notes

we is got him

p. 17	Their shoes got caught: Wister, Frances, 23; Callard, 54.
p. 17	Travelers had complained: Wister, Frances, 24; Clemens, 47; The Germantown Guide, July 25, 1874.
p. 17	They lived in caves: Callard, 13.
p. 17	the community earned enough money: Weigley, 25, 62, 327.
p. 17	During the winter: Wister, Frances Anne. “The Great Road,” 23.
p. 17	General Howe’s men: Switala, 5.
p. 17	runaway slaves found their way: Ibid.
p. 18	After Philadelphia absorbed: Wister, Jones, 24; Weigley, 24.
p. 18	Often, salesmen and charlatans: Callard, 101, 113.
p. 18	In the early summer evenings of 1874: Coffin, 25; Zimmerman, 1, 3, 24.
p. 18	on Wednesday, July 1, Peter Callahan: PI, September 1, 1875.
p. 18	Earlier that day,: Ross, 27.
p. 18	Laughter had echoed: The Germantown Guide, June 27, 1874.
p. 18	Just after 5:00 P.M.: PI, September 1, 1875.
p. 18	It was drawn by a brown horse: Ibid.
p. 18	The driver’s face was partially hidden: Ross, 33; INA, July 23, 1874; EB, December 16, 1875.
p. 19	the men spread a dirty, ripped lap cover: Ross, 33.

you wil have two pay us

p. 21	Before they went out to play: Ross, 28.
p. 21	Charley had light-brown hair: Ross, 34.
p. 21	Charley looked up to him and put Walter in charge: Ibid.
p. 21	If somebody he didn’t know approached him: Ibid.
p. 21	Neither boy shied away: This is based on the court testimonies of Mary Kidder and Peter Callanan.
p. 21	Walter asked why: Ross, 31.
p. 21	“No, we will take you to Aunt Susie’s”: Ibid.
p. 22	He asked the men to identify features: Ibid.
p. 22	Charley began to whimper: Ross, 32.
p. 22	If somebody snapped at him: Ross, 34.
p. 22	“Faster, faster!”: Ross, 32.
p. 22	The passenger added liquor to it: Ibid.
p. 22	The forefinger on his left hand: Zierold, 148.
p. 22	“Slower, slower”: Ross, 32.
p. 22	the wagon turned again, again, and again: PI, July 17, 1874.
p. 22	John Hay, a young tobacconist: INA, July 31, 1874.
p. 22	Walter ran to the intersection: Ross, 32.
p. 23	He had a receding hairline: Photo of Christian Ross, Courtesy of GHS.
p. 23	The Panic of 1873: Beers, 432; Foner, 512.
p. 23	Philadelphia’s commercial and industrial: Beers, 433.
p. 23	causing neighbors to wonder: INA, July 28, 1874.
p. 23	Christian looked forward: Ross, 27.
p. 23	and their two older brothers: Ross, 26.
p. 23	Walter and Charley knew: Ross, 27.
p. 23	Germantown and Philadelphia ordinances: The Germantown Guide, July 4, 1874.
p. 23	Christian said they needed: Ross, 27.
p. 23	Between one and ten acres: Ross, 25.
p. 23	Christian owned a smaller plot: Philadelphia Public Library, Map Division.
p. 24	“Are your boys likely”: Ross, 28.
p. 24	Christian stared: Ibid.
p. 24	Four days earlier: Ross, 27.
p. 24	“No, Sir”: Ibid.
p. 24	Mrs. Kidder hurried: Ross, 28.
p. 24	That week, a local paper had addressed: The Germantown Guide, July 4, 1874.
p. 24	kidnapping in America was a misdemeanor: INA, July 31, 1874.
p. 25	“Where have you been, Walter?”: PI, September 1, 1875.
p. 25	he had seen and heard a terrified Walter: INA, July 30, 1874.
p. 25	“a man had put him out of a buggy”: Ibid.
p. 25	It had served as: Callard 59, 68, 100.
p. 25	The central office dialogued with: Berman, 86; Harring, 49.
p. 25	Buchanan, a large, thirty-eight-year-old Irishman: GHS, Ross folder, “Buchanan.”
p. 25	Thirty minutes later, Buchanan reported: Ross, 29.
p. 26	The Ross and Lewis families had known: Biographical Encyclopedia of Dauphin County, 1896.
p. 26	Christian’s grandfather was a German immigrant: Ibid.
p. 26	the Lewis brothers owned three successful: PI, December 23, 1874.
p. 26	Joseph Lewis owned more property than: Philadelphia Public Library, Map Division.
p. 26	Joseph and his son Frank Lewis listened: Ross, 29.
p. 27	Christian noticed how unusually quiet: Ross, 30.
p. 27	The men arrived around 11:00 P.M.: Ibid.
p. 27	repeated their belief that drunken fools: Ross, 35.
p. 27	A thunderstorm loomed: Winner, Septimus, Diaries.
p. 28	“head-aching weather”: Ibid.
p. 28	men often gathered to sit: INA, July 31, 1874.
p. 28	In search of eye witnesses: Ross, 36.
p. 28	His memory shocked both men: Ross 37, 42.
p. 28	Only one paper: PL, July 3, 1874.
p. 28	the community gathered to pray: Ross, 39.
p. 29	A local doctor reported that: INA, July 23, 1874.
p. 29	A handyman remembered: PI, September 1, 1875.
p. 29	A couple of people in town: Ibid.
p. 29	Mr. Johnson: Ross, 40.
p. 29	Readers of the Philadelphia Public Ledger: PL, July 3, 1874.
p. 30	because Christian feared disturbing Sarah: Germantown Guide, August 15, 1874.
p. 30	“suspicious persons”: Ross, 40.
p. 30	Residents had told Lieutenant: Ross, 42–43.
p. 30	Several women were watching: Ibid.

be not uneasy

p. 33	On the morning of July 4: PL, July 6, 1874.
p. 33	hoping that the detectives were right: Ross, 46.
p. 34	His constituents numbered close to 800,000: Keels, 136; Whiteman, 114.
p. 34	more than 20 percent of whom worked: PI, July 6, 1874.
p. 34	in the 8,000 factories: Bell, 203.
p. 34	almost five times: Manual of the Councils of the City of Philadelphia, 1874-1876.
p. 34	Ulysses S. Grant accepted: NYT, October 18, 1874.
p. 34	William Stokley had also been: Sprogle, 152–153.
p. 34	His first political act was to: Wolf, 211.
p. 34	the immigrant community: Beers, 422.
p. 34	He immediately fired: Sprogle, 151–152.
p. 34	other city wages dropped 10 percent: Marshall, 204.
p. 34	thousands of railway workers: Ibid.
p. 34	Five days before July 4: Sprogle, 154.
p. 35	four million Americans had settled: Brown, 16.
p. 35	into 40 million people and: Brown, 16.
p. 35	600,000 soldiers, had died and freed slaves: Faust, xi; Hendrickson, 229.
p. 35	Stokley greeted his honored guests: PL, July 4, 1874; PI, July 6, 1874.
p. 35	Together, they exited: PL, July 4, 1876.
p. 35	The mayor’s carriage went directly: Hepp, 82; PL, July 6, 1874.
p. 35	Trees lined both riverbanks: Philadelphia Public Library, Photo Collection.
p. 36	He arrived at the excavation site: PI, July 6, 1874.
p. 37	William Penn had designed: PI, July 6, 1874.
p. 37	Nobody spoke: Ross, 46.
p. 37	had delayed his plans for 180 years: PI, July 6, 1874.
p. 37	Five thousand attendees: PL, July 6, 1874. Details in the following scene are drawn from this article and an article appearing in the Ledger on July 2, 1874.
p. 37	“We have a manly local pride”: PI, July 6, 1874.

Yu be its murderer

p. 39	standardized development had chafed: Beers, 419, 421; Warner, 50, 52.
p. 39	On a normal weekday, shoppers: Callard, 39.
p. 39	Jimmy Jones … from floor to ceiling: Haines, 16–22; Callard, 39. Jimmy Jones was also the name of a descendant of this shopkeeper, one who operated the family business into the middle of the twentieth century.
p. 40	Weeping willows cast: Clemens, 19, 23, 34; Wister, James, 82.
p. 40	parents had heard: Haines, 2. The archives and Wister collection at La Salle University, organized by Dr. James Butler, were particularly helpful in reconstructing life in Victorian Germantown.
p. 40	Families picnicked: Coffin, 64–66; Clemens, Quaint Old, 6, 9; Haines, 98.
p. 40	Germantown’s children were used: Coffin, 39–40; Clemens, East Germantown, 33–37.
p. 40	monks had awaited: Zimmerman, 1, 4.
p. 40	two men with bushy beards still roamed: Coffin, 34–36; Clemens, East Germantown, 35.
p. 41	“See the ghost!”: La Salle University Library, Campbell Collection, Germantown Data #41.
p. 41	Sarah Lewis Ross had given: EB, September 23, 1874.
p. 41	Sarah had no idea: Ross, 47.
p. 42	Christian’s neighbors suspected that: INA, July 28, 1874.
p. 42	“Why did you not bring Charley”: Ross, 52.
p. 43	“No harm has come to Charley”: Ross, 63.
p. 43	“Surely you have not heard rightly”: Ibid.

his lif wil be instant sacrificed

p. 45	he went home to Germantown: Ross, 64.
p. 45	the efforts of Simon Cameron: Foner, 485–486; Hoogenboom, 830-839.
p. 45	Prior to the Uniform Elections Act: Hoogenboom, 830–839.
p. 46	“There was no plan of any importance”: Ross, 92; Bell, 204.
p. 46	pushed Christian closer toward: Ross, 85.
p. 46	the police had relied upon: Ross, 40.
p. 47	the authorities summoned citizens: Ross, 73.
p. 47	“suspicious-looking”: Ross, 73.
p. 47	to ships on the Delaware, factories: Bell, 202, 204; Warner, 50, 52.
p. 47	“No one outside of”: Ross, 88.
p. 48	a third-generation businessman: Biographical Encylopedia of Dauphin County, 1896.
p. 48	the advisers encouraged Christian: Ross, 86.
p. 49	He noticed the stamp: Ross, 72.
p. 49	Jewish communities in the Middle Ages: INA, July 16, 1874; The Germantown Guide, November 7, 1874.
p. 49	“kidnapping” wasn’t coined: Fass, 10.
p. 49	one hundred years later, the definition had evolved: Fass, 11; EB, July 21, 1874.
p. 50	many European slave traders: Fass, 10–11; PL, August 4, 1874.
p. 50	Children also fell victim to: Fass, 13.
p. 50	hundreds of “street urchins” disappeared: Ibid.
p. 50	a solely Italian problem: Fass, 44; EB, July 14, 1874; INA, July 20, 1874.
p. 50	no organized police force: Monkonnen, 31; Philadelphia Public Library, Police Department Inventory Part 4, 79.
p. 51	when more than eighty thousand acres were: Warner, 50; Monkonnen, 36.
p. 51	The corps’ initial efforts: Monkonnen, 36.
p. 51	“The detective force of Philadelphia”: EB, July 14, 1874.

he is uneasy

p. 53	“I felt that it was a fearful risk”: Ross, 97.
p. 53	After authorizing public citizens: Ross, 55.
p. 54	close readers had noticed: PI, July 22, 1874.
p. 54	Jones wrote to the city’s weekly and daily papers: EB, July 14, 1874; PL, July 17, 1874.
p. 54	The city was outraged: PL, July 17, 1874; PI, July 22, 1874.

the danger lies intirely with yuself

p. 55	A family named Henderson: Walling, 204.
p. 55	Mr. Henderson worked: PI, December 21, 1874.
p. 56	searchers walked through alleys: PL, July 23 and August 10, 1874.
p. 56	Throughout the city: Ross, 54-55.
p. 56	clapboard houses: Warner, 52.
p. 56	a stable keeper named: INA, July 18 and July 20, 1874.

yu child shal die

p. 57	the Ledger had had a reputation for: Supplement to the Philadelphia Inquirer, July 16, 1962. Page 16.
p. 57	the Ledger staff was the first in: Ibid.
p. 57	prompt reporting been more in demand: Summers, The Press Gang, 15.
p. 57	Nearly 3 million men: Faust, 3.
p. 57	elevated journalistic standards: Summers, The Press Gang, 15.
p. 58	every major American city: Summers, The Press Gang, 15.
p. 58	the New York Herald alone sent forty: Ibid.
p. 58	Readership in more than one hundred metropolitan: Summers, The Press Gang, 12.
p. 58	George W. Childs: Supplement to the Philadelphia Inquirer, July 16, 1962. Page 18.
p. 58	The Ledger developed: Ibid.
p. 58	readership of 400,000: Summers, The Press Gang, 12.
p. 58	chief editor was a man named William V. McKean: Supplement to the Philadelphia Inquirer, July 16, 1962. Page 18.
p. 58	“For what may be done in one instance”: EB, July 14, 1874.
p. 58	“The journalists of this city”: EB, July 16, 1874.
p. 59	“a particularly useless and expansive body”: EB, July 14, 1874.
p. 59	Both the Ledger and the Evening Bulletin: EB, July 16, 1874.
p. 59	Inspired by the success of London’s Crystal Palace: Rydell, 8.
p. 59	The centerpiece of London’s Crystal Palace: Rydell, 15.
p. 59	Riddle’s risk cost the city: Rydell, 17.
p. 59	By 1874, Europe had hosted: Ibid.
p. 60	“There must be no compromise with thieves”: PI, July 9, 1874.
p. 60	It attacked Christian’s integrity: Reported by The Germantown Guide, August 8, 1874.
p. 60	“No man with any soul”: PI, July 27, 1874.
p. 60	His friends loudly defended: PI, July 27 and September 25, 1874; PL, July 28, 1874.
p. 60	“No possible good could result by”: Ross, 86.

he is yet safe

p. 63	“Tramp Acts” were being passed: Harring, 201.
p. 63	Sarah Ross’s friends responded: Ross, 110.
p. 63	She sought the help of: Ross, 100.
p. 63	search parties conducted: Ross, 54–55, 72–73.
p. 63	strangers showed up at the Ross home: Ross, 102.
p. 64	blamed Charley’s disappearance on: Ibid.
p. 64	“Now you have broken the spell”: Ross, 105.
p. 64	as far away as California: Ross, 81.
p. 64	one letter sent to police advised: Ross, 93.
p. 64	On July 17, Joshua Taggart: EB, July 17, 1874; PI, July 17, 1874.
p. 64	Police detectives earned: HSP, Folder, Plan of Police for the History and County of Philadelphia, 1874.
p. 64	“thief catchers”: Monkonnen, 36.
p. 64	Through the 1870s,: Monkonnen, 31, 80.
p. 65	Editorials complained about: PL, July 23, 1874; PI, July 22, 1874.
p. 65	picking up undertones of gossip: EB, July 17, 1874.
p. 65	And then he arrested: EB, July 17, 1874.
p. 65	For the past twenty years, the authorities had: Ibid; INA, July 18, 1874.
p. 65	he had a black eye and a: EB, September 7, 1874.
p. 65	According to an act of 1860: PI, July 18, 1874.
p. 66	“Oh no,” responded the solicitor: Ibid.
p. 66	Christian Ross didn’t think Wooster: PI, July 22, 1874.
p. 66	“a man of considerable education”: EB, July 17, 1874.
p. 66	parents demanded that Stokley: PI, July 22, 1874; EB, August 10, 1874.
p. 67	A man in West Philadelphia: PI, July 27, 1874.
p. 67	ten-year-old Elizabeth Coffin: Coffin, 20.
p. 67	“candy and other nice things”: Ibid.
p. 67	Germantown’s parents: Ibid; Haines, 2.
p. 67	“Look after that youngster of yours”: PI, July 20, 1874.
p. 68	“I would be liable to”: INA, July 20, 1874.
p. 68	“I don’t believe it does”: Ibid.
p. 68	City solicitor Charles Collis: EB, July 18, 1874.
p. 68	“Do you think Taggart”: Ibid.
p. 68	Prison guards in South Philadelphia: INA, July 24, 1874.

we wil send prof

p. 71	“Does not the fact that”: PI, July 21, 1874.
p. 71	“the same handwriting”: Ibid.
p. 71	“shock and incense the community”: Ibid.
p. 71	“shameful and unbearable”: EB, July 22, 1874.
p. 71	“easily committed”: Ibid.
p. 71	“the whole detective force of the country”: PI, July 22, 1874.
p. 71	Twenty-four hours later: PI, July 23, 1874.
p. 72	“every newspaper in the United States”: PL and INA, July 23, 1874.
p. 72	Clerks in the mayor’s office: PI, July 24 and 25, 2874.
p. 73	He insisted that: Ross, 112.
p. 73	much of the public agreed: PI, July 22, 1874.
p. 73	“You must excuse the looks”: INA, July 24, 1874.
p. 74	He asked why he was locked up: PI, July 21 and 22, 1874.
p. 74	“And even if I was,”: PI, July 21, 1874.
p. 74	“getting gloriously drunk”: INA, July 24, 1874.
p. 74	“had no hard feelings” and “to lead a different life”: PI, July 24, 1874.

they are goin to search every house in the city

p. 77	after the arrival of each one: Ross, 64.
p. 77	he had been accepting “hush” money: Walling, 273.
p. 77	chastened the police for releasing: NYH, July 27, 1874.
p. 77	Street children of all ages: Ross, 169; PI, July 28 and July 30, 1874; INA, July 31, 1874; NYT, August 5, 11 and 12, 1874; Fass, 47.
p. 77	Poor parents and fortune seekers: PI, July 31, 1874; PI, August 10, 1874; Ross 102, 152.
p. 77	Western Union extended a free wire: Ross, 60.
p. 78	One mother was stopped so often: EB, August 4, 1874.
p. 78	In North Philadelphia,: PI, July 20, 1874.
p. 78	Authorities also mistakenly arrested: PI, July 27, 1874.
p. 78	A Philadelphia detective traveled: Ross, 122.
p. 78	“Fancy Bill”: PI, July 30 and August 3, 1874; July 30, 1874.
p. 78	Neighbors in Germantown remembered two foreign couples: INA, July 31, 1874; PI, July 27, 1874.
p. 78	they did discover stolen silks and jewelry: PI, July 29 and 30, 1874.
p. 78	“every Philadelphia property for the child”: PI, July 28, 1874.
p. 78	An ex-detective echoed: PL, July 24, 1874.
p. 79	Editorials disagreed, arguing that: The Evening Standard, August 8, 1874.
p. 79	Benjamin Franklin, the: EB, July 24, 1874.
p. 79	his doctor confined him temporarily to his bed: Ross, 224.
p. 79	Without contacting Christian Ross or: PI, July 27, 1874.
p. 79	“compromise a felony”: Ibid.

if you want to trap

p. 81	Frederick S. Swartz, a postal agent: PI, July 31, 1874.
p. 81	“My God, that’s Charley Ross!”: Ibid.

before he intercepts yu

p. 83	Christian received: Ross, 122.
p. 83	“I have the child and the parties”: PL, July 31, 1874.
p. 83	By 11:45 A.M.: INA, July 31, 1874.
p. 83	The Inquirer later reported: PI, July 31, 1874.
p. 83	Track repairs delayed the train: Ibid; INA, July 31, 1874.
p. 83	Hundreds gathered around: INA, July 31, 1874.
p. 83	“The child is not Charley Ross”: PI, July 31, 1874.
p. 84	At midnight, an undercover officer: Ross, 131.
p. 84	He shivered as the train moved: Ibid.
p. 84	“This of course kept up”: Ross, 133.
p. 84	He arrived: Ibid.

we think we have left no clues behind us

p. 89	a former cow path called Mulberry Street: Bernard, 475; Riis, “Preface.”
p. 89	the city’s most infamous slum: Ibid.
p. 89	Locals knew this area as: Ibid; McCabe, “Preface” and “XXVII./ Life in the Shadows.”
p. 89	old, rotten slabs of meat: Riis, 50.
p. 89	sleeping on lager-drenched wood shavings: Kingsdale, 475.
p. 89	rented a spot on the floor for a nickel: Kingsdale, 477.
p. 89	who yawned and stretched away: Riis, photos.
p. 89	children stepped over sewage: Gilfoyle, 19.
p. 89	Some walked west to Newspaper Row: Riis, 216.
p. 89	others meandered north: Ibid.
p. 89	for a spot to polish boots or sell flowers: McCabe, “LXXXVII. Street Vendors.”
p. 89	If the oldest boys made enough money: Kingsdale, 477.
p. 89	Posters of sports stars: Kingsdale, 475.
p. 90	men propped tired feet: Kingsdale, 474.
p. 90	saloon keeper’s oily head and: Kingsdale, 475.
p. 90	could look through the wrought-iron windows: Kingsdale, 474, 485.
p. 90	Charles Stromberg had owned: TW, 52.
p. 90	even a poor man could scrape: Kingsdale, 474.
p. 90	had some time to himself between: Kingsdale, 475.
p. 90	Stromberg knew one of the man: TW, 52.
p. 90	blamed the dismissal on his refusal: TW, 47.
p. 90	his wife had sold some of their furniture: TW, 69.
p. 91	they peddled an insect repellent: TW, 34.
p. 91	he began to record their visits: TW, 53.
p. 91	Hartman asked Westervelt one night: TW, 60.
p. 91	saloons turned into community centers that: Kingsdale, 476, 478-479.
p. 91	the patrons shared Irish heritages and: Kingsdale, 483; Asbury, 119; Harring, 182.
p. 91	“wife pacifiers”: Schlereth, 227.
p. 91	sang about lost loves or: Kingsdale, 480.
p. 91	and left letters: Schlereth, 227.
p. 91	whenever a chalk mark appeared: TW, 60.
p. 91	Stromberg kept it despite: TW, 43.
p. 91	“I can tell you confidentially that I …”: TW, 52.
p. 92	“two shillings”: TW, 60.
p. 92	paid a few cents for: Riis, 64.
p. 92	Kerosene lamps cast small shadows: Riis, 59; Brace, 93.
p. 92	smells of unclean bodies and: Barnard, 6.
p. 92	lay with at least a dozen sleeping: Barnard, 6; Riis, vi; McCabe, “XXVII: The Five Points. 2. The Cellars.”

we know not what to make of that

p. 93	“Chief of Police of Philadelphia:”: Walling, 200.
p. 93	in 1847 at age twenty-four: Walling, 33.
p. 93	Advertisements and society columns: Beckert, 156.
p. 93	members attended record numbers of: Beckert, 154.
p. 93	workers framed Fifth-Avenue mansions: McCabe, “VIII. PUBLIC SPACES. and X. FIFTH AVENUE.”
p. 93	ladies flaunted jewels and furs: Beckert, 156; McCabe, “IV: THE RING 1. History of the Ring.”
p. 94	the arrival of more than 3 million immigrants: Beckert, 146.
p. 94	number of factories and miles of railroad track: Beckert, 144–146, 208.
p. 94	immigrants in New York protested: Johnson 3, 30; Emsley, 44, 54.
p. 94	a common enemy: Johnson, 41; Harring, 12, 225, 248.
p. 94	When Walling gained his first: Walling, 48.
p. 94	“strong-arm” police teams: Johnson, 15, 19; Miller, 215, 223.
p. 94	25 percent of laborers lost their jobs: Emsley, 56; Tholfson, 115; Beckert, 209.
p. 94	Tension became so thick around Irish shanties: Johnson, 15, 19.
p. 94	“Shame! Shame” at the police: Johnson, 30.
p. 94	During the summer of 1874,: Johnson, 39.
p. 94	Working women who returned home alone: Johnson, 22.
p. 95	even after human-rights groups: Johnson, 18; Harris, 17.
p. 95	After becoming an inspector, Walling: Walling, 153.
p. 95	The Board of the Police reserved the right: Walling, 178.
p. 95	an Officer Doyle in the city’s thirteenth ward: Zierold, 140.
p. 95	internal restructuring in the department: Walling, 179.
p. 95	Walling demanded to see Mosher, Doyle, and Hedden: Walling, 201.
p. 96	“What are your reasons …” and following conversation: Walling, 201.
p. 97	Chief Jones contacted Captain Heins: Ross, 174.
p. 97	“We hope that you at least …” and following conversation: Walling, 200.
p. 97	Gil told the officers that: Zierold, 143.
p. 97	“some ten years before”: Ibid.
p. 97	“dirty”: Ibid.
p. 97	the letter Y: Ibid.
p. 97	“He writes very rapidly and is careless”: Walling, 202.
p. 98	He didn’t, however, share this news with: Ross, 179.

we have heard nothing from yu

p. 99	“$5,000 will be paid”: EB, August 3, 1874.
p. 99	amateur detectives across the western hemisphere: Ross, 73, 147; PI, July 18, 1874; PI, August 25, 1874; PL, August 10, 1874.
p. 99	expanded the echelon of business: Hessinger, 5; Beckert, 219.
p. 99	their convictions resulted in relief efforts: Tholfson, 93, 97.
p. 99	they also believed that the laboring class: Tholfson, 102; Harring, 225; Beckert, 211.
p. 100	More people moved into: Ryan, 9.
p. 100	“In the good old times”: PI, August 28, 1874.
p. 100	pushed northern Republicans: Beckert, 225.
p. 101	they facilitated the arrival of: Beckert, 146; Harris, 14, 17; Harring, 51.
p. 101	they emphasized Christian education: Tholfson, 99, 108–109; Foner, 482; Miller, 219; Hilkey, 10; PL, August 15, 1874.
p. 101	Officers in Denver, Colorado,: PL, September 21, 1874.
p. 101	A police chief in St. Paul, Minnesota: EB, September 4, 1874.
p. 101	“bright, intelligent face”: Ibid.
p. 101	“rough-looking” man: Ibid.
p. 101	Officers in North Philadelphia: PI, August 11, 1874.
p. 101	“Charley Loss”: Ibid.
p. 101	A man named Murkins in Odell, Illinois: NYT, August 20, 1874.
p. 102	the New York–based Children’s Aid Society: EB, August 11, 1874.
p. 102	it did not keep consistent, acceptable records: NYT: May 25, 1883.
p. 102	In New York City, eight-year-old: EB, August 4, 1874.
p. 102	“Wait! Wait!”: Ibid.
p. 102	Reporters in Albany, New York: PI, August 4, 1874.
p. 102	Seven-year-old Joe Harlen: EB, August 11, 1874.
p. 102	In Newport, Rhode Island: EB, August 25, 1874.
p. 103	“No,”: Ibid.
p. 103	“But there has been much that would”: EB, August 11, 1874.
p. 103	“A search like this can of course”: PL, August 10, 1874.
p. 104	“The stealing of little Charley Ross”: Ibid.
p. 104	prior to this article, they hadn’t known: Ibid.
p. 104	In early August, Chief Jones: EB, August 7, 1874; Ross, 47.
p. 104	“Citizens should be careful as”: Ibid.
p. 104	“Nobody, except a policeman”: INA, August 8, 1874.
p. 104	neighbors more thoroughly explored old coal mines: PL, August 13, 1874; EB, August 7 and 9, 1874.
p. 104	did uncover contraband and numerous thieves: EB, August 7, 1874.

ask him no questions

p. 105	Christian Ross disagreed with police: Ross, 112.
p. 105	Christian did join investigators: PI, August 10, 14 and 25, 1874; Ross, 152, 202.
p. 105	by formulating a list of questions: Ross, 161; PL, July 31, 1874.
p. 105	Crowds of hopeful helpers greeted: Ross, 162.
p. 105	MR. C. K. ROSS—Dear Sir: Ross, 148.
p. 106	until the middle of the nineteenth century: Henkin, 44.
p. 106	People avoided high postage costs: Henkin, 43.
p. 106	“transient newspaper”: Henkin, 47.
p. 106	in 1845, the postal service lowered: Henkin, 46.
p. 106	the postal service changed dramatically: Henkin, 88.
p. 106	In 1864, sixty-six American cities: Henkin, 90.

if death it must be

p. 109	On Saturday, August 10: Ross, 178.
p. 109	Walling greeted Christian: Ibid.
p. 109	That night, tragedy struck: EB, August 10, 1874.
p. 110	he tightened the flow of information: Ross 179.
p. 110	“No, sir, never,”: Ross, 178.
p. 110	“I did not think he was one of”: Ross, 178.
p. 110	Walling also identified the man: Ibid.

now we demand yu anser

p. 111	Mosher had grown up on a: PI, December 16, 1874.
p. 111	His father had been a somewhat: Zierold, 140.
p. 111	older brother Gil taught him: Ibid.
p. 111	a cask fell on Mosher’s left hand: EB, December 15, 1874.
p. 111	the brothers weren’t speaking: Zierold, 146.
p. 111	Their parents had died, as had: Ibid.
p. 111	Gil’s crime of choice had: Zierold, 141.
p. 111	They had disowned him years: Zierold, 146.
p. 111	Bill Mosher joined a successful gang: Walling, 141; PI, December 16 and 17, 1874.
p. 111	Between 1850 and 1852,: Walling, 143.
p. 112	In 1853, a ship watchman: PI, December 16, 1874.
p. 112	Unfortunately, someone had beaten the: PI, December 16, 1874.
p. 112	took on woodworking jobs: PI, December 21, 1874.
p. 112	failed business ventures: NYH, December 20, 1874.
p. 112	Once, he secured a financier: PI, December 21, 1874.
p. 112	Six months later, the business: Ibid.
p. 112	opened a saloon, where he lived: Zierold, 146.
p. 112	the little boy died: PI, December 24, 1874.
p. 112	they buried his bones in the wall: Everly, 387.
p. 112	Mosher also worked for “fencers”: Asbury, 214–215.
p. 112	recruited a young teenage thief: PI, December 16, 1874.
p. 112	Mosher introduced Douglas to a: Ibid.
p. 112	a part-time piracy practice along: Ibid.
p. 112	built a shack on Berrian’s Island: Ibid.
p. 112	hid their bounty until: Ibid.
p. 112	they set out on a trip by boat: Ibid.
p. 113	after filling their boat with fancy clothes: Ibid.
p. 113	The thieves were tied by their necks: Zierold, 147.
p. 113	Cutting through a wall, Mosher: Ibid.
p. 113	Douglas moved to Brooklyn: EB, December 15, 1874.
p. 113	The police next heard about the two men: Ibid.
p. 113	Gil’s wife, Liz, began visiting: TW, 43, 46.
p. 113	Westervelt wrote to Bill Mosher: TW, 103.
p. 113	Bill Mosher and his accomplice: TW, 30.
p. 114	“What does he want?”: TW, 88.
p. 114	Three blocks away from the store: Ibid.
p. 114	“Is Gil Mosher here?”: Ibid.
p. 114	Westervelt and Douglas walked to the corner: Ibid.
p. 114	Her sons Ed and Ike: TW, 78.
p. 114	Mosher stood up and then rushed: TW, 88.
p. 114	Fifteen minutes later: TW, 88.
p. 114	“Tell Gil I did not see”: TW, 28.
p. 115	She asked again for Bill Mosher: TW, 89.
p. 115	Westervelt read the letter out loud: Ibid.
p. 115	far enough away that the bartender: TW, 52.
p. 115	By now, Stromberg had noticed: Zierold, 201.
p. 115	“If she is fine, and nobody is looking” and following quotes: TW, 89.
p. 115	changed his shirt: TW, 81.
p. 115	Her landlord didn’t appear: TW, 67.
p. 115	a neighbor named Mrs. Mary O’Leary: Ibid.
p. 115	He, his wife, and their two children: Ibid.
p. 116	She saw her boys playing around the house: Ibid.
p. 116	noticed that the boy Charley: Ibid.
p. 116	Before taking the train back to New York: TW, 57.
p. 116	Westervelt asked him if: Ibid.
p. 116	“Yes,” McDowell said, and following conversation: Ibid.
p. 116	Westervelt chose not to post: TW, 89.
p. 116	Westervelt met a former police colleague: Ibid.
p. 117	The Thirteenth Precinct: Ibid.
p. 117	Captain Hedden met him and took: Ibid.
p. 117	Most of the office spaces at headquarters: Walling, 181.
p. 117	Two floors above them: TW, 89.
p. 117	Both demanded that Westervelt undergo: Ibid.
p. 117	he later took Westervelt to: Ibid.
p. 117	stood watch at the superintendent’s front: Ibid.
p. 118	He asked if Westervelt knew that his: TW, 42.
p. 118	“Bill Mosher wouldn’t have taken a child”: Ibid.
p. 118	Walling repeated that: TW, 90.
p. 118	Westervelt contacted Walling with a: Zierold, 167.
p. 118	Walling immediately contacted: Ibid.
p. 118	Moran had grown up in Douglas’s neighborhood: Zierold, 167.
p. 118	“felonious assault”: Ibid.
p. 119	By the time he got the message and arrived: Ibid.

ask Walter if

p. 123	Walling interpreted the kidnappers’ repetitive: Walling, 203.
p. 123	“I am more confident than ever”: Ibid.
p. 123	He agreed with all of the kidnappers’ answers: NYH, August 26, 1874.
p. 123	They asked why the authorities: PI, July 17, 1874.
p. 124	They also wondered why Mayor Stokley: Ibid.
p. 124	“We refer to the absurd and reprehensible”: EB, August 11, 1874.
p. 124	“County district attorneys cannot”: PI, August 28, 1874.
p. 124	A private group of citizens: INA, July 18, 1874.
p. 124	“The above reward will be paid”: EB, August 31, 1874.
p. 125	“the wisest and most eminent of our citizens”: PI, September 17, 1874.
p. 125	They also sent a private memo to the nation’s: HSP, Folder, Charles B. Ross, Pinkerton flyer.
p. 125	“With whom is he?”, etc.: Ross, 420.
p. 128	Christian had refused to release a photograph: INA, August 18, 1874.
p. 128	“Those who desire to aid in these renewed”: PI, September 17, 1874.
p. 128	ED. PHILADA. INQUIRER: PI, September 12, 1874.
p. 128	The Public Ledger warned readers against: August 13, 1874.
p. 127	“I, Kennard H. Jones,”: INA, August 8, 1874.
p. 127	“The time has fully come for the mayor”: EB, August 11, 1874.
p. 127	the Evening Bulletin suggested the mayor: August 5, 1874.
p. 128	“running after any and every shadow that”: EB, August 12, 1874.
p. 128	“Do you want to talk?” and following conversation: Ibid.
p. 129	“I advertised more than one month ago”: EB, August 31, 1874.

this thing is drawing to a final crises

p. 133	Philadelphia entered the fifth week of: EB, September 10 and 12, 1874.
p. 133	“The change from week to week at”: EB, August 12, 1874.
p. 133	“Every portion of the work is pushed”: Ibid.
p. 133	Crowds gathered behind a large fence: Ibid.
p. 133	It would also be the first world’s fair to dedicate: Rydell, 21.
p. 133	people watched engineers and masons: EB, August 12, 1874.
p. 134	The artisans worked rapidly to build railroads: Ibid.
p. 134	approved by Congress to cover 50 percent of: Brown, 23; Whiteman, 118.
p. 134	The Centennial Commission had planned: PL, September 24, 1874.
p. 134	City Council agreed to advance a loan: Brown, 21.
p. 134	Philadelphia had already needed to assume: Ibid.
p. 134	A three-month-old baby disappeared from: PI, September 11, 1874.
p. 135	Police could also not find a three-year-old boy: EB, September 10, 1874.
p. 135	Near Washington, D.C., neighbors observed: EB, September 8, 1874.
p. 135	“And if the fact that the boy has brothers”: Ibid.
p. 135	Townspeople in Orange County, New York: EB, September 7, 1874.
p. 135	“Where did you go from when you went away?”: Ibid.
p. 135	“Success in this inquiry may atone somewhat for”: PI, September 14, 1874.
p. 136	Police also located Charlotte Wyeth: EB, September 18, 1874.
p. 136	“Godspeed”: Ibid.
p. 136	“The chief mystery in regard to the difficulty”: EB, September 9, 1874.
p. 136	“If the New York detectives are so superior”: EB, August 5, 1874.
p. 136	the NYPD released no statement: This comment is based on my study of Philadelphia and New York papers from July of 1874 through September 1875.
p. 136	Walling bribed Westervelt’s cooperation: Walling, 204.
p. 136	He also began regularly inviting: Walling, 203.
p. 137	Walling’s men followed Westervelt to: TW, 96.
p. 137	within forty-eight hours of an authorization from: Ross, 221.
p. 137	“In view of the threats contained in the letters”: Ross, 220.
p. 137	“We will have them both,”: Ibid.
p. 137	He wrote Heins on September 11, finally: Ross, 193.
p. 137	DEAR SIR. – Since writing you this A.M.,: Ross, 193.
p. 138	Heins pursued the lead on the stable: Ross, 194.

others will rely on our word

p. 141	the newspapers indirectly attacked: PI, September 27, 1874; EB, August 7 and 28, 1874; PL, August 10, 1874.
p. 141	the 620,000 deceased: Faust, xi.
p. 141	one of his wife’s brothers showed Sarah a: Ross, 64.
p. 142	he sought the advice of a German psychic: Ross, 206.
p. 142	The eighteenth-century Swedish mystic: Cox, 12.
p. 142	Spiritualists were fascinated with electricity: Sargent, iv.
p. 142	To thousands of Americans,: Faust, 82.
p. 142	“planchettes”: Faust, 182.
p. 142	led to the popularity of daguerrotypes: Cox, 112.
p. 142	“Get out of this, go into the next room, I’ll soon” and details from the following scene: Ross, 208.
p. 143	one of which offered a German witchcraft recipe: Ross, 209.
p. 143	Christian had tried to shield five-year-old Walter: Ross, 172.
p. 143	The New York Herald suggested Walter had been: reported in INA, August 8, 1874.
p. 143	The paper wondered whether Christian kept the ransom: Ross, 171.
p. 143	the net worth of Catherine Ross, Christian’s mother: Biographical Encyclopedia of Dauphin County, PA, 1870 Census of Middletown, PA.
p. 143	“The parties who actually made away with the infant”: as reported in p. EB, August 7, 1874.
p. 144	“We have not heard of anything being accomplished”: EB, August 5, 1874.
p. 144	Libel laws did govern newspapers: EB, October 14, 1874; PI, October 15, 1874.
p. 144	In 1874, new legislature redefined libel law: EB, October 14, 1874.
p. 144	“matter proper for public information, provided that”: PI, October 15, 1874.
p. 144	a man identifying himself as “G”: PI, September 23, 1874.
p. 145	“The following is the theory of those who knew”: EB, September 23, 1874.
p. 145	“of a character to injure me in my said business”: Ibid.
p. 145	James V. Lambert, Christian’s colleague: PI, September 25, 1874.
p. 145	“Were [the kidnapping] a humbug”: Ibid.
p. 145	He encouraged Christian to bring libel charges: Ibid.
p. 145	The writer “G” was really named Milford N. Ritter: Ibid.
p. 146	“the common talk of Mr. Ross’ neighbors”: PI, September 25, 1874.
p. 146	“in a store on Columbia Avenue, where women”: PI, October 14, 1874.
p. 146	All parties involved testified at the fall: Ibid.
p. 146	“He is in a very prostrate condition”: EB, September 29, 1874.
p. 146	“I said I hardly knew what to say about it”: PI, September 30, 1874.
p. 146	Milford N. Ritter admitted to authoring the: PI, October 15, 1874.
p. 146	The publishers of the Reading Eagle said they: EB, October 14, 1874.
p. 147	“malicious intent”: EB, October 14, 1874.
p. 147	“Can an article containing the foulest aspersion”: Ibid.
p. 147	After deliberating for only a few minutes: PI, October 15, 1874.
p. 147	the publishers paid a $1,000 fine: PI, December 7, 1874.
p. 147	The doctor told Sarah to keep him confined: EB, September 29, 1874.
p. 147	he retreated to his mother’s house: Ross, 267.
p. 147	Christian would remain bedridden in central Pennsylvania: Ross, 223.
p. 147	She asked her brothers to pay the full: Ross, 241.

keep faith with us

p. 149	Heins’s working relationship with the superintendent: PI, December 10, 1874.
p. 149	local merchants appeared uninterested: PL, September 10, 1874.
p. 149	“profound and prevailing apathy has discouraged”: as reported in EB, November 17, 1874.
p. 149	The western states had pledged quick support: EB, November 17, 1874.
p. 150	“What is most desirable now is that Massachusetts”: Ibid.
p. 150	“It is time now that the doubt will be settled”: Ibid.
p. 150	the Centennial Commission targeted local business: EB, October 14, 1874.
p. 150	Fifty years after two mechanics proposed the idea: EB, October 23, 1874.
p. 150	twenty-six showcases: Ibid.
p. 150	lasting six weeks from mid-October through mid-November: EB, October 17, 1874.
p. 150	The exhibition earned the Franklin Institute: EB, October 6 and 17, 1874.
p. 150	The press praised the police for maintaining: EB, October 14, 1874.
p. 151	“The condition of the streets will be marked”: PL, November 19, 1874.
p. 151	The city planners authorized funds for: PL, November 12, 1874; PI, November 18, 1874.
p. 151	solicited bids for repairing roads: PI, November 18, 1874.
p. 151	Police spread circulars with “No Refuse Allowed”:
p. 151	A group of men in one corner bar beat: EB, September 18, 1874.
p. 151	Street thugs fought one another with blackjacks: EB, October 26, 1874.
p. 151	They beat a seventy-five-year-old man to death: EB, November 17, 1874.
p. 151	“feminine-looking” man: EB, October 12, 1874.
p. 151	attacked women: EB, October 14, 1874; PI, November 18, 1874.
p. 151	shot one man in the eye: PI, November 4, 1874.
p. 151	another in the throat: EB, October 12, 1874.
p. 151	assaulted officers for arresting their friends for rape: EB, October 14, 1874.
p. 151	Police locked up twelve-year-olds: EB, October 14, 1874.
p. 151	a fireman who threw a cat: EB, October 6, 1874.
p. 151	an angry drunk who stabbed a fellow drinker: Ibid.
p. 151	the proprietress of three brothels,: EB, November 3, 1874.
p. 151	the story of Mary Elizabeth Carton: PL, September 17, 1874; EB, October 20, 1874; PI, October 21, 1874.
p. 152	The district attorney angered the public: EB, October 20, 1874.
p. 152	“It is true that the use of a deadly weapon”: EB, October 21, 1874.
p. 152	“If so, it will be quite an inducement to murderers”: Ibid.
p. 152	The judge supported the district attorney’s decision: PI, November 21, 1874.
p. 152	the jury found Francis Carton guilty and: Ibid.
p. 152	“Foreigners will judge the nation by what they see”: EB, November 24, 1874.
p. 152	foreign ministers across the globe received invitations: PI, October 10, 1874; EB, September 12, 1874.
p. 152	A fund-raising delegation traveled to Massachusetts: EB, November 17, 1874.

your substitute

p. 153	Mary Westervelt, William’s wife, was growing: TW, 74.
p. 153	the NYPD force of 2,500 men: TW, 44.
p. 153	Westervelt advised Walling to keep: Ross, 231.
p. 153	He directed him to investigate the Astoria ferry: Ross, 222.
p. 153	He told him about a boating trip: Ross, 231.
p. 153	He described the kidnappers’ clothes: Zierold, 167.
p. 154	Westervelt also accompanied his sister Martha Mosher: TW, 96.
p. 154	She often visited Madame Morrow: Ibid.
p. 154	Sometimes Westervelt and/or Joseph Douglas: TW, 30.
p. 154	Westervelt continued to frequent: TW, 33.
p. 154	One day in late October: Ibid.
p. 154	“What does Westervelt want with him?”: Ibid.
p. 154	The question startled Douglas: Ibid.
p. 154	He threatened to cease contact with Walling: TW, 46, 96.
p. 154	He reminded Walling that he was betraying: TW, 96.
p. 154	he didn’t think the police commissioners would: TW, 50.
p. 155	Dear Sir. — I saw my informant last night: Ross, 229.
p. 155	while suspecting Westervelt’s intentions: This inference is based upon the content of telegraphs that Walling sent to Heins throughout the Fall of 1875. See Ross, 229–230.
p. 155	Heins learned that the kidnappers: TW, 52.
p. 155	He knew they were steering a green skiff: Ibid.
p. 155	Using a small boat, thieves would sneak: Walling, 141.
p. 155	If they couldn’t reach their “fencing” destinations: Walling, 143.
p. 155	Walling rented a steam-tug: TW, 50.
p. 155	“sea-faring man” who “knew all about coasting”: PI, December 15, 1874.
p. 155	The foursome traveled up the Hudson River to: Ibid.
p. 156	“searched thirty or forty islands in the Sound”: Ibid.
p. 156	Gil Mosher had uncovered many potential: Ibid.
p. 156	“Yours of yesterday received.”: Ross, 230.
p. 157	He told them that he believed the New York Police: Ross, 242.
p. 157	the Ross camp decided to make the exchange as: Ibid.

a parcel of fabricated lies

p. 159	William Stokley anticipated a win: EB, October 31, 1874.
p. 159	that the Republican advisers kept Stokley: Ibid.
p. 159	The Republican party was changing: Grimsted, 185; Foner, 499–500; Beckert, 225.
p. 159	The Democrats, while still unfriendly: Foner, 311.
p. 159	Enough national offices were at stake: PL, October 9, 1874.
p. 160	Pennsylvania Republicans pushed: EB, October 14, 1874; PI, October 26 and 28, 1874.
p. 160	“a movement against American industry”: EB, October 21, 1874.
p. 160	“the doctrine of protection”: EB, November 2, 1874.
p. 160	“If the wall is broken down so that British”: EB, October 21, 1874.
p. 160	Philadelphia Police expected: History of Philadelphia, 837; EB, November 4, 1874.
p. 160	Chief Jones prepared two omnibuses: EB, November 4, 1874.
p. 160	the election reform of 1874 had led to more: PL, October 6, 1874.
p. 160	By 7:00 P.M., bonfires flickered: PL, November 4, 1874; EB, November 4, 1874.
p. 160	Hundreds gathered in the news district: EB, November 4, 1874.
p. 160	Telegraph lines communicated results: Ibid.
p. 160	when people walked home around 11:00 P.M.: PL, November 4, 1874.
p. 160	The district attorney had lost: EB, November 6, 1874.
p. 161	Nationally, Democrats had gained: PI, November 5, 1874.
p. 161	“General Grant … has surrendered”: NYH, November 4, 1874.
p. 161	“The Democrats, as a national party”: NY Evening Post, November 4, 1874.

we ask for time

p. 163	Letters still arrived daily: Ross, 112.
p. 163	Sarah’s neighbors did notice one: EB, November 21, 1874; PI, November 23, 1874.
p. 164	November 12, 1874: Ross, 230.
p. 164	He summoned Westervelt: TW, 95.
p. 164	If Mosher and Douglas show up: TW, 94.
p. 164	DEAR SIR.—Please see: Ross, 242.
p. 165	Henry Lewis and his son Frank: Ibid.
p. 165	The night of the eighteenth, they: Ibid.
p. 165	Walling sent an officer to arrest Westervelt: TW, 95.
p. 165	He confronted him in a private room at police: Ibid.
p. 165	Walling accused Westervelt of double-crossing him: Ibid.

dead men tell no tales

p. 169	Walling had repeated instructions: TW, 49.
p. 169	he had separated himself from: NYH, December 20, 1874.
p. 169	he had learned that a man: PI, December 18, 1874.
p. 169	“Nosey.”: Ibid.
p. 170	the men spent days driving around: PL, December 15, 1874.
p. 170	One June day, they visited: Ibid.
p. 170	Douglas arrived at the cemetery: TW, 34.
p. 170	Another cold winter had hit New York: Several articles in the Philadelphia papers during the winter of 1875 mention the frigid temperatures.
p. 170	Westervelt had warned him away: TW, 95.
p. 171	At 9:00 P.M., he saw a figure: TW, 34.
p. 171	The men stopped at a saloon: Ibid.
p. 171	Young girls—many of whom were: McCabe, “LXXXVII. Street Vendors.”
p. 171	“Come down as far as the ferry”: TW, 97.
p. 171	When Douglas reached the corner: TW, 97.
p. 171	They would use a black cat-rigged: NYH, December 18, 1874.
p. 172	paid the authorities $150 for it: PI, December 19, 1874.
p. 172	he tracked the boat down and stole: PI, December 18, 1874.
p. 172	“Wilmot”: NYH, December 19, 1875.
p. 172	Two months after the Ross abduction: NYH, December 18, 1875.
p. 172	most river pirates would have carved: Chambers, 638.
p. 172	he spread newspapers: Zierold, 37.
p. 172	Douglas joined him by: TW, 97.
p. 172	Strong winds blew through the trees: NYT, December 15, 1874.
p. 172	The men easily hid the black boat: Ibid.
p. 172	went to Winant’s: Ibid.
p. 172	Each man possessed a gun and: Zierold, 237.
p. 172	They stopped at a widow’s home: PI, December 16, 1874.
p. 172	in one of the windows upstairs: NYT, December 15, 1874.
p. 172	As Douglas searched for something: NYH, December 17, 1874.
p. 172	“There they come!”: PI, December 17, 1874.
p. 173	“I give up”: Ibid.
p. 173	“Look out for that man,”: Ibid.
p. 173	“Whiskey for him!”: PI, December 16, 1874.
p. 173	“It serves you right”: Ibid.
p. 173	Douglas looked up: Ibid.
p. 173	The girl smirked: Ibid.
p. 173	He told them he was single: Ibid.
p. 173	A sailor named Herkey: EB, December 15, 1874.
p. 173	“It’s no use lying now”: Ibid.
p. 173	Herkey stared: Ibid.
p. 173	“Mosher knows all about the child”: Ross, 248.
p. 174	Men lifted his shoulders: Ibid.
p. 174	“God help his poor wife and family!”: Ross, 249.
p. 174	“Inspector Walling knows”: EB, December 15, 1874.
p. 174	Men dragged his and Mosher’s bodies: PI, December 15, 1874.
p. 174	“Joe”: EB, December 15, 1874.
p. 174	“Take the glove off that left hand”: Ibid.

tell C.K.R. quietly

p. 175	Christmas displays on either side: PL, December 21, 1874.
p. 175	Farmers from New Jersey: Ibid.
p. 175	the silver sheens on their pastel: EB, December 12, 1874.
p. 175	The previous Thursday, a buggy: PI, December 14, 1874.
p. 175	Heins also waited on news from: Ross, 271.
p. 175	Heins did not brief Philadelphia’s: PI, December 19, 1874.
p. 176	“Mosher and Clark were both killed”: PL, December 15, 1874.
p. 176	Heins immediately contacted: Ross, 250.
p. 176	“Tell C.K.R. quietly”: Ross, 267.
p. 176	Within two hours of receiving: Ross, 250.
p. 176	Once again, crowds gathered: PL, December 15, 1874.
p. 176	“For a long time” and the following quotes: PI, December 15, 1874.
p. 177	Two of Walter’s uncles: EB, December 16, 1874.
p. 178	Walling himself met with Walter: EB, Ibid.
p. 178	Detective Dusenbury escorted: Ibid.
p. 178	“That’s the man”: Ibid.
p. 178	“I remember him by his nose”: Ibid.
p. 178	Callahan also recognized Mosher: Ibid.
p. 178	“I am certain that he”: Ibid.
p. 178	The coroner walked Walter: Ibid.
p. 178	“Oh, that’s awful like him”: Ross, 251.
p. 178	“He sometimes had candy too”: Ross, 252.
p. 178	At 2:30 P.M., a police officer: NYH, December 16, 1874.
p. 178	One woman wore a green dress: Ibid.
p. 179	Liz refused to climb down the ladder and details from this scene: Ibid.
p. 179	A half hour later, a woman in her: Ibid.
p. 179	He said no.: Ibid.
p. 179	“Yes, Father, there were”: Ibid.
p. 179	“That’s the oldest one.”: Ibid.
p. 179	“I am a sister-in-law of William Mosher” and following quotes: Ibid.

the resemblance is most striking

p. 181	Christian’s brother James arrived: PI, December 14, 1874.
p. 181	a heavyset man with a lame leg named: Ibid.
p. 182	Sarah Ross and her brothers told: Ibid.
p. 182	“I do not think it is Charley”: PI, December 17, 1874.
p. 182	“Thomas Scott” and “Henry Ship”: PI, December 14, 1874.
p. 182	townspeople demanded that the police: Ross, 270.
p. 182	Citizens began writing letters: Ross, 269–272.
p. 183	In St. Louis, Henry Lachmueller Sr.: Ross, 272.
p. 183	At his mother’s home in Pennsylvania: PI, December 17, 1874.
p. 183	“It is not him.”: PI, December 17, 1874.

Detective Silleck knew that

p. 185	“I knew of these two men only as”: PI, December 16, 1874.
p. 185	“To Captain Walling belongs the”: EB, December 15, 1874.
p. 186	stood like a general in his uniform: Zierold, 139.
p. 186	“Soon after I received”: EB, December 15, 1874.
p. 186	“We arranged our plans very”: Ibid.
p. 187	“One satisfactory result comes from this”: Ibid.
p. 187	“That they did not find them at all”: Ibid.
p. 187	“Mr. Walling,”: Ibid.

to vindicate themselves

p. 189	On December 15, Mayor Stokley: PI, December 16, 1874.
p. 189	That night, New York’s Detective Doyle and the following scene details: EB, December 17, 1874.
p. 190	“Neither the police authorities”: PI, December 16, 1874.
p. 190	“The New York police, for the sake”: PI, December 19, 1874.
p. 191	thieves had gravitated to their: Walling, 141–144.
p. 191	The force allotted such a small number: “The Bride of A Pirate,” 134.
p. 191	Walling learned about a Mrs. Russell and the following scene details: EB, December 19, 1874.
p. 192	“I do not think the boy is concealed”: EB, December 16, 1874.
p. 192	Another reporter asked whether Mosher’s: Ibid.
p. 192	“My idea is that the boy may be picked up”: Ibid.
p. 193	“Nothing here; coming back.”: EB, December 19, 1874.
p. 193	“Did she say anything to you about Mosher and the following quotes: Ibid.

we’ll defend ourselves

p. 195	Such a large crowd arrived at: PL, December 17, 1874.
p. 195	Due to an illness, Mr. Holmes Van Brunt: PI, December 17, 1874.
p. 195	“And scarcely have we time to wonder”: Ibid.
p. 195	Albert Van Brunt testified: PI, December 17, 1874.
p. 195	“Albert, go over and see what has sounded”: EB, December 15, 1874.
p. 196	Albert said he left: PL, December 17, 1874.
p. 196	“Whichever way they come”: Ross, 246.
p. 196	two bullets had pierced Mosher’s back and: NYH, December 16, 1874.
p. 196	“We, the jury, find that the killing of the”: PI, December 19, 1874.
p. 196	New York’s Evening Telegram: reported in PI, December 22, 1874.
p. 197	“I am his wife” and following quotes: PI, December 18, 1874.
p. 197	The coroner approved both requests: Ibid.
p. 197	A man named Munn, an undertaker: PI, December 19, 1874.
p. 197	Munn told McGuire that: Ibid.
p. 197	“that boy Charley will be found before” and following quotes: PI, December 19, 1874.
p. 197	he placed them in imitation rosewood coffins: NYH, December 19, 1874.
p. 198	“good-looking and genteel in appearance”: NYH, December 20, 1874.
p. 198	“No girl could get a kinder husband”: Ibid.
p. 198	Bill had supported her by: Ibid.
p. 198	“I have seen few men”: Ibid.
p. 198	A reporter asked if Martha remembered: Ibid.
p. 198	“I first heard of the Ross case”: Ibid.
p. 199	“If Martha Mosher don’t know where” and following quotes: NYH, December 22, 1874.
p. 199	“What! Know what the police were doing?”: Ibid.
p. 199	“Now, there’s that coroner,”: Ibid.

serve the public

p. 203	The New York Herald was the first newspaper: December 14, 1874.
p. 203	“While [the Herald’s] investigations of”: Ibid.
p. 203	On December 20, Sarah’s brothers: Ross, 261.
p. 203	he could prove the kidnappers sold: EB, December 15, 1874.
p. 203	friends and members of the Mosher family placed the men: PI, December 22, 1874; NYH, December 21, 1874; PI, December 18, 1874.
p. 203	a Philadelphia bartender: PI, December 22, 1874.
p. 203	he had allowed Mosher to pay: Ibid.
p. 204	Detective Heins agreed to meet a spiritualist: PI, December 30, 1874.
p. 204	receiving any New Yorker who had a: EB, December 17, 1874.
p. 204	“drop-in”: NY Tribune, December 17, 1874.
p. 204	“gentlemen”: Ibid.
p. 204	the superintendent praised the idea but said: EB, December 17, 1874.
p. 204	“It is stated that the contributors”: EB, December 19, 1874.
p. 204	FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS will: PI, December 23, 1874.
p. 204	The brothers instructed interested parties: Ibid.

beyond the range of possibility

p. 209	Testimony of Sarah Kerr: PI, September 7, 1875.
p. 209	On January 1, 1875, the city: PI, January 1, 1875.
p. 209	“a particularly auspicious beginning”: Ibid.
p. 209	writers praised Stokley’s efforts: Ibid.
p. 210	two thousand members of Philadelphia’s: EB, November 11, 1874.
p. 210	Mr. Stokley —SIR: The workingmen: EB, December 17, 1874.
p. 211	A man from Kingston, New York: PI, February 22, 1875.
p. 211	I write to you this in regard: Ibid.
p. 211	“Letter received”: Ibid.
p. 211	“A woman is here, going to”: Ibid.
p. 211	“See a justice of the peace and”: Ibid.
p. 211	“Send detectives at once”: Ibid.
p. 211	Captain Heins sent a telegram: Ibid.
p. 212	Walling acted quickly: Ibid.
p. 212	“Captain H. C. Heins, Philadelphia”: Ibid.
p. 212	The state senate would soon approve: EB, January 15, 1875.
p. 212	The new law, which would: Ibid.
p. 212	He reissued circulars: EB, January 28, 1875.
p. 212	After leaving Palmer and Richmond: Ibid.
p. 213	his office released another $5,000: Ibid.

this is very uncertain

p. 215	writers alluded to Charley’s whereabouts: Ross, 289–290, 305.
p. 215	Daniel O’Connor, chief of: PI, January 22, 1875.
p. 216	Lgn Sxg ra abme: Ibid.
p. 216	The detective handed the letter: Ibid.
p. 216	The boy is still at Pine Bluff: Ross, 288.
p. 217	“By comparing the writing in the letters”: PI, January 22, 1875.
p. 217	Detectives began wondering aloud: EB, January 30, 1874.
p. 217	The Inquirer interpreted a quiet public: April 24, 1874.
p. 217	“Up to this hour all”: PI, January 20, 1875.
p. 218	A New Jersey man came forward: EB, February 23, 1875.
p. 218	Sarah Ross identified the hat: Ibid.

what have you got now?

p. 221	Walling published more flyers: EB, January 12, 1875.
p. 221	a stable keeper in Newark: PI, January 11, 1875.
p. 221	Van Fleet said that in October: EB, January 12, 1875.
p. 221	“take good care of the animal”: Ibid.
p. 221	Detective Titus went to New Jersey: Ibid.
p. 221	“best resource”: Ibid.
p. 221	“I shall know the horse, sure,”: Ibid.
p. 221	Because it had seemed too imaginative: Ibid.
p. 221	a stable hand led the horse out: PI, January 13, 1875.
p. 221	“Look, Papa, look!”: EB, January 12, 1875.
p. 223	he would grant him immunity from any: Ibid.
p. 223	when a known burglar accused Walling: NYH, February 14, 1875.
p. 223	“violent language”: Ibid.
p. 223	Walling disputed both charges: Ibid.
p. 223	If it did not, then he faced: Ibid.
p. 223	the two men had met more than fifty times: NYH, January 22, 1881.
p. 224	“renowned excitement in police circles”: NYH, December 21, 1874.
p. 224	McKean went to New York: TW, 58.
p. 224	McKean took Westervelt to the Fifth Avenue: PI, September 15, 1875.
p. 225	During one hour-long meeting: TW, 99.
p. 225	McKean had called Westervelt: Ibid.
p. 225	Westervelt told Walling to stop: TW, 49.
p. 225	Walling found Westervelt a job: Ibid.
p. 225	He also slipped him: TW, 46.
p. 225	On February 12, soon after: TW, 75.
p. 225	he planned to return at 3:00 P.M.: Ibid.
p. 225	Captain Heins met Westervelt: PI, September 2, 1875.
p. 226	“Did you ever hear of” and following quotes: TW, 38.
p. 226	Frequently after listening to Westervelt’s: PI, September 15, 1875.
p. 226	Westervelt never heard the full: Ibid.
p. 226	He spent that night at the State House: Ibid.
p. 226	“Now yesterday afternoon”: Ibid.
p. 227	Before lunch, Heins informed: Ibid.
p. 227	Heins took him to a station: Ibid.
p. 227	Westervelt accused them of inhuman: Ibid.
p. 227	Chief Jones transferred him: Ibid.

We do right to pity Charley Ross

p. 230	“[…] provided, that this shall not apply: EB, February 26, 1875.
p. 231	When officers in Camden, New Jersey: EB, May 6, 1875.
p. 231	Because of Italy’s recent history of: Ibid.
p. 231	By 6:00 P.M., when Christian: Ibid.
p. 231	Citizens of Savannah, Georgia: PI, June 3, 9 and 11, 1875.
p. 231	“We do right to pity Charley Ross”: EB, December 21, 1874.
p. 232	“from four to eight years old”: Ibid.
p. 232	Christian told the press he believed: PI, February 22, 1875.

is my child dead?

p. 233	Outside of the three designated: EB, January 4, 1875.
p. 233	steady successions of sleet, snow, rain: EB, January 4 and 19, 1875.
p. 233	Dozens of sparrows lay dead: EB, February 10, 1875.
p. 233	wind chills contributed to 373 deaths: PI, January 28, 1875.
p. 233	an ice block threatened the residents: PI, February 27, 1875.
p. 233	The gorge sat just above the Fairmount dam: Ibid.
p. 234	Water had flooded the Manayunk mills: Ibid.
p. 234	water looked as brown as lager: PI, March 30, 1875.
p. 234	if the ice blocks broke too quickly: PI, March 31, 1875.
p. 234	Mayor Stokley supervised: Ibid.
p. 234	Engineers drilled holes in the ice: PI, March 3, 1875.
p. 234	city council would not allot enough money: PI, March 6, 1875.
p. 234	A new town ordinance threatened: Ibid.
p. 234	Chief Jones cited the danger: PI, August 10, 1875.
p. 234	“[The] commodious, well-paved”: EB, January 19, 1875.
p. 235	“All the visitors from foreign countries”: NYH, January 30, 1875.
p. 235	local critics worried about the: PL, May 6, 1875.
p. 235	When more than five thousand visitors: PI, June 25, 1875.
p. 235	Ignoring city ordinances and fire codes: Ibid.
p. 235	“Nearly everybody is ‘coming home’”: May 6, 1875.
p. 235	one disgruntled man struck: PI, January 19, 1875.
p. 235	another sliced his wife from her: EB, February 26, 1875.
p. 235	a third man responded to his wife’s: EB, March 9, 1875.
p. 235	his drunkenness by throwing their: PI, July 19, 1875.
p. 235	one young newlywed took a stand: PI, July 5,10, and 13, 1875.
p. 236	One South Philadelphia man stumbled: PI, August 10, 1875.
p. 236	neighbors contacted the police with: PI, August 2, 1875.
p. 236	“So little that seemed availing”: PI, April 24, 1874.

she is a city

p. 237	“Some days ago, Westervelt”: PI, April 24. 1875.
p. 239	Visitors journeyed to the Centennial: PI, April 14, 1875.
p. 239	donned their spring best: PL, April 28, 1875.
p. 239	freshly-constructed custom houses: PI, May 3, 1875.
p. 239	the gardeners preparing flower beds and pruning: PL, May 17, 1875.
p. 239	the head contractor had insisted: EB, April 23, 1875.
p. 239	men had continued erecting Memorial Hall: EB, April 23, 1875.
p. 239	the city held a week-long: NYT, June 1, 1875.
p. 239	artisans and caterers sold: EB, April 23, 1875.
p. 239	The Centennial Commission solicited: Ibid.
p. 239	planners were frustrated that European: PL, May 25, 1875.
p. 239	local businessmen organized: PL, May 12, 1875.
p. 239	They were especially pleased to: Ibid.
p. 239	three thousand school children: PI, July 6, 1875.
p. 240	Twenty-two thousand parents: Ibid.
p. 240	“Those who have been accustomed”: PI, August 21, 1875.

you need not ask more questions

p. 241	Walling said she was ignorant: PI, September 3, 1875; PI, December 19, 1874.
p. 241	Through tired tears, she had begged: PI, September 15, 1875.
p. 241	Once, he even began crying with her: Ibid.
p. 241	there was room for all of the onlookers: NYH, September 10, 1875; PI, weekday reports, August 30 – September 16.
p. 242	Every day but Sundays, the crowd sat: Ibid.
p. 242	They watched Westervelt take notes: Ibid.
p. 242	What thrilled the audience most: NYH, September 10, 1875.
p. 242	After Christian finished his dinner, he walked: PI, September 20, 1875.
p. 242	the Ross family had received twenty addititional ransom letters: Ibid.
p. 242	“I knew Mosher and Douglas”: Ibid.
p. 242	“ros your boy is alive and”: Ibid.
p. 243	“If Superintendent Walling had followed”: Ibid.
p. 243	District Attorney Furman Sheppard began: PI, September 16, 1875.
p. 243	“What relations of perfect”: PI, Friday, September 17.
p. 243	Joseph Ford, attorney for the defense: TW, 108.
p. 244	“The Commonwealth asks you to convict”: PI, Friday, September 17.
p. 244	“Review the testimony with”: TW, 112.
p. 244	His fate rested with two manufacturers: EB, August 31, 1875.
p. 244	Westervelt’s children stopped playing quietly: PI, Friday, September 17.
p. 244	While the jurors filed out of the courtroom: Ibid.
p. 244	The jurors’ debates continued throughout: PI, September 20, 1875.
p. 244	Journalists waiting inside the: Ibid.
p. 245	a large crowd gathered in Independence Square: Ibid.
p. 245	By the time the State House bell tolled: Ibid.
p. 245	the crowd huddled against the courthouse: Ibid.
p. 245	arms and elbows pushed: Ibid.
p. 245	Children, storekeepers, reporters: Ibid.
p. 245	At 10:00 A.M., the judge arrived: Ibid.
p. 245	Westervelt walked to the dock: Ibid.
p. 245	Reporters read despair: Ibid.
p. 245	Westervelt pushed his head into his hands: Ibid.
p. 245	On October 9, he appeared one last time: TW, 112.
p. 245	“I had hoped ere this I should have been”: Ibid.
p. 246	Westervelt breathed deeply: TW, 112.
p. 246	Leaning forward, he put his head: Ibid.

we fear being traped in our own game

p. 247	Thirty-foot stone walls surrounded: Johnston, 63.
p. 247	Philadelphia’s Quaker fathers: Johnston, 21.
p. 247	the Walnut Street penitentiary had served: Shearer, 11.
p. 247	male and female inmates intermingled and: Johnston, 26.
p. 247	for the next forty years, they petitioned: Johnston, 26.
p. 247	In 1821, after receiving a $100,000 grant: Johnston, 44.
p. 248	for the world’s first prison entirely given: Johnston, 45.
p. 248	The winning proposal belonged: Johnston, 34.
p. 248	many people disagreed: Johnston, 24, 29, 44.
p. 248	No prison had ever fully practiced solitary: Johnston, 27.
p. 248	tourists praised Haviland’s work: Johnston, 57.
p. 248	the “prison at Cherry Hill”: Johnston, 31.
p. 248	would influence more than three hundred prisons: General Overview, Eastern State Penitentiary Website, http://easternstate.org/learn/research-library/history.
p. 249	1056 inmates shared 585 cells: Report of the Inspectors of the Eastern State Penitentiary for 1875. February, 1876. This number differs from Penitentiary Papers, IIIB. 2. Governance, 1870-1923, 2a. Inmate population and number of cells, obtainable from the ESP archives. On page 178, it states that 801 prisoners shared 585 cells. After intense study, I am inclined to side with the inspectorss report.
p. 249	wardens over the years had complained: Johnston, 43.
p. 249	The walls surrounding each exercise: Johnston, 43.
p. 249	state commissioners had demanded: Johnston, 180.
p. 249	As a result, these four blocks had two: Johnston, 40.
p. 249	Guards escorted him: This scene is reconstructed from information in Norman Johnston’s Crucible of Good Intentions, pages 43 and 49.
p. 249	At the physician’s office: Johnston, 48.
p. 249	8082: Eastern State Penitentiary Commutation books. Microfilm. Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg.
p. 249	and reviewed the rules posted: Teeters, 137, 176.
p. 249	The whale-oil lamp attached: Johnston, 44.
p. 249	he could ask for a Bible: Ibid.

the whole gang

p. 254

“I think [Charley Ross] is”: Walling, 208.

East Washington Lane, Present Day

p. 258	Westervelt was released: Eastern State Penitentiary Commutation Books, Microfilm. Pennsylvania State Archives, Harrisburg, PA.
p. 258	at least one interview to the: New York Tribune, January 22, 1881.
p. 258	his obituary appeared in 1890:
p. 258	His sister Martha Mosher and at least: NYT, November 27, 1890.
p. 258	In 1897, Gil Mosher’s son Ellsworth: Everly 387.
p. 258	“scandal breeding” as a: NYT, May 13, 1893; Bell, 204.
p. 258	Refusing audits, the Commission: Ibid.
p. 258	City Hall cost 12 million dollars to: Ibid.
p. 259	More than one in five Americans: Foner, 564.
p. 259	paying particular attention to: Rydell, Fair America, 16; Foner, 564.
p. 259	visionaries who organized six major: Rydell, Fair America, 25.
p. 259	Christian Ross met with George Walling:
p. 259	Walling said the case of Charley Ross: Walling, 198.
p. 259	following the advice of friends: Ross, 17.
p. 260	Throughout the first half of the twentieth century…: ** Thomas Everly, in his article “Searching for Charley Ross,” discusses twentieth century claims on Charley’s identity. Both Everly and I cite Paula Fass’s fascinating work, Kidnapping in America (1997). Fass devotes her first chapter to Charley Ross; her work discusses how the case embodies Victorian characterizations of innocence and propriety, and it suggests how the kidnapping served as a prototype for twentieth-century abductions.