Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
ambiguous genitalia. See disorders of sex development
American Medical Association, 93
American Psychiatric Association, 83–84, 96
American Psychological Association, 93–94
Americans with Disabilities Act, 101
American Veterans for Equal Rights, 112
androgen suppressants, 48–49
As Nature Made Him (Colapinto), 65
barriers. See discrimination
Boylan, Jennifer Finney, 36–37
breast tissue: augmentation surgery for, 53, 56, 57; binding of, 51; estrogen therapy and, 49; in FTM transition, 51, 54; with testosterone therapy, 51
Cashier, Albert D. J., 76–77
causes of transgenderism, 101
children of transpeople: coming out to, 37–38, 98; custody decisions on, xviii, 103–4
children who may be transgender, 39–44; behavioral signs of, 40–41; bullying of, xviii, 104–5; coming out of, xvii, 39–44; diagnostic criteria for, 81–82, 84; gender identity of, 41; gender variant stage of, 42–43, 117; mental health support for, 43; puberty-inhibiting medication for, 60–61; reparative therapy for, 90–91, 95; standards of care for, 56; suicide among, 126–27. See also disorders of sex development
Christian churches, 105–8
civil rights. See discrimination
Civil War soldiers, 76–77
clitoris: enlargement from testosterone of, 51; metoidioplasty of, 51–52; in MTF transition surgery, 53
coming out, xv–xvi, xvii, 29–44; by children, 39–44; to children, 37–38, 98; to friends, 34–35; to parents, 31–33; reasons for, 29–30; self-realization in, 30–31; to siblings, 34; to spouses, 35–37; at work, 38–39
definitions, xvi–xvii; of gender, 4–5; of gender expression, 6–10; of gender identity, 6–10; of sex, 4–5; of sexual orientation, 14–16; of transgender, 2–3; of transsexual, 1–2
demography of transgender, 13
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 79–85, 91–94; on cross-dressing, 119; diagnostic criteria in, 80–85; mental illness implications of, 86–89; on sexual orientation, 96. See also gender identity disorder
Diary of a Drag Queen (Harris), 125
disability discussions, 101
discrimination, xviii, 97–113; in bathroom use, 101–3; in census categories, 108–10; in child custody decisions, 103–4; in employment, 100–101, 108; in immigration, 110–11; legal protections against, 99–103; in military service, 111–12; in passing situations, 112–13; in racial contexts, 110; in religion, 105–8; towards children who may be transgender, 104–5
“Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policies, 112
double-incision mastectomy, 54
emergence. See coming out
employment. See workplace
Employment Nondiscrimination Act (ENDA), 100–101, 108
Erickson Education Foundation, 67
Evolution’s Rainbow (Roughgarden), 70–71, 77
facial feminization surgery, 53–54
feminine-appearing men, 21–22
fertility: with estrogen therapy, 49, 50; with testosterone therapy, 51, 52
forehead recontouring surgery, 53–54
FTM (F2M). See transmen
Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN), 105
gender: assigned vs. experienced gender and, 84; binary constructions of, 5–6, 84, 98–99, 114; as continuum, 12; as social construction, 5, 10; vs. sex, 4–5; vs. sexual orientation, xvii, 14–16
gender-affirming surgery, 52–55
gender dysphoria, 56, 79–80; diagnostic criteria for, 80, 83–85; use of term, 92. See also mental health controversies
gender expression, 6–10, 14, 106; as continuum, 19; sexual orientation and, 19–22
gender identity, 6–10, 14, 106; as continuum, 19; in disorders of
gender identity (continued) sex development, 123–24; nature vs. nurture in, 64–66; sexual orientation and, 19–22; solidification of, 41
Gender Identity Clinic of Johns Hopkins University, 68
gender identity disorder (GID), 79–85; AMA statement on, 93; diagnostic criteria for, 80–83; mental health professionals on, 93–95; remission designations for, 92. See also mental health controversies
Gender Identity Disorder Reform Advocates, 92
Gender Madness in American Psychiatry (Winters), 94–95
gender reassignment surgery (GRS), 52. See also gender-affirming surgery
gender stereotypes, 22–24
GID. See gender identity disorder
GLBT (gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender), 14–15; gay rights movement of, 67, 68, 70; gender expression among, 20–22; marriage among, 25–28, 109; research on, 78; solidarity myths of, 24–25; stereotypes of, 30; suicide among, 126–27
Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, 56, 63, 68
Harry Benjamin Standards of Care, 56–58
Hate Crimes Prevention Act, 100
Head Over Heels (Erhardt), 119
health insurance, 52; for cosmetic/ elective treatments, 61, 88–89; DSM diagnostic criteria in, 83, 86–89, 92; remission obligations of, 92–93
hermaphroditism. See disorders of sex development
Hirschfeld, Magnus, 62, 67
historical overview, xvii–xviii, 62–70; Benjamin’s work in, 62–63, 64; Jorgensen’s coming out in, 63–64; Reimer’s nature vs. nurture case in, 64–66; twentieth-century milestones in, 66–70
homosexuality, 80, 86. See also GLBT
hormones, 1–2, 48–52, 57; adverse effects of, 55; emotional effects of, 49–50, 52; endocrinology recommendations for, 87–88; in FTM transition, 50–52; in MTF transition, 48–50; physical effects of, 49, 50–51; reversibility of effects of, 50, 52. See also transition
How Sex Changed (Meyerowitz), 67
insurance. See health insurance Integrity USA, 107
International Classification of Diseases (ICD), 80
International Journal of Transgenderism, 63
Intersex Society of North America, 83, 122
Just Add Hormones (Kailey), 46–47
Kaplan and Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry, 86–87
Kinsey Scale of Sexual Orientation, 18, 27
labeled at birth (as term), 4–5
legal considerations: antidiscrimination laws in, xviii, 99–103; in marriage, xvii, 25–28; in transition, 58–59; workplace protections in, 39
LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender). See GLBT
libido: with estrogen therapy, 49; with testosterone therapy, 51
marriage, xvii; in census categories, 109; to cross-dressing partners, 117–21; to same-sex partners, 25–28, 109; to transitioning partners, 36–37
Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, 100
medical intervention. See transition
mental health controversies, xviii, 79–96; AMA statement in, 93; in diagnostic criteria, 80–85, 91–94; disorders of sex development in, 83, 84–85; on gatekeeper roles, 56–58, 95–96; insurance coverage in, 86–89, 92; intersex in, 83, 84; mental health professionals on, 93–95; mental illness designations in, 86–91; post-transition specifier in, 85; on sexual orientation, 96; WPATH standards of care in, 95–96
mental health professionals: on diagnostic criteria, 93–95; permission standards for, 56–58, 95–96
mental health services: for transgender children, 43; for transition, 57–58
MTF (M2F). See transwomen
My Husband Betty (Boyd), 119
National Association of Social Workers, 93
National Center for Transgender Equality, 110–11
National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, 103, 109
non-op transgender people, 99
nontransgender people, 15, 19
NorthEast Two-Spirit Society, 73–74
number of transgender people, 13
parents: coming out to, 31–33; senses of loss among, 32–33; of transgender school-aged children, 40–44
Partridge, Cameron, 107–8
political debates. See mental health controversies
psychiatry. See mental health controversies
puberty-inhibiting medication, 60–61
“Queer the Census” campaign, 109
Reimer, Janet and Ron, 65
research on transgender, 77–78
revelation of trans identity. See coming out
scientific categories of gender, 70–72
scrotum formation, 54, 55
Servicemembers Legal Defense Network, 111–12
sex reassignment surgery (SRS), 52. See also gender-affirming surgery; surgery
Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (Kinsey), 18
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Kinsey), 18
sexual orientation, xvii; as continuum, 18, 27; definition of, 14–16; DSM statements on, 96; gender expression and, 19–22; gender stereotypes and, 22–24; Kinsey Scale of, 18, 27
Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice (Morrow), 30
She’s Not There (Boylan), 36–37
social status changes, 45–46
spouses of transpeople: coming out to, 35–37; custody decisions with, 103–4
Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People, 56–58
Stonewall rebellion, 67, 68, 70
surgery: for FTM transitions, 54–55; insurance coverage of, 52, 86, 88–89; for MTF transitions, 53–54; non-op transgender and, 99; terminology for, 52. See also transition
Sylvia Rivera Law Project, 70
testes: orchiectomy for, 53; testicular implants for, 54, 55
“Thinking Sex/Thinking Gender” (Jagose and Kulick), 20
transgender: definition of, xvii, 2–3; numbers of, 13; as term, 11
Transgender American Veterans Association, 111
Transgender Civil Rights Project, 103
Transgender Day of Remembrance, 69
Transgender Emergence (Lev), 31
Transgender Liberation (Feinberg), 68
Transgender Rights (Flynn), 104
Transgender Warriors (Feinberg), 76
transition, xvii, 2, 23, 45–61; for children/adolescents, 60–61; coming out in, xv–xvi, 30; costs of, 52; health insurance for, 52, 61, 83, 86, 92; hormonal therapy in, 48–52, 57, 87; legal components of, 58–59; mental health services for, 57–58; name changes in, 59; as normative treatment, 86–87; permission requirements for, 56–58, 95–96; as remission, 92–93; social transition in, 45–48; surgeries in, 52–55, 86; as term, 11, 45
transmen, 10–11; bottom surgery of, 54–55; butch lesbians and, 24–25; chest (top) surgery of, 51, 54, 56, 57; definition of, 10–11; erectile prosthesis for, 55; hormonal regimen for, 50–52; hysterectomy and oophorectomy for, 55, 57; social transition for, 46–48; standards of care for, 56–57
Transsexual Phenomenon, The, 63, 67
transvestic fetishism, 119
transvestism. See cross-dressing
transwomen, 10–11; appearance challenges for, 47–48; breast augmentation surgery for, 53, 56, 57; definition of, 10–11; facial surgery for, 53–54; gay men and, 25; genital surgery for, 53, 57; hormonal regimen in, 48–50; social transition for, 45–48; in Southeast Asian cultures, 72–73; standards of care for, 56–57
trans youth. See children who may be transgender
United Church of Christ, 106–7
universal health care, 86
World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), 56, 63, 93, 95–96
youth. See children who may be transgender