech of, 181, 305n44; violence against opponents, 93, 237, 239, 319n9; as war criminal, 194–95, 198, 237, 239, 319n9
al-Husaini, Jamal, 94, 97, 193–94
al-Husaini, Munif, 228
al-Husaini, Musa Abdulla, 2, 145, 177, 204
al-Husaini, Musa Kazim, 83
al-Husaini, Safwat, 2, 164, 177
Ibada, Yusuf Mustafa Nada, 249
Ibrahim, Hasan al-Fuad, 55
Ibrahim, Qadi, 146
Ibrahim, Salih, 140
Imperial Traitors (von Leers), 216
In the Desert (May), 27
India: jihad strategy in, 49–50, 167–70, 293n35; nationalist base in Kabul, 51
In the Land of the Mahdi (May), 27
İnönü, Ismet, 112
Institute for Research into the Jewish Question, 180–81
International Organization of Friends of the Arab World, 227
International Red Cross, 212
Iqbal, Muhammad, 79
Iran: Allied occupation of, 132, 133, 136; -Britain relations, 115; German underground in, 135–36; Islamist regime in, 244–45; -Nazi Germany economic relations, 113–15; Nazi party branch in, 109–10
Iranian-German Trade Association, 114
Iraq: Arab commando unit in, 155; Ba’th Party in, 128, 129, 245; and Blomberg plane incident, 131; British mandate in, 70, 99; covert operations in, 148; ex-Axis collaborators in, 245; German ties to, 98, 125; jihad strategy in, 47; -Nazi Germany economic relations, 115–16; Nazi sympathizers in, 4; pro-German coup of 1941, 13; radical Arab support in, 100, 107, 123, 126; radical coup of 1938, 100; radical coup of 1958, 120; revolt of 1941, 130–32, 177, 231; and White Paper, 107
Isenburg, Helene Elizabeth von, 211
Islamic Centers, in Europe, 249
Islamic Confederation, 68
Islamic Division, 149
Islamic Echo, 83
Islamic Guidance Association, 116
Islamic Socialist Front, 245
Islamic Student, The, 83
Islamic World Congress, 84, 88, 93, 177, 203, 205, 206
Islam Institute, Berlin, 81–82, 84
Islamism: and anti-Semitism, 158, 182–83, 251–53; vs Arab nationalism, 62, 63, 65, 66; in Europe, 80–86, 248–50; of al-Husaini, 88–89; -Nationalist partnership, 89–91; in Ottoman Empire, 15–16, 18, 24–25; Pan-Islamism, 15–16, 36–37, 68–69; revival of, 233, 235–37; in Soviet Union, 69, 71–72; in Turkey, 68–69; worldview of, 181–83. See also Jihad strategy, German-Ottoman; Muslims; Nazi-Arab alliance
Ismail, Hasan Fahmi, 217
Israel: campaign against German scientists in Egyptian missile program, 222–23; campaign against Nazi war criminals, 225, 226; and Eichmann’s capture, 220; Eichmann trial in, 194, 196, 220, 225, 227, 297n111, 298–99n132; independence of, 201, 202; 1947–48 war, 199–200, 201–2; terrorist attacks on, 241–42, 243; West German compensation to, 205–6, 211, 228. See also Palestine mandate, British; Zionism
Italy: aid to al-Husaini, 96; Arab independence support of, 124; in Ethiopia, 76; Islamic Institute of, 180; and Islamists, 84; North African offensive, 131; persecution of Italian Jews, 165; persecution of Libyan Jews, 138
al-Jabiri, Ihsan, 94
Jackson, Robert H., 198
Jalal, Kamal ad-Din, 180, 305n44
Jamiyyat Fidaiyyun al-Filastin, 205
Jandali, Firhan, 145
Jarbu, Abdallah, 252
Jawdat, Ali, 107
Jawish, Abd al-Aziz, 39, 69, 81, 88
Jemiet ul-Islam association, 68
Jewish genocide: Arab view of, 236, 244, 247, 248, 252–53; Armenian massacre as model for, 58; concentration camp visits of Arab allies, 1, 2–3, 9–10, 164, 185, 189; expulsion vs extermination, 5, 8, 93–94, 161; extermination methods, 2; al-Husaini briefed on, 8–9, 157, 163, 164, 189, 195; al-Husaini’s involvement in, 160, 163–64, 165–67, 219n9; Islamist ideology of, 183–84; Islamist plan for Middle East, 2, 4, 7, 94, 123, 125, 134, 138, 140, 157, 160, 164–65, 246; in North Africa, 139; Schirach’s role in, 152; Station Z, 1–2; Wannsee Conference, 8–9, 147, 162, 163, 223, 296n96
Jews: blamed for German defeat, 61; immigration blocked by al-Husaini, 94, 160, 165, 166, 195; immigration to Palestine, 5, 8, 20, 56–57, 93–94, 160–61, 193; Iraqi pogrom against, 132; at London Conference, 101, 102; in North Africa persecution, 138–39, 140, 142; Ottoman deportation of, 54–55. See also Anti-Semitism; Jewish genocide; Palestine mandate, British; Zionism
Jihad, 182
al-Jihad newspaper, 40, 147, 219
Jihad strategy, German-Ottoman: in Afghanistan, 51; in Arabia, 47–49; and Armenian massacre, 52–54; and Bolshevik revolution funding, 37–38; covert operations plan, 36; covert operations team, 32–33, 38–39; declaration of jihad, 40–41; in Egypt, 46, 47; expert opinion on, 17, 19; failure of, 52, 59, 77–78; fatwas, 41–44; in India, 49–50; intelligence of, 38; in Iraq, 47; of Jäckh, 30–31; and Kaiser Wilhelm II, 16–17, 19, 32; in Libya, 47; Muslim response to fatwas, 43–44; and Muslim solidarity, 18–19; in North Africa, 47; of Oppenheim, 13–14, 16–19, 17, 22, 32; Ottoman-German cooperation, 35; propaganda operation, 36–37, 39–40, 44–45, 45
Jihad strategy, Nazi-Arab: al-Husaini’s appeals, 172; and German Arab policy, 126; and German Middle East experts, 111–12; in India, 167–70; “Union Jack” plan, 17, 124
Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 169
John, Otto, 215
Johnson, Ian, 215–16
Johst, Hanns, 190
Jordan: and Arab revolt, 99; assassination of Abdallah, 204, 239, 310n50; British mandate in, 70, 99; and Iraqi revolt, 131–32; and Palestine, 97–98, 240–41; West Bank/East Jerusalem annexation, 202
Junck, Werner, 131
al-Jundi, Sami, 129
al-Kailani, Kamil, 164
al-Kailani, Rashid Ali, 13, 107, 120, 134, 175, 176, 180; in Arab Cooperation Committee, 123, 124; competition for leadership with al-Husaini, 178–79; in concentration camp tour, 2–3; death of, 245; escape from Turkey, 135; and Iraqi revolt, 130, 131, 132; meeting with Hitler, 3, 178–79; military pact with Germany, 127; in North African front, 140
al-Kailani, Saadi (Faqir of Ibi), 170
al-Kailani, Sayyid, 12–13
Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 156, 157, 211
Kamil, Husain, 47
Kampffmeyer, Georg, 82
Kanitz, Georg Graf von, 114
al-Kashani, Abd al-Qasim, 203, 205, 206, 244
Kashmir Liberation Front, 205
Kazakov, Muhammad, 39
Khalid, King of Saudi Arabia, 210
Khan, Inamullah, 247–48
al-Khatib, Zaki, 123
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 18, 92, 197, 206, 245
Kiesinger, Kurt Georg, 113, 231
Killigil, Nuri, 148
King, Henry C., 64
Kiram, Zaki, 84
Kirkut, Hasan, 218
Kissinger, Henry, 229
Klein, Fritz, 50
Kleinwächter, Hans, 223
Knatchbull-Hugessen, Hughe, 113
Koch, Paula, 110
Kohn, George, 82
Köstring, Ernst, 146
Kressenstein, Kreß Friedrich Freiherr von, 55
Kristensen, Vagner, 219
Krug, Heinz, 222–23
Krumey, Hermann, 166
La Jeune Asie magazine, 84
Lampson, Miles, 103
La Nation Arabe newspaper, 81
Lawrence, T.E. (Lawrence of Arabia), 14, 15, 20, 63
League of Jihad Call, 204
League of Nations, 5, 62, 65, 70
Lebanon: Ba’ath party, 234; British victory in, 132; French manadate in, 70, 96, 115; Vichy French government, 126
Leers, Johann von, 204, 246; in Egypt, 212, 213, 217, 219, 220, 225; in South America, 216–17
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich, 37, 71
Leverkuehn, Paul, 50–51, 111, 211
Libya, jihad strategy in, 47
Libyan Jews, 139
Lichtheim, Richard, 54
Liman von Sanders, Otto, 25
Linsser, Hans-Ferdinand, 228–29
Literary Club, Damascus, 65
Liwa al-Islam newspaper, 75, 81
London Conference (1939), 100–103, 108
Loritz, Hans, 9
Ludendorff, Erich, 83
Ludendorff’s Volkswarte, 83
Lufthansa, 114
Luther, Martin, 2–3, 9–10, 163, 223
Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, Jerusalem, 14, 19
MacDonald, Malcolm, 100, 101–2
Mahdi (messiah), 18
Mahdi (Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah), 16
Mahir, Ali, 100, 104, 105, 120, 140
Mahmud, Muhammad, 100, 104, 105
Majdanek concentration camp, 164, 185, 189
Malz, Heinrich, 212
al-Mamalik, Mustosi, 51
Mannesmann, Otto, 47
Mansfeld, Erich, 191
al-Mashriqi, Inayatullah Khan, 170
Maski, Adil, 181
Mehmed V, Sultan-Caliph, 40, 41
Meichanitz, Arthur, 225
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 4, 77, 93, 123, 220, 247
Melchers, Wilhelm, 131, 167, 230
Mende, Gerhard von, 146–47
Merrill, Selah, 19
Mertens, Gerhard, 221
Messerschmitt, Willy, 222
Middle Eastern novels, of Karl May, 26–28
Middle East experts, 32–33, 38–39, 58, 79, 82, 109
Middle East policy. See Germany-Middle East policy; Nazi Germany-Middle East policy
Middle East studies, in Germany, 22
Mikveh Israel agricultural school, 20
al-Misri, Aziz Ali, 118, 120, 130, 140
Mittwoch, Eugen, 32–33, 34, 79
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 168
Moltke, Helmuth von, 34–35
Morgen Journal, 198
Morgenthau, Henry I., 38, 43, 45, 46, 47, 54
Moroccan Jews, 139
Morocco, Wilhelm II’s visit to, 24
Mosque in Munich, A (Johnson), 215–16
Muftic, Salim, 84
Muhammad V, Sultan of Morocco, 143
Müller, Boris, 150
Müller, Gottfried, 148
Müller, Heinrich, 164
Müller, Herbert, 79
Munich Olympic Games, 243
Munir, Ahmad, 55
al-Munsif, Bey, 143
Munzel, Kurt, 113
Muruwwa, Kamil, 247
Musil, Alois, 48
Muslim Brotherhood, 18, 42, 85; anti-Semitic rhetoric of, 251–53; banking system of, 230, 249; in Egypt, 206, 234, 248; European mosques and institutes of, 249, 250; founding of, 39, 70, 88; and al-Husaini, 199, 204, 206; Nazi collaboration with, 4, 92, 118, 234, 250; and Palestinian movement, 201, 244; Western perceptions of, 250
Muslim forces, German: Arab, 122, 127, 129–30, 136, 137, 143; Arab, in commando operations, 153–59; Arab, in North Africa, 139–40, 145–46; Balkan Muslims, 122, 145, 151, 151–52, 156, 180, 221; covert operations, 147–48; Eastern Legions, 149, 154; from French colonies, 137, 179; Hitler’s view of, 148–49; from prisoner of war camps, 149, 150; recruitment propaganda, 156–57; Soviet Muslims, 122, 145, 146, 147–48, 155–57, 211, 226–27; SS units, 155–57, 181, 199
al-Muslimin magazine, 248
Muslims: in Allied armies (World War I), 36; and Communism, 183–84; divisions among, 18–19; in East Asia, 171–72; in Germany, 81–86; Hitler’s romantic view of, 26–27, 28–29, 77; in India, 168–69; and mobilization theme, 59; and modernization, 30; prisoners of war, in Germany, 40; Shia, 43, 50, 170; Sunni, 43. See also Islamism; Jihad strategy
Mussolini, Benito, 33, 84, 96, 124, 133, 162, 165
Muthanna Club, in Iraq, 116
Nada, Yusuf, 230
Nadolny, Rudolf, 38–39, 70, 114
Nahum, Haim, 159
Najjar, Abd al-Halim, 180
Namanjani, Nur ad-Din, 215, 249, 250
an-Nashashibi, Rajib, 93, 97, 98, 237
Nasir, Jamal Abd an-, 18, 92, 205; and ex-Nazis in Egypt, 217–18, 219, 220, 221; and al-Husaini, 205, 239–40, 240; missile program of, 222; as Nazi sympathizer, 86, 140; and Palestine resistance, 201, 202, 239; repression of Muslim Brotherhood, 206, 248
Nation, The, 198
Nazi-Arab alliance: Arab agenda in, 90–91, 92, 95, 124–25; Arab independence guarantees in, 6, 124, 127, 177; Arab overtures for, 93, 96–97, 123–24; British policy response to, 119–21; and concentration camp visits, 1, 2–3, 9–10, 164, 165, 185, 223; failure of, 128–33, 175, 235; German debate over, 125–26; German exhibition about (2009), 235; German overtures for, 124; German principles in, 126; German underground in Iran, 135–36; Hitler’s support for, 5, 127; al-Husaini-Himmler Zhitomir/Oybin meetings, 164, 184, 184–85, 186–88, 189–90; al-Husaini’s goals for, 4, 122–23, 124–25; al-Husaini’s leadership role in, 5, 6, 7–8, 10, 78, 122, 125, 176, 178–79; and Iraqi revolt, 130–32; and Jewish genocide plan for Middle East, 3, 4–5, 123, 164–65; and Jewish immigration issue, 8, 137, 160–161, 165–66; links to present-day Middle East, 244–54; Middle East experts’ role in, 79, 82; military defeat of, 130–33; military/financial aid to Arabs, 4, 97, 124, 127; military pact, 127–28, 303–4n18; moderate Arab leaders’ opposition to, 236; North African front, 136–43; Vichy government in, 126, 127–28; world view and racialist ideology paralleled in, 181–83, 190, 235, 253. See also Jihad strategy, Nazi-Arab; Muslim forces, German
Nazi Germany: Czech annexation, 96–97, 101, 103; Eastern Front, 129; European victories of, 119; rise to power, 78, 112–13; -Soviet alliance, 118–19, 167–68; Soviet invasion, 129, 144, 150; surrender of, 174. See also Hitler, Adolf; Nazi-Arab alliance; Nazi Germany-Middle East policy
Nazi Germany-Middle East policy: economic relations, 113–18; intelligence gathering, 110–11; Middle East experts in, 113; Nazi party branches, 109–10; Oppenheim’s legacy in, 79; parallels with Kaiser’s policy, 57–59; and pro-German forces in region, 128. See also Nazi-Arab alliance; Muslim forces, German
Nazi war criminals/officials: academics, 231–32; diplomats, 230–31; escape of, 211–12, 213, 214, 214, 216, 220, 224; funding for, 227; in Middle East, 209, 212, 213, 217–27; pardon of, 216; scientists, in Egyptian missile program, 222–23; in South America, 209–10, 216–17, 224; Western intelligence agencies employment of, 214–16; West Germany’s employment of, 210–11, 215, 216, 224, 230–31, 232
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 205
Neuhäuser, Johannes, 211
New Delhi conference of 1949, 204
Newspaper of the Orient, 81
New York Post, 198
Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 12
Niedermayer, Oskar von, 61, 76
North African campaign, in World War II, 136–43, 177
Nuremberg war crimes trials, 196, 198
Oberländer, Theodor, 211
ODESSA (Organization of Former Members of the SS), 211–12, 214, 216, 217, 227
Oebsger-Roeder, Rudolf, 224
Oil Development Company, 115
Oil Prince, The (May), 27
Operation Damocles, 222–23
Operation Zeppelin, 147–48
Oppenheim, Max von, 17, 253; anti-Semitism of, 124; on Arab Legion, 127; on Armenian massacre, 52, 53, 58; background of, 14, 124; covert operations plan of, 36; covert operations team of, 32–33, 38–39; Egypt jihad strategy of, 46; German-Ottoman jihad strategy of, 13–14, 16–19, 22, 32; influence on Wilhelm II, 12–13, 17; and al-Kailani, 12–13; and Karl May, 28; Nazi-Arab jihad strategy of, 111–12, 124; on Pan-Islamist movement, 15–17; propaganda operation of, 36–37, 39–40, 44–45, 45, 80–81; retirement of, 30; in Syria, 44; travels in Middle East, 14–15
Orient Club, Berlin, 81
Origin of Species, The (Darwin), 26
Oslo Accords of 1993, 242
Ottoman dynasty, end of, 69
Ottoman Empire: Arab revolt against, 63, 64; Armenian massacre, 25, 36, 44, 52–54; commercial ties with Germany, 22–23; deportation of Jews, 54–55; discontent in, 18, 19; entry into World War I, 35; German aid to, 16–17; -German alliance, 33, 48; and German expansionism, 12, 13–14; German influence on, 24; and jihad strategy (See Jihad strategy, German-Ottoman); Pan-Islamist movement in, 15–16, 36–37; partition of, 62, 68; railroad building, 22, 23; surrender to Allies, 57; Wilhelm II’s visit to, 12, 14, 19–22; Young Turks, 24, 25, 30, 37, 159; Zionist policy of, 56–57
Oybin meeting, al-Husaini-Himmler, 189–90
Pakistan, creation of, 170
Palestine Arab Party, 194
Palestine Defense Committee, 116
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 100, 153, 195, 240, 241–42, 244. See also Arafat, Yasir
Palestine mandate, British, 66, 70, 99; Arab revolt, 4, 95–99, 104, 117; Balfour Declaration, 55–56, 63, 70; Cairo talks, 103–4; concessions to Arabs, 97, 100–103, 119, 120; and Jewish immigration, 5, 6, 8, 20, 94, 100–101, 160–61; London Conference, 100–103; and partition, 93, 94, 201, 237, 242; two-state solution plan, 98; White Paper, 105–8, 192
Palestinian Arabs: in German commando operations, 153–55; al-Husiaini’s leadership of, 66–67, 87, 92, 200–201; at London Conference, 101, 102–3; moderate leaders/parties, 192–93, 236–37; moderate vs radical camps, 91–92, 93; nationalist/Islamist partnership, 89–91; nationalist/Islamist post-1948 leadership of, 193–94, 196, 200–201, 235–36; 1947–48 war, 199–200; policy choices in 1930s, 93; revolt of 1936–39, 4, 92, 95–99, 104, 117, 242
Palestinian Authority, 243–44
Palestinian movement: Abbas’ leadership of, 243–44; Arafat as successor to al-Husaini, 233, 237, 238; continuity in al-Husaini and Arafat policies, 241–42; al-Husaini-Arafat dispute, 239–41; legacy of radical Islamist faction, 200–201; Soviet bloc support for, 239, 240, 243
Pan-Arab nationalism, 65
Pan-Islamism, 15–16, 36–37, 68–69
Panther (gunboat), 24
Papen, Franz von, 144; Arab overtures to, 124; arms business of, 49; as chancellor, 112; and Islam Institute, 82; and Nazi rise to power, 113; and Soviet Muslim recruitment, 147–48; as Turkish envoy, 113; and Turkish-German cooperation, 148; in World War I, 49–50, 61, 112
Parvus, Alexander (Israel Lazarevich Gelfhand), 37, 76
Pavelic, Ante, 151
Peel Commission, 98
Pergamon, 35
Persia. See Iran
Peshawari, Abd ar-Rahman, 68
Picot, François, 62
Piening, Günter, 235
Pomiankowski, Joseph, 47
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, 227
Pratap, Kumar. Mahendra, 50, 51, 79
Priester, Karl-Heinz, 218
Pröbster, Edgar, 47
Professors, Nazi era, 231–32
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 78, 159, 181, 217, 218, 251
Prüfer, Curt M., 176–77
Punch, 22
al-Qaddafi, Muammar, 18–19, 92
al-Qaradawi, Yusuf, 252
al-Qarqani, Khalid Al Hud, 5, 239
Qasim, Abd al-Karim, 245
al-Qawuqji, Fauzi ad-Din, 96, 127, 132, 199, 204
al-Qutb, Fauzi, 178
al-Quwatli, Shukri, 123
Racism, in kaiser’s and Hitler’s policies, 57–58
Radio Berlin, 138, 141, 142, 179, 194
Radwan, Muhammad, 141–42
Raeder, Erich, 145
Ramadan, Said, 203, 205, 206, 233, 248, 249–50
Ramazan, Mullah, 146
Ramírez Sánchez, Ilich (Carlos the Jackal), 229
Razmara, Ali, 205
Rechenberg, Hans, 228
Red Crescent, 212
Reile, Oscar, 143
Reinecke, Hermann, 190
Remer, Otto Ernst, 221, 315n76
Reza Khan, 51
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 10, 117, 124, 134, 136, 161, 165, 247; as al-Husaini supporter, 6; and India jihad plan, 167, 168; and von Papen, 50; and Soviet invasion, 144, 145; Soviet-Nazi alliance, 118–19
Rifat, Mustafa Mansur, 39
Rintelen, Emil von, 162
Ritter, Helmut, 41
Roller, Alfred, 26
Roloff, Max, 47–48
Rommel, Erwin, 7, 9, 136–37, 139, 140, 142, 143, 220
Roosevelt, Franklin, 138
Rosenberg, Alfred, 128, 146, 150, 168, 180–81, 185, 291n13, 300n143
Roser, Rudolf, 110
Rossel, Karl, 235
Rössler, Otto, 156
Rothschilds, 26
Roy, Manabendra Nath, 49, 60, 73
Russia: Bolshevik revolution, 37–38; German jihad strategy against, 30–31, 36; outbreak of World War I, 32, 35; reaction to German imperialism, 13, 22. See also Soviet Union
as-Sabawi, Yunis, 115, 116, 123, 132
al-Sabbagh, Salah ad-Din, 115
Sabri, Ali, 218
Sabri, Muhammad, 183–84
Sachsenhausen concentration camp: Arab leaders’ tour of, 1, 2–3, 9–10, 164, 223; prototype for death camps, 2
as-Sadat, Anwar, 140, 141, 201, 218, 220, 244
Safarov, Shamil, 39
Said, Haddad, 221
Said, Husain, 141
as-Said, Nuri, 100, 119–21, 132, 192, 193, 245
Saladin (Salah ad-Din Yusum al-Aiyyub), 20, 21, 42, 55
Salama, Hasan, 153, 155, 199, 200, 241, 242
Salih, Mahmud, 217
Salisbury, Lord, 42
Salman, Muhammad Hasan, 164
Samuels, Herbert, 67
Sansal, Boualem, 220
as-Sanusi, Ahmad, 68–69
as-Sanusi, Idris, 137
Sanusiyya brotherhood, 47
Sassen, Willem, 308n12
Sauberzweig, Karl-Gustav, 152
Ibn Saud, Abd al-Aziz, King of Saudi Arabia, 48, 70, 100, 117–18, 119, 123, 178, 230
Saudi Arabia: arms shipments through, 97; creation of, 70; employment of Nazi era officials, 210–11; al-Husaini’s relations with, 239, 246; and Nazi-Arab alliance, 126; -Nazi Germany economic relations, 117–18; and Peel Commission plan, 98; and White Paper, 107
Sayyid Husain, Ahmad, 141
Schabinger, Karl E., 44, 54–55, 59
Schacht, Hjalmar, 114–15
Schafer, Ernst, 167
Schellenberg, Walther, 177
Scheubner-Richter, Max Erwin von, 50, 52, 54
Schirach, Baldur von, 116, 152
Schlieffen, Hermann Count von, 12
Schmidt, Paul, 161
Schmitz-Kairo, Paul, 85, 217, 218
Schneeweiss, Rudolf, 225
Schubert, Johannes, 156
Schulze-Holthus, Bernhardt, 135–36
Schwammenthal, Daniel, 235
Schweitzer, Albert, 27
Sellmann, Heinrich, 221–22
September 11 attacks, 230, 246
Serbia, in World War I, 32
ash-Shahrastani, Hibat ad-Din Muhammad, 41, 42
Shalabi, Abd an-Nafi, 81–84, 88
Sharett, Moshe, 102
Sharpley, Anne, 219
Shaukat, Naji, 120, 123, 124, 164
Shaukat, Sami, 116
Shauqi, Ahmad, 158–59
Shultz, George, 226
as-Sibai, Mustafa Husni, 248
Sicherheitsdient (SD), 111
Siddiq Khan, Ghulam, 79, 168, 205
Simon, Paul M., 47
Siri, Giuseppe, 223
Skorzeny, Otto, 211
Smend, Johannes, 114
Social Democratic Party, 20
Soldier’s Radio, 215
Soloveitchik, Joseph B., 33
Sonnenhol, Gustav Adolf, 231
Souchon, Wilhelm A., 35
Soviet Muslims: -German collaboration, 146, 147, 148–49; German view of, 147; Hitler’s view of, 148–49; in postwar nationalist movements, 226–27; recruitment of, 122, 145, 146, 147–48; in SS units, 155–57
Soviet Union: and Azerbaijan independence movement, 226–27; -German alliance, 118–19, 167–68; German invasion of, 129, 144, 150; German occupation governments in, 146–47, 149–50; and India jihad plan, 168; Iran occupation of, 132, 136; Islamist policy of, 69, 71–72, 74; and Palestinian movement, 239
Spengler, Wilhelm, 211–12
SS: model colony, 185, 189; ODESSA (Organization of Former Members of the SS), 211–12, 214, 216, 217, 227; Soviet Muslim units, 155–57, 181, 199
Stalin, Joseph W., 168
Stanley, Oliver, 165
Station Z, 1–2
Steffen, Hans, 115
Stellbogen, Wilhelm, 118
Stern-Rubarth, Edgar, 50
Stevenson, William, 218–19
Stille Hilfe (Silent Aid), 211
Storrs, Ronald Sir, 64
Stotzingen, Othmar von, 48
Stresemann, Gustav, 44–45
Sudan, jihad uprising in, 16
Suharto, Muhammad, 224
Sukarno, Ahmad, 205
Sukkar, Abd al-Jalil, 205
as-Sulh, Riyad, 84, 204, 310–11n50
Sunni Muslims, 43
Supreme Muslim Council, in Palestine, 67
as-Suwaidi, Naji, 117
Swastika symbol, 63
Syria: anti-Jewish underground in, 65; Ba’ath Party in, 121, 234, 245; British victory in, 132; ex-Axis collaborators in, 245; French mandate, 65, 70; Nazi sympathizers in, 4; Nazi war criminals in, 223–26; Oppenheim’s trip to, 44; Vichy French government, 126
Tahir, Muhammad Ali, 118
al-Tal, Abdullah, 310n50
Talfah, Khairallah, 129
at-Tarrazi, Muttahida, 169
Tashkilat-i mahsusa, 35
Templeton Prize, 247–48
Terrorism, financiers of, 230
Theresienstadt concentration camp, 165
Tiefenbacher, Josef, 185
“Tiflis moment”, 136–37
Tito, Josip Broz, 173, 196, 197, 205
Tlass, Mustafa, 220
Tokatlian hotel, 43
Transjordan. See Jordan
Travel Adventures in Kurdistan (May), 27
Treaty of Lausanne (1923), 68
Treaty of Sèvres (1920), 68
Treblinka concentration camp, 185, 189
Truth about the Palestine Question, The (von Leers and al-Husaini), 218
at-Tunisi, Salikh ash-Sharif, 39, 44
Tunisian Jews, 139
Turcoman Division, 149
Turkestan Battalion, 149
Turkey: abolition of caliphate, 69–70; -Afghanistan cooperation, 68; al-Husaini’s escape from, 133, 179; al-Husaini’s spying system in, 111; independence of, 68, 158; al-Kailani’s escape from, 135; -Nazi cooperation, 148; and Pan-Islamism, 68–69; von Papen in, 113. See also Ottoman Empire
Turkish and Pan-Turkish Ideal, The (Alp), 36–37
Türk Yurdu magazine, 147
Ulama Council of Muslim Scholars, 69
“Union Jack” plan 1940, 17, 124
United States: entry into World War II, 162; intelligence on ex-Nazis, 210, 219, 229; intelligence on Muslim Brotherhood, 250; isolationist period, 62; and radical Islamists, 206–7; search for al-Husaini, 173; Von Papen’s sabotage efforts in, 112; war crimes investigation of al-Husaini, 195–96; Wilson’s Fourteen Points, 61–62
USSR. See Soviet Union, 144
Vaglieri, Laura Veccia, 84
Vergès, Jacques, 229
Versailles peace conference, 65
Vichy France: and Nazi-Arab alliance, 126, 127–28; persecution of Algerian Jews, 138–39; recruitment of Muslim forces from colonies of, 137, 179
Vienna, Hitler’s early life in, 25–26
Voice of the Free Arabs, 138, 140, 142
Voigt, Hermann, 230–31
Völkischer Beobachter, 85
Voss, Wilhelm, 221
Wafd Party, in Egypt, 106–7, 140, 192
Wagner, Horst, 190
al-Wakil, Mustafa, 195, 141, 156
Wali, Ahmad, 39
Wall Street Journal, 235
Wangenheim, Hans Freiherr von, 37, 38, 52
Wannsee Conference, 8–9, 147, 162, 163, 223, 296n96
War crimes, of al-Husaini, 194–95, 198
War criminals, Nazi. See Nazi war criminals/officials
Warlimont, Walter, 168
Waßmuß, Wilhelm, 50–51
Der Weg, 216
Weibrecht, Hans, 190
Weimar Republic: business recovery of, 74; economic/political conditions in, 60–61, 73–74; and Middle East, 74–75; military rebuilding in, 76–77; psychological trauma of defeat, 61; rise of Hitler, 78
Weizsäcker, Ernst von, 5, 124, 127, 131
Weltkampf: Die Judenfrage in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 181
Werkstatt der Kulturen, Berlin, 235
Wesendonk, Otto von, 39
West Germany: compensation to Israel, 205–6, 211, 228; al-Husaini’s investment funds in, 228–29; on al-Husaini’s status, 207; and Israeli operation against German scientists, 223; Nazi background of diplomats, 230–31; Nazi background of government officials, 210–11, 215, 216, 224, 232; Nazi background of professors, 231–32
Westhoff, Adolf, 190
White Paper (1939), 105–8, 192
Wiesenthal, Simon, 189, 195, 207, 209–10, 212–13, 220, 224
Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 41; abdication of, 61, 73; expansionist policy of, 12–13; at Gallipoli, 48; on Islamism, 24–25; and Jews, 20, 54; and jihad strategy, 12, 13, 16–17, 32; Middle East travels of, 12, 14, 19–21, 21, 24, 42, 55; reputation as protector of Muslims, 21, 42, 45
Willermann, Heinrich, 221
Wisliceny, Dieter, 8–9, 163, 164, 165, 166–67, 299n134
World Muslim Congress, 247–48
World view, Nazi-Islamic, 181–83, 253
World War I: Bolshevik revolution, 37–38; Central Power rulers, 41; German-Ottoman alliance, 33, 48; German-Ottoman jihad strategy in (See Jihad strategy, German-Ottoman); Hitler in, 54; outbreak of, 32; postwar settlement, 70
World War II: Europe, battle for (1940), 119; German surrender, 174; in Middle East, 119–21, 130–33; North African campaign, 136–43, 177; Pearl Harbor attack, 162, 246; Soviet invasion, 118–19, 167–68; Soviet occupation, 146–47, 149–50; U.S. entry, 162. See also Jewish genocide; Muslim forces, German; Nazi-Arab alliance
Wurm, Theophil, 211
Wüst, Walther, 157
Young Egypt Party, 4, 141, 199, 204
Young Men’s Muslim Association, 116
Young Turks, 24, 25, 30, 37, 159
Yugoslavia, 173, 196, 197, 198, 205
Zahedi, Fazlollah, 136
as-Zaim, Husni, 223–24
Zaki Bey, Amin, 141
az-Zaman, Shaudri Khaliq, 205
az-Zawahiri, Aiman, 160, 246, 252
Zech-Nentwig, Hans Walter, 214–16, 250
Zeemann, Dietrich, 216
Zeitler, Walter, 150
Zhitomir meeting, al-Husaini-Himmler, 164, 184–85, 186–88, 189
Zind, Ludwig, 219
Zionism: British support for, 55–56, 63; demonized by al-Husaini, 90; in Germany, 20, 54; Hitler’s view of, 78; Ottoman policy on, 56–57. See also Israel