BEFORE THEY WENT OUT TO PLAY, FIVE-YEAR-OLD WALTER ROSS and his four-year-old brother Charley had taken a bath. Christian Ross, their father, was due home from work at six, and both boys anticipated the treat he would have for them. Walter and Charley asked their nurses if they could play outside as they waited. The women agreed. Charley had light brown hair that was parted on the left and curled in ringlets to his neck. He wore a pink ribbon around his head to keep his hair out of his eyes. Although Walter was only slightly taller than his younger brother, Charley looked up to him and put Walter in charge of his trinkets and toys. Charley loved to hug his six brothers and sisters, but he was very shy around strangers. If somebody he didn’t know approached him, Charley covered his face with his right arm.
Neither boy shied away from the man with the odd nose when he jumped over the brick wall. They walked toward the candy in his hand, and Charley asked if the man could take him to buy some firecrackers. When the man pointed out the wagon, Peter Callahan saw the driver scan the street.
The horse turned right once they reached Main Street. Walter asked why they weren’t turning left to buy firecrackers at a popular shop.
“No, we will take you to Aunt Susie’s, who keeps a store, and will give you a pocketful for five cents,” the passenger said. Walter saw his nose clearly from his seat between the men. The cartilage separating his nostrils had worn away.
Walter soon realized that the horse turned at intersections in the road frequently. He asked the men to identify features in the landscape as they passed farms, stables, and watering holes. They answered his questions. As the wagon took him farther and farther from home, Charley began to whimper. He rarely cried aloud. If somebody snapped at him or spoke in harsh tones, Charley’s eyes brimmed with tears until they spilled onto his cheeks. The men quieted him with candy and promises to buy all the firecrackers he wanted once they reached the store.
“Faster, faster!” the passenger called as the horse climbed hills. Twice the men stopped at water pumps and told Walter to fill an empty bottle. The passenger added liquor to it from a flask as he balanced Charley on his lap. The forefinger on his left hand had shriveled to a sharp point around his nail. He wore two rings on the middle finger of his right hand; both were gold, one a plain band and the other set with a red stone.
“Slower, slower!” the passenger called as the horse ran downhill. The wagon turned again, again, and again before reaching Kensington, a neighborhood in northern Philadelphia. At the intersection of Richmond and Palmer Streets, the men saw a tobacco store down Richmond Street with a window display of firecrackers and torpedoes. The passenger handed Walter twenty-five cents and told him to go inside and buy his brother some toys and himself some candy. Walter obeyed.
John Hay, a young tobacconist, saw Walter at the counter and asked what he wanted.
“Firecrackers.” Walter pointed to some large ones.
Hay paused. Neighborhood boys usually bought as many small firecrackers as they could get for their money; it didn’t make sense that Walter asked for fewer, larger ones. He told the boy to come back when he was sure he knew what he wanted. Walter left, went back to the buggy, and soon reentered the store.
A few minutes later, he walked back outside with two packs of firecrackers and one of torpedoes. He stopped. The wagon, the men, and Charley had disappeared. Walter ran to the intersection and looked back and forth. Then he screamed.
As expected, Christian Ross rode up Main Street before 6:00 P.M. He was a tall and skinny man, fifty years old, the father of seven children, and a Sunday-school teacher at the local Methodist church. He had a receding hairline, a large nose and a full, carefully groomed red beard that almost covered his lower lip. Christian commuted ten miles from his home to his wholesale dry goods company on Third and Market streets. It was a difficult time to own a small business. The Panic of 1873 had hit Philadelphia the year before, when the Jay Cooke Bank closed. This New York-based bank had heavily financed railroad construction, but the pace of westward expansion depleted funds, and the bank folded under rising costs of labor. Philadelphia’s commercial and industrial communities were funded by local family-owned banks, so they did not suffer like others in the East. Smaller businesses like Christian’s, however, took a hit as consumers lost or conserved expendable income. Christian’s wife, Sarah, had recently taken a trip to Atlantic City, causing neighbors to wonder whether she was struggling to cope with financial stress at the Ross home. The family said she was recovering from an illness.
Christian looked forward to seeing his two youngest sons that evening. The boys had been complaining because they were stuck at home while their older sister Sophia vacationed with their mother and their two older brothers visited their grandmother in central Pennsylvania. Walter and Charley knew they would switch places with Sophia in mid-July, but in the meantime, the household—including two nannies, a cook, groundsmen, an older and a younger sister—was quieter than they liked. With the approach of Independence Day, the boys had seen children in town playing with fireworks. Germantown and Philadelphia ordinances banned fireworks and firecrackers from residential areas, yet children could easily purchase them in corner stores. That morning, Walter and Charley had followed their father to the stables, asking him for money to buy firecrackers. Christian said they needed to wait until he came home with a cartload of sand to muffle the sound.
Christian turned onto Washington Lane and headed downhill to his house. Between one and ten acres separated the residences on either side of the street. Christian’s brother-in-law Joseph Lewis lived on a large property at the top of the hill, close to the train station. Christian owned a smaller plot farther down the street. As he approached his drive, he was surprised that the boys weren’t waiting for him. He walked through the garden up to his sheltered front porch and asked the nurses for his sons; the women said they had been playing outside with other children for close to two hours. Christian walked to the front gate and listened for the boys—when he didn’t hear them, he decided to wait on the front porch with a newspaper. An hour later, the cook served dinner. Assuming his sons had wandered off with a friend, Christian sent a servant to find them. Only when they didn’t return during the meal did he become concerned. Christian went back to the street, followed by members of his household, who divided into small search parties. As Christian walked in front of his house, his neighbor Mary Kidder called to him.
“Are your boys likely to ride with strangers?”
Christian stared at her. Four days earlier, Walter had run up to him with a white braided stick of candy about four inches long. He said a man in a wagon had given one to him and one to Charley. Christian had asked both boys if they had spoken to the strangers. “No, sir,” Walter had answered. Later, Christian remembered feeling touched by the encounter, glad that men took the time to notice children.
Mrs. Kidder hurried across her lawn. Her husband, Walter, followed. She told Christian that she had looked out of her window earlier and noticed his boys talking to a man. Shortly thereafter, she saw them ride away with him in a wagon. Mrs. Kidder had thought the scene odd, but with the exception of petty robberies and corner lounging, crime didn’t threaten the people of Germantown. That week, a local paper had addressed the town’s biggest complaints: the shabby condition of Germantown Avenue, cooks who threw kitchen trash outdoors, women who visited saloons, and police officers who allowed bartenders to illegally sell oysters. As of 1874, kidnapping in America was a misdemeanor, not a felony, and certainly not anything parents in Germantown had ever feared. Walter Kidder walked up the hill with Christian to Main Street and the police station. It was 8:00 P.M.
The Fourtheenth Precinct was located at the town hall on Germantown Avenue. Before they reached the precinct station house, Christian saw a man walking next to a child in the distance. He recognized Walter and rushed to him.
“Where have you been, Walter?” he asked.
The little boy rubbed his red, swollen eyes. In his hand, he held firecrackers. “Walter, where is Charley?”
Walter looked confused. “Why, he is all right. He is in the wagon.” Walter had assumed that Charley had returned home and he was the one lost.
The man standing next to him identified himself as Mr. Henry Peacock. He told Christian that on his commute home from work, he had seen and heard a terrified Walter talking to women on a street corner in Kensington. When he heard “a man had put him out of a buggy and had then gone off and left him,” Mr. Peacock offered to take Walter to the police station. The little boy, he said, then burst “into a frantic fit of crying.” Walter was able to tell Henry Peacock where he lived, but he only mentioned one man as being in the buggy, and he didn’t say anything about a brother.
Christian wrote down Mr. Peacock’s address and asked him to walk Walter home. He and Mr. Kidder continued to the police station.
Germantown’s Town Hall stood at the corner of Germantown Avenue and Haines Street. From a distance in any direction, towns-people could see a four-sided clock positioned on the roof, the rotunda above it, and a narrow tower rising from the rotunda into the sky. Six pillars supported the front entrance of Town Hall. It had served as a makeshift hospital during the beginning of the Civil War, but now the building remained fairly empty, except for twelve police officers, any disorderly drunk locked up in a basement cell, and the occasional audience gathering to see a traveling entertainer or politician. Christian and his neighbor walked up the steps. They found Lieutenant Alexander Buchanan, the commanding officer on duty, and asked him to wire a telegraph inquiring about a lost child to central police headquarters. The central office dialogued with each of its precincts via telegraph, which often meant that a network of bells transmitted important communications between offices. Buchanan, a large thirty-eight-year-old Irishman with thick, black eyebrows and an ungroomed moustache, wrote down Charley’s name and age.
Thirty minutes later, Buchanan reported that no lost little boys had been found. He said he was sure Charley would show up soon and advised Christian to calm down.
Christian asked what else the police could do.
Buchanan said he couldn’t do anything else.
Christian persisted.
Buchanan advised him to contact a Captain William Heins at central police headquarters on Chestnut Street.
Walter Kidder walked Christian back to Washington Lane and returned home. At the top of the hill, Christian stopped at the house of Joseph Lewis, his brother-in-law.
The Ross and Lewis families had known each other for decades. Both were from central Pennsylvania, and both were descended from successful businessmen and related to state politicians. Christian’s grandfather was a German immigrant who served in the Revolutionary War and later operated a popular mercantile store in Harrisburg. His daughter Catherine married Joseph Ross, another dry-goods shopkeeper, and the couple raised seven sons in a suburb of Harrisburg called Middletown. Christian was the oldest boy. After working in his father’s shop, Christian moved to Philadelphia in his mid-twenties, taking his younger brother Joseph with him. At a Methodist church in Philadelphia, Christian met Sarah Ann Lewis, the younger sister of four brothers who ran a local clothing business. The couple married nine years later, when Sarah was 28 and Christian was 38. A year after their marriage in 1863, Christian’s father, Joseph, died and left Christian an inheritance that he used to open his own clothing store—Ross, Schott, & Co. By 1874, as Christian’s business faltered, the Lewis brothers owned three successful dry-goods stores in town, and Joseph Lewis owned more property than any other resident on Washington Lane.
Joseph and his son Frank Lewis listened to Christian talk about the events of the past few hours. Joseph then advised Christian to follow Lieutenant Buchanan’s suggestion and visit Captain William Heins at police headquarters. He sent his son Frank with him. The men took a streetcar down Germantown Avenue, changing cars once at the Ninth Street depot before they reached Independence Hall—home of the central police station, city council chambers, the courthouse, and the mayor’s office. As they walked towards the station Christian and his nephew passed the windows of colonial storefronts. Few lights reflected in them. Christian noticed how unusually quiet the city seemed.
The men arrived around 11:00 P.M., just after Captain Heins had left for the night. The detective on duty listened to Christian’s story and told him drunks must have taken Charley. He said the men would eventually sober up, realize their folly and drop Charley off.
Christian asked what else the police could do.
Nothing, the detective answered.
Christian and his nephew disagreed. They took a streetcar to Kensington and walked to the local police station. The officers on duty there said they had heard nothing about a missing child or Lieutenant Buchanan’s wire. Christian and Frank found the intersection where Walter had been crying and knocked on the door of a nearby store. A druggist answered. He listened to Christian’s questions but said he couldn’t help him. The men walked two blocks to Mr. Peacock’s house, awoke him, and asked again where the men had abandoned Walter. Peacock took them to a different shop. Nobody answered this door. Peacock then led the men around the neighborhood for two hours, answering whatever questions he could. By the time Christian and Frank left Kensington, no streetcars were running, and they had to walk six miles before finding an open stable on Germantown Avenue. It was 5:00 A.M. when they arrived home.
Christian woke Walter two hours later. He emptied the pockets of his son’s clothes from the day before and found five-cent pieces, copper coins, and unopened candy. As soon as Walter had eaten breakfast, he went to his Uncle Joseph’s house with Christian and recounted what he could of Charley’s disappearance. Afterward, Christian and Frank returned to police headquarters in search of Captain Heins. They found him and told their story once again. Other officers on duty repeated their belief that drunken fools had taken the child; Heins, however, took Christian’s concern more seriously. He assigned an Officer Etwein Joyce to accompany Christian back to Kensington on a search for more information.
A thunderstorm loomed over the city that Thursday, July 2, but there wasn’t much rain. One man referred to the humid, cloudy day as “head-aching weather.” Outside of John Hay’s tobacco shop on Richmond Street in Kensington, men often gathered to sit, smoke, and talk about boat races or their jobs at the shipyards down the road. Christian and Officer Joyce entered the store and introduced themselves to Hay. He remembered selling firecrackers to Walter the night before. He said he had assumed Walter was a neighborhood boy and didn’t think anything much about him.
In search of eyewitnesses, the men walked outside to interview pedestrians, several of whom recalled seeing Walter crying on the corner. Only one person could place Charley in the wagon at the scene. A little girl said she saw the buggy with the little boy drive away as she stood on the sidewalk.
By now, Officer Joyce was suspicious. He left instructions with the Kensington Police to search for Charley and took Christian and Frank Lewis to the nearest ferry stop along the Delaware River. Joyce asked the driver if he had seen a child matching Charley’s description. The man said no. Joyce decided to take Christian back to Germantown. He determined that if the men had followed Germantown Avenue directly to Kensington, somebody would have seen the children in the wagon. The men stopped at feed stores, stables, hotels, and watering holes along the Avenue. They asked if anybody had observed a horse and wagon pulling two men and two young boys the day before. Nobody had. A few hours later, Walter sat between his father and the officer on their way back to Kensington. This time, the men asked Walter to try piecing together his journey from the day before. His memory shocked both men. Based on his recognition of landmarks that the kidnappers had identified, Walter remembered a route involving eighteen different turns over the course of eight miles. His recollection was verified by eyewitnesses at feed stores, stables, and hotels along the more residential second half of the route.
Christian took Walter with him to headquarters, where he drafted a newspaper advertisement. Only one paper, the Philadelphia Public Ledger, agreed to print the ad the next morning on such short notice. Meanwhile, word of Charley’s disappearance had spread quickly in Germantown. That night, the community gathered to pray at the Ross home.
The next day, more eyewitnesses stepped forward. A local doctor reported that on the morning of Tuesday, June 30, the day before the kidnapping, he had seen two men in a dirty, dusty buggy near the Ross property. He had noticed the wagon because it was parked in the sun, not in nearby shade that would have kept the horse cooler. As one man sat in the driver’s seat, the doctor noticed another jumping from behind a wall adjacent to the Lewis property. The jumper paused to clear his forehead from sweat, then sat next to the driver in the sun. They noticed the doctor’s gaze, and as he passed them on the street, they pulled a curtain over the back of the carriage. The doctor wasn’t sure if the men were thieves or gas men, but as he didn’t see a policeman nearby, he continued on with a house call.
A handyman remembered that on Monday, June 29, he’d heard a stranger offering candy to the Ross boys and talking to them on the street. A couple of people in town said that on Sunday, June 28, strangers in a wagon had waved to Walter and Charley as they left church. Mr. Johnson, another neighbor of Christian’s, said he had seen a man with three-inch long whiskers offer the children candy the previous Saturday, June 27. After listening to his neighbors, Christian realized that the day of the kidnapping was the fifth day in a row that the kidnappers had made contact with his children in broad daylight. Sarah Ross, still in Atlantic City, had no idea of her son’s disappearance.
Readers of the Philadelphia Public Ledger, the city’s most popular daily, opened up their papers on the morning of July 3. In the “Lost and Found” column, they read about a missing breastpin marked with a topaz stone. They read of misplaced gold spectacles, a missing gold charm bracelet, and a striped gray cat named Dick whose owners wanted him in exchange for a “liberal” reward. And then, underneath a request for a gold double-drop earring, they read about a missing child.
Lost—A SMALL BOY, ABOUT FOUR YEARS of age, light complexion and light curly hair. A suitable reward will be given by returning him to EL JOYCE, Central Police Station.
At the time of the advertisement, Charley had been missing for thirty-six hours. Neither Charley’s nor Christian’s name was printed in the ad because Christian feared disturbing Sarah should she read the Ledger in Atlantic City. Early on the morning of July 3, he took the train back to central headquarters on Chestnut Street. By then, Officer Joyce had convinced his peers that while drunken men may have taken Charley Ross, they did so with a motive. The police asked Christian and Frank to tell their story once again. This time, they took notes. With them were Philadelphia’s mayor William S. Stokley, the district attorney, the chief of police, Captain Heins, and a number of detectives.
The men asked Christian several questions directed at identifying possible kidnapping motives. They then asked him to direct their first move. Christian suggested they look for the horse and wagon. Police Chief Kenneth Jones told his lieutenants to dispatch plainclothes officers to each district in the city and to search any place that housed or hired horses. Each officer was instructed to observe all “suspicious persons” and to question their contacts in the criminal community. Two detectives took Frank Lewis to get his little cousin Walter back in Germantown so the boy could identify the kidnappers’ route once again. Meanwhile, Christian continued to answer detectives’ questions at the station. They asked him to explain any troubles he’d had with family members or servants; which servants he had fired; if any creditors wished to collect payment by taking Charley; what arguments he had had recently and with whom; whether he had ever served on a jury. At the end of Christian’s testimony, the detectives had the names of a few fired servants and one convicted felon. All were located, interviewed, and dismissed.
Plainclothes officers learned no new information until the afternoon. The first lead came from Germantown. Residents had told Lieutenant Alexander Buchanan at Town Hall that they had seen a gypsy band traveling with a crying child along Washington Lane. Buchanan’s message rang through the bells of the telegraph system in each of the city’s precincts. At 10:00 P.M., the sixteenth ward, in West Philadelphia reported that a gypsy party camped in nearby woods. Three officers and Joseph Lewis went to identify the child.
Several women were watching two men fight when the search party arrived. After the police broke up the struggle, one man was bleeding from a cut in his face. The gypsies appeared to be traveling with several horses and two wagons full of trinkets and chests. They denied having a strange child, and the bleeding man threatened to shoot any officer who further disturbed his people. Officers climbed into the wagons, opened each chest, and ripped through its contents—scattering clothes, weapons, and jewelry onto the ground. The two men were arrested on charges of property theft and released from custody the next morning.
While Christian and Frank Lewis awaited the news from West Philadelphia, they wrote a second advertisement at the central station. This one offered money for the lost boy’s return to the Philadelphia Public Ledger building at Number Five North Sixth Street. Once again, Charley’s name was withheld.