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ALFALFA

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ALOE VERA

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BASIL

Brinker, F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions, 2nd ed. Sandy, OR: Eclectic Medical Publications, 1998.

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BEET

Lansley, K.E., et al. Acute dietary nitrate supplementation improves cycling time trial perfomance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011;43(6):1125–31.

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Presley, T.D., et al. Acute effect of a high nitrate diet on brain perfusion in older adults. Nitric Oxide 2011 Jan 1;24(1):34–42. doi: 10.1016/j. niox.2010.10.002. Epub 2010 Oct 15.

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BERGAMOT

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BLACKBERRY

Blomhoff, R. Antioxidants and oxidative stress. Tidsskr. Nor Laegeforen 6-17-2004;124(12):1643–45.

Pellegrini, N., et al. Total antioxidant capacity of plant foods, beverages, and oils consumed in Italy assessed by three different in vitro assays. J Nutr 2003;133(9):2812–19.

Serraino, I., et al. Protective effects of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside from blackberry extract against peroxynitrite-induced endothelial dysfunction and vascular failure. Life Sci 7-18-2003;73(9):1097–1114.

BLUEBERRY

Abidov, M., et al. Effect of Blueberin on fasting glucose, C-reactive protein, and plasma aminotransferases, in female volunteers with diabetes type 2: Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Georgian Med News 2006;(141):66–72.

Kay, C.D., & Holub, B.J. The effect of wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) consumption on postprandial serum antioxidant status in human subjects. Br J Nutr 2002;88(4):389–98.

Melzig, M.F., & Funke, I. Inhibitors of alpha-amylase from plants: A possibility to treat diabetes mellitus type II by phytotherapy? Wien Med Wochenschr 2007; 157(13-14):320–24.

Nemes-Nagy, E., et al. Effect of a dietary supplement containing blueberry and sea buckthorn concentrate on antioxidant capacity in type 1 diabetic children. Acta Physiol Hung 2008;95(4):383–93.

Prior, R.L., et al. Plasma antioxidant capacity changes following a meal as a measure of the ability of a food to alter in vivo antioxidant status. J Am Coll Nutr 2007;26(2):170–81.

Wedick, N.W., et al. Dietary flavonoid intakes and risk of type 2 diabetes in US men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2012 Apr;95(4):925–33.

Wilms, L.C., et al. Impact of multiple genetic polymorphisms on effects of a 4-week blueberry juice intervention on ex vivo induced lymphocytic DNA damage in human volunteers. Carcinogenesis 2007;28(8):1800–06.

BURDOCK

Cicero, A.F., Derosa, G., & Gaddi, A. What do herbalists suggest to diabetic patients in order to improve glycemic control? Evaluation of scientific evidence and potential risks. Acta Diabetol 2004;41(3):91–98.

Iwakami, S., Wu, J.B., Ebizuka, Y., & Sankawa, U. Platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonists contained in medicinal plants: Lignans and sesquiterpenes. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1992;40:1196–98.

Zick, S.M., et al. Trial of Essiac to ascertain its effect in women with breast cancer (TEA-BC). J Altern Complement Med 2006;12(10):971–80.

CALENDULA

Amirghofran, Z., Azadbakht, M., & Karimi, M.H. Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of five herbal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;72(1–2):167–72.

Basch, E., et al. (Calendula officinalis L.): An evidence-based systematic review by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Herb Pharmacother 2006; 6(3-4):135–59.

Bogdanova, N.S., et al. Study of antiviral properties of Calendula officinalis. Farmskolto Ksikol 1970;33:349–55 [in Russian].

Weiss, R.F. Herbal Medicine. Gothenburg, Sweden: Ab Arcanum, 1988, 344.

Yoshikawa, M., et al. Medicinal flowers. III. Marigold. (1): Hypoglycemic, gastric emptying inhibitory, and gastroprotective principles and new oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, calendasaponins A, B, C, and D, from Egyptian Calendula officinalis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2001;49(7):863–70.

CAMELLIA

Chantre, P., & Lairon, D. Recent findings of green tea extract AR25 (Exolise) and its activity for the treatment of obesity. Phytomedicine 2002;9(1):3–8.

Coimbra, S., et al. The effect of green tea in oxidative stress. Clin Nutr 2006;25(5):790–96.

Cooper, M.J., Cockell, K.A., & L’Abbé, M.R. The iron status of Canadian adolescents and adults: Current knowledge and practical implications. Can J Diet Pract Res 2006;67(3):130–38.

Green, R.J., et al. Common tea formulations modulate in vitro digestive recovery of green tea catechins. Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007;51(9):1152–62.

Stensvold, I., et al. Tea consumption: Relationship to cholesterol, blood pressure, and coronary and total mortality. Prev Med 1992;21:546–53.

CAPISCUM

Bortolotti, M., Coccia, G., & Grossi, G. Red pepper and functional dyspepsia. N Engl J Med 2002;346:947–48.

Chrubasik, S., Weiser, W., & Beime, B. Effectiveness and safety of topical capsaicin cream in the treatment of chronic soft tissue pain. Phytother Res 2010;24:1877–85.

Mason, L., et al. Systematic review of topical capsaicin for the treatment of chronic pain. BMJ 2004;328:991.

Whiting, S., et al. Capsaicinoids and capsinoids: A potential role for weight management? A systematic review of the evidence. Appetite 2012 Oct;59(2):341–48.

Yoshioka, M., et al. Effects of red pepper on appetite and energy intake. Br J Nutr 1999;82:115–23.

Yoshioka, M., St-Pierre, S., Suzuki, M., & Tremblay, A. Effects of red pepper added to high-fat and high-carbohydrate meals on energy metabolism and substrate utilization in Japanese women. Br J Nutr 1998;80:503–10.

CHAMOMILE

Avallone, R., et al. Benzodiazepine-like compounds and GABA in flower heads of Matricaria chamomilla. Phyto Res 1996;10:S177–S179.

Glowania, H. J., Raulin, C., & Swoboda, M. Effect of chamomile on wound healing: A clinical double-blind study. Z.Hautkr. 9-1-1987;62(17):1262, 1267–71.

Hormann, H., & Korting, H. Evidence for the efficacy and safety of topical herbal drugs in dermatology: Part 1: Anti-inflammatory agents. Phytomed 1994;1(2):161–71.

Jakolev, V., & Schlichtegroll, A. Anti-inflammatory activity of (-)-alpha-bisabolol: An essential component of chamomile oil. Arzneimittelforschung 1969;19(4):615–16.

Tubaro, A., Zilli, C., Redaelli, C., & Della, Loggia R. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of a chamomile extract topical application. Planta Med 1984;50(4):359.

Viola, H., et al. Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects. Planta Med 1995;61:213–16.

COMFREY

D’Anchise, R., et al. Comfrey extract ointment in comparison to diclofenac gel in the treatment of acute unilateral ankle sprains (distortions). Arzneimittelforschung 2007; 57(11):712–16.

Duke, J.A. Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1992.

Koll, R., et al. Efficacy and tolerance of a comfrey root extract (Extr. Rad. Symphyti) in the treatment of ankle distortions: Results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Phytomed 2004;11(6):470–77.

Kucera, M., Kalal, J., & Polesna, Z. Effects of Symphytum ointment on muscular symptoms and functional locomotor disturbances. Adv Ther 2000;17(4):204–10.

Mills, S.Y. Out of the Earth: The Essential Book of Herbal Medicine. New York: Viking Arkana, 1991, 544–47.

Predel, H.G., et al. Efficacy of a comfrey root extract ointment in comparison to a diclofenac gel in the treatment of ankle distortions: Results of an observer-blind, randomized, multicenter study. Phytomed 2005;12:707–14.

DANDELION

Baba, K., Abe, S., & Mizuno, D. [Antitumor activity of hot water extract of dandelion, Taraxacum officinale: Correlation between antitumor activity and timing of administration (Author’s transl.)]. Yakugaku Zasshi 1981;101(6):538–43.

Blumenthal, M., et al. (eds.). The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Austin: American Botanical Council and Boston: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998, 425–26.

Kuusi, T., Pyylaso, H., & Autio, K. The bitterness properties of dandelion. II. Chemical investigations. Lebensm-Wiss Technol 1985;18:347–49.

Racz-Kotilla, E., Racz, G., & Solomon, A. The action of Taraxacum officinale extracts on body weight and diuresis of laboratory animals. Planta Med 1974:26:212–17.

Schulz, V., Hänsel, R., & Tyler, V.E. Rational Phytotherapy: A Physician’s Guide to Herbal Medicine, 3rd ed. Berlin: Springer, 1998, 168–73.

ECHINACEA

Braunig, B., Dorn, M., & Knick, E. Echinacea purpurea root for strengthening the immune response to flu-like infections. Z Phyto 1992;13:7–13.

Brikenborn, R.M., Shah, D.V., & Degenring, F.H. Echinaforce^® and other echinacea fresh plant preparations in the treatment of the common cold: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Phytomed 1999;6:1–5.

Di Pierro, F., et al. Use of a standardized extract from Echinacea angustifolia (Polinacea^®) for the prevention of respiratory tract infections. Alterna Med Rev Mar 2012;17(1):36–41.

Dorn, M., Knick, E., & Lewith, G. Placebo-controlled, double-blind study of Echinacea pallida redix in upper respiratory tract infections. Comp Ther Med 1997;5:40–42.

Hoheisel, O., et al. Echinagard treatment shortens the course of the common cold: A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur J Clin Res 1997;9:261–68.

Jawad, M., et al. Safety and efficacy profile of Echinacea purpurea to prevent common cold episodes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Evid Based Comp Alternat Med. 2012:841315. Epub 2012 Sep 16.

Lakier Smith, L. Overtraining, excessive exercise, and altered immunity: Is this a T helper-1 versus T helper-2 lymphocyte response? Sports Med 2003;33(5):347–64.

Melchart, D., et al. Immunomodulation with echinacea: A systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Phytomed 1994;1:245–54.

Schoop, R., Klein, P., Suter, A., & Johnston, S.L. Echinacea in the prevention of induced rhinovirus colds: A meta-analysis. Clin The Feb 2006;28(2):174–83.

See, D.M., Broumand, N., Sahl, L., & Tilles, J.G. In vitro effects of echinacea and ginseng on natural killer and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity in healthy subjects and chronic fatigue syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. Immunopharmacology 1997;35:229–35.

ELDERBERRY

Kong, F. Pilot clinical study on a proprietary elderberry extract: Efficacy in addressing influenza symptoms. OJP 2009;5:32–43.

Newall, C.A., Anderson, L.A., & Phillipson, J.D. Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996, 104–05.

Roschek, B., et al. Elderberry flavonoids bind to and prevent H1N1 infection in vitro. Phytochemistry 2009;70:1255–61.

Serkedjieva, J., et al. Antiviral activity of the infusion (SHS-174) from flowers of Sambucus nigra L., aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L., and roots of Saponaria officinalis L. against influenza and herpes simplex viruses. Phytother Res 1990;4:97–100.

Uncini Manganelli, R.E., Zaccaro, L., & Tomei, P.E. Antiviral activity in vitro of Urtica dioica L., Parietaria diffusa M. et K. and Sambucus nigra L. J Ethnopharmacol 2005 Apr 26;98(3):323–27.

Vlachojannis, J.E., Cameron, M., & Chrubasik, S. A systematic review on the sambuci fructus effect and efficacy profiles. Phytother Res 2010 Jan;24(1):1–8. Review.

Youdim, K.A., Martin, A., & Joseph, J.A. Incorporation of the elderberry anthocyanins by endothelial cells increases protection against oxidative stress. Free Radical Biol Med 2000;29:51–60.

Zakay-Rones, Z., et al. Inhibition of several strains of influenza virus in vitro and reduction of symptoms by an elderberry extract (Sambucus nigra L) during an outbreak of influenza B Panama. J Altern Complement Med 1995;1:361–69.

FEVERFEW

Diener, H.C., et al. Efficacy and safety of 6.25 mg t.i.d. feverfew CO₂-extract (MIG-99) in migraine prevention: A randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia 2005;25:1031–41.

Green, J. The Herbal Medicine Maker’s Handbook: A Home Manual. Darlinghurst, AU: Crossing Press, 2000.

Johnson, E.S., Kadam, N.P., Hylands, D.M., & Hylands, P.J. Efficacy of feverfew as prophylactic treatment of migraine. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985;291:569–73.

Murphy, J.J., Hepinstall, S., & Mitchell, J.R. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of feverfew in migraine prevention. Lancet 1988;2:189–92.

Palevitch, D., Earon, G., & Carasso, R. Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) as a prophylactic treatment for migraine: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Phytother Res 1997;11:508–11.

FRENCH BEANS

Azinge, N.O. Use of beans diet for control of diabetes. Trop Doct 1985;15(3):139.

Barrett, M.L., & Udani, J.K. A proprietary alpha-amylase inhibitor from white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): A review of clinical studies on weight loss and glycemic control. Nutr J 2011;10:24.

Birketvedt, G.S., Travis, A., Langbakk, B., & Florholmen, J.R. Dietary supplementation with bean extract improves lipid profile in overweight and obese subjects. Nutrition 2002;18(9):729–33.

Bo-Linn, G.W., Santa Ana, C.A., Morawski, S.G., & Fordtran, J.S. Starch blockers: Their effect on calorie absorption from a high-starch meal. N Engl J Med 12-2-1982;307(23):1413–16.

Celleno, L., Tolaini, M.V., D’Amore, A., Perricone, N.V., and Preuss, H.G. A dietary supplement containing standardized Phaseolus vulgaris extract influences body composition of overweight men and women. Int J Med Sci 2007;4(1):45–52.

Layer, P., Carlson, G.L., & DiMagno, E.P. Partially purified white bean amylase inhibitor reduces starch digestion in vitro and inactivates intraduodenal amylase in humans. Gastroenterology 1985;88(6):1895–1902.

Preuss, H.G. Bean amylase inhibitor and other carbohydrate absorption blockers: Effects on diabesity and general health. J Am Coll Nutr 2009;28(3):266–76.

GARLIC

Berthold, H.K., Sudhop, T., & von Bergmann, K. Effect of a garlic oil preparation on serum lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism. JAMA 1998;279:1900–02.

Isaacsohn, J.L., et al. Garlic powder and plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1189–94.

Kleijnen, J., Knipschild, P., & Ter Riet, G. Garlic, onion, and cardiovascular risk factors: A review of the evidence from human experiments with emphasis on commercially available preparations. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989;28:535–44.

Koscielny, J., et al. The antiatherosclerotic effect of Allium sativum. Atherosclerosis 1999;144:237–49.

Legnani, C., et al. Effects of a dried garlic preparation on fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation in healthy subjects. Arzneim-Forsch Drug Res 1993;43:119–22.

McCrindle, B.W., Helden, E., & Conner, W.T. Garlic extract therapy in children with hypercholesterolemia. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1998;152:1089–94.

Neil, H.A., et al. Garlic powder in the treatment of moderate hyperlipidaemia: A controlled trial and a meta-analysis. J R Coll Phys Lond 1996;30:329–34.

Silagy, C, & Neil, A. Garlic as a lipid-lowering agent: A meta-analysis. J R Coll Phys Lond 1994;28:39–45.

Silagy, C., & Neil, A meta-analysis of the effect of garlic on blood pressure. J Hyperten 1994;12:463–68.

Warshafsky, S., Kamer, R., & Sivak, S. Effect of garlic on total serum cholesterol: A meta-analysis. Ann Int Med 1993;119:599–605.

Zeng, T., et al. A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials for the effects of garlic on serum lipid profiles. J Sci Food Agric 2012;92(9):1892–1902. doi:10.1002/jsfa.5557.

GINKGO

Clostre, F. From the body to the cell membranes: The different levels of pharmacological action of Ginkgo biloba extract. In: Rokan (Ginkgo biloba): Recent Results in Pharmacology and Clinic. Fünfgeld, EW, ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988, 180–98.

Drieu, K. Preparation and definition of Ginkgo biloba extract. In: Rokan (Ginkgo biloba): Recent Results in Pharmacology and Clinic. Fünfgeld EW, ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 32–36.

Ferrandini, C., Droy-Lefaix, M.T., & Christen, Y. (eds.). Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) as a free radical scavenger. Paris: Elsevier, 1993.

Jung, F., Mrowietz, C., Kiesewetter, H., & Wenzel, E. Effect of Ginkgo biloba on fluidity of blood and peripheral microcirculation in volunteers. Arzneimittelforschung 1990;40:589–93.

Krieglstein, J. Neuroprotective properties of Ginkgo biloba: Constituents. Zeitschrift Phytother 1994;15:92–96.

Lanthony, P., & Cosson, J.P. Evolution of color vision in diabetic retinopathy treated by extract of Ginkgo biloba. J Fr Ophthalmol 1988;11:671–74 [in French].

Lebuisson, D.A., Leroy, L., & Rigal, G. Treatment of senile macular degeneration with Ginkgo biloba extract: A preliminary double-blind, drug versus placebo study. Presse Med 1986;15:1556–58 [in French].

Matthews, M.K., Jr. Association of Ginkgo biloba with intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology 1998;50:1933–34 [letter].

Mix, J.A., & Crews, W.D. An examination of the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 on the neuropsychologic functioning of cognitively intact older adults. J Altern Complement Med 2000;6:219–29.

Rosenblatt, M., & Mindel, J. Spontaneous hyphema associated with ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1108 [letter].

HASKAP

Bhooshan Pandey, K. & Rizvi, S.I. Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2009 Nov–Dec;2(5): 270–78.

Jurikova, T., et al. Phenolic profile of edible honeysuckle berries (genus lonicera) and their biological effects. Molecules 2011 Dec 22;17(1):61–79.

Vasantha Rupasinghe, H.P., Yu, L.J., Bhullar, K.S., & Bors, B. Short Communication: Haskap (Lonicera caerulea): A new berry crop with high antioxidant capacity. Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, Nova Scotia.

HAWTHORN

Degenring, F.H., et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial of a standardized extract of fresh Crataegus berries (Crataegisan) in the treatment of patients with congestive heart failure NYHA II. Phytomedicine 2003;10(5):363–69.

Holubarsch, C.J., et al. Survival and prognosis: Investigation of Crataegus extract WS 1442 in congestive heart failure (SPICE): Rationale, study design and study protocol. Eur J Heart Fail 2000;2(4):431–37.

Iwamoto, M., Sato, T., & Ishizaki, T. The clinical effect of Crataegus in heart disease of ischemic or hypertensive origin: A multicenter double-blind study. Planta Med 1981;42(1):1–16.

Koller, M., et al. Crataegus special extract WS 1442 in the treatment of early stages of CHD-associated heart failure. MMW Fortschr Med 2006;148(6):42.

Leuchtgens, H. Crataegus Special Extract WS 1442 in NYHA II heart failure: A placebo-controlled randomized double-blind study. Fortschr Med 1993;111(20–21):352–54.

Pittler, M.H., Schmidt, K., & Ernst, E. Hawthorn extract for treating chronic heart failure: meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Med 2003 Jun 1;114(8):665–74.

HOPS

Abourashed, E.A., Koetter, U., & Brattstrom, A. In vitro binding experiments with a Valerian, hops and their fixed combination extract to selected central nervous system receptors. Phytomedicine 2004;11(7-8):633–38.

Koetter, U., Schrader, E., Käufeler, R., & Brattström, A. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective clinical study to demonstrate clinical efficacy of a fixed valerian hops extract combination (Ze 91019) in patients suffering from non-organic sleep disorder. Phytother Res 2007;21:847–51.

Lee, K.M., et al. Effects of Humulus lupulus extract on the central nervous system in mice. Planta Med 1993;59(Suppl):A691.

Nikolic, D., et al. Metabolism of 8-prenylnaringenin, a potent phytoestrogen from hops (Humulus lupulus), by human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2004;32(2):272–79.

Oerter, K.K., Janfaza, M., Wong, J.A., & Chang, R.J. Estrogen bioactivity in fo-ti and other herbs used for their estrogen-like effects as determined by a recombinant cell bioassay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88(9):4077–79.

Shellie, R.A., et al. Varietal characterization of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) by GC-MS analysis of hop cone extracts. J Sep Sci 2009;32(21):3720–25.

JUNIPER

Leung, A.Y., & Foster, S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, 2nd ed. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

Newall, C.A., Anderson, L.A., & Philpson, J.D. Herbal Medicine: A Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London, UK: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996.

Robbers, J.E., & Tyler, V.E. Tyler’s Herbs of Choice: The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals. New York, NY: The Haworth Herbal Press, 1999.

Sanchez de Medina, F., et al. Hypoglycemic activity of juniper “berries.” Planta Med 1994;60:197–200.

Swanston-Flatt, S.K., Day, C., Bailey, C.J., & Flatt, P.R. Traditional plant treatments for diabetes: Studies in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Diabetologia 1990;33:462–64.

KALE

Asbell, R. Kale. Vegetarian Times 2011 Jan–Feb;(382):78–81.

Bolton-Smith, C., et al. Compilation of a provisional UK database for the phylloquinone (vitamin K1) content of foods. Br J Nutr 2000;83:389–99.

Sikora, E. Composition and antioxidant activity of kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala) raw and cooked. Technologia Alimentaria 2012 Jul–Sep;11(3):239–48.

Tufts University. Try kale for vitamin K and cancer protection. Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter, 2013 Jul;31(5):6.

LAVENDER

Basch, E., et al. Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Miller). J Herb Pharmacother 2004;4(2):63–78.

Denner, S.S. Lavandula angustifolia Miller: English lavender. Holist Nurs Pract 2009;23(1):57–64.

Gabbrielli, G., et al. Activity of lavandino essential oil against non-tubercular opportunistic rapid grown mycobacteria. Pharmacol Res Commun 1988;20 Suppl 5:37–40.

Kane, F.M., et al. The analgesic effect of odour and music upon dressing change. Br J Nurs 10-28-2004;13(19):S4–12.

Lewith, G.T., Godfrey, A.D., & Prescott, P. A single-blinded, randomized pilot study evaluating the aroma of Lavandula augustifolia as a treatment for mild insomnia. J Altern Complement Med 2005 Aug;11(4):631–37.

Snow, L.A., Hovanec, L., & Brandt, J. A controlled trial of aromatherapy for agitation in nursing home patients with dementia. J Altern Complement Med 2004;10(3):431–37.

Soden, K., et al. A randomized controlled trial of aromatherapy massage in a hospice setting. Palliat Med 2004;18 (2):87–92.

LEMON BALM

Consumer Reports. Lemon balm. (2011). Retrieved from http://consumerreports.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=107&pid=33&gid=000261.

Herb Society of America. Lemon Balm: An Herb Society of America Guide. (2007). Retrieved from http://www.herbsociety.org/factsheets/Lemon%20Balm%20Guide.pdf.

Hncianu, M., et al. Chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oil Melissa officinalis L. from Romania. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 2008;112(3):843–47.

Kennedy, D.O., et al. Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm). Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002 Jul;72(4):953–64.

Kennedy, D.O., et al. Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of single doses of Melissa officinalis (Lemon balm) with human CNS nicotinic and muscarinic receptor-binding properties. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003 Oct;28(10):1871–81.

Mrlianova, M., et al. Comparison of the quality of Melissa officialis L. cultivar Citra with Mellissas of Europian origin. Pharmacopsychiatry 2001;34:27–36.

Muller, S.F., & Klement, S. A combination of valerian and lemon balm is effective in the treatment of restlessness and dyssomnia in children. Phytomedicine 2006;13(6):383–87.

University of Maryland Medical Center. Lemon balm. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/lemon-balm-000261.htm.

MILK THISTLE

Agarwal, R., et al. Anticancer potential of silymarin: From bench to bed side. Anticancer Res. 2006 Nov–Dec;26(6B):4457–98. Review.

Andrade, R.J., et al. Effects of silymarin on the oxidative stress in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Results from a controlled, double-blind, randomized pilot clinical trial. Hepatology 1998;28(4):629.

Angulo, P., et al. Silymarin in the treatment of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis with a suboptimal response to ursodeoxycholic acid. Hepatology 2000;32(5):897–900.

Feher, J. & Lengyel, G. Silymarin in the treatment of chronic liver diseases: Past and future. Orv Hetil 12-21-2008;149(51):2413–18.

Lahiri-Chatterjee, M., Katiyar, S.K., Mohan, R.R., & Agarwal, R. A flavonoid antioxidant, silymarin, affords exceptionally high protection against tumor promotion in the SENCAR mouse skin tumorigenesis model. Cancer Res 2-1-1999;59(3):622–32.

Luper, S. A review of plants used in the treatment of liver disease: Part 1. Altern Med Rev 1998;3(6):410–21.

Pares, A., et al. Effects of silymarin in alcoholic patients with cirrhosis of the liver: Results of a controlled, double-blind, randomized and multicenter trial. J Hepatol 1998;28(4):615–21.

Saller, R., Brignoli, R., Melzer, J., & Meier, R. An updated systematic review with meta-analysis for the clinical evidence of silymarin. Forsch Komplementmed 2008 Feb;15(1):9–20. Review.

Zi, X., Feyes, D.K., & Agarwal, R. Anti-carcinogenic effect of a flavonoid antioxidant, silymarin, in human breast cancer cells MDA-MB 468: Induction of G1 arrest through an increase in Cip1/p21 concomitant with a decrease in kinase activity of cyclin-dependent kinases and associated cyclins. Clin Cancer Res 1998;4(4):1055–64.

Zi, X., Grasso, A.W., Kung, H.J., & Agarwal, R. A flavonoid antioxidant, silymarin, inhibits activation of erbB1 signaling and induces cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, G1 arrest, and anticarcinogenic effects in human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells. Cancer Res 5-1-1998;58(9):1920–29.

Zou, C.G., Agar, N.S., & Jones, G.L. Oxidative insult to human red blood cells induced by free radical initiator AAPH and its inhibition by a commercial antioxidant mixture. Life Sci 5-25-2001;69(1):75–86.

NETTLE

Bombardelli, E., & Morazzoni, P. Urtica dioica L. Fitoterapia 1997;68(5):387–402.

Dantas, S.M. Menopausal symptoms and alternative medicine. Prim Care Update Ob/Gyns 1999; 6:212–20.

Koch, E., & Biber, A. Pharmacological effects of sabal and Urtica extracts as a basis for a rational medication of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urologe 1994;334:90–95.

Metzker, H., Kieser, M., & Hölscher, U. Efficacy of a combined Sabal-Urtica preparation in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Urologe B 1996;36:292–300.

Mittman, P. Randomized, double-blind study of freeze-dried Urtica dioica in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Planta Med 1990;56:44–47.

Patten, G. Medicinal plant review: Urtica. Aust J Med Herbalism 1993;5(1):5–13.

Randall, C., Meethan, K., Randall, H., & Dobbs, F. Nettle sting of Urtica dioica for joint pain: An exploratory study of this complementary therapy. Compl Ther Med 1999;7:126–31.

Safarinejad, M.R. Urtica dioica for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. J Herb Pharmacother 2005;5:1–11.

Tahri, A., et al. Acute diuretic, natriuretic and hypotensive effects of a continuous perfusion of aqueous extract of Urtica dioica in the rat. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;73(1-2):95–100.

OREGANO

Burt, S.A., & Reinders, R.D. Antibacterial activity of selected plant essential oils against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Lett Appl Microbiol 2003;36(3):162–67.

Chami, F., et al. Oregano and clove essential oils induce surface alteration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Phytother Res 2005;19(5):405–08.

Chorianopoulos, N., et al. Essential oils of Satureja, Origanum, and Thymus species: Chemical composition and antibacterial activities against food-borne pathogens. J Agric Food Chem 2004;52(26):8261–67.

Dorman, H.J., & Deans, S.G. Antimicrobial agents from plants: Antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J Appl Microbiol 2000;88(2):308–16.

Exarchou, V., et al. Antioxidant activities and phenolic composition of extracts from Greek oregano, Greek sage, and summer savory. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50(19):5294–5299.

Force, M. Inhibition of enteric parasites by emulsified oil of oregano in vivo. Phytotherapy Research May 1, 2000;14(3):213–4.

Force, M., Sparks, W.S., Ronzio, R.A. Inhibition of enteric parasites by emulsified oil of oregano in vivo. Phytother Res 2000;14(3):213–214.

Jarmuda S., et al. Potential role of Demodex mites and bacteria in the induction of rosacea. J Med Microbiol 2012 Nov;61(Pt 11):1504–10.

Lambert, R.J., et al. A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol, and carvacrol. J Appl Microbiol 2001;91(3):453–462.

Stensvold, C.R., et al. Blastocystis: Unravelling potential risk factors and clinical significance of a common but neglected parasite. Epidemiol Infect 2009 Nov.;137(11):1655–63.

PARSLEY

Heck, A.M., DeWitt, B.A., & Lukes, A.L. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm 7-1-2000;57(13):1221–27.

Meyer, H., et al. Bioavailability of apigenin from apiin-rich parsley in humans. Ann Nutr Metab 2006;50(3):167–72.

Nielsen, S.E., et al. Effect of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) intake on urinary apigenin excretion, blood antioxidant enzymes, and biomarkers for oxidative stress in human subjects. Br J Nutr 1999;81(6):447–55.

PASSIONFLOWER

Akhondzadeh, S., et al. Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: A pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. J Clin Pharm Ther 2001;26(5):363–67.

Aoyagi, N., Kimura, R., & Murata, T. Studies on Passiflora incarnata dry extract. I. Isolation of maltol and pharmacological action of maltol and ethyl maltol. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1974;22(5):1008–13.

Brown, E., Hurd, N.S., McCall, S., & Ceremuga, T.E. Evaluation of the anxiolytic effects of chrysin, a Passiflora incarnata extract, in the laboratory rat. AANA J 2007;75(5):333–37.

Dhawan, K., Kumar, S., & Sharma, A. Comparative biological activity study on Passiflora incarnata and P. edulis. Fitoterapia 2001;72(6):698–702.

Speroni, E., & Minghetti, A. Neuropharmacological activity of extracts from Passiflora incarnata. Planta Med 1988;54(6):488–91.

Wolfman, C., Viola, H., Paladini, A., Dajas, F., & Medina, J.H. Possible anxiolytic effects of chrysin, a central benzodiazepine receptor ligand isolated from Passiflora coerulea. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1994;47(1):1–4.

PEPPERMINT

Alam, M.S., et al. Efficacy of peppermint oil in diarrhea predominant IBS: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Mymensingh Med J 2013 Jan;22(1):27–30.

Cappello, G., et al. Peppermint oil (Mintoil) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A prospective double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. Dig Liver Dis 2007 Jun;39(6):530–36.

Ford, A.C., et al. Effect of fibre, antispasmodics, and peppermint oil in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (International Edition), 2008 Dec 13;337(7683):1388–92.

Göbel, H., et al. Effectiveness of Oleum menthae piperitae and paracetamol in therapy of headache of the tension type. Nervenarzt 1996 Aug;67(8): 672–81.

Grigoleit, H.G., & Grigoleit, P. Pharmacology and preclinical pharmacokinetics of peppermint oil. Phytomedicine 2005 Aug;12(8):612–16.

Kligler, B., & Chaudhary, S. Peppermint oil. Am Fam Physician 2007 Apr 1;75(7):1027–30.

Lech, Y., et al. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with peppermint oil: A double-blind study with a placebo. Ugeskr Laeger 1988; 150(40):2388–89.

Liu, J.H., et al. Enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A prospective, randomized trial. J Gastroenterol 1997 Dec.;32(6):765–68.

PLANTAIN

Blumenthal, M. (ed.). Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Newton, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications, 2000, 307–10.

Chiang, L.C., Chiang, W., Chang, M.Y., & Lin, C.C. In vitro cytotoxic, antiviral, and immunomodulatory effects of Plantago major and Plantago asiatica. Am J Chin Med 2003;31(2):225–34.

Koichev A. Complex evaluation of the therapeutic effect of a preparation from Plantago major in chronic bronchitis. Probl Vatr Med 1983;11:61–69.

Matev, M., et al. Clinical trial of Plantago major preparation in the treatment of chronic bronchitis. Vutr Boles 1982;21:133–37.

McGuffin, M., Hobbs, C., Upton, R., Goldberg, A. (eds.). American Herbal Products Association’s Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, LLC, 1997.

Wegener, T., & Kraft, K. [Plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.): Antiinflammatory action in upper respiratory tract infections]. Wien Med Wochenschr 1999;149(8–10): 211–16.

Wichtl, M., & Bisset, N.G. (eds.). Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. Stuttgart: Medpharm Scientific Publishers, 1994.

RASPBERRY

Patel, A.V., Rojas-Vera, J., & Dacke, C.G. Therapeutic constituents and actions of Rubus species. Curr Med Chem 2004;11(11):1501–12.

Rojas-Vera, J., Patel, A.V., & Dacke, C.G. Relaxant activity of raspberry (Rubus idaeus) leaf extract in guinea-pig ileum in vitro. Phytother Res 2002;16(7):665–68.

Ryan, T., Wilkinson, J.M., & Cavanagh, H.M. Antibacterial activity of raspberry cordial in vitro. Res Vet Sci 2001;71(3):155–59.

Simpson, M., Parsons, M., Greenwood, J., & Wade, K. Raspberry leaf in pregnancy: Its safety and efficacy in labor. J Midwifery Womens Health 2001;46(2):51–59.

RED CLOVER

Atkinson, C., et al. The effects of phytoestrogen isoflavones on bone density in women: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Amer J Clin Nutr 2004;79(2):326–33.

Bown, D. The Herb Society of America New Encyclopedia of Herbs and Their Uses. London: Dorling Kindersley Ltd., 2001.

Howes, J., et al. Effects of dietary supplementation with isoflavones from red clover on ambulatory blood pressure and endothelial function in postmenopausal type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2003;(5):325–32.

Huntley, A.L., & Ernst, E. A systematic review of herbal medicinal products for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Menopause 2003 Sep–Oct;10(5):465–76.

Kelly, G., Husband, A., & Waring, M. Standardized red clover extract clinical monograph. Natural Products Research Consultants 1998. Seattle, WA 1998, Herb Clip, 080590 (Trifolium pratense; isoflavones).

Mannella, P., et al. Effects of red clover extracts on breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Gynecol endocrinol 2012;28(1):29–33.

Mueller, M., & Jungbauer, A. Red clover extract: A putative source for simultaneous treatment of menopausal disorders and the metabolic syndrome. Menopause 2008 Nov–Dec;15(6): 1120–31.

Nachtigall, L.E. Isoflavones in the management of menopause. J Brit Meno Soc 2001;Supplement S1:8–12.

Nestel, P.J., et al. Isoflavones from red clover improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84(3):895–98.

Smith, R. Red Clover in the “Twenty-First” Century. 2000. Retrieved from: http://www.uwex.edu/ces/forage/wfc/proceedings2000/smith/htm. Accessed March 4, 2005.

Van de Weijer, P., & Barentsen, R. Isoflavones from red clover (Promensil) significantly reduce menopausal hot flush symptoms compared with placebo. Maturitas 2002:42;187–93.

RHUBARB

Albrecht, U.W. [The efficacy and tolerability of Pyralvex solution and Pyralvex gel in the treatment of gingivitis: Results of double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trials]. Der Freie Zahnarzt 1997;9:76–80.

Borgia, M., et al. Pharmacological activity of a herbs extract: A controlled clinical study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1981;29(3):525–36.

Renggli, H. [Gingivitis- and plaque-inhibiting action of Pyralvex Berna and its components]. SSO Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnheilkd 1980;90(8):718–24.

Xin, S.F., et al. [Clinical observation on patients with constipation using Rhubarb and Mangxiao]. Chin J Nurs 1995;7(30):420–22.

Zhou, L., Hao, R., & Jiang, L. [Clinical study on retarding aging effect of tongbu recipe to traditional Chinese medicine]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1999;19(4):218–20.

ROSEMARY

Aqel, M.B. Relaxant effect of the volatile oil of Rosmarinus officinalis on tracheal smooth muscle. J Ethnopharmacol 1991;33:57–62.

Burnett, K.M., Solterbeck, L.A., & Strapp, C.M. Scent and mood state following an anxiety-provoking task. Psychol Rep 2004;95(2):707–22.

Hay, I.C., Jamieson, M., & Ormerod, A.D. Randomized trial of aromatherapy: Successful treatment for alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol 1998;134(11):1349–52.

Huhtanen, C. Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum by spice extract and aliphatic alcohols. J Food Protect 1980;43:195–96.

Leung, A.Y., & Foster, S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Foods, Drugs, and Cosmetics, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996, 446–48.

Martinez, A.L., et al. Antinociceptive effect and GC/MS analysis of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil from its aerial parts. Planta Med 2009;75(5):508–11.

McCaffrey, R., Thomas, D.J., & Kinzelman, A.O. The effects of lavender and rosemary essential oils on test-taking anxiety among graduate nursing students. Holist Nurs Pract 2009;23(2):88–93.

Minich, D.M., et al. Clinical safety and efficacy of NG440: A novel combination of rho iso-alpha acids from hops, rosemary, and oleanolic acid for inflammatory conditions. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007;85(9):872–83.

Moss, M., et al. Aromas of rosemary and lavender essential oils differentially affect cognition and mood in healthy adults. Int J Neurosci 2003;113(1):15–38.

Park, M.K., & Lee, E.S. [The effect of aroma inhalation method on stress responses of nursing students.]. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 2004;34(2):344–51.

Peng, Y., Yuan, J., Liu, F., & Ye, J. Determination of active components in rosemary by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 9-15-2005;39(3–4):431–37.

Sayorwan, W., et al. Effects of inhaled rosemary oil on subjective feelings and activities of the nervous system. Scientia Pharmaceutica 2013 Jun;81(2):531–42.

Singletary, K., MacDonald, C., & Wallig, M. Inhibition by rosemary and carnosol of 7,12-dimethyl-benz [a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis and in vivo DMBA-DNA adduct formation. Cancer Lett 1996;104:43–48.

SAGE

Abascal, K., & Yarnell, E. A botanical approach to Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Pharm 2004;8(5):1–17.

Abascal, K., & Yarnell, E. Alzheimer’s disease—Part 2—A botanical treatment plan. Alter Comp Ther 2004;10:67–72.

Adams, M., Gmunder, F., & Hamburger, M. Plants traditionally used in age-related brain disorders: A survey of ethnobotanical literature. J Ethnopharmacol 9-25-2007;113(3):363–81.

De Leo, V., Lanzetta, D., Cazzavacca, R., Morgante, G. [Treatment of neurovegetative menopausal symptoms with a phytotherapeutic agent] [Article in Italian]. Minerva Ginecol 1998;50:207–11.

Duke, J.A. CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1985, 420–21.

Weiss, R.F. Herbal Medicine. Gothenburg, Sweden: Ab Arcanum and Beaconsfield, UK: Beaconsfield Publishers Ltd., 1988, 229–30.

SLIPPERY ELM

Duke, J.A. CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1985, 495–96.

Kaegi, E. Unconventional therapies for cancer: 1. Essiac. The Task Force on Alternative Therapies of the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Initiative. CMAJ 4-7-1998;158(7):897–902.

Langmead, L., Dawson, C., Hawkins, C., Banna, N., Loo, S., & Rampton, D.S. Antioxidant effects of herbal therapies used by patients with inflammatory bowel disease: An in vitro study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16(2):197–205.

Pizzorno, J.E., & Murray, M.T. Textbook of Natural Medicine. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1999, 1335–49.

Rakel, D. Rakel: Integrative Medicine, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier Inc., 2007, 43.

Rotblatt, M., & Ziment, I. Evidence-based Herbal Medicine. Philadelphia, Penn: Hanley & Belfus, Inc., 2002, 337–38.

Wong, C.K., Leung, K.N., Fung, K.P., & Choy, Y.M. Immunomodulatory and anti-tumour polysaccharides from medicinal plants. J Int Med Res 1994;22(6):299–312.

Wren, R.C., Williamson, E.M., & Evans, F.J. Potter’s New Cyclopedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations. Essex, UK: CW Daniel Company, 1988, 252.

SPINACH

Asai, A., Terasaki, M., & Nagao, A. An epoxide-furanoid rearrangement of spinach neoxanthin occurs in the gastrointestinal tract of mice and in vitro: Formation and cytostatic activity of neochrome stereoisomers. J Nutr 2004 Sep;134(9):2237–43. 2004. PMID:15333710.

Asai, A., Yonekura, L., & Nagao, A. Low bioavailability of dietary epoxyxanthophylls in humans. Br J Nutr 2008 Aug;100(2):273–77.

Chung, H.Y., Rasmussen, H.M., & Johnson, E.J. Lutein bioavailability is higher from lutein-enriched eggs than from supplements and spinach in men. J Nutr 2004 Aug;134(8):1887–93. 2004. PMID:15284371.

Edenharder, R., Keller, G., Platt, K.L, & Unger, K.K. Isolation and characterization of structurally novel anti-mutagenic flavonoids from spinach (Spinacia oleracea). J Agric Food Chem 2001 Jun;49(6):2767–73. 2001. PMID:12950.

Gates, M.A., et al. A prospective study of dietary flavonoid intake and incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2007 Apr 30; [Epub ahead of print]. 2007. PMID:17471564.

Genannt Bonsmann, S.S., et al. Oxalic acid does not influence nonhaem iron absorption in humans: A comparison of kale and spinach meals. Eur J Clin Nutr 2008 Mar;62(3):336–41. Epub 2007 Apr 18.

Longnecker, M.P., et al. Intake of carrots, spinach, and supplements containing vitamin A in relation to risk of breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1997 Nov;6(11):887–92. 1997. PMID:12980.

Lucarini, M., et al. Intake of vitamin A and carotenoids from the Italian population: Results of an Italian total diet study. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2006 May;76(3):103–09.

Makiko, I., Mutsuko, T., & Takashi, N. Influence of the amount of boiling water on the sensory evaluation, oxalic acid and potassium content of boiled spinach. Journal of Cookery Science of Japan 2005;38(4):343–49.

Manach, C., et al. Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 2004 May;79(5):727–47. 2004. PMID:15113710.

Morris, M.C., et al. Associations of vegetable and fruit consumption with age-related cognitive change. Neurology 2006 Oct 24;67(8):1370–76. 2006. PMID:17060562.

Okazaki, K., et al. Differences in the metabolite profiles of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaf in different concentrations of nitrate in the culture solution. Plant Cell Physio 2008 Feb;49(2):170–77. Epub 2007 Dec 17.

Song, W., et al. Cellular antioxidant activity of common vegetables. J Agric Food Chem 2010 Jun 9; 58(11):6621–29.

Tang, G., et al. Spinach or carrots can supply significant amounts of vitamin A as assessed by feeding with intrinsically deuterated vegetables. Am J Clin Nutr 2005 Oct;82(4):821–28.

Wang, Y., et al. Dietary supplmentation with blueberries, spinach, or spirulina reduces ischemic brain damage. Exp Neurol 2005 May;193(1):75–84. 2005. PMID:15817266.

Yang, Y., et al. Isolation and antihypertensive effect of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptides from spinach. Rubisco. J Agric Food Chem 2003 Aug 13;51(17):4897–02.

SQUASH

Albanes, D., et al. Alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study: Effects of base-line characteristics and study compliance. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996;88:1560–70.

The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1029–35.

Bone, R.A., & Landrum, J.T. Distribution of macular pigment components, zeaxanthin and lutein, in human retina. Methods Enzymol 1992:213:360–66.

Greenburg, E.R., et al. Mortality associated with low plasma concentration of beta carotene and the effect of oral supplementation. JAMA 1996;275: 699–703.

Hennekens, C.H., et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1145–49.

Probstfield, J.L., Lin, T., Peters, J., & Hunninghake, D.B. Carotenoids and vitamin A: The effect of hypocholesterolemic agents on serum levels. Metabolism 1985;34:88–91.

Seddon, J.M., et al. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. JAMA 1994;272:1413–20.

ST JOHN’S WORT

Kasper, S., et al. Continuation and long-term maintenance treatment with Hypericum extract WS 5570 after recovery from an acute episode of moderate depression: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled long-term trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2008;18(11):803–13.

Linde, K., Berner, M.M., & Kriston, L. St John’s wort for major depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(4):CD000448.

Muller, T., et al. Treatment of somatoform disorders with St. John’s wort: A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trial. Psychosom Med 2004;66(4):538–47.

Randlov, C., et al. The efficacy of St. John’s Wort in patients with minor depressive symptoms or dysthymia: A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Phytomedicine 2006 Mar;13(4):215–21.

Saarto, T., & Wiffen, P.J. Antidepressants for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 Oct 17; (4):CD005454.

Schulz, V. Safety of St. John’s wort extract compared to synthetic antidepressants. Phytomedicine 2006 Feb;13(3):199–204.

Shelton, R.C., et al. Effectiveness of St John’s wort in major depression: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 4-18-2001;285(15):1978–86.

STRAWBERRY

Ballot, D., et al. The effects of fruit juices and fruits on the absorption of iron from a rice meal. Br J Nutr 1987;57(3):331–43.

Cheel, J., et al. E-cinnamic acid derivatives and phenolics from Chilean strawberry fruits, Fragaria chiloensis ssp. chiloensis. J Agric Food Chem 11-2-2005;53(22):8512–18.

Hannum, S.M. Potential impact of strawberries on human health: A review of the science. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2004;44(1):1–17.

Joseph, J.A., et al. Long-term dietary strawberry, spinach, or vitamin E supplementation retards the onset of age-related neuronal signal-transduction and cognitive behavioral deficits. J Neurosci 1998;18:8047–55.

Joseph, J.A., et al. Reversals of age-related declines in neuronal signal transduction, cognitive, and motor behavioral deficits with blueberry, spinach, or strawberry dietary supplementation. J Neurosci 1999;19:8114–21.

Lukasik, J., et al. Reduction of poliovirus 1, bacteriophages, Salmonella montevideo, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on strawberries by physical and disinfectant washes. J Food Prot 2003;66(2):188–93.

Meyers, K.J., Watkins, C.B., Pritts, M.P., & Liu, R.H. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of strawberries. J Agric Food Chem. 11-5 2003;51(23):6887–92.

Puupponen-Pimia, R., Nohynek, L., Alakomi, H.L., & Oksman-Caldentey, K.M. The action of berry phenolics against human intestinal pathogens. Biofactors 2005;23(4):243–51.

Ramos, S., Alia, M., Bravo, L., & Goya, L. Comparative effects of food-derived polyphenols on the viability and apoptosis of a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:1271–80.

Wang, S.Y., et al. Inhibitory effect on activator protein-1, nuclear factor-kappaB, and cell transformation by extracts of strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). J Agric Food Chem 2005;53:4187–93.

SWISS CHARD

Bolkent, S., et al. Effects of chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. Cicla) extract on pancreatic B cells in streptozotocin-diabetic rats: A morphological and biochemical study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000 Nov;73(1–2):251–59.

Calderón-Montaño, J.M., et al. A review on the dietary flavonoid kaempferol. Mini Rev Med Chem 2011 Apr;11(4):298–344.

Kugler, F., Stintzing, F.C., & Carle, R. Identification of betalains from petioles of differently colored Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. Cicla [L.] Alef. Cv. Bright Lights) by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ion. J Agric Food Chem 2004;52(10):2975–81.

Ozsoy-Sacan, O., et al. Effects of chard (Beta vulgaris L. var Cicla) on the liver of the diabetic rats: A morphological and biochemical study. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 2004;68(8):1640–48.

Pyoa, Y.H., et al. Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris ssp. Cycla) extracts. Food Chem 2004 March;85(1):19–26.

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Yanardag, R., et al. The effects of chard (Beta vulgaris L. var. Cicla) extract on the kidney tissue, serum urea and creatinine levels of diabetic rats. Phytother Res 2002 Dec;16(8):758–61.

THYME

Alissandrakis, E., Tarantilis, P.A., Harizanis, P.C., & Polissiou, M. Comparison of the volatile composition in thyme honeys from several origins in Greece. J Agric Food Chem 10-3-2007; 55(20):8152–57.

Charles, C.H., et al. Comparative efficacy of an antiseptic mouthrinse and an antiplaque/antigingivitis dentifrice: A six-month clinical trial. J Am Dent Assoc 2001;132(5):670–75.

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Dapkevicius, A., et al. Isolation and structure elucidation of radical scavengers from Thymus vulgaris leaves. J Nat Prod 2002;65(6):892–96.

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Haukali, G., & Poulsen, S. Effect of a varnish containing chlorhexidine and thymol (Cervitec) on approximal caries in 13- to 16-year-old schoolchildren in a low caries area. Caries Res 2003;37(3):185–89.

Kato, T., et al. Antibacterial effects of Listerine on oral bacteria. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll 1990;31:301–07.

Miura, K., Kikuzaki, H., & Nakatani, N. Antioxidant activity of chemical components from sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) measured by the oil stability index method. J Agric Food Chem 2002;50(7):1845–51.

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TOMATO

Clinton, S.K., et al. Cis-trans lycopene isomers, carotenoids, and retinol in the human prostate. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1996;5:823–33.

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Kristal, A., et al. Serum lycopene concentration and prostate cancer risk: Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(4):638–46.

Magbanua, M.J., et al. Gene expression and biological pathways in tissue of men with prostate cancer in a randomized clinical trial of lycopene and fish oil supplementation. PLoS One 2011;6(9):e24004.

McClean, C.M., et al. The impact of acute moderate intensity exercise on arterial regional stiffness, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant status in healthy males. Res Sports Med 2011;19(1):1–13.

Miyazawa, T., et al. Plasma carotenoid concentrations before and after supplementation with astaxanthin in middle-aged and senior subjects. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011;75(9):1856–58.

VALERIAN

Bent, S., et al. Valerian for sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med 2006;119:1005–12.

Bent, S., Patterson, M., & Garvin, D. Valerian for sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Alt Ther 2001;7:S4.

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Francis, A.J., & Dempster, R.J. Effect of valerian, Valeriana edulis, on sleep difficulties in children with intellectual deficits: Randomized trial. Phytomedicine 2002;9:273–79.

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Glass, J.R., et al. Acute pharmacological effects of temazepam, diphenhydramine, and valerian in healthy elderly subjects. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;23:260–68.

Leathwood, P.D., & Chauffard, F. Aqueous extract of valerian reduces latency to fall asleep in man. Planta Med 1985;2:144–48.

Leathwood, P.D., Chauffard, F., Heck, E., & Munoz-Box, R. Aqueous extract of valerian root (Valeriana officinalis L.) improves sleep quality in man. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1982;17:65–71.

Plushner, S.L. Valerian: Valerian officinalis. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000;57:328, 333, 335.

Poyares, D.R., Guilleminault, C., Ohayon, M.M., & Tufik, S. Can valerian improve the sleep of insomniacs after benzodiazepine withdrawal? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002;26:539–45.

Wheatley, D. Stress-induced insomnia treated with kava and valerian: Singly and in combination. Hum Psychopharmacol 2001;16:353–56.

WHEATGRASS

Ben Arye, E., et al. Wheatgrass juice in the treatment of active distal ulcerative colitis: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002;37(4):444–49.

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Marawaha, R.K., Bansal, D., Kaur, S., & Trehan, A. Wheatgrass juice reduces transfusion requirement in patients with thalassemia major: A pilot study. Indian Pediatr 2004;41(7):716–20.

Rauma, A.L., Nenonen, M., Helve, T., & Hanninen, O. Effect of a strict vegan diet on energy and nutrient intakes by Finnish rheumatoid patients. Eur J Clin Nutr 1993;47(10):747–49.