Index

Page numbers in italics indicate figures.

abandonment, 207. See also neglect
acclamation, 168
achievement, possibility of, 12
Adams, John, 63, 178
Adenaue, Konrad, 91
advertising, 232
AfD (Alternative für Deutschland), 39–40
affirmation, 213–215
affirmative action, 145
affluent society, 91
Affordable Care Act, 23
Africa, 258. See also individual countries
African Americans. See Black Americans
aged, care for, 241–242
agency. See efficacy, citizen
AIDS, public health response to, 256
Alcibiades, 173
Alexander, Jeff, 34
Algeria, 93
all, definition of, 129
Allen, Robert, 85, 266
Allende, Salvador, 108, 163, 262
Alternative für Deutschland (AfD), 39–40
Amazon, 122, 278. See also information and communication transformation
American dream, 157. See also meritocracy
American Indian Movement, 56, 127
American Indians, 54, 69, 106, 116, 126. See also indigenous populations
anarchists, 251
anger bank, 161
anti-elitism, 123
antifa, 227
anti-intellectualism, 102
antitrust law, 71
Anywheres, 135–136, 276
AOL, 278
Apple, 278
Arab Spring, 20, 162–163, 205, 262
Arendt, Hannah, 42, 59, 176
arete, 173
Argentina, 258
aristocratic inheritance, 144
Aristophanes, 170
Aristotle, 18, 21, 171, 173, 175, 260
Asia, 42, 258. See also China
assembly, 203. See also crowds; riots
associations, 80, 89, 99, 272; civil society organizations, 234–235; climate action and, 256; erosion of, 236, 249; importance of, 65; neoliberalism and, 117; newspapers and, 66; road travel and, 95. See also community; connections; organizations; social support; solidarity; unions
attention economy, 232
austerity programs, 32, 40, 131, 245. See also euro crisis
authenticity, 24, 105, 129–130, 131–142, 175, 220, 275–276; appeal of, 130; as form of individualism, 133; meritocracy and, 147; neglect of less fortunate, 139; Silicon Valley and, 137. See also autonomy; identity; individualism; self-sufficiency
authoritarian democracy, 166
authoritarianism, 22, 44, 179, 208, 258, 263; dynamics of, 265; information flow and, 232; nationalism and, 22; resurgence of, 261; surveillance by, 231. See also China; Soviet Union
authoritarian populism, 165
automation, 26, 31, 121, 136, 273–274. See also technology; work, transformation of
autonomy, 130. See also authenticity

backsliding, 20, 23, 38, 165. See also degenerations of democracy
banks, 120
Bannon, Steve, 166
Belgium, 93
benefits: demands for, 107; loss of, 101; retirement, 71, 90, 101, 119, 240, 242; in les trente glorieuses, 100. See also health insurance; retirement
Benioff, Mark, 125
Benjamin, Walter, 283
Bezos, Jeff, 123, 124, 125
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 166, 169, 179, 188, 192
Biden, Joe, 110, 138, 232, 244, 250
billionaires, 120, 123–124. See also elites
Bill of Rights, 52, 282
BJP (Bharatiya Janata Party), 166, 169, 179, 188, 192
Black Americans, 220, 222–223, 229; citizenship of, 53; Constitution and, 52–53; demands for equality of, 106; discrimination against, 57, 58; economic exclusion of, 100; empowerment and, 220; eugenics and, 148; exclusion of in New Deal, 249; GI Bill and, 57; great migration, 75; illth and, 116; mass incarceration and, 220, 228–229; police violence against, 37, 141–142, 205, 207, 226–227; recognition of, 140; veterans, 57, 58; wealth of, 126. See also civil rights movement; exclusion; slavery; voter suppression; voting rights
Black Lives Matter, 37, 142, 198, 207, 226, 251
Black men, 222–223, 229. See also Black Americans
Black Panthers, 206
Blair, Tony, 146, 274
Bolshevism, 46
Bolsonaro, Jair, 166, 168
Bourdieu, Pierre, 104, 146, 157
Bourdieu catch, 104–105, 106, 146, 185–186
bourgeois revolution, 276–278
Braunstein, Ruth, 213
Brazil, 166, 258
Bretton Woods, 92
Brexit, 1, 3, 4, 38, 103, 136, 157, 216, 230, 252, 262
Brighouse, Harry, 151
Britain: Brexit, 1, 3, 4, 38, 103, 136, 157, 216, 230, 262; collective identity in, 4; Conservatives against Labour, 36; Covid-19 response in, 14; democracy’s endurance in, 160; education in, 153; historical context and, 48; institutions in, 240; internal decay and corruption in, 262; money-politics in, 230; Reform Acts, 54; undemocratic institutions in, 160; voting rights in, 54. See also England
Brown v. Board of Education, 178
Bryan, William Jennings, 70, 119, 266
Buffett, Warren, 123, 124
“Build Back Better,” 250
bureaucracy, 25, 103–104, 106, 249
Burke, Edmund, 117
Bush, George H. W., 164
Bush, George W., 27
business: government economic engagement and, 99. See also companies; corporations
businesses, small and medium-sized, 255

Cambridge Analytica, 231, 233
campaigns, 26, 167, 169. See also elections
Canada, 4, 48, 218, 219. See also Quebec
Canetti, Elias, 199
capitalism, 9, 182, 268; changes in, 184, 249; compromise with democracy, 88, 97–102, 106, 268–269, 283 (See also trente glorieuses, les); disruption by, 82–87, 185
capitalism, crony, 26
capitalism, organized, 98–102, 121, 269, 273. See also trente glorieuses, les
capitalism, stakeholder, 113–114
capitalism, surveillance, 231
capital markets, 76
Capitol, assault on, 1, 208, 214–215, 223, 227, 262
care homes, 241–242
Carlson, Tucker, 280
cars, 95–96
censorship, 233
Census, US, 64
centralization, 74, 80, 236, 244, 249, 255, 256. See also decentralization
CEO compensation, 115
change, movements for, 203. See also social movements
changes, social, 7, 10, 85, 86, 87, 185–186, 195, 209, 217, 286. See also institutions; transformation; trente glorieuses, les
Chávez, Hugo, 166, 168
childcare, 101, 222. See also institutions
Chile, 108, 163, 258, 262, 274
China, 46, 130; authoritarian governance of, 14–15; Covid-19 and, 14–15; loss of, 93; Mandarin elite, 144; mass group incidents in, 198; model of government, 1–2, 164–165; predictions of democracy in, 22; rise of, 274; surveillance in, 231; totalitarian rule in, 42
Christensen, Clayton, 82
Christians, Evangelical, 228
cities, 70, 72, 75. See also cosmopolitanism
citizens, 49; corporations as, 114; disempowerment of (See disempowerment of citizens; efficacy, citizen). See also demos; “people”
citizenship: of Black Americans, 52–53; equal, decline of, 24–26; in India, 204; removing restrictions on, 53–58. See also equality; inclusion
Citizens United, 112, 114, 230
Civic Sphere, The (Alexander), 34
civic virtue, 2. See also social foundations of democracy
civility, 280
civil rights, 90. See also voting rights
Civil Rights Act of 1875, 54–55
Civil Rights Act of 1957, 55
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 97
civil rights movement, 56, 58, 94–95, 127, 176, 178, 194, 225. See also social movements
civil society, 272
Civil War, US, 54–55, 56–57, 225, 282
class, socioeconomic, 100. See also elites; inequality; middle class; nonelites; working class
class conflict, 24, 174, 182–186, 283
class consciousness of frequent flyers, 81–82
climate action, 128, 253
climate change, 10, 42, 209, 249. See also Green New Deal
Clinton, Bill, 28, 274
Clinton, Hillary, 157, 167, 212
coalitions, majority, 190–191. See also majoritarianism
cohesion, 15, 59, 60–61; achieving, 59; democracy’s need for, 134; loss of, 128; neoliberalism and, 117; in les trente glorieuses, 100. See also identity; public good; solidarity
Cold War, 89, 92, 93, 106, 274. See also trente glorieuses, les
collectivities: political capacity of, 173. See also demos; nonelites; “people”
college. See education, higher
colonialism, 93
colonialism, internal, 70
communication, 268. See also information and communication transformation; media
communism, 88, 91, 92, 134, 258, 269. See also China; Soviet Union
community, 16, 89; Anywheres, 135–136, 276; building new, 76; climate action and, 256; deindustrialization and, 122; erosion of, 2, 74, 96, 128, 209, 215, 218, 236, 239, 249; loss of young people, 74; neoliberalism and, 117; polarization in, 237–238; renewing, 85, 235–239; self-organized, 236, 238; Somewheres, 135–136, 276. See also associations; connections; mobility, geographic; relationships; solidarity; support systems
community, deliberative, 42–43
community, imagined, 176. See also “people”
companies. See business; corporations; employment; jobs; work
complacency, 8, 23
compromises, 271–272. See also trente glorieuses, les
conflict: between classes, 13, 24, 123, 161, 174, 181, 182–186, 283; culture wars, 275–276; social change and, 195. See also social tension
conformity, 272
Congo, 93
connections: democracy and, 81; economic ideology and, 78–79; erosion of, 2; media and, 235; national service and, 218, 236; need for, 217; renewal of democracy and, 257; republicanism and, 81. See also community; social connections; solidarity; support systems
connectivity, technologies of, 279. See also information and communication transformation
conservatism, 109
conservative label, 273. See also neoliberalism
conservatives, classical, 117
conspiracy theories, 208
Constitution, US, 21, 49, 50; amendments to, 281; Bill of Rights, 52, 282; Black Americans and, 52–53; contradictions in, 51–53, 57; discrimination in, 146–147; exclusion in, 51–52; First Amendment, 112, 114; Nineteenth Amendment, 53; overcoming contradictions in, 53–58; removing restrictions on citizenship in, 54–58; revision of, 52; Second Amendment, 52; task of, 62
constitutional-institutional strategy, 177
constitutions: erosion of democracy and, 264; republican, 50; undermining, 178–179
consumerism, 24, 91, 98
consumption, conspicuous, 151
coronavirus pandemic. See Covid-19 pandemic
corporate social responsibility, 112–114
corporations, 77–78, 111–118, 230, 273. See also business; employment; jobs; work
corruption, 2, 26, 154–156, 204, 211
cosmopolitanism, 81–82. See also cities
Cottom, Tressie McMillan, 155
Coughlin, Charles, 266
counter-powers, 44
coups d’état, 108, 163, 261–263
Covid-19 pandemic, 37, 123, 209; democracies and, 14–15; disempowerment of citizens and, 80; elites during, 81–82, 120, 139; health care workers and, 243; job losses and, 243–244; knowledge workers during, 278; polarization and, 208; recovery from, 10, 241, 244, 254; resilience and, 238; response to, 14–15; revelation of weaknesses by, 30, 239; service workers and, 243–244; technological transformation and, 279; vaccines and, 15, 244, 256, 280
creative class, 278
creativity, 121
crime, reproduction of, 228
crises: elites during, 123; euro crisis, 32, 40; financial crisis (2008–2009), 119, 120, 123, 131, 240, 274, 278; financialization and, 118–127; Great Depression, 90, 99, 247–249; neoliberalism and, 108–111; of 1970s, 106–127, 241, 272–273. See also climate change; Covid-19 pandemic
crowds, 194, 199–200, 211, 213–214. See also protests; riots
Crowds and Power (Canetti), 199
cultural capital, 104, 146, 156
cultural change, 217. See also social change
cultural fear, 40–41
culture, 41, 179. See also identity
culture wars, 275–276
cynicism, 12, 251

Dahl, Robert, 170
Dalit Panthers, 206
data collection, 67–69, 104, 230–233
Davis, Mike, 206
debt, student, 126, 155
decentralization, 236, 244
Declaration of Independence, 51–52, 58–63, 94
decolonization, 93
de Gaulle, Charles, 91
degenerations of democracy, 1–2, 16, 20, 31, 33–41, 193, 208–209, 218, 261
deindustrialization, 13, 87, 98, 113, 119, 121, 122, 249, 269. See also job loss
Deleuze, Gilles, 203
demagogues, 208, 213–216. See also populism; Trump, Donald J.
democracy, 18–19, 88, 126; adaptability of, 282; backsliding, 20, 23, 38, 165; compromise with capitalism, 88, 97–102, 106, 268–269, 283 (See also trente glorieuses, les); confidence in, 7–8; contradictions in, 53–58; excluding from economics, 110 (See also neoliberalism); expanding capitalism and, 182; failure of, 244; future of, 1, 209; goal of, 38; historical contexts and, 48; identifying, 19–20; legitimacy of, 240; maintaining appearance of, 264; modern vs. ancient, 30; moving toward, 20; need for social transformation, 209; as only legitimate form of government, 164 (See also legitimacy); as permanent struggle, 193; predictions of end of, 164; as process, 128; as project, 8–9, 17, 48; resistances to, 160, 162; as self-transforming, 286; survival of, 161; telic character of, 19–22, 27, 31, 32, 48, 128, 160, 186, 281–283; undermined from within, 165, 262, 263–265; uneven progress by, 282; versions of, 159 (See also democracy, ugly); views of, 18–19, 21, 61–62; vulnerabilities of, 261, 265. See also degenerations of democracy; renewal of democracy; social foundations of democracy
democracy, Athenian, 170–172, 282
democracy, authoritarian, 166
democracy, direct, 61
democracy, failed, 17, 178–179, 244
democracy, illegitimate, 165
democracy, illiberal, 41, 166, 190, 265
democracy, representative, 26–28, 192–193
democracy, rigged, 41, 46. See also Iran; Russia; Turkey
democracy, social. See social democracy
democracy, ugly, 11, 165, 166–167, 178, 196, 264–265
Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 174
democratic breakdowns, 162, 163. See also degenerations of democracy
democratic crisis, 265
democratic method, 169
democratic recessions, 163. See also degenerations of democracy
democratic regeneration. See renewal of democracy
democratic socialism, 90, 209. See also social democracy
democratic theater, 264
democratic transitions, 7–8, 162–164, 258–259, 274, 278
Democratic Vistas (Whitman), 186
demonstrations, 204. See also direct action; protests
demos, 18, 49, 60; capacity for participation, 172; liberal anxiety about, 170–174; loss of cohesion, 128; Plato’s image of, 199; recalling and remaking, 161–162, 178–180 (See also renewal of democracy); redescribed, 37 (See also exclusion; populism); taming, 172, 176–178; translation of, 19. See also citizens; nonelites; “people”
Denmark, 36
depersonalization, 76
deprivation, 31–33. See also job loss; unemployment
deregulation, 115, 120, 269. See also neoliberalism
deskilling, 121
DeVos, Betsy, 155
Dewey, John, 65, 172, 237
dialectical image of democracy, 283
Diamond, Larry, 162, 179, 260
differences, accepting, 133
digital divide, 280
direct action, 182, 194–200, 201, 275; acceptable vs. unacceptable, 197–198; anxiety about, 196; appeal of, 202; in Europe, 207; in India, 201–202; location and addressee of, 203–204; molar, 203, 204–205; molecular, 203–204, 205–206, 207; temporal horizons of, 202–203, 204; violence and, 195. See also crowds; mobilization; protests; riots; social movements
disabilities, citizens with, 133, 140
discipline, 28, 104, 105, 106
discontent, 197–198, 201, 203, 207. See also direct action; frustration; protests; riots
Discovery of India, The (Nehru), 186
discrimination: authenticity and, 132; in Constitution, 146–147; loss of efficacy and, 185. See also inequality
disembedding, 49, 74–77. See also mobility, geographic
disempowerment of citizens, 3, 6, 9, 13, 126–127, 128; information flow and, 232; markets and, 79; meritocracy and, 150, 157; systemic organization of social life and, 80. See also efficacy, citizen; empowerment; inequality; voter suppression
disengagement from political system, 28, 180. See also efficacy, citizen
disinformation, 280
display, mutual, 206
disruption: by capitalism, 82–87; by Industrial Revolution, 74, 83–84, 89–90; responses to, 90 (See also movement, double); solutions to in les trente glorieuses, 128
dissent, suppression of, 235
distancing from politics, 180. See also efficacy, citizen
diversity, 217. See also inclusion
double movement. See movement, double
Dred Scott, 52
drug abuse, 228, 229, 269
drug prices, 228–229
Duterte, Rodrigo, 166, 168

ecological responsibility, 32, 128. See also climate action
economic relations, organization of, 79
economics, voodoo, 27
economy, stagnant, 118, 272–273
education, 50, 101, 240; artificial scarcity and, 149–150; capacity for participation and, 172; climate action and, 253; democracy and, 65; discrimination in, 146–147; expansion of opportunities, 146; failure to improve, 244; hidden curriculum, 104; investment in, 148; meritocracy and, 144, 145–147, 148–150; mobility and, 135; neoliberalism and, 118, 240–241; during postwar boom, 153; racial restrictions on, 94; reproduction of inequalities by, 104–105; required for work, 105; service to public, 245; sorting and, 105, 152. See also institutions
education, higher: academic research by, 234; access to, 219; admissions scandal, 154–155; competition for rankings, 153–154; cost of, 153–154; GI Bill, 57, 101, 153; hierarchy in, 152, 153–154, 155–156; importance to democracy, 234; inequality of, 150; less rich students in, 155; necessity of, 155; paying for, 126, 155; prestige and, 149; for-profit institutions, 126, 155; prosperity and, 219–220; public support for, 151; renewal of democracy and, 245; restructuring, 234; tuition, 154
educational attainment, 91
efficacy, citizen: decline of, 22–33, 37, 38–39, 45, 47, 136, 180, 182, 202, 248 (See also disempowerment of citizens); deprivation and, 31–33; dual tracks of, 184–185; enhancing, 180; during Great Depression, 247–249; loss of confidence in representative system, 26–28; nonparticipation and, 31; opacity and, 29; restoring, 185, 219; sense of, 184–185
efficiency, 14, 246. See also neoliberalism
Egypt, 163, 204, 205, 262
Eisenhower, Dwight, 95
elderly, provision for, 241–242
election fraud, claims of, 215, 224, 232, 262, 280
elections, 21, 193, 209; access to, 223, 224–225; centrality of, 170; erosion of democracy and, 263–264; fear of, 168; identifying democracy and, 19; improving, 223–226; liberal anxiety about, 190; media and, 230–231, 232; money and, 230; questioning of, 215; rigged, 41–42, 284; ugly democracies and, 166–167; views of, 189–190. See also campaigns; participation; Trump, Donald J.; voter turnout; voting rights
electoral college, 168
electoral districts, 224
electoral fallacy, 178
electoral method, 169
electorates. See citizens; “people”
electrification, 95
elites, 25, 82; billionaires, 120, 123–124; conspicuous consumption by, 151; control exercised by, 177; during Covid-19 pandemic, 81–82, 120, 139; during crises, 123; distorted views of social reality, 141; dominance of newly emergent democracies, 160; globalization and, 10; justification of inequailty by, 156; meritocracy and, 150–151; mobility of, 81–82; relation with nonelites, 13, 123, 161, 181 (See also inequality; populism); rule by, 20–21; self-dealing by, 212
employment: full, 223; reliance on benefits from, 101; secondary benefits of, 98; service sector, 122; tax reduction and, 32; transformation of, 243, 249–250. See also jobs; wages; work
empowerment, 3, 237; freedoms and, 51; technology and, 279; of women, 221–222. See also disempowerment of citizens
engagement, 179, 180. See also participation
Engels, Friedrich, 82, 85
Engels’s pause, 85, 86, 122, 182, 193–194, 196, 266. See also movement, double
England: democracy’s emergence in, 160; Midlands, 73. See also Britain
English Civil War, 210
Enron, 242
environmental degradation, 106, 249. See also climate change; Green New Deal
environmentalists, 253
environmental movement, 32, 128. See also climate action
equality, 21, 32, 90, 271, 286; critiques of, 171; as democratic goal, 142–143; drive toward, 174–175; freedom and, 134–135; vs. inclusion, 140; maintaining established privilege and, 97; of opportunity, 138; public good and, 240; sharing, 62; solidarity and, 133; in les trente glorieuses, 100, 102. See also citizenship; inclusion; participation; social justice; social movements
equality, gender, 35, 106, 221
equality, racial, 95. See also civil rights movement
equals, society of, 171
Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 166, 168, 190, 200. See also Turkey
essentialism, 130. See also authenticity
estate tax, 124–125
ethnonationalism, 186–189, 261. See also exclusion; “people”; populism
EU (European Union), 92–93, 103. See also Brexit
eugenics movement, 147–148
euro crisis, 32, 40. See also austerity programs
Europe: cynicism in, 251; direct action in, 207; exclusion in, 39–40, 248; housing in, 96; integrated economic development, 92; interwar years, 261; nativism in, 39–40; populism in, 45; reconstruction of, 95; during les trente glorieuses, 249; xenophobia in, 41. See also individual countries
Europe, Eastern, 20, 93, 162, 258
European Union (EU), 92–93, 103. See also Brexit
eviction, resisting, 202
exceptions, 146
exclusion, 6, 40–41, 129, 229; attempt to define “real” people by, 211; in Constitution, 51–52; digital divide, 280; in Europe, 39–40; false moralization and, 34; GI Bill and, 101; higher education and, 150; in housing, 96; idea of national people and, 176; moral reason and, 35; in New Deal, 249; during les trente glorieuses, 272; unions and, 86; waves of, 33–41, 45; in workplace, 100. See also Black Americans; immigrants; meritocracy; “people”; populism; racism; voting rights; women; xenophobia
expectations, democracy and, 8
experimentation: cultural / personal, 91; in greater democracy, 247–250
externalities, 116–118, 185

Facebook, 231, 233, 279. See also information and communication transformation; media
Fair Housing Act of 1968, 96
fairness, 21. See also inclusion
false dawn, 259
families, 239. See also community; relationships
family structure, 96–97
family wage, 101, 223
famines, 15
Fanon, Franz, 51
Farm Aid, 71
farmers’ movements, 70, 119
fascism, 263, 269
Federalist Society, 226
Federal Reserve Bank, 118–119
feminism, 32, 251. See also women
film production, racial bias in, 142
financial crisis (2009–2011), 119, 120, 123, 131, 241, 274, 278
financial institutions, 120, 121
financialization, 12, 25, 118–127, 130, 245, 249, 273–274
Financial Times (London), 139
First Amendment, 112, 114
Five Star movement (Italy), 27
Floyd, George, 37, 141, 207, 226
Fordism, 98, 118, 272
Fortuyn, Pym, 35
fossil fuels, dependence on, 95
Foucault, Michel, 104
Foucault catch, 104–105
foundations for democracy. See social foundations of democracy
founders, US, 21, 50, 61–62
Fox News, 28, 214–215, 280
fragmentation, 24. See also partisanship; polarization
France: colonies of, 93; Covid-19 response in, 14; democracy’s emergence in, 160; French identity, 72; Front National / Rassemblement National, 36, 38, 45; historical context and, 48; Macron, 216; republics in, 50–51, 160; rural life in, 72–73; voting rights in, 54; welfare state, 73; xenophobia in, 36; Yellow Vest protests /gilets jaunes, 72, 207
franchise. See suffrage, universal; voting rights
freedom, 129, 286; citizen empowerment and, 51; democracy’s need for, 134; economic goals as, 92; as equal freedom of all, 129; equality and, 134–135; expressive, 105; individual, 12, 13; public good and, 240
Freedom House, 129
French Revolution, 50, 62, 190, 199, 286
Freud, Sigmund, 199
Friedman, Milton, 112–113, 273
Front National, 36, 45
frustration: blame for, 222; with bureaucracies, 103; inequality and, 134; limits to democracy and, 9; meritocracy and, 157. See also opacity; protests; social movements
fuel prices, 72, 207
Fukuyama, Francis, 164, 259

Galbraith, John Kenneth, 91
Gandhi, Indira, 169
Gandhi, Mohandas, 194
Gates, Bill, 76, 123
gay rights movement. See LGBTQ community
GDP. See gross domestic product
gender, renewal of democracy and, 220–223. See also equality
gender norms, 57–58
gender roles, 97, 104
Germany: AfD, 39–40; Covid-19 response in, 14; democracy in, 17; exclusion in, 39–40; historical context and, 48; nativism in, 39–40; populism in, 40; Social Democratic Party, 101; Weimar Republic, 261, 262
Germany, Nazi, 17, 148, 263
gerrymandering, 44, 224. See also voter suppression
Gettysburg Address, 55, 56, 58, 81, 181
Ghana, 93
GI Bill, 57, 101, 153
gig economy, 278. See also precarity; Uber
Gilded Age, 20, 71
gilets jaunes (Yellow Vest protests), 72, 207
Glass-Steagall Act, 120
globalization, 10, 13, 25, 26, 30, 87, 122, 130, 245, 249, 268, 269, 273–274, 284; beginning of, 92; job loss and, 31; people left behind by, 136. See also neoliberalism
global warming. See climate change
good, public. See public good
Goodhart, David, 135, 136, 276
Google, 279. See also information and communication transformation
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 164
governance, good, 164
government: distrust of, 102, 244; investment in capitalist growth, 98–99; lack of regulation by, 115; markets and, 79–80; neoliberal policies implemented by, 118; responsibility for conditions for democracy, 115; unions and, 99; wellbeing as object of, 102
government, minimalist, 108–109, 117. See also neoliberalism
government, mixed, 173–174, 260
Great Britain. See Britain
Great Depression, 90, 99, 247–249. See also New Deal
Great Downgrade, 23, 32, 33, 37, 47. See also backsliding; efficacy, citizen; 1970s
Great Transformation, The (Polanyi), 85, 194
Greece, 40, 93, 160, 162, 207, 258, 274
greed, 106, 130. See also neoliberalism
Green New Deal, 250–251, 252–255, 285
gross domestic product (GDP), 115–116
growth, economic, 270; after Second World War (See trente glorieuses, les); climate action and, 253; end of, 107 (See also 1970s); environmental damage caused by, 106; free markets and, 29; government investment in, 98–99; return to after pandemic, 244; social transformation and, 97. See also neoliberalism

Habermas, Jürgen, 34
happiness, pursuit of, 62, 286
Harper, Stephen, 34
Hastie, William, 128
have-nots, 136
Hayek, Friedrich, 109, 110, 131, 269
health, public, 90, 101, 228–229, 241, 256
health care, 23, 98, 101, 150, 212, 230, 240, 244; access to, 228–229; climate action and, 253; control over crucial decisions, 246; during Covid-19 pandemic, 239, 243, 244; cuts to, 119; efficiency in, 14; employment and, 98; failure to improve, 244; failure to invest in, 241–242; neoliberalism and, 109, 239, 241–242; universal, 229, 241, 245; workers needed by, 243. See also institutions; public good; public health; service workers
health insurance, 89, 90, 101, 109, 247. See also institutions; welfare, social
hedge funds, 120
Hegel, G. W. F., 259
heteronormativity, 151
hierarchy, 149, 151, 152, 153, 155–156, 280–281. See also inequality
Hispanic populations: exclusion of, 229; illth and, 116; police violence and, 229; wealth and, 126
history, end of, 259
Hochschild, Arlie, 36
Hollinger, David, 188
Hollywood, racial bias in, 142
home ownership, 96
homo economicus, 273, 274, 275. See also neoliberalism
homosexuality: as identity, 132–133. See also LGBTQ community
housing, 94, 96
How Democracies Die (Levitsky and Ziblatt), 163, 164
human capital, 83
Hume, David, 194–195
Hungary, 41, 45, 46, 165, 166, 190, 264. See also Orbán, Viktor
Huntington, Samuel P., 162, 170
hyper-partisanship, 3, 5, 126. See also polarization

ideals, 56
identity, 24, 33–35, 130, 132, 175, 186, 187, 211, 235. See also authenticity; cohesion; exclusion; inclusion; “people”
identity, American, 4, 55
identity, British, 4
identity, French, 72
identity, mixed-race, 142
identity, political, 45, 60. See also polarization; populism
identity, shared, 2, 4, 60. See also cohesion; “people”; social foundations of democracy
identity politics, 140, 265, 275
Ignatieff, Michael, 165
illth, 115–116
IMF (International Monetary Fund), 92
immigrants, 12, 40, 217; accusations against, 216; economic exclusion of, 100; eugenics and, 148; hostility to, 13; illth and, 116; as threat to “people,” 187. See also exclusion
immigration, 71, 75–76, 216. See also migration
imperialism, 70, 160. See also settler societies
incarceration, mass, 62, 220, 228–229
inclusion, 4, 11, 32, 97; backlash against, 219; connections and, 219, 238; demands for, 107; vs. economic equality, 140; failures of, 3, 6, 126, 212–213; hierarchical incorporation, 280–281; informal, 4; media and, 238; movement activity and, 285; politics of recognition and, 140–142; problems of, 127; progress in, 219; social foundation for, 238; socioeconomic, 88; solidarity and, 129; as telic concept, 21; without changing structures of inequality, 219. See also equality; fairness; social movements; solidarity; voting rights
income subsidies, 223
India, 2, 11, 93, 209; anticorruption campaigns, 204; anti-rape protests, 204; BJP, 166, 169, 179, 188, 192; citizenship law, 204; Congress Party, 191, 192; Covid-19 response in, 14; democratization in, 258; election system in, 169; electoral politics in, 191–192; ethnonational pull in, 188; Hindu majoritarian agenda in, 192; liberals in, 169; Modi, 166, 168, 169, 190, 200; population of, 64; slums in, 201–204; struggle over meaning of “We, the people” in, 188–189
Indian Removal Act, 54
indigenous populations, 69, 93, 229. See also American Indians
individual, vs. crowd, 200
individualism: authenticity as form of, 133; entrepreneurial, 278; expressive, 132, 137, 269, 276; forms of, 132; increase in, 24; liberal, 217; possessive, 12, 132, 177, 276. See also authenticity; liberalism, expressive
Indo-Chinese peninsula, 42
Indonesia, 93
Industrial Revolution, 74, 83–84, 89–90
industry, 84, 121, 122. See also deindustrialization; job loss; work, transformation of
inequality, 2, 3, 6, 19, 30, 47, 79, 123–124, 125–126, 183, 184, 209; addressing, 185; authenticity and, 132; Covid-19 and, 14, 15; as desirable, 113; digital divide, 280; distribution of, 130, 140; education and, 149–150, 152; as fair, 105; in Gilded Age, 71; inclusion and, 219; increase in, 23, 26, 31, 128, 129, 218, 240; justification of, 156; loss of efficacy and, 185; meritocracy and, 143–145, 148; neoliberalism and, 14, 106, 138–139, 239; as permanent challenge for democracy, 283; perpetuation of, 104–105, 148; populism and, 210; problems with, 122; reducing, 89; struggle against, 186; technology and, 280; under Trump presidency, 23. See also class conflict; elites; meritocracy; nonelites; poor
inflation, 118–119, 272–273
information, 29. See also media; social media
information and communication transformation, 78, 233–235, 270–271, 284; blamed for democratic crisis, 265; empowerment and, 279; journalism and, 233–235; lack of regulation and, 232–233; neoliberalism’s alignment with, 278–281. See also social media
information flow, 232
infrastructure, 95–96, 268
innovation, 91. See also information and communication transformation
insecurity, personal, 218
instability, 210, 218
institutions, 101, 209, 244; anger at, 105; biases in, 58; changes in, 29; declining trust in, 102; democracy’s need for, 211; emphasis on, 178–179; functions of, 89; loss of, 209, 218, 235–236, 239; neoliberalism and, 106, 240–241, 249; New Deal and, 248–249; undermining of, 167, 178–179. See also centralization; decentralization; health care; support systems; welfare, social
institutions, counter-majoritarian, 177–178. See also Supreme Court, US
insurance, 120. See also health insurance
integration, 73–74, 77–78. See also inclusion
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 92
Interstate Highway System, 95
interwar years, 261
investment banking, 120, 146
investors, 115, 120
invisibility, 141
Iran, 41–42, 161, 188, 264
isegoria, 170–171, 184
Italy, 27

Jackson, Andrew, 53, 54
Jacksonian Revolution, 20
Jamaica, 93
Japan, 92
Jefferson, Thomas, 69, 73, 168, 268
job loss, 26–27, 30, 39, 58, 84, 90, 243–244
jobs: crisis of, 32; education required for, 105; importance of, 223; knowledge workers, 278; racial restrictions on, 94; reliance on benefits from, 101; service sector, 122, 242–243, 244, 249–250; supporting families and, 223; transitional occupations, 83. See also employment; wages; work
job security, 222
job shortage, 216
journalism, 66, 233–235
judiciary: denial of social justice by, 194, 195; packed by ruling party, 264; policymaking by, 212; voting rights and, 225. See also Supreme Court, US
justice, 151

Kaczyński, Jarosław, 166
Kennedy, John F., 56, 61
Keynes, John Maynard, 83
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 56, 94, 176, 194, 195, 203, 284
Klein, Ezra, 5
knowledge workers, 278
Koch Brothers, 32
Korea, 93
Korea, North, 42
Kurds, 46

labor movement, 251
Lachman, Richard, 125
Laclau, Ernesto, 187
Lafort, Claude, 187
laissez-faire, 111
Latin America, 162, 163, 258. See also individual countries
Latinos / Latinas. See Hispanic populations
law, rule of, 22, 49, 178, 257. See also stability
leadership, US, 210
Le Bon, Gustave, 199
Left, political, 101. See also communism
Left Behind, 135–136
legitimacy, 164, 165, 172, 173, 174–175, 264
Le Pen, Marine, 36, 38
Levitsky, Steven, 163, 165, 178
LGBTQ community, 32, 35, 127, 140. See also homosexuality; social movements
liability, limited, 111, 112
liberalism, classical, 12
liberalism, double, 136
liberalism, expressive, 12, 13, 130. See also individualism, expressive
liberal package, 190
liberals, 168, 169, 170–174, 190
liberty, 51, 271, 286
Libya, 163
life expectancy, 195
Limbaugh, Rush, 214
Lincoln, Abraham, 55, 56, 58, 81, 181
Lippmann, Walter, 172
literacy, 153, 196
loans, 120. See also debt, student
lobbying, 245
local, 82. See also community; rural life
Long, Huey, 266
López Obrador, Andrés Manuel, 190
Loughlin, Lori, 154
loyalty, 60
Luddites, 83, 122
luxury goods, 139, 154

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 181, 199, 268
Macpherson, C. B., 132, 177
Macron, Emmanuel, 216
Madison, James, 61, 65, 189
Maduro, Nicolás, 166
maidan, phenomena of, 204–205
majoritarianism, 3, 166, 169, 179, 181, 189–193, 212, 217; desire for permanence, 43–44, 191, 225, 257 (See also polarization; populism); evils of, 191; vs. majority rule, 190–191; republics and, 62
majorities, national, 4
majority, 42, 43, 61
majority rule, 43–44, 46, 190–191
majority status, 4
males, white, 100–101
manufacturing, 84, 121, 122. See also deindustrialization; job loss; work, transformation of
Marcos, Ferdinand, 168
marginalized communities, 178, 207. See also Black Americans; efficacy, citizen; Hispanic populations; immigrants; LGBTQ community; women
market failures, 110
market fundamentalism, 109–111, 117, 273. See also neoliberalism
market logic, 182. See also capitalism
markets, 16, 29–30, 240; disembedded, 76, 77; disempowerment of citizens and, 79; government and, 79–80; in neoliberalism, 109–111; public good and, 239–240; re-embedding, 76; as socially organized systems, 80; unthinking faith in, 30. See also deregulation; neoliberalism
markets, capital, 76
Markey, Ed, 253
Marshall, John, 111
Marshall Plan, 92
Marx, Karl, 82, 174, 183, 206
masculinity, 222
masses. See demos; nonelites; “people”
mass gatherings, 200. See also crowds
mass group incidents, 198
McCarthy, Joseph, 91
McKinsey & Company, 142
media, 212, 270–271, 279; affirmative, 234; changes in, 68; control of, 28–29; Fox News, 28, 32, 214–215, 280; hierarchical incorporation and, 280–281; inclusion and, 238; independence of, 234; invisibility of Black people in, 142; new, 17, 232–233; old / legacy, 16–17, 69, 233–234, 270; populism and, 32, 213; siloed, 5–6; Tocqueville on, 66; transformation of, 270 (See also information and communication transformation); Trump and, 28, 214–215; in ugly democracy, 167; as vehicles of pseudocommunity, 235. See also information and communication transformation; social media
membership, 129. See also inclusion
men, 221–222, 223
men, Black, 62, 220, 222–223. See also Black Americans
meritocracy, 105, 106, 137, 143, 175, 219, 245, 265, 276–278; as antidemocratic, 157; appeal of, 130; corruption and, 152, 154; defined, 130, 144; disempowerment by, 150, 157; education and, 144, 145–147, 148–150; elite and, 150–151; eugenics and, 148; inequality and, 143–145, 148; public good and, 150–152; resentment and, 157; The Rise of the Meritocracy, 158; Silicon Valley and, 137; solidarity undermined by, 151
#MeToo movement, 141, 221, 251
Mexico, 190
Microsoft, 278
middle class: erosion of, 123; growth of, 100; in India, 209; meritocracy and, 144; during les trente glorieuses, 91
migration, 10, 85. See also immigrants; mobility, geographic
military rule, 262–263
military service, 16
minimalist government, 108–109, 117. See also neoliberalism
minimum wage, 110, 221
minorities: demands for inclusion, 107; Supreme Court and, 178; as threat to “people,” 187; voter suppression and, 224–225. See also Black Americans; Hispanic populations; immigrants; women
misinformation, 227, 280
mobility, geographic, 74, 75, 81–82, 96, 134, 156. See also disembedding
mobility, social, 32, 135, 156–157
mobilization, 167–168, 251, 275; around problems, 237; climate action and, 253–254; of disaffected nonvoters, 180; ephemeral, 251; global, 255–256; vs. persuasion, 167–168. See also direct action
Modi, Narendra, 166, 168, 169, 190, 200
money: politics and, 230; power and, 122
monitoring, 67–69, 231. See also surveillance
monopolies, 71, 279
moralization, false, 34, 39
Morgan, Edmund, 187
mortgage and loan industry, 120
movement, double, 49, 85–87, 100, 127, 193, 212, 254, 266. See also Engels’s pause
Movement for Black Lives, 198
movements, national, 238
movements, social. See social movements
moving, 75, 134. See also disembedding; mobility, geographic
Mubarak, Hosni, 168
Mugabe, Robert, 168
Musk, Elon, 124, 125
Muslims, 35
myths, 72

narrative, 186, 187
National Association for Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 178
nationalism, 10, 22, 134, 188
national service, 218, 236
Native Americans, 54, 69, 106, 116, 126
Native peoples, 69, 93, 229
nativism, 39–40, 45. See also immigrants; immigration; xenophobia
Nazis, 17, 148, 263
neglect, 7, 38, 39–40. See also efficacy, citizen
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 186
neoliberal dispensation, 183
neoliberalism, 12–13, 26, 28, 131–142, 217, 269, 284; connections among people and, 78; corporations in, 111–116; crises and, 108–111; deindustrialization and, 113; externalities and, 116–118; inequality and, 14, 106, 138–139; insecurity and, 218; institutions and, 106, 240–241, 249–250; market fundamentalism of, 109–111, 273; mass incarceration and, 228; meritocracy and, 130; mythology of, 32; property rights and, 109, 117, 138; prosperity gospel of, 135; public good and, 113, 117, 239–246; response to financial crises and, 131; spread of, 30; technological transformation and, 278–281; true costs of, 30 (See also health care; inequality)
Netherlands, 35, 93
New Deal, 88, 90, 95, 97, 110, 248–249, 285
newspapers, 66, 270. See also media
new world order, 259
New York Times, 214
New Zealand, 15
9 / 11 attacks, 274
1970s, 106–127, 241, 272–273. See also financialization
1960s, 103, 104, 106
Nixon, Richard, 107
nonelites, 174; ability of system to help, 28; relation with elites, 13, 123, 161, 181 (See also inequality; populism)
nonparticipation, 31
nonviolence, 194
normative, 186, 187
norms, 53, 179, 211
nostalgia, 209
nuclear disarmament, 93

Obama, Barack, 31, 44, 167
Ocasio-Cortez, Alexandra, 253
Occupy Wall Street, 27, 205, 266
oil crisis, 107
1 percent, 116, 125. See also elites
opacity, 27–30, 280–281
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), 107
opiate epidemic, 122, 269
opinion, power of, 195
opportunity, 156, 229, 265; disembedding and, 75; equality of, 138, 276; restrictions on, 145; in les trente glorieuses, 100; wealth and, 125–126. See also meritocracy
opposition, in ugly democracy, 167
optimism, 94, 103, 251
Orbán, Viktor, 41, 45, 165, 166, 168, 190. See also Hungary
organization, social, 74–77
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 107
organizations, 89. See also associations
Ortega y Gasset, José, 199
other, 27, 36. See also exclusion; immigrants
outsiders, 47. See also exclusion; immigrants

Pakistan, 262–263
Paris Commune, 199
participation, 64, 179; anxiety over, 170; capacity for, 171–172; decline in, 23, 25; of disaffected nonvoters, 180; learning, 65; by welfare recipients, 28. See also disengagement from political system; elections; equality; voter turnout; voting rights
parties, political. See political parties
partisanship, 3, 5–6, 60, 126. See also polarization
Pateman, Carole, 170, 172
patriotism, constitutional, 34
Patterson, Orlando, 51
peace, 97, 127
pensions, 71, 90, 101, 119, 242. See also institutions; welfare, social
“people,” 19, 181, 186–189; cohesion of, 60–61 (See also cohesion; public good); in Declaration of Independence, 58; definitions of, 27; degenerative tendencies and, 187–189; direct action and, 204; disaggregating, 177; dumbing down, 27; as equals, 20; renewal of democracy and, 281; understandings of, 175–177, 187. See also demos; identity; nonelites; populism; solidarity
People’s Party, 267
performance, 150, 213–215. See also meritocracy
personal protective equipment, 246
persuasion, vs. mobilization, 167–168
Pettit , Philip, 51
pharmaceutical industry, 228–229, 245
Philippines, 93, 166
Pinochet, Augusto, 108, 163, 274
place. See community
Plato, 18, 170, 171–173, 183, 199, 213
poiesis, 286
Poland, 41, 46–47, 166, 264
Polanyi, Karl, 9, 49, 74, 76–77, 85, 100, 127, 182, 193–194, 196, 269
polarization, 5–6, 10, 23, 24, 42–47, 127, 188, 209, 212, 215, 253, 275; Covid-19 pandemic and, 208; in local communities, 237–238; media and, 214–215; populism and, 136. See also majority; partisanship
police reform movements, 227–228
policing, unequal, 37, 141–142, 198, 205, 207, 226–229. See also Black Lives Matter
politeia, 18, 173, 260. See also government, mixed
political integration, 92–93. See also European Union (EU)
political parties, 238; in Europe, 216; frustrations with, 216; loss of power, 251; nationalist, 251; polarization of, 215; populism and, 213; social democratic, 27, 215, 251, 255
politicians, 5
politics: money and, 230; purpose of, 117–118
poor, 25, 148. See also inequality; nonelites
Poor People’s Campaign, 94
popular classes. See demos; nonelites
popular sovereignty, 174, 175, 189, 193, 267, 284
populism, 3, 6–7, 13, 23, 44, 119, 128, 131, 210–217, 261, 274, 283; accusations by, 211; authoritarian, 165; backlash and, 281; crowds and, 200; demagogues and, 216; democracy’s problems blamed on, 210, 265–268; effects of, 27; ethnonationalism and, 189; in Europe, 45; in Germany, 40; historical, 53, 55, 70, 210, 266, 267; identifying and dealing with issues of, 215–217; identity claims in, 211; ideology and, 267; inclusion vs. exclusion in, 38; intrinsic to democratic project, 267–268; Jackson, 20, 54; in low-density areas, 73; political implications of, 38; political parties and, 213, 216; as reactive, 212, 266; surge of, 32; susceptibility to, 33; in United States, 39. See also Brexit; exclusion; Trump, Donald J.
populist democracy, 166
Portland, Oregon, 226–227
Portugal, 93, 162, 258, 274
postwar era, 88. See also trente glorieuses, les
poverty, 130. See also nonelites; poor
poverty reduction, 89, 99, 113
power: constitutions and, 49–50; corporations organized for, 112; economic relations organized by, 79; money and, 122; peaceful transition of, 168; permanent, 257; sources of, 22–23
power, balance of, 18, 50
powerlessness, 25, 42, 202, 207. See also disempowerment of citizens; efficacy, citizen; exclusion
precarity, 126, 184, 202, 209, 218, 279
precedence, assumptions of, 36–37, 38
press, free, 50
priorities, 246
prisons, 62, 228–229
privilege, 130, 144, 145, 147
production, relocation of, 74, 84. See also deindustrialization
progress, 83–84
Progressives, 20
property, freedom of, 90
property, private, 108, 109, 117–118, 138, 240. See also corporations; neoliberalism
prosperity gospel, 135. See also meritocracy
protests, 27, 201, 251, 284; antifascist, 227; Black Lives Matter, 37, 198, 207, 226–227, 251; discipline and, 205; ephemeral, 284; of 1960s, 103, 104; response to, 226–227, 264; vs. riots, 198; temporalities of, 202–203. See also crowds; direct action; social movements
pseudo-democracy, 166
public, idea of, 49
public good, 2, 50, 59–61, 63, 235; commitment to, 15; democracy and, 240; idea of, 49; inclusion and, 141; majority’s neglect of, 61; meritocracy and, 150–152; neoliberalism and, 113, 117, 239–246; prioritizing, 61; provision of public services and, 241–242; working for, 233. See also cohesion; health care; social foundations of democracy
public goods, 63. See also equality; solidarity
public health, 90, 101, 228–229, 241, 256
public services. See institutions; public good
public sphere, 235
public transit, 96
Putin, Vladimir, 166
Putnam, Robert, 65
Pygmalion (Shaw), 143

QAnon, 29
Quebec, 33, 35, 40, 216. See also Canada

race riots, 205
racial exclusion, 223. See also exclusion; voting rights
racial oppression, 226
racial purity, 148
racism, 13, 53, 58, 94, 141, 142, 228. See also civil rights movement; exclusion; inclusion; social movements
railroads, 95–96, 118
rallies, 204. See also direct action
Rand, Ayn, 45
rape, 204
Rassemblement National, 36, 38, 45
Rawls, John, 183
Reagan, Ronald, 27, 108, 274
recognition, 140–142, 265
Reconstruction, 54, 225
redress, options for, 196. See also direct action; judiciary
Red Scare, 91
re-embedding, 76–77
reform, 88, 248. See also social foundations of democracy
refugees, 40
regulations, 88, 99, 114, 115. See also deregulation; social foundations of democracy
relationships, 77, 80, 85; climate change and, 254; in communities, 237–238; companies and, 98; media and, 235; neoliberalism and, 117. See also associations; community; connections; solidarity; support systems
relief, immediate, 201
religion, 16, 35, 132, 145, 222, 228
relocation of production, 74, 84, 121. See also deindustrialization
renewal of democracy, 2, 218–246; communities, 235–239; experiments in greater democracy, 247–250; gender and, 219–223; higher education and, 245; money and media, 230–235; money and politics, 230; overcoming neoliberal bias against public good, 239–246; “people” and, 281; policing and, 226–229; protests and, 284; recalling and remaking demos, 161–162; rule of law and, 257; social change and, 10; taxation and, 245–246; voting rights, 223–226. See also direct action; Green New Deal
repetition, 168
repression, 89, 94. See also voter suppression; voting rights
Republic, The (Plato), 18
republican government, 49, 50, 59, 81. See also Constitution, US
republican imaginary, 260–261, 267
Republicans, 44. See also Right, American
republics, 18, 50–51, 60, 63–66, 165
research, academic, 235
resilience, 238
responsibility, personal, 132. See also individualism
retirement, 71, 90, 101, 119, 240, 241–242
rhetors, 173
Right, American, 34. See also Republicans
rights, individual, 177
rights, political, 88
right wing, 34, 228
riots, 194, 197–199, 201–202, 203, 284. See also Capitol assault; crowds
road building, 95
Road to Serfdom, The (Hayek), 109
Roman Republic, 50, 160
Romney, Mitt, 34
Roosevelt, Franklin, 248
Roosevelt, Theodore, 20
Rosanvallon, Pierre, 44
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 183
rule of law, 22, 49, 178, 257. See also stability
rules. See bureaucracy
rural life, 70–74. See also local
Russia, 41, 46, 166, 264. See also Soviet Union
Rustin, Bayard, 94

safety nets, 89. See also welfare, social
Sandel, Michael, 65, 147, 157
Sanders, Bernie, 38, 266. See also populism
scale, 63–66, 81, 103, 271
Scandinavia, 97, 131
scarcity, artificial, 149, 153, 157
Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), 156
schools. See education
Schumpeter, Joseph, 20, 169, 170
Schumpeterian model, 22
Scott, James, 202
Second World War, 92, 247, 274
segregation, 142, 152
selectivity. See inequality
self-definition, 129, 142. See also authenticity
selfishness, 63
self-realization, 130. See also authenticity
self-reliance, 26, 39
self-sufficiency, 130. See also authenticity
Sen, Amartya, 15
Senegal, 258
services, centralization of, 74. See also centralization
service workers, 122, 241–243, 244, 249–250. See also health care
settler societies, 37, 93. See also imperialism
sexism, 141
sexual aggression / violence, 141
sexuality, attitudes toward, 222
Shaw, George Bernard, 143
Sherman Act, 71
short termism, 5, 119
Sighele, Scipio, 199
Sikhs, 35
Silicon Valley, 82, 137, 146
Sky News, 32
slavery, 51–53, 160. See also Black Americans; Civil War , US; exclusion
Sloterdijk, Peter, 161
slums, 201–204, 206, 279
small and medium-sized businesses, 255
Smith, Adam, 78, 111, 112
social change, 7, 10, 80, 85, 86, 87, 185–186, 195, 209, 216, 217, 286. See also institutions; transformation; trente glorieuses, les
social cohesion. See cohesion
social connections. See connections
social contract, 99
social democracy, 30, 90, 165, 209; as mainstream, 101; as movement, 252; in Scandinavia, 131; during les trente glorieuses, 98–102; US version of, 101
social democratic political parties, 27, 215, 251, 254
social foundations of democracy, 2, 49, 88, 89, 159, 181; disruption to, 70–74; erosion of, 16, 208; importance of, 281, 286; renewing, 127 (See also renewal of democracy; trente glorieuses, les); responsibility for, 115; welfare state and, 272. See also identity; public good; regulations; solidarity
social issues, 218
social justice, 194. See also equality; protests; social movements
social media, 29, 67, 230, 232–233, 265, 270, 279. See also information and communication transformation
social movements, 30, 57, 86, 203, 275–276, 284, 285–286; after les trente glorieuses, 106, 127–128; Black Lives Matter, 37, 198, 207, 226–227, 251; Black Lives Movement, 142; ephemeral, 251; global, 255–256; #MeToo, 141, 221, 251; opacity and, 29; protests of late 1960s, 103; rise of, 32; solidarity and, 100; strategies of, 197. See also Black Lives Matter; civil rights movement; direct action; ecological responsibility; equality; inclusion; LGBTQ community; protests; women
social question, 15. See also inequality
social reproduction, 195, 277
social responsibility, 112–114, 273
Social Security, 242
social support. See support systems; welfare, social
social tension, 161, 173, 275. See also conflict
social transformation, 7, 10, 86, 87, 185–186, 195, 209, 217, 286. See also institutions; transformation; trente glorieuses, les
solidarity, 2, 4, 90, 99–100, 133–136, 187, 203, 271, 286; beyond local, 238–239; Black Lives Matter, 226; building, 134, 184, 237; climate action and, 256; equality and, 133; erosion of, 130, 131, 210, 249; global, 217; inclusion and, 129; lack of, 212, 218; meritocracy and, 157; movements and, 285; at national level, 217, 239; national people idea and, 176; need for, 134, 188, 239; polarization and, 10; public good and, 240; renewal of, 219; republics and, 50–51; sharing, 62; sources of, 16; in les trente glorieuses, 100; undermining of, 122, 128, 129, 133, 151; welfare states and, 131. See also associations; cohesion; community; connections; inclusion; “people”; social foundations of democracy; support systems
Somewheres, 135–136, 276
Sophists, 173
Soros, George, 125
South, global, 206
South Africa, 8, 93, 258
Soviet successor states, 162, 258. See also Europe
Soviet Union, 161, 162, 258
Spain, 31, 93, 162, 207, 258, 274
Spencer, Herbert, 109
Spinoza, Baruch, 199
square, public, 204–205
squatters, 201–203. See also slums
stability, 21–22, 115; end of (See 1970s); during postwar era, 86 (See also trente glorieuses, les); value of, 62. See also rule of law; trente glorieuses, les
stagflation, 118, 272–273
stakeholder capitalism, 113–114
standards of living, 91, 97
status quo, affirmation of, 141
Strangers in Their Own Land (Hochschild), 36
street, politics of, 205–206
suburbanization, 96
suffrage, universal, 19, 21, 168, 170, 181, 189; fear of, 169, 190; vs. individual rights, 177; legitimacy and, 174–175; popular sovereignty and, 268. See also majoritarianism; voting rights
Sumner, Charles, 54
supply chains, 14
support systems, 75; democracy and, 126; erosion of, 85, 218, 239; standardized tests and, 156. See also community; connections; disembedding; institutions; welfare, social
Supreme Court, US: Citizens United, 112, 114, 230; on corporations, 111–112; Dred Scott, 52; marginalized communities and, 178; voting rights and, 225
surveillance, 67–69, 165, 231, 272
suspicion, 161
Syria, 163

Taine, Hippolyte, 199
Tarde, Gabriel, 199
taxes, 245–246; estate tax, 124–125; fuel tax, 72; in postwar era, 89; reducing, employment and, 32; very rich and, 27, 123
tax evasion / avoidance, 124, 245
Taylor, Breanna, 141
Tea Party, 213–214, 266
technology, 68–69, 87, 121, 122, 130, 137, 149. See also automation; information and communication transformation; media, new
telic character of democracy, 19–22, 48, 128, 160, 186, 281–283
telos of democracy, 22, 27, 31, 32, 48. See also degenerations of democracy
Tennessee Valley Authority, 95
tests, 148, 156
Thatcher, Margaret, 108, 109, 274
thinking big, 254
Thucydides, 170
time, passage of, 182
Tobin tax, 246
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 64, 65, 67, 142–143, 174, 184
totalitarianism, 42, 232
towns, small, 135. See also community
transfer payments, 99
transformation, 9, 130, 270; climate action and, 254–255; by Industrial Revolution, 74, 83–84, 89–90; need for, 10–11; reproduction of inequalities and, 105; during les trente glorieuses, 94–97. See also civil rights movement; disruption; financialization; globalization; information and communication transformation; social change; technology; trente glorieuses, les; welfare, social
transitional occupations, 83
transitology, 259
transparency, 29, 50, 245–246, 280–281. See also opacity
travel, 92
trente glorieuses, les, 55, 90–97, 127, 183, 209, 272, 283; contradictions in, 94; decolonization during, 93; democracy’s compromise with capitalism and, 86; end of, 106–107 (See also 1970s); Europe during, 249; exclusion during, 272; focus on needs of white males in, 100–101; optimism of, 94, 103; social transformation during, 94–97; taxation during, 246; unraveling of, 273. See also stability; welfare, social
Trinidad and Tobago, 93
Trump, Donald J., 22, 36, 178, 179, 262; assumptions of precedence and, 37, 40; Capitol assault and, 1, 208, 214–215, 223, 227, 262; claims of election fraud, 215, 224, 232, 262, 280; Covid-19 response and, 15; crowds and, 214; defeat of, 209; economics and, 27; election of, 157, 168, 192; father of, 76; followers of, 141; ideology of, 267; inequality and, 23; media and, 28, 214–215; polarization and, 44–45; political parties and, 216; populism of, 38; rallies, 200; response to protests, 227; veneration of, 266; women and, 221. See also populism
Trumpism, 3. See also populism
Turkey, 41, 46, 166, 190, 264. See also Erdogan, Recep Tayyip
Twain, Mark, 71
Twitter, 279

Uber, 81, 95
UK (United Kingdom). See Britain
unemployment. See job loss
unemployment benefits, 90. See also institutions; welfare, social
unions, 76, 77, 83, 89; bargains and, 99; decline of, 215, 249–250; exclusion and, 86; in Gilded Age, 71; right to organize, 84; suppression of, 55; during les trente glorieuses, 99; undermining of, 119. See also associations; workers
United Kingdom (UK). See Britain
United Nations, 91–92
United States, 11; Capitol assault, 1, 208, 214–215, 223, 227, 262; Declaration of Independence, 51–52, 58–63, 94; declining leadership of, 209; declining trust in government, 102; democracy founded in, 49; democracy’s emergence in, 49, 160; democracy’s endurance in, 160; educational system, 146–147 (See also education, higher); ethnonational pull in, 188; expansion of, 69–70; fear of Left in, 101; founders, 21, 50, 61–62; historical context and, 48; immigration to, 75–76; infrastructure in, 95–96; institutions in, 101; interest in rest of world, 92; internal decay and corruption in, 262; interventions against democracy, 93, 161; polarization in, 45 (See also polarization; Trump, Donald J.); population of, 64, 70; rural life in, 70–72; social vision of, 72; suburbanization in, 96; during les trente glorieuses, 94; undemocratic institutions in, 160. See also Constitution, US
Universal Basic Income (UBI), 223
upper-middle class, 123
uprisings, 194
utopianism, 91–92, 94

vaccines, 15, 244, 256, 280
Veblen, Thorstein, 151
Venezuela, 166
Vietnam War, 56, 93, 94, 107
violence: against Black Americans (See policing, unequal); direct action and, 195; against women, 204, 220–221, 222. See also crowds; riots
violence, collective, 198. See also riots
violence, symbolic, 157
virtue, public, 59, 64–65, 67
visibility, 141
voter suppression, 26, 34, 44, 62, 179, 224–225, 262, 264
voter turnout, 1, 25, 26, 170, 179. See also participation
voting rights, 4, 53–54, 94, 95, 223–226. See also civil rights; inclusion; participation; suffrage, universal
Voting Rights Act (1965), 97, 225
vulnerabilities, 181, 182. See also degenerations of democracy; exclusion; majoritarianism; “people”

wages: for care workers, 244; CEO compensation, 115; demands for increase in, 107; family wage, 101, 223; of knowledge workers, 278; minimum wage, 110, 221; in neoliberal era, 115, 116; recovery from pandemic and, 244; supporting families and, 223; in les trente glorieuses, 100; for women, 221
Wallace, George, 266
wallet issues, 207
Wall Street (film), 130
Walzer, Michael, 172
war, 16
Warner, Charles Dudley, 71
Warner, Michael, 29
wave theory, 260
“We, the people.” See “people”
wealth: distribution of, 115, 184; lack of, 126; opportunity and, 125–126; opposition to democracy, 246; shares of, 123
wealth gap, 98, 125–126. See also inequality
Weber, Max, 103
Weber catch, 103–104, 105
Weimar Republic, 261, 262
welfare, social, 131, 272; after Second World War, 86, 88, 95 (See also trente glorieuses, les); bureaucracy and, 103–104; catches, 103–106, 185–186; centralization in, 236; critics of, 157; disciplinary dimension of, 28, 104, 106; erosion of, 28; false moralization and, 34, 39; in France, 73; ideologies of unworthiness and, 26; under neoliberalism, 240–241; social foundations of democracy and, 272. See also institutions; social support; trente glorieuses, les
welfare reforms, 106
wellbeing, 102
Whitman, Walt, 186
Wilders, Geert, 35, 38
winner-take-all majoritarianism. See majoritarianism
women: economic exclusion of, 100; effects of pandemic on, 244; empowerment of, 221–222; equality of, 35, 106, 221–222; exclusion of, 51; gender norms and, 57–58; inclusion and, 107, 133; isolation of, 97; #MeToo movement, 141, 221, 251; recognition of, 140; violence against, 204, 220–221, 222, 229; voting rights for, 53; wages for, 221; wealth and, 126
women’s movement, 54, 127, 251. See also social movements
work: crisis of, 251; exclusion in, 100; from home, 244; job shortage, 216; mobility and, 135; reliance on benefits from, 101; transformation of, 215, 243, 249–250, 273–274 (See also information and communication transformation)
workers: competition among, 74; displacement of, 85 (See also deindustrialization); empowerment and, 220; knowledge workers, 278; migrant, 101; mobility of, 269; neoliberalism and, 111, 113, 117; parties representing, 97; regulations and, 99; service workers, 122, 242–243, 244, 249–250 (See also health care)
working class, 100, 123, 215
World Bank, 92
World Economic Forum, 113
World War II, 92, 247, 274
Wright, Daunte, 141

xenophobia, 35, 36, 41, 43, 44, 207. See also exclusion; immigrants; immigration
Xi Jinping, 46

Yellow Vest protests, 72, 207
Yom Kippur War, 107
Young, Michael, 143–144, 146, 153, 157, 158

Zhao, Yusi, 154
Ziblatt, Daniel, 163, 165, 178
Zuckerberg, Mark, 124