CHAPTER 1: LOUIS NAPOLÉON AND THE SECOND EMPIRE
1. Jasper Ridley, Napoléon III and Eugenie (New York: Viking, 1979), 3–15.
2. Ridley, Napoléon III and Eugenie, 7–85, 114–126; J. M. Thompson, Louis Napoleon and the Second Empire (New York: Noonday, 1955), 114–126, 193–202.
3. Philip Mansel, Paris between Empires 1814–1852 (London: John Murray, 2001), 280–423.
4. See Roger Price, The French Second Empire: An Anatomy of Political Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 43.
5. Karl Marx, “Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,” in Marx and Engels: Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, ed. Lewis Feuer (London, 1959), 359.
6. See Price, The French Second Empire, 68.
7. Price, 95–134.
8. See Matthew Truesdell, Spectacular Politics: Louis- Napoléon Bonaparte and the Fête Impériale 1849–70 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 47.
9. See Alain Plessis, The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire, 1852–1871 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 63.
10. Rupert Christiansen, Paris Babylon: Grandeur, Decadence and Revolution 1869–1875 (London: Pimlico, 2003), 17–37.
11. Truesdell, Spectacular Politics, 63–67.
CHAPTER 2: THE PROBLEM OF PARIS
1. Anthony Sutcliffe, The Autumn of Central Paris: The Defeat of Town Planning 1850–1970 (Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1971), 17–36.
2. Michel Carmona, Haussmann: His Life and Times and the Making of Modern Paris (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002), 14–30; David P. Jordan, Transforming Paris: The Life and Labors of Baron Haussmann (New York: Free Press, 1995), 41–54.
3. Georges Eugène Haussmann, Mémoires (Paris: Victor-Havard, 1890), 2:11–12.
4. See Jordan, Transforming Paris, 167.
5. Jordan, 224.
6. Jordan, 170–175.
7. J. M. Chapman and Brian Chapman, The Life and Times of Baron Haussmann (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1957), 77–78.
8. Haussmann, Mémoires, 140–141.
9. Matthew Truesdell, Spectacular Politics: Louis- Napoléon Bonaparte and the Fête Impériale 1849–70 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 89–90.
10. Carmona, Haussmann, 281–307.
11. Jordan, Transforming Paris, 199–202.
12. The ferme generale was the system under the ancien régime whereby duties were collected on behalf of the king; the Fermiers-Generaux were the collectors of these duties, loathed and notorious for dishonestly enriching themselves.
13. Auteuil, Passy, Batignolles-Monceau, Montmartre, La Chapelle, La Villette, Belleville, Charonne, Bercy, Grenelle, and Vaugirard, as well as the fringes of fourteen other adjoining communes.
14. Jordan, Transforming Paris, 286–290.
15. Sutcliffe, The Autumn of Central Paris, 136–137.
16. David Harvey, Paris, Capital of Modernity (New York: Routledge, 2003), 117–124; Roger Price, The French Second Empire: An Anatomy of Political Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 225–230.
17. Carmona, Haussmann, 159–161.
18. The details of these measurements are complex and technical. See Anthony Sutcliffe, Paris: An Architectural History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993), 89–92.
19. François Loyer, Paris: Nineteenth-Century Architecture and Urbanism (New York: Abbeville, 1988), 252–259.
20. Loyer, Paris, 213–221.
CHAPTER 3: MARVELS OF THE NEW BABYLON
1. Michel Carmona, Haussmann: His Life and Times and the Making of Modern Paris (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002), 227–229; David P. Jordan, Transforming Paris: The Life and Labors of Baron Haussmann (New York: Free Press, 1995), 360–362.
2. Incidentally, Baltard subsequently came round to the virtues of iron girders, using them in his design for the church of Saint-Augustin on the Boulevard Malesherbes. A building squashed into an awkward site and originally conceived as the mausoleum for the tombs of Louis Napoléon and Eugénie, its weirdly eclectic facade surely ranks among the ugliest of its Parisian era.
3. Operas of greater brevity and swifter pace in Italian or German were presented in other theaters with foreign singers.
4. T. J. Walsh, Second Empire Opera: The Theatre Lyrique Paris, 1851–1870 (London: Calder/Riverrun, 1981); Jane Fulcher, The Nation’s Image: French Grand Opera as Politics and Politicized Art (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
5. Christopher Curtis Mead, Charles Garnier’s Paris Opéra (Boston: MIT Press, 1991), 3.
6. Gérard Fontaine, Palais Garnier: le fantasme de l’Opéra (Paris: Agnès Viénot, 1999), 49–71.
7. Richard Sennett, The Fall of Public Man (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977), 207.
8. Gérard Fontaine, Charles Garnier’s Opera: Architecture and Interior Décor (Paris: Patrimoine, 2004).
9. J. M. Chapman and Brian Chapman, The Life and Times of Baron Haussmann (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1957), 85–99; Carmona, Haussmann, 240–243.
10. Chapman and Chapman, The Life and Times, 194–198; Jordan, Transforming Paris, 278.
11. Georges-Eugène Haussmann, Mémoire sur les eaux de Paris (Paris: 1854), 52–53.
12. Jordan, Transforming Paris, 274–277; Carmona, Haussmann, 303–304, 274–276, and 345–347.
13. Victor Hugo, Les Misérables (Paris: 1862), volume 5.2, chapter 1.
14. See Jordan, Transforming Paris, 276.
CHAPTER 4: PLEASURES OF THE NEW BABYLON
1. J. H. Froude, Froude’s Life of Carlyle (Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 1979), 161.
2. Amédée de Césena, Le nouveau Paris (Paris: 1864), 76.
3. Gustave Flaubert and George Sand, Flaubert- Sand: The Correspondence (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993), 207–209.
4. A satirical Parisian magazine published a risqué cartoon of King Wilhelm being accosted by an anxious attendant as he marches into the pavilion in military uniform with one of these monsters under each arm. The caption: “Excuse me, sir. Weapons must be deposited in the cloakroom.” See J. M. Chapman and Brian Chapman, The Life and Times of Baron Haussmann (London: Wiedenfeld and Nicolson, 1957), 206.
5. Chapman and Chapman, The Life and Times, 199–212.
6. Rupert Christiansen, Paris Babylon: Grandeur, Decadence and Revolution 1869–1875 (London: Pimlico, 2003), 4–7; Donald J. Olsen, The City as a Work of Art: London, Paris, Vienna (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986), 216–217.
7. Christiansen, Paris Babylon, 61.
8. See Christiansen, 88–91.
9. Alain Corbin, Women for Hire: Prostitution and Sexuality in France after 1850 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1990), 4–111.
10. Virginia Rounding, Les Grandes Horizontales: The Lives and Legends of Four Nineteenth-Century Courtesans (New York: Bloomsbury, 2003), 75–96, 175–194. Deprived of some of its gilded and marbled trappings but still redolent of its original Babylonian extravagances, Lachmann’s palace has today become the premises of the Travellers’ Club.
11. See Christiansen, Paris Babylon, 116.
12. Christiansen.
13. Felix Whitehurst, Court and Social Life in France under Napoleon the Third (London: 1873), 2:85–87.
14. Victor Fournel, Paris nouveau et Paris futur (Paris: 1865), 21–22.
15. Although much of this archive was later destroyed by fire, what remains is now lodged in the Bibliothèque historique de la ville de Paris.
16. de Césena, Le nouveau Paris, 1–11.
17. Jules Ferry, Les Comptes fantastiques d’Haussmann (Paris: 1867), x.
18. See Christopher Curtis Mead, Charles Garnier’s Paris Opéra (Boston: MIT Press, 1991), 371.
19. Fournel, Paris nouveau et Paris futur, 220–221.
20. Rebecca Solnit, Wanderlust: A History of Walking (New York: Penguin, 2001), 211.
CHAPTER 5: HAUSSMANN’S DOWNFALL
1. Michel Carmona, Haussmann: His Life and Times and the Making of Modern Paris (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002), 358–359.
2. J. M. Chapman and Brian Chapman, The Life and Times of Baron Haussmann (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1957), 126–130.
3. Jules Ferry, Les Comptes Fantastiques d’Haussmann (Paris: 1868).
4. Chapman and Chapman, The Life and Times, 213–241; David P. Jordan, Transforming Paris: The Life and Labors of Baron Haussmann (New York: Free Press, 1995), 297–315.
5. Given the evident coolness between him and the chilly beauty Eugénie, Parisians enjoyed speculating on Louis Napoléon’s sex life, and whispers about his liaisons with noble ladies became ever more fanciful.
6. Georges Eugène Haussmann, Mémoires (Paris: Victor-Havard, 1890), 556–557.
7. Carmona, Haussmann, 340–382; Jordan, Transforming Paris, 297–317; Willet Weeks, The Man Who Made Paris Paris: The Illustrated Biography of George-Eugene Haussmann (London: Allison and Busby, 1999), 124–138.
8. Jordan, Transforming Paris, 315–340.
9. Felix Whitehurst, Court and Social Life in France under Napoleon the Third (London, 1873), 2:286.
CHAPTER 6: THE END OF THE SECOND EMPIRE
1. David Harvey, Paris, Capital of Modernity (New York: Routledge, 2003), 170.
2. Roger L. Williams, Gaslight and Shadow: The World of Napoleon III (New York: Macmillan, 1957), 187–228.
3. David V. Herlihy, Bicycle: The History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 75–101.
4. Felix Whitehurst, Court and Social Life in France under Napoleon the Third (London, 1873), 2:169.
5. Michael Howard, The Franco-Prussian War (London: Routledge, 2001), 63–76.
6. Roger Price, The French Second Empire: An Anatomy of Political Power (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 409.
7. Price, The French Second Empire, 428–432.
8. Rupert Christiansen, Paris Babylon: Grandeur, Decadence and Revolution 1869–1875 (London: Pimlico, 2003), 137–148.
9. Gustave Flaubert and George Sand, Flaubert- Sand: The Correspondence (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993), 207–209.
10. Howard, The Franco-Prussian War, 223–224.
11. Ivor Guest, Napoleon III in England (London: British Technical and General Press, 1952).
CHAPTER 7: PARIS’S CIVIL WAR
1. George Eliot, Letters (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985), 380.
2. Alistair Horne, The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune 1870–71 (London: Penguin, 2007), 288.
3. Horne, The Fall of Paris, 304–305.
4. John Merriman, Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune (New York: Basic, 2014), 18–145; Horne, The Fall of Paris, 21–300; Rupert Christiansen, Paris Babylon: Grandeur, Decadence and Revolution 1869–1875 (London: Pimlico, 2003), 167–266.
5. Merriman, Massacre, 146–224; Christiansen, Paris Babylon, 267–295.
6. Merriman, Massacre, 189–240; Robert Tombs, The Paris Commune 1871 (New York: Taylor & Francis, 1999).
7. Gustave Flaubert and George Sand, Flaubert- Sand: The Correspondence (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993), 177.
8. See Barbara Stern Shapiro, Pleasures of Paris: Daumier to Picasso (Boston: D. R. Godine, 1991), 12. See also Daniel Halévy, The End of the Notables (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan, 1974); and Denis W. Brogan, The Development of Modern France (1870–1939) (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1967), 77–126.
EPILOGUE
1. Colin Jones, Paris: The Biography of a City (London: Allen Lane, 2004), 332.
2. François Loyer, Paris: Nineteenth-Century Architecture and Urbanism (New York: Abbeville, 1988), 373.
3. Eric Hazan, L’Invention de Paris (Paris: du Seuil, 2002), x–xi.
4. Jones, Paris: The Biography of a City, 426–463.
5. Jones, 465–474.