criminalized (1936) 65
agriculture 66–9, 214 – see also private plots
Aldwinkle, Linda 197n
Alexander II 313
Amnesty International 168, 191n
Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich 233, 238, 253–9, 327–8, 374–5, 382
on ‘prophylaxis’ 192–5
anthropometrics 313–6
anti-communism 378
Anti-Waste Commission (1966) 330–3, 334, 342, 351–3
Aristov, A. B. 239
arms race 385
atomic weapons 115, 154, 384–5
autonomization 20–3
Avksentev, N. 282–4
Avrekh 280
Azerbaidzhan 20
Bahr, Egon 237–8
Baldwin, Peter 5n
banquets 355–6
barter 362
Benjamin, Walter 61
Berdyaev, N. 389
Beria, Lavrenty P. 87, 107, 108, 111, 147, 155–6, 181, 244
on Gulag 118
biological status 314–6
black economy – see shadow economy
Black Hundreds 285
black market – see shadow economy
Bloch, Jean-Richard 49
Blucher, Vasilly K. 92
Boldin, V. 234
Bolshevism 278, 282–4, 286–7, 389
as ethos 302–3
democracy and 306–7
peasantry and 289
post-1989 vilification 387
Stalin and 14
Boroch, J. 365n
Brezhnev, Leonid 230, 232–3, 234, 261–3, 347, 350
black market and 369
Budapest 253
Budenny, S. M. 13
Bukhara 20
Bukharin, Nikolai 49, 51, 350–1
correspondence with Lenin (1915) 276–7
destruction of 98–9
bureaucracy 343–57, 369, 371–5, 379–80
bureaucratization 39–43, 47, 75, 78–83, 142, 320–1, 350
after Stalin 217–20
Burlatsky, F. M. 242, 254, 328n
Butler, W. I. 162n, 166, 169, 173n
Cadets (Constitutional Democrats) 279–80, 284, 286–7
capitalism 369–70
census (1970) 344–6
Central Committee 89, 128, 131, 249, 323, 341, 348
Andropov and 265
membership 227
MVD and 158–60
post-war reform (1946–8) 132–42
subdued 112
Chaffin, Mary 197n
Chernenko, Konstantin 232–4, 262–3, 267
Chernov, V. 286
China 389
Chubar, Vlas 85
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) 2
Civil War 290–1, 293, 296–7, 299, 301, 304–5, 310, 314, 389
democracy and 2–3
collectivization 68
Commission for Economizing State Resources/Commission for the Elimination of Waste – see Anti-Waste Commission
Communist Party 226–35
collapse of 326
Congresses
Eleventh (1922) 16, 298, 304–5, 350
Twelfth (1923) 17, 28–9, 307–8
Sixteenth (1930) 40
Seventeenth (1934) 49, 91, 105, 239
Twentieth (1956) 156, 186, 239, 240
Twenty-second (1961) 186
Twenty-fourth (1971) 216
democracy 301
membership 226–7
pensions 229–30
as powerless 135–6, 348–50, 373
privileges 228–9
replaced by bureaucracy 373–4
competition 328–9
Constitutional Democrats – see Cadets
corruption 136, 261, 263, 320, 348, 355–7, 363, 374
Cossacks 294
Council of Ministers 135–7, 155, 158–60, 222–4, 231, 323, 329, 341
KGB and 253
pensions and 230
Cuban crisis (1962) 238
culture 386–7 – see also poetry
Czechoslovakia 249, 254, 255, 276
Dal’stroj 115
Danilov, V. P. 61
Davies, Robert 125–6, 215, 297, 328
de-Stalimzation 189, 202, 239, 243, 247, 323–4
de-urbanization 296–7
decentralization 221
democratization 259
Andropova and 266–7
dissidents 168–9, 183, 190–201, 253–4
Andropov and 256
arrests 260
divorce 315
Djilas, Milovan 45
Dmitrieva, D. B. 194n
Dobrynin, Anatoly 231–2, 233–5, 237
drugs 363
Duby, Georges 35–6
Dymshits, V. 357–8
dzerzhava (super-state) 20
dzerzhavnik (super-state chauvinist) 381–3
Dzerzhinsky, Felix E. 24, 26, 27
economic performance 328
East Germany – see GDR
Egorov, A. 92
Eisendrath, Craig 2n
employees 53–9
Estonia 206
‘Evil Empire’ 194–5
exile 163
Ezhev, N. I. 85–6, 87, 100, 108
Fainsod, Merle 83
Fedoseev, Yevgeny 329
Fedotov, G. 389
Fetisov, T. L. (Gvishiani) 224, 249, 252
First World War 293–4, 297, 310, 314, 379, 384
five-year plans (piatiletki) 9, 45
first (1928–32) 64
second (1933–7) 49
ninth (1971–5) 216
Fogleson, Todd 170–1
Foucault, Michel 313
Galil, Ziva 278
Garbuzov, V. F. 224, 352n, 356
Gavnlov, L. M. 294n
GDR (German Democratic Republic, ‘East Germany’) 254, 255
‘Georgian incident’ 24–8
Georgiev, V. 251
Germany (FDR, ‘West Germany’) 264, 276
Getty, Arch 123n
Glenny, Michael 197n
Gogoberidze, L. 21
Gorbachev, Mikhail 232, 233–5, 238, 253, 259, 267, 387
Andropov and 265
Gosplan 211, 213, 215, 216, 220, 222–3, 248, 326, 329, 330, 332–5, 338, 341, 352n, 376
on eighth five-year plan 370–1
on shadow economy 363–4
report on labour (1965) 205–10
Gossnab (State Committee for
Material and Technical Supplies) 223, 250, 357–60
GPU 21, 41, 50, 73, 74, 76, 101, 113
NKVD and 178–9
Great Russian nationalism 24–5, 26, 29, 36–7, 146, 197–8, 289, 381–2
Gregory, P. R. 313
Gromyko, Andrei 232, 233, 235, 236–8
GRU (military counter-intelligence) 179
GUGB (General Department of State Security) 86, 103, 114, 178
Gulag (General Camp Directorate) 114–5, 147, 154, 179–81
crisis of 122
dismantling of 157
Gvishiani – see Fetisov, T. I.
Hiroshima 385
Hobsbawm, E. J. 328n
Hoover, J. Edgar 378
Horowitz, David 237
housing 64–5, 204–5, 214, 366–7
Huxley, Aldous 376
Iakovlev, la. A. 40
Igritskii, Iu. I. 294n
Illarionov, A. 388
intelligentsia 53–9, 60, 61, 327–8
Islam 209–10
Israel 237
Ivashutin, P. 185
Japan 214
Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee 132
Jews 141
Joravsky, David 378–9
Kadar, Janos 253
Kaganovich, Lazar 43–4, 50, 85–6, 87, 95, 96, 87, 105, 147, 184, 238, 245
Kakhiani, M. I. 21
Kalinin, Mikhail I. 87
Kamenev, Lev Borosovich 21, 288, 302
‘Georgian incident’ and 23–4, 27–9
Kantorovich, L. V. 250
Kerblay, Basile 63n
Kerensky, Alexander Fyodorovich 279, 283–4, 286, 294
Kevorkov, Viacheslav 263–4
Andropov and 253–9
disorder of 1963 186–90
Politburo and 231
popular discontent and 184–90
privileges 229
Khlevniuk, Oleg 78, 79n, 86, 88, 100, 101, 108n, 109, 117, 118n, 122
Khrushchev, Nikita 87, 104, 106, 148, 149, 155, 179, 180, 181, 208–9, 238–44, 251, 319, 321, 323, 342, 346
attack on Stalin (1956) 156
bureaucracy and 218–23, 224, 225
party and 349
popular discontent under 184–90, 208–9
in Red Army 289
‘thaw’ 122, 124 – see also de-Stalinization
Kirilenko, A. 249
Kirin, V. A. 162n
Kirov, Sergei 21, 50, 51, 85, 96, 105, 131, 245
Kissinger, Henry 236–7
Kobulov, A. 155
Kokurin, A. I. 182n
kolkhozy (collective farms) 66–8, 208–9, 341, 362
Khrushchev and 184
Komarov, K. 239
Komsomol (Young Communists) 141, 257
privileges 229
Kornai, Janos 361
Korolev, S. P. 110
Korshunov, Iu. A. 175n
Korzhikhina, T. P. 182n, 222n, 343n, 345n, 380
Kosals, L. 365
Kosiachenko, G. P. 121
Kosygin, Aleksei 95–6, 223–5, 248–53, 259, 261, 328–30, 333, 350
Kotov, F. 216
Kovanov, P. V. 356
Kozlov, V. A. 322
Kronstadt uprising 43
Kruglov, S. N. 120, 155, 181–2
Krupskaya, Nadezhda 15–7
Ksenofontov, I. K. 43–4
Kuznetsov, Nikolai 128–31, 132, 134–7, 139
Kvetsinsky, J. A. 237
labour camps 113–123 – see also labour, forced; Gulag
labour
Gosplan report on (1965) 205–10
laws 172–7
market 321
movement of (tekuchka) 69–71, 78, 176, 203–4, 212–3, 316, 324
post-Stalin 324–5
Lakshin, Vladimir 197–8
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 3, 219, 244, 271–2, 275, 276, 308, 310, 350, 375, 380
correspondence with Bukharin (1915) 276–7
embalming of 34–5
as leader 301–2
on national question 24–5
post-1989
vilification 387
on socialism 297–300
versus authoritarianism 306–9
Ligachev, Egor K. 230, 232–4, 238
Lukyanov, A. 234
Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vassilievich 264
Lysenko, T. D. 90
Malenkov, G. M. 87, 122, 155, 184, 244, 346
Malraux, André 49
Martov (Julius Ossipovich Tsederbaum) 279, 283, 284
Maslennikov, I. I. 155
Mazurov, K. 259
McCarthy, Joseph 378
Medvedev, Roy 197, 250, 256, 260
Medvedev, Vadim A. 265
Medvedev, Zhores 194
Mekhlis, Lev 134
MGB (Ministry of State Security) 130, 179, 181
Mikhoels, S. 132
Mikoyan, Anastas 13, 85, 87, 95–6, 147, 154, 180, 238, 242, 243–7
on Khrushchev 263
Miliukov, Pavel 279–80, 284, 287, 288, 295, 308, 343–4
Mir space station 375–6
Mironov, B. N. 185, 311–6, 317, 338
Mishutin, A. 158
Molotov, Vyacheslav 13, 33–4, 56, 86, 87, 88, 91, 95, 97, 99, 105, 111, 121, 147, 154, 184, 240, 244, 245, 299, 346
MOOP (Ministry for Public Order) 182
Moskovskii, A. S. 62
MTS (Machine Tractor Stations) 66, 68, 71
MVD (Ministry of Internal Affairs) 117–121, 155, 157–60, 163, 179, 181–2, 239, 240
disorder of 1963 186
in Far Eastern province (Dal’stroj) 121–3
penal policy 167–9
national question 19–31
Neizvestny, Ernst 241–2
NEP (New Economic Policy) 9–10, 277, 297–9, 305, 310
Nesternko, E. V. 238n
nihilism 388–90
Nitze, Paul 237
NKVD (Internal Affairs) 50, 86, 87, 91, 99, 111, 183
1937 purge and 100–3
crimes of 101–9
economic empire 113–7 – see also MVD
GPU and 178–9
purge of 109
nomenklatura 42, 109, 136, 139–42, 219, 226, 272, 324, 348, 368, 370
post-1989 386–7
USA and 385
Novocherkask 184–5, 187, 189, 322
Novosibirsk 366
Novozhilov 250
nuclear weapons – see atomic weapons
Ofer, Gur 328n
Ordzhomkidze, G. K. 13, 21, 24, 27
Orgburo 41, 85, 89, 133, 138, 139, 346
Orwell, George 376
Osinsky-Obolensky, V. V. 302–3, 375
Pankin, M. E. 176n
Pankratov, D.V. 111
parallel market – see shadow economy
Party Congresses – see Communist Party, Congresses
Patolichev, N. S. 139
patriarchalism 242
perestroika (restructuring) 233, 253, 259, 268, 310, 370
permanent revolution 288
Petrov, M. V. 182n
piatiletki – see five-year plans
Pikhoia, R. G. 104, 181, 182n, 184, 188, 191n, 192, 238n, 266n
pipes 330
Plekhanov, George Valentinovich 275
Poliakov, Iu. A. 53n
Politburo 23–4, 41, 81, 110, 112, 128, 183, 230, 232–5, 248, 253, 256, 257, 261–3, 300, 323, 341–2, 345–6, 348, 352
Central Committee and 249
post-war reform (1946–8) and 132–4, 139
Popov, G. 139
popular discontent (early 60s) 184–90, 208–9
popular front 49–50
popular song 268
population 53, 62–5, 213, 313–6, 335–9 – see also census
Portes, A. 365n
Poskrebyshev, A. 88
postwar reconstruction 153–4
postwar reform (1946–8) 127–42, 350
prisons 161–72
prisoners’ rights 162
private plots 184, 266, 320, 339, 362, 366, 367, 386
private sector 298 – see also shadow economy
privatization 369–70
privileges 228–232, 353–5, 368, 374
‘prophylaxis’ 191–4, 258, 260, 401–2
public health 214
1937–8 99–107, 245
– see also Zhdanovism
Rakovsky, Christian 24, 44–5, 77–8
Rashin, A. G. 62
Rathenau, Walter 298
Reagan, Ronald 237
religion 190
Revsky 139
Riazanov, David (Goldendakh) 306
riots 322
Rittersporn, Gabor 123n
Riutin, Ivan 77
Rodod, Boris 239–40
Rogovsky, N. 352–3
Romm, Mikhail 241–2
Rosenberg, H. 383
on ‘prophylaxis’ 192–4
rukovoditeli (office-holders) 59–60
ruling class 346
Russian Revolution
Ryfkina, R. 365
Saburov, M. 238
Sakharov, Andrei D. 195, 250, 256
Samuelson, Lennart 91
second economy – see shadow economy
Second World War 314–5, 372, 376–7, 384, 389
secret police – see KGB
Secretariat 89, 133, 138, 139, 234, 249, 346
Semichastny 182, 185–90, 256, 258, 322
Serbskii, V. P. 194n
Serov, General 155, 179, 180, 238
shadow economy 361–70
Sharansky, A. 195
Shchelokov, N. A. 265
Shcherbitsky, V. V. 259
Shelepm, A. N. 179, 182, 185, 259, 347
Shingarev, A. I. 281
Shkredov, V. P. 250
Sholokhov, Mikhail 93–5
show-trials 247
Siberia 205, 207, 210, 256, 337, 340, 366
Simonov, Konstantin 93
Sinyavsky, Andrei 197
Skliansky, Efraim 17
Slonim, M. 129
snaby-sbyty (supply and sale) 354–5, 359–60, 364, 368, 370
socialism
decreed by Stalin (1937) 61
democracy and 379
‘in one country’ 36–7
Russian Revolution and 295
socialist realism 49
Socialist Revolutionaries 278, 281, 282, 284, 286, 287
sociology 326–7
shadow economy and 366–8
soglasovyvanie (negotiation-coordination) 217–8
Sokolnikov, G. I. 21
Khrushchev and 241
Soviet Writers’ Congress (1934) 49, 51
soviets 278–9, 283, 284, 284, 286, 288
sovnarkhozy (economic councils) 221–3
space race 385
Stalin, Joseph
Bolshevism and 14
concept of power 32–4
contradictory assessments of 12–3
culture and 90
death 154–6
destroys party democracy 37–8
executions 105
methodology 92–7
transformation of Communist Party 75–7, 64–5
as cult 147–9
as despotism plus industrialization 146–7
as systemic paranoia 82
contradictory assessments of 10–1
internal contradiction 143–4
Leninism and 300–1
Mikoyan and 245
naming of 10
need to reassess 4
origins of 290–1
– see also Great Russian nationalism
Startseva, A. I. 176n
Stavropol 340
stikhia (spontaneity) 203, 323
Novocherkask (1962) 184–5
Strogovich, M. 252
suicide 78
Sverdlov, Jakov 249, 258, 259, 261–2, 302
tekuchka – see labour, movement of
television 386
Tereshchenko, M. I. 283
terror 77, 79, 81, 104–5, 131, 154, 239–40, 307, 321, 324
numbers affected 124, 397–404 – see also NKVD
‘thaw’ 156
The Gulag Archipelago 196–7
Third International (1919) 297
Tikhonov, N. A. 232
Tikunov, V. S. 185
totalitarianism 273–4, 351, 376, 378–9
Trotsky, Leon 13, 16–7, 19, 26–7, 77, 131, 247, 294, 299, 308, 310, 343–4
as apostate 36
assessment of Russia in 1917 288
misjudges Stalin (1923) 27, 29
on market economy 359
on role of party 350
written out of history 34
Tsarism 274, 278, 280, 287, 294, 387
First World War and 292
– see also neo-Tsarism
Tukhachevsky, Marshal 91–2
Turchin, V. F. 250
Tvardovsky, Alexander 195, 196–8, 241, 251
Ukraine 20, 24, 127, 141, 154, 180, 207, 221, 238, 336
Ulianova, Maria 28
Ulrikh, V. 112
upravlentsy (administrative cadres) 218
urbanization 60–5, 72, 202–3, 205, 211, 251, 311, 316, 317–9, 347, 373
bureaucracy and 343
USSR
coercion and 68–9
Vas’kina, L. I. 55n
velikoderzhavniki (chauvinism) 24–5, 26, 29, 36–7
Vernadsky, G. 376n
Victorov, V. A. 75–6
vodka 363
Voroshilov, Kalinin 13, 87, 91, 92–3, 156, 238
Bukharin and 98–9
Vorotnikov, V. I. 265–6
Voznesensky, N. A. 87, 96, 132
Warsaw 303
waste – see Anti-Waste Commission
West Germany – see Germany
White Sea Canal 115
Whites (monarchists) 278, 279–80, 285, 286, 287, 289, 294, 298
rehabilitated 387
Wiles, Peter 362
Wittfogel, Karl 146
Wolf, Markus 254–5
women 54, 64, 207, 212–3, 312, 314–6, 321, 337, 339, 341
working class 53–9, 321, 324–5
after 1917 304–5
World War I – see First World War
World War II – see Second World War
Woslenski, M. 228
Writers’ Congress (1934) 49, 51
Zakharov, M. V. 185
Zamiatin, Yevgeny 376
Zaslavskaya, Tatyana 316, 327, 366n, 386n, 387
Zemskov, V. N. 123n
Zhdanov, Andrei Alexandrovich 49, 85, 86, 87, 105, 120, 129, 130
Zhukov, Marshal 96
Zinoviev, Grigory Yevseyevich
Radomysslsky 27, 29, 131, 288, 302, 304
Znamenskii, O. N. 286
Zverev, A. G. 369