1 M. Canepa, The Two Eyes of the Earth. Art and Ritual of Kingship between Rome and Sasanian Iran, Berkeley, CA, 2009.
2 J. Howard-Johnston, Witnesses to a World Crisis. Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century, Oxford, 2010.
3 C. Kelly, The End of Empire. Attila the Hun and the Fall of Rome, New York, 2009.
4 P. Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians, Oxford, 2006; Why did the barbarian cross the Rhine? Journal of Late Antiquity 2 (2009): 3–29; Empires and Barbarians: Migration, Development and the Birth of Europe, London, 2009.
5 C. Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road. A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton, NJ, 2009, pp. 78–182; Xinru Liu, The Silk Road in World History, Oxford, 2010.
6 X. Tremblay, Pour une histoire de la Sérinde. Le Manichéisme parmi les peuples et religions d’Asie Centrale d’après les sources primaires, Vienna, 2001.
7 J. Drinkwater, The Alamanni and Rome, 213–496 (Caracalla to Clovis), Oxford, 2007, p. 262.
8 Drinkwater, The Alamanni and Rome, p. 259.
9 Y. Modéran, Les Maures et l’Afrique romaine (IVe–VIIe siècle), Rome, 2003.
10 R. A. Markus, Saeculum. History and Society in the Theology of St. Augustine, Cambridge, 1970; The End of Ancient Christianity, Cambridge, 1990.
11 J. Lotman and B. Uspenskii, The role of dual models in the dynamics of Russian culture, in A. D. Nakhimovsky and A. Stone Nakhimovsky (eds.), The Semiotics of Russian Cultural History: Essays by Iurii M. Lotman, Lidiia Ia. Ginsburg, Boris A. Uspenskii, Ithaca, NY, 1985, pp. 3–52, at pp. 4–5.
12 I. Schiller, D. Weber, and C. Weidemann, Sechs neue Augustinuspredigten, Wiener Studien 121 (2008): 227–84, and 122 (2009): 171–214.
13 L. Dossey, Peasant and Empire in Christian North Africa, Berkeley, CA, 2010, pp. 147–94.
14 I. Gardner and S. N. C. Lieu, Manichaean Texts from the Roman Empire, Cambridge, 2004.
15 http://www.bethmardutho.org/index.php/projects/syriac-reference-portal.html (accessed July 10, 2012).
16 P. Blaudeau, Alexandrie et Constantinople (451–491). De l’histoire à la géo-ecclésiologie, Rome, 2006; V. Menze, Justinian and the Making of the Syrian Orthodox Church, Oxford, 2008; P. Wood, “We have no king but Christ.” Christian Political Thought in Greater Syria on the Eve of the Arab Conquest (c.400–585), Oxford, 2010.
17 F. Alpi, La route royale: Sévère d’Antioche et les Églises de l’Orient, Beirut, 2009; C. Lange, Mia Energeia. Untersuchungen zur Einigungspolitik des Kaisers Heraclius und des Patriarchen Sergius von Constantinopel, Tübingen, 2012; C. B. Horn, Asceticism and Christological Controversy in Fifth-Century Palestine. The Career of Peter the Iberian, Oxford, 2006.
18 Juifs et chrétiens en Arabie aux Ve et VIe siècles. Regards croisés sur les sources, ed. J. Beaucamp, F. Briquel-Chatonnet, and C. J. Robin, Paris, 2010; I. Gajda, Le royaume de Himyar à l’époque monothéiste, Paris, 2009; J. Schiettecatte and C. J. Robin, L’Arabie à la veille de l’Islam. Bilan clinique, Paris, 2009; G. W. Bowersock, The Throne of Adulis. Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam, Oxford, 2013; C. Haas, Mountain Constantines: the Christianization of Aksum and Iberia, Journal of Late Antiquity 1 (2008): 101–26.
19 Doctrine and Debate in the East Christian World, 300–1500, ed. A. Cameron and R. Hoyland, Farnham, 2011.
20 Y. Papadoyannakis, Instruction by question and answer: the case of late antique and Byzantine Erotapokriseis, in S. Johnson (ed.), Greek Literature in Late Antiquity. Dynamism, Didacticism, Classicism, Aldershot, 2006, pp. 91–103.
21 J. Walker, The limits of antiquity: philosophy between Rome and Iran, Ancient World 33 (2002): 45–69.
22 A. Becker, Fear of God and the Beginning of Wisdom. The School of Nisibis and Christian Scholastic Culture in Late Antique Mesopotamia, Philadelphia, PA, 2006.
23 George Bishop of the Arabs, Letter 6. 266a–266b, British Library Add. 12.154 (I owe this reference to the kindness of Professor J. Tannous).
24 J. Lassner, Jews, Christians, and the Abode of Islam. Modern Scholarship, Medieval Realities, Chicago, 2012.
25 Byzantium and Islam. Age of Transition, 7th–9th Century, ed. H. Evans and B. Ratliff, New York, 2012.
26 G. Fowden, Qusayr cAmra. Art and the Umayyad Elite in Late Antique Syria, Berkeley, CA, 2004; Byzantium and Islam, pp. 200–23.
27 Sura 9:33, placed on a coin of cAbd al-Malik of 699–700: Byzantium and Islam, p. 143.
28 T. Sizgorich, Violence and Belief in Late Antiquity. Militant Devotion in Christianity and Islam, Philadelphia, PA, 2009.
29 N. Khalek, Damascus after the Muslim Conquest. Text and Image in Early Islam, Oxford, 2011.
30 G. Wilders, Politically Incorrect. Speech in Rome on 25 March 2011: http://www.pi-news.org/2011/03/speech-geert-wilders-Rome-25-march-2011, at p. 9.
31 T. Sarrazin, Deutschland schafft sich ab, Munich, 2010, p. 27.
32 P. Brown, Through the Eye of a Needle. Wealth, the Fall of Rome, and the Making of Christianity in the West, 350–550 AD, Princeton, NJ, 2012.
33 G. Halsall, Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568, Cambridge, 2007. See also W. Pohl, Die Völkerwanderung. Eroberung und Integration, 2nd edn., Stuttgart, 2005.
34 Halsall, Barbarian Migrations, p. 518.
35 C. Wickham, Framing the Early Middle Ages. Europe and the Mediterranean 400–800, Oxford, 2005; The Inheritance of Rome. A History of Europe from 400 to 1000, London, 2009.
36 Augustine, Letters 14* and 15*.3, in J. Divjak (ed.), Oeuvres de saint Augustin: Lettres 1*–29*, Bibliothèque Augustinienne 46B, Paris, 1987, pp. 262–8; transl. R. Eno, Saint Augustine: Letters. Volume 6: 1*–29*, Fathers of the Church 81, Washington, DC, 1989, pp. 112–16.
37 Augustine, Letter 20*.6, p. 300, transl. p. 137.
38 Augustine, Letter 10.*2, p. 170, transl. p. 77.
39 Augustine, Letter 23 A*.1, p. 370, transl. p. 166, and Sermon 302, see J. C. Magalhâes de Oliveira, Le “pouvoir du peuple”: une émeute à Hippone au début du Ve siècle connue par le sermon 302 de saint Augustin pour la fête de saint Laurent, Antiquité Tardive 12 (2004): 309–24.
40 B. Shaw, Sacred Violence. African Christians and Sectarian Hatred in the Age of Augustine, Cambridge, 2011.
41 Digest 39.6.3–5.
42 J. Banaji, Agrarian Change in Late Antiquity. Gold, Labour, and Aristocratic Dominance, 2nd edn., Oxford, 2007.
43 C. Balmelle, Les demeures aristocratiques d’Aquitaine. Société et culture de l’antiquité tardive dans le sud-ouest de la Gaule, Bordeaux/Paris, 2001; A. Chavarría Arnau, El final de las “villae” en “Hispania” (Siglos IV–VII D.C.), Turnhout, 2007.
44 K. Bowes and M. Kulikowski, Introduction, in K. Bowes and M. Kulikowski (eds.), Hispania in Late Antiquity. Current Perspectives, Leiden, 2005, pp. 1–26, at p. 23.
45 G. W. Bowersock, Mosaics as History: The Near East from Late Antiquity to Islam, Cambridge, MA, 2006.
46 B. Shaw, After Rome: transformations of the early Mediterranean world, New Left Review 51 (2008): 89–114, at p. 96 – an admirably independent-minded discussion of Wickham’s thesis.
47 Halsall, Barbarian Migrations, p. 19.
48 Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire, pp. 432–43.
49 Y. Hen, Roman Barbarians. The Royal Court and Culture in the Early Medieval West, Basingstoke, 2007.
50 P. Brown, The study of elites in late antiquity, Arethusa 33 (2000): 321–46, at pp. 333–5.
51 M. Harlow, Clothes maketh the man: power dressing and elite masculinity in the later Roman world, in L. Brubaker and J. M. H. Smith, Gender in the Early Medieval World: East and West, 300–900, Cambridge, 2004, pp. 44–69.
52 Zonaras, Epitome 13.8.18. On the large numbers involved, see D. S. Potter, The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180–395, London, 2004, pp. 455–9. This book is the best overall account of the third and fourth centuries.
53 B. Shaw, War and violence, in G. W. Bowersock, P. Brown, and O. Grabar (eds.), Late Antiquity. A Guide to the Postclassical World, Cambridge, MA, 1999, pp. 130–69, at pp. 148–52.
54 M. Kulikowski, Barbarians in Gaul, usurpers in Britain, Britannia 31 (2000): 325–45, and Imperial crisis and recovery, in Late Roman Spain and its Cities, Baltimore, MD, 2004, pp. 151–75; J. Arce, Bárbaros y Romanos en Híspania (400–507 A.D.), Madrid, 2007.
55 M. E. Berry, The Culture of Civil War in Kyoto, Berkeley, CA, 1994; see now P. Brown, Through the Eye of a Needle, pp. 385–407.
56 S. Esders, Sacramentum fidelitatis. Treueid, Militärwesen und Formierung mittelalterlicher Staatlichkeit, Berlin, forthcoming; see his Rechtliche Grundlagen frühmittelalterlicher Staatlichkeit: der allgemeine Treueid, in W. Pohl and V. Wieser (eds.), Der frühmittelalterliche Staat. Europäische Perspektiven, Vienna, 2009, pp. 423–32.
57 P. Heather, Elite militarisation & the post-Roman West, in G. Bonamente and R. Lizzi Testa (eds.), Istituzioni, carismi ed esercizio del potere (IV–VI secoli d.C.), Bari, 2010, pp. 245–65.
58 L. Bailey, Christianity’s Quiet Success. The Eusebius Gallicanus Sermon Collection and the Power of the Church in Late Antique Gaul, Notre Dame, IN, 2010.
59 Valerianus of Cimiez, Homily 6.3, Patrologia Latina 52, 710D.
60 Fredegar, Chronicae 3.7, ed. B. Krusch, Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores rerum Merowingicarum 2, Hanover, 1888, p. 94.
61 P. MacGeorge, Late Roman Warlords, Oxford, 2002.
62 Armes Prydein: The Prophecy of Britain, ed. I. Williams, transl. R. Bromwich, 2nd edn., Dublin, 1982.
63 T. Charles-Edwards, Introduction, in T. Charles-Edwards (ed.), After Rome, Oxford, 2003, pp. 1–22, at p. 3.
64 W. Goffart, Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire, Philadelphia, PA, 2006, p. 136.
65 Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541–750, ed. L. Little, Cambridge, 2006. See also, but with care, W. Rosen, Justinian’s Flea: Plague, Empire and the Birth of Europe, London, 2008.
66 F. Cheyette, The disappearance of the ancient landscape and the climatic anomaly of the early Middle Ages: a question to be pursued, Early Medieval Europe 16 (2008): 127–165; compare P. Squatriti, The floods of 589 and climate change in the beginning of the Middle Ages, Speculum 85 (2010): 799–826.
67 B. Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization, Oxford, 2005.
68 Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome, p. 175.
69 Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome, p. 14.
70 Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome, pp. 5, 64, and 83 The debate was started by W. Goffart, Barbarians and Romans, A.D. 418–584. The Techniques of Accommodation, Princeton, NJ, 1980. It continues to this day: W. Goffart, The technique of barbarian settlement in the fifth century: a personal, streamlined account with ten additional comments, Journal of Late Antiquity 3 (2010): 65–98, and G. Halsall, The technique of barbarian settlement in the fifth century: a reply to Walter Goffart, Journal of Late Antiquity 3 (2010): 99–112.
71 N. McLynn, Poetic creativity and political crisis in early fifth-century Gaul, Journal of Late Antiquity 2 (2009): 60–74, at p. 61. The criticism is accepted by Ward-Perkins: see B. Ward-Perkins, 407 and all that: retrospective, Journal of Late Antiquity 2 (2009): 75–8, at p. 78.
72 Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome, p. 110.
73 Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome, p. 87.
74 See G. Halsall, review of The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilisation, by Bryan Ward-Perkins, Early Medieval Europe, 16 (2008): 384–6. For views which differ from those of Ward-Perkins, see P. Reynolds, Hispania and the Roman Mediterranean, AD 100–700. Ceramics and Trade, London, 2010; on settlement, G. P. Brogiolo and A. Chavarría Arnau, Aristocrazie e campagne nell’Occidente da Costantino a Carlo Magno, Florence, 2005; on the size of livestock, V. Forest and I. Robert-Belarbi, À propos de la corpulence des bovins en France durant les périodes historiques, Gallia, 59 (2002): 273–306, at p. 298; on the quality of life of the peasantry, M. Ghisleni, E. Vaccaro, K. Bowes, A. Arnoldus, M. MacKinnon, and F. Marani, Excavating the Roman peasant I: excavations at Pievina (GR)1, Papers of the British School at Rome (2011): 95–145, at pp. 136–9.
75 W. Liebeschuetz, The birth of Late Antiquity, Antiquité Tardive, 12 (2004): 253–61, at p. 261.
76 K. Bowes, Early Christian archaeology: a state of the field, Religious Compass, 2 (2008): 575–619. See also Religious Diversity in Late Antiquity, ed. D. M. Gwynn and S. Bangert, Late Antique Archaeology 6, Leiden, 2010, and Archaeology of Late Antique “Paganism,” ed. L. Lavan and M. Mulryan, Late Antique Archaeology 7, Leiden, 2011.
77 É. Rebillard, Religion et sépulture. L’Église, les vivants et les morts dans l’Antiquité tardive, Paris, 2003, transl. E. Trapnell Rawlings and J. Routier-Pucci, The Care of the Dead in Late Antiquity, Ithaca, NY, 2009.
78 S. Diefenbach, Römische Erinnerungsräume, Berlin, 2007, pp. 38–80; E. Magnani, Almsgiving, donatio pro anima and Eucharistic offering in the early Middle Ages of Western Europe (4th–9th Century), in M. Frenkel and Y. Lev (eds.), Charity and Giving in Monotheistic Religions, Berlin, 2009, pp. 111–21.
79 M. Lauwers, Naissance du cimetière. Lieux sacrés et terre des morts dans l’Occident médiéval, Paris, 2005.
80 K. Bowes, Private Worship, Public Values, and Religious Change in Late Antiquity, Cambridge, 2008. See now K. Bowes, Christian images in the home, Antiquité Tardive, 19 (2011): 171–90.
81 Bowes, Private Worship, p. 71.
82 Bowes, Private Worship, pp. 221–6.
83 K. Cooper, The Fall of the Roman Household, Cambridge, 2007.
84 Religion, Dynasty, and Patronage in Early Christian Rome, 300–900, ed. K. Cooper and J. Hillner, Cambridge, 2007.
85 Dossey, Peasant and Empire in Christian North Africa, pp. 125–44.
86 Council of Toledo III (589), canon 15, in J. Vives with T. Marín Martínez and G. Martínez Díez (eds.), Concilios visigóticos e hispano-romanos, Barcelona, 1963, p. 129; S. Wood, The Proprietary Church in the Medieval West, Oxford, 2006.
87 J. M. H. Smith, Europe after Rome. A New Cultural History 500–1000, Oxford, 2005, p. 226.
88 Smith, Europe after Rome, p. 227.
89 I take the term from R. MacMullen, The Second Church. Popular Christianity A.D. 200–400, Atlanta, GA, 2009. M. Handley, Death, Society and Culture: Inscriptions and Epitaphs in Gaul and Spain, AD 300–750, Oxford, 2003, pp. 161–3. See also I. H. Garipzanov, Wandering clerics and mixed rituals in the early Christian North, c. 1000–c. 1150, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 63 (2012): 1–17.
90 Sizgornich, Violence and Belief, p. 11.
91 I. N. Wood, “The ends of the earth”: the Bible, bibles, and the other in early medieval Europe, in M. Vessey, S. Betcher, R. Daum, and H. O. Maier (eds.), The Calling of the Nations, Toronto, 2012, pp. 200–16, at pp. 201–5.
92 F. Barth, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. The Social Organization of Culture Difference, Boston, MA, 1969.
93 R. Brubaker, Ethnicity without Groups, Cambridge, MA, 2004, p. 111.
94 J. Hahn, S. Emmel, and U. Gotter, From Temple to Church. Destruction and Renewal of Local Cultic Topography in Late Antiquity, Leiden, 2008; E. Watts, Riot in Alexandria. Tradition and Group Dynamics in Late Antique Pagan and Christian Communities, Berkeley, CA, 2010.
95 T. M. Kristensen, Embodying images: Christian response and destruction in late antique Egypt, Journal of Late Antiquity, 2 (2009): 224–50.
96 Moralee, The stones of St. Theodore: disfiguring the pagan past in Christian Gerasa, Journal of Early Christian Studies, 14 (2006): 183–215, at p. 213.
97 A. Winroth, The Conversion of Scandinavia. Vikings, Merchants, and Missionaries in the Remaking of Northern Europe, New Haven, CT, 2012, pp. 121–37.
98 Strategies of Identification. Ethnicity and Religion in Early Medieval Europe, ed. W. Pohl and G. Heydemann, Turnhout, 2012, and Visions of Community in the Post-Roman World. The West, Byzantium and the Islamic World, 300–1100, ed. W. Pohl, C. Gantner, and R. Payne, Farnham, 2012.
99 On Barbarian Identity: Critical Approaches to Ethnicities in the Early Middle Ages, ed. A. Gillett, Turnhout, 2002; see now I. N. Wood, The term “barbarus” in fifth-, sixth-, and seventh-century Gaul, Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik, 41 (2011): 39–50.
100 H. Reimitz, The art of truth: historiography and identity in the Frankish world, in R. Corradini, R. Meens, C. Pössel, and P. Shaw (eds.), Texts and Identities in the Early Middle Ages, Vienna, 2006, pp. 87–104; The social logic of historiographical compendia in the Carolingian period, in O. Kano (ed.), Configuration du texte en histoire, Nagoya, Japan, 2012, pp. 17–28; The providential past: visions of Frankish identity in the early medieval history of Gregory of Tours’ Historiae (sixth–ninth century), Visions of Communities (2012); Cultural brokers of a common past: history, identity and ethnicity in the Merovingian kingdoms, Strategies of Integration (2012).
101 J. Couser, Inventing paganism in eighth-century Bavaria, Early Medieval Europe 18 (2010): 26–42. See also M. Diesenberger, Sermones. Predigt und Politik in frühmittelalterlichen Bayern (Habilitationsschrift), Vienna, 2010.
102 L’historiographie syriaque, ed. M. Debié, Études syriaques 6, Paris, 2009.
103 S. Ivanov, Vizantiiskoe missionerstvo. Mozhno li sdelat’ iz “varvara” khristianina? [Byzantine missionary activity. Can a “barbarian” become a Christian?], Moscow, 2003.
104 Markus, The End of Ancient Christianity, pp. 213–28.
105 J. W. H. G. Liebeschuetz, The Decline and Fall of the Roman City, Oxford, 2001, p. 137.
106 Les frontières du profane dans l’Antiquité tardive, ed. É. Rebillard and C. Sotinel, Rome, 2010.
107 G. Dagron, L’hippodrome de Constantinople. Jeux, peuple et politique, Paris, 2011.
108 Gregory of Tours, History 5.17.
109 N. McLynn, Crying wolf: the pope and the Lupercalia, Journal of Roman Studies 98 (2008): 161–75.
110 For my doubts on the power of bishops in sixth-century Gaul, see Through the Eye of a Needle, pp. 493–4 and 506–7.
111 A. Rio, The Formularies of Angers and Marculf. Two Merovingian Legal Handbooks, Liverpool, 2008, and Legal Practice and the Written Word in the Early Middle Ages. Frankish Formulae, c.500–1000, Cambridge, 2009.
112 B. Dumézil, Les racines chrétiennes de l’Europe. Conversion et liberté dans les royaumes barbares, Ve–VIIIe siècles, Paris, 2005, pp. 3–53 and 115–17.
113 Dumézil, Les racines, pp. 118–20.
114 Dumézil, Les racines, pp. 283–302 and 654–73.
115 F. Riess, From Aachen to Al-Andalus: the journey of Deacon Bodo (823–76), Early Medieval Europe 13 (2005): 131–57.
116 Alvarus of Cordova, Letter 18.14, ed. J. Gil, Corpus Scriptorum Muzarabicorum 1, Madrid, 1973, p. 257.
117 R. Goodrich, Contextualizing Cassian. Aristocrats, Asceticism, and Reformation in Fifth-Century Gaul, Oxford, 2007; A. Diem, Monks, kings, and the transformation of sanctity: Jonas of Bobbio and the end of the holy man, Speculum 82 (2007): 521–59.
118 H. Dey and E. Fentress, Western Monasticism ante litteram. The Space of Monastic Observance in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Turnhout, 2011.
119 R. Alciati, Monaci, vescovi e scuola nella Gallia tardoantica, Rome, 2009.
120 J. N. Adams, The Regional Diversification of Latin, 200 BC–AD 600, Cambridge, 2007.
121 J. Banaji, Aristocracies, peasantries and the framing of the early Middle Ages, Journal of Agrarian Change, 9 (2009): 59–91, at p. 64.
122 J. Kreiner, About the bishop: the episcopal entourage and the economy of government in post-Roman Gaul, Speculum, 86 (2011): 321–60.
123 P. Brown, Poverty and Leadership in the Later Roman Empire, Hanover, NH, 2002, pp. 91–112.
124 S. Harvey, Scenting Salvation: Ancient Christianity and the Olfactory Imagination, Berkeley, CA, 2006.
125 A. Terry and H. Maguire, Dynamic Splendor. The Wall Mosaics in the Cathedral of Eufrasius at Poreč, University Park, PA, 2007.
126 P. Chevalier, Les graffitis de l’abside de l’Eufrasiana de Poreč, un obituaire monumental du haut Moyen Âge, in Mélanges Jean-Pierre Sodini, Travaux et Mémoires 15, Paris, 2005, pp. 359–70. On the development of the notion of purgatory, see the important recent study of I. Moreira, Heaven’s Purge. Purgatory in Late Antiquity, Oxford, 2010.
127 L. Brubaker and J. Haldon, Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era, c.680–850. A History, Cambridge, 2011. See now B. Brenk, Apses, icons and “image propaganda” before iconoclasm, Antiquité Tardive, 19 (2011): 109–30.
128 T. F. X. Noble, Images, Iconoclasm, and the Carolingians, Philadelphia, PA, 2009.
1 Among the collective volumes to appear after 1995, I am particularly indebted to the publications sponsored by the European Science Foundation on the theme of The Transformation of the Roman World under the general editorship of Ian Wood: W. Pohl and H. Reimitz (eds.), Strategies of Distinction. The Construction of Ethnic Communities, Leiden, 1998; R. Hodges and W. Bowden (eds.), The Sixth Century. Production, Distribution and Demand, Leiden, 1998; G. P. Brogiolo and B. Ward-Perkins (eds.), The Idea and Ideal of the Town between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Leiden, 1999; E. Chrysos and I. Wood (eds.), East and West. Modes of Communication, Leiden, 1999; M. de Jong, F. Theuws, and C. van Rhijn (eds.), Topographies of Power in the Early Middle Ages, Leiden, 2001; F. Theuws and J. Nelson (eds.), Rituals of Power. From Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages, Leiden, 2000; G. P. Brogiolo, N. Gauthier, and N. Christie (eds.), Towns and their Territories between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Leiden, 2000; W. Pohl, I. Wood, and H. Reimitz (eds.), The Transformation of Frontiers from Late Antiquity to the Carolingians, Leiden, 2001; I. L. Hansen and C. Wickham, The Long Eighth Century. Production, Distribution and Demand, Leiden, 2001. Of equal importance for the earlier period are A. Cameron and P. Garnsey (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History 13: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425, Cambridge, 1998, and A. Cameron, B. Ward-Perkins, and M. Whitby (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History 14: Late Antiquity. Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600, Cambridge, 2000, with G. W. Bowersock. P. Brown, and O. Grabar, Late Antiquity. A Guide to the Postclassical World, Cambridge, MA, 1999. See now R. McKitterick (ed.), The Early Middle Ages, Oxford, 2001.
2 See now H. Inglebert, Interpretatio Christiana. Les mutations des savoirs (cosmographie, géographie, histoire) dans l’Antiquité chrétienne (30–630 après J.C.), Paris, 2001, pp. 48–73.
3 F. Haverfield, The Romanization of Roman Britain, Oxford, 1912, p. 10.
4 C. Dawson, The Making of Europe. An Introduction to the History of European Unity, London, 1932, p. 234.
5 J. Bryce, The Holy Roman Empire, London, 1904, p. 40.
6 P. Brown, Gibbon’s views on culture and society in the fifth and sixth centuries, Daedalus, 105 (1976): 73–88, now in Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity, Berkeley, CA, 1982, pp. 22–48.
7 A fine example can be seen on the dustjacket of P. Geary, The Myth of Nations. The Medieval Origins of Europe, Princeton, NJ, 2002.
8 M. Carver, Conversion and politics on the eastern seaboard of Britain: some archaeological indications, in B. E. Crawford (ed.), Conversion and Christianization in the North Sea World, St. Andrews, 1998, pp. 11–40, at p. 14.
9 H. Pirenne, Mohammed and Charlemagne, transl. B. Miall, London, 1939. See P. Brown, Mohammed and Charlemagne by Henri Pirenne, Daedalus, 103 (1974): 25–33, now in Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity, Berkeley, CA, 1982, pp. 63–79, and P. Delogu, Reading Pirenne again, in R. Hodges and W. Bowden (eds.), The Sixth Century. Production, Distribution and Demand, Leiden, 1998, pp. 15–40.
10 Pirenne, Mohammed and Charlemagne, p. 234.
11 F. Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, transl. S. Reynolds, London, 1972.
12 R. Hodges and D. Whitehouse, Mohammed, Charlemagne, and the Origins of Europe. Archaeology and the Pirenne Thesis, Ithaca, NY, 1983.
13 C. Wickham, The other transition: from the ancient world to feudalism, in Land and Power. Studies in Italian and European Social History, 400–1200, London, 1994, pp. 7–42.
14 M. de Jong, Rethinking early medieval Christianity: a view from the Netherlands, Early Medieval Europe, 7 (1998): 261–76, at p. 270.
15 M. W. Helms, Craft and the Kingly Ideal. Art, Trade, and Power, Austin, TX, 1993, p. 96.
16 Summarized by G. Woolf, World-systems analysis and the Roman Empire, Journal of Roman Archaeology, 3 (1990): 44–58, at p. 55.
17 M. de Jong, Religion, in R. McKitterick (ed.), The Early Middle Ages, Oxford, 2001, pp. 131–64, at p. 131.
18 De Jong, Rethinking early medieval Christianity, p. 270.
19 W. Southern, Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages, Harmondsworth, 1970, pp. 27–33.
20 J.-P. Devroey, The economy, in R. McKitterick (ed.), The Early Middle Ages, Oxford, 2001, pp. 97–129, at p. 100.
21 A. Angenendt, Das Frühmittelalter. Die abendländische Christenheit von 400 bis 900, Stuttgart, 1995, 2nd edn., pp. 147–59.
22 P. Brown, The Cult of Saints. Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity, Chicago, 1981, pp. 12–22.
23 A. F. Walls, African Christianity in the history of religions, in C. Fyfe and A. F. Walls (eds.), Christianity in Africa in the 1990s, Edinburgh, 1996, pp. 1–15, at p. 8.
24 P. Horden and N. Purcell, The Corrupting Sea. A Study of Mediterranean History, Oxford, 2000. See B. Shaw, Challenging Braudel: a new vision of the Mediterranean, Journal of Roman Archaeology, 14 (2001): 419–53.
25 Horden and Purcell, The Corrupting Sea, pp. 172 and 366. See M. McCormick, Origins of the European Economy. Communications and Commerce, A.D . 300–900, Cambridge, 2001.
26 M. Richter, Ireland and her Neighbours in the Seventh Century, Dublin, 1999, p. 235.
27 Richter, Ireland and her Neighbours, p. 184.
28 A. Declercq, Anno Domini. The Origins of the Christian Era, Turnhout, 2000.
29 A. Harding, Reformation in barbarian Europe, 1300–600 B.C., in B. Cunliffe (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe, Oxford, 1994, pp. 304–35, at p. 304. See also B. Cunliffe, Facing the Ocean. The Atlantic and its Peoples 8000 BC–AD 1500, Oxford, 2001, p. 187.
30 C. Treffort, L’église carolingienne et la mort, Lyons, 1996, p. 189.
31 J. J. O’Donnell, The authority of Augustine, Augustinian Studies, 22 (1991): 7–35.
32 Julian of Toledo, Prognosticon, Preface, J. N. Hillgarth (ed.), Corpus Christianorum 115, Turnhout, 1976, p. 14.
33 T. O’Loughlin, Teachers and Code-Breakers. The Latin Genesis Tradition 430–800. Turnhout, 1998, p. 10.
34 C. Straw, Gregory the Great. Perfection in Imperfection, Berkeley, CA, 1988.
35 A. Kazhdan, A History of Byzantine Literature (650–850), Athens, 1999, p. 142. On Sant’Agnese see M. Visser, The Geometry of Love. Space, Time, Mystery and Meaning in an Ordinary Church, New York, 2001, pp. 96–124.
36 G. Henderson, Vision and Image in Early Christian England, Cambridge, 1999, p. 228. The theological sophistication which went into the making of many images is strikingly illustrated by C. Chazelle, The Crucified God in the Carolingian Era. Theology and the Art of Christ’s Passion, Cambridge, 2001.
37 Life of Desiderius of Cahors 16, B. Krusch (ed.), Corpus Christianorum 117, Turnhout, 1957, p. 362.
38 C. Wickham, Italy and the early Middle Ages, in Land and Power. Studies in Italian and European Social History 400–1200, London, 1994, pp. 99–118, at p. 116, and Society, in R. McKitterick (ed.), The Early Middle Ages, Oxford, 2001, pp. 59–94.
39 Wickham, Society, in McKitterick (ed.), The Early Middle Ages, pp. 64–72.
40 C. R. Dodwell, Anglo-Saxon Art: A New Perspective, Manchester, 1984, pp. 24–43.
41 I. Silber, Virtuosity, Charisma and Social Order. A Comparative Study of Theravada Buddhism and Medieval Catholicism, Cambridge, 1995, p. 254.
42 Silber, Virtuosity, Charisma and Social Order, p. 254.
43 M. de Jong, In Samuel’s Image. Child Oblation in the Early Medieval West, Leiden, 1996, p. 273.
44 De Jong, Religion, in McKitterick (ed.), The Early Middle Ages, pp. 160–1.
45 C. Cubitt, Sites and sacrality: revisiting the cult of murdered and martyred Anglo-Saxon royal saints, Early Medieval Europe, 9 (2000): 58–83.
46 Treffort, L’église carolingienne et la mort, p. 188.
47 R. Faith, The English Peasantry and the Growth of Lordship, London, 1997, pp. 164–7.
1 Bardaisan, The Book of the Laws of Countries, 583–9 and 607: transl. H. J. W. Drijvers, Assen, 1965, pp. 41–53 and 59–61.
2 A. V. Paykova, The Syrian ostracon from Panjikent, Le Mouséon, 92 (1979): 159–69; E. C. R. Armstrong and R. A. S. Macalister, Wooden book with leaves indented and waxed, found near Springmount Bog, Co. Antrim, Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 50 (1920): 160–6.
3 Boniface, Letter 26 [35]: transl. E. Emerton, The Letters of Saint Boniface, New York, 1976 and 2000, p. 65.
4 Thomas of Marga, The Book of the Governors 5.4: transl. E. A. Wallis Budge, London, 1893, p. 480.
5 G. Schlegel, Die chinesische Inschrift von Kara Balgassun, Helsinki, 1896, pp. 57–61; I. Gillman and H. J. Klimkeit, Christians in Asia before 1500, Richmond, Surrey, 1999, pp. 109–281.
6 Bardaisan, Book of Laws, 595, Drijvers, p. 51.
7 Theophylact Simocatta, Histories 4.11.2–3: transl. M. and M. Whitby, Oxford, 1986, p. 117.
8 B. Shaw, “Eaters of flesh, drinkers of milk”: the ancient Mediterranean ideology of the pastoral nomad, Ancient Society, 14/4 (1982/3): 5–31.
9 A. M. Khazanov, Nomads and the Outside World, Cambridge, 1984; P. Crone, Tribes and states: the nomadic exception, in J. A. Hall (ed.), States in History, Oxford, 1986, pp. 68–77.
10 The Epic Histories Attributed to P’awstos Buzand 3.7: transl. N. Garsoian, Cambridge, MA, 1989, p. 73.
11 E. A. Thompson, The Huns, Oxford, 1996; P. Heather, The Huns and the end of the empire in western Europe, English Historical Review, 110 (1995): 4–41; I. Bóna, Das Hunnenreich, Budapest, 1991.
12 W. Pohl, Die Awaren. Ein Steppenvolk in Mitteleuropa, 567–822 n.Chr., Munich, 1988, pp. 163–236 and 288–331.
13 P. S. Wells, The Barbarians Speak. How the Conquered Peoples Shaped the Roman Empire, Princeton, NJ, 1999.
14 M. Tod, The Early Germans, Oxford, 1992, pp. 125–44.
15 Vegetius, Epitome of Military Science 1.2: transl. N. P. Milner, Liverpool, 1993, p. 3.
16 P. Heather and J. F. Matthews, The Goths in the Fourth Century, Liverpool, 1991, pp. 51–101.
17 Galen, De sanitate tuenda 1.10, C. G. Kühn (ed.), Galeni Opera, 6, Leipzig, 1825, p. 51.
18 B. Shaw, War and violence, in G. W. Bowersock, P. Brown, and O. Grabar (eds.), Late Antiquity. A Guide to the Postclassical World, Cambridge, MA, 1999, pp. 130–69 at pp. 157–63; P. Heather, The late Roman art of client management: imperial defence in the fourth-century West, in W. Pohl, I. Wood, and H. Reimitz (eds.), The Transformation of Frontiers. From Late Antiquity to the Carolingians, Leiden, 2001, pp. 15–68.
19 W. Groenman-van Waateringe, Food for soldiers, food for thought, in J. C. Barrett (ed.), Barbarians and Romans in North-West Europe, Oxford, 1989, pp. 96–107.
20 L. Hedeager, Iron Age Societies, Oxford, 1992; Wells, The Barbarian Speaks, pp. 224–58; T. M. Charles-Edwards, Early Christian Ireland, Cambridge, 2000, pp. 145–81.
21 C. R. Whittaker, Frontiers of the Roman Empire. A Social and Economic Study, Baltimore, MD, 1994. I take the apposite term, “middle ground,” from R. White, The Middle Ground. Indians, Empires and Republics in the Great Lakes Region 1650–1815, Cambridge, 1991.
1 P. Brown, The World of Late Antiquity. From Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad, London, 1971 and 1989, pp. 11–33; K. Strobel, Das Imperium Romanum im “3. Jahrhundert”. Modell einer historischen Krise, Stuttgart, 1993; J. M. Carrié and A. Rousselle, L’Empire romain en mutation des Sévères à Constantin 192–337, Paris, 1999.
2 R. MacMullen, Romanization in the Time of Augustus, New Haven, CT, 2000; G. Woolf, Becoming Roman. The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul, Cambridge, 1998; B. Jones and D. Mattingly, An Atlas of Roman Britain, Oxford, 1990; F. Jacques, Privilegium Libertatis, Rome, 1984.
3 R. Bagnall, Egypt in Late Antiquity, Princeton, NJ, 1993, pp. 45–77 and 133–72; P. Garnsey and R. Saller, The Roman Empire. Economy, Society and Culture, London, 1987, pp. 20–40.
4 J. Lendon, Empire of Honour. The Art of Government in the Roman World, Oxford, 1997.
5 J. Drinkwater, The Gallic Empire. Separatism and Continuity in the North-Western Provinces of the Roman Empire, A.D . 260–274, Stuttgart, 1987; D. Potter, Prophecy and History in the Crisis of the Roman Empire, Oxford, 1990 (for Syria); A. Watson, Aurelian and the Third Century, London, 1999.
6 S. Williams, Diocletian and the Roman Recovery, London, 1985; J. M. Carrié, Dioclétien et la fiscalité, Antiquité tardive, 2 (1994): 33–64; S. Corcoran, The Empire of the Tetrarchs. Imperial Pronouncements and Government, A.D. 284–324, Oxford, 1996.
7 C. Kelly, Emperors, government and bureaucracy, and B. Ward-Perkins, The cities, in Averil Cameron and P. Garnsey (eds.), Cambridge Ancient History 13. The Late Empire, Cambridge, 1999, pp. 138–53 and 371–410; C. Ando, Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire, Berkeley, CA, 2000, pp. 285–398.
8 K. Hopkins, Conquest by book, in J. H. Humphreys (ed.), Literacy in the Roman World, Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplement 3, Ann Arbor, MI, 1991, pp. 133–58.
9 R. Lane-Fox, Pagans and Christians, New York, 1987, pp. 64–261.
10 Lane-Fox, Pagans and Christians, pp. 27–63; K. Harl, Civic Coins and Civic Politics in the Roman East A.D. 180–275, Berkeley, CA, 1987.
11 Symmachus, Relatio 3.8: transl. R. H. Barrow, Prefect and Emperor, Oxford, 1973, pp. 39–41.
12 M. Frede, Monotheism and pagan philosophy in Late Antiquity, in P. Athanassiadi and M. Frede (eds.), Pagan Monotheism in Late Antiquity, Oxford, 1999, pp. 41–64.
13 Pap. Oxy 2782, Oxyrhynchus Papyri 36, London, 1970, p. 79.
14 Collatio Legum Romanarum et Mosaicarum 15.3: transl. M. Dodgeon and S. N. C. Lieu, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (a.d. 226–363), London, 1991, p. 135.
15 J. R. Curran, Pagan City and Christian Capital. Rome in the Fourth Century, Oxford, 2000, pp. 70–90.
16 Eusebius, Life of Constantine 4.10: transl. (with an outstanding commentary) Averil Cameron and S. Hall, Oxford, 1999, p. 157.
17 H. A. Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, Baltimore, MD, 2000, pp. 250–72; T. D. Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, Cambridge, MA, 1981, pp. 208–23.
18 J. B. Rives, The decree of Decius and the religion of empire, Journal of Roman Studies, 89 (1999): 135–54; Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, pp. 3–27 and 148–63.
19 G. W. Clarke, The Letters of St. Cyprian, Ancient Christian Writers 43–4 and 46–7, New York, 1984–9, provides transl. and an unequalled commentary.
20 C. H. Roberts and T. C. Skeat, The Birth of the Codex, London, 1983; R. Lane-Fox, Literacy and power in early Christianity, in A. K. Bowman and G. Woolf (eds.), Literacy and Power in the Ancient World, Cambridge, 1994, pp. 128–48.
21 G. F. Snyder, Ante Pacem. Archaeological Evidence for Church Life before Constantine, Macon, GA, 1985.
22 K. Hopkins, Christian number and its implications, Journal of Early Christian Studies, 6 (1998): 185–226.
23 R. Lane-Fox, Pagans and Christians, pp. 265–335; S. Mitchell, Anatolia. Land, Men and Gods 2: The Rise of the Church, Oxford, 1993, pp. 37–64.
24 Council of Elvira (306), canons 2, 5, 40, and 57: E. J. Jonkers (ed.), Acta et symbola conciliorum quae saeculo quarto habita sunt, Leiden, 1974, pp. 5–23.
25 Lane-Fox, Pagans and Christians, pp. 493–608.
26 Didascalia Apostolorum 12 [2.57]: transl. R. H. Connolly, Oxford, 1929, p. 119.
27 s.v. baptism, in E. Ferguson (ed.), Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, New York, 1990, pp. 131–4.
28 Didascalia Apostolorum 3.5.4, pp. 132–3.
29 F. Brenk, In Mist Apparelled. Religious Themes in Plutarch’s Moralia and Lives, Leiden, 1977, pp. 145–83.
30 E. Ferguson, Demonology of the Early Christian World, New York, 1984.
31 s.v. exorcism, in Ferguson (ed.), Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, pp. 333–4.
32 G. Bowersock, Martyrdom and Rome, Cambridge, 1995, pp. 41–57; s.v. martyrdom, in E. Ferguson (ed.), Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, New York, 2nd edn., 1997, pp. 724–8.
33 Didascalia Apostolorum 19 [5.1], p. 161.
34 Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 8.7.4: transl. A. C. McGiffert, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 1, Grand Rapids, MI, 1979, p. 329 and G. A. Williamson, Harmondsworth, 1965, p. 336.
35 s.v. refrigerium, in Ferguson (ed.), Encyclopedia of Early Christianity, 2nd edn., pp. 975–6.
36 P. Hadot, Philosophy as a Way of Life, Oxford, 1995, pp. 81–125.
37 Lactantius, Divine Institutes 3.26: transl. M. F. McDonald, Fathers of the Church, 49, Washington, DC, 1964, p. 234.
38 Tertullian, On Purity 13: transl. W. Le Saint, Ancient Christian Writers 28, London, 1959, pp. 86–7.
39 Didascalia Apostolorum 2 [2.16], pp. 52–3.
40 Didache 1: transl. J. B. Lightfoot, London, 1891, p. 123.
41 Baba Bathra 9a: transl. I. Epstein, Babylonian Talmud, London, 1935, p. 42.
42 G. Schöllgen, Die Anfänge der Professionalisierung des Klerus, Münster, 1998; P. Brown, Poverty and Leadership in the Later Roman Empire, Hanover, NH, 2002, pp. 17–26; on collections by pagans, G. W. Bowersock, Les Euemerioi et les confréries joyeuses, Comptes-Rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 1999, pp. 1241–56.
43 Lactantius, Divine Institutes 6.11, p. 423.
44 Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 6.43.11, McGiffert, p. 288, Williamson, p. 282.
45 Gesta apud Zenophilum: transl. M. Edwards, Optatus. Against the Donatists, Liverpool, 1997, p. 154.
1 Isidore of Pelusium, Letter 1270: Patrologia Graeca 78: 344A.
2 P. Brown, Christianization and religious conflict, in Averil Cameron and P. Garnsey (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History 13. The Late Empire a.d. 337–425, Cambridge, 1998, pp. 632–64, at pp. 633–6, and Authority and the Sacred. Aspects of the Christianisation of the Roman World, Cambridge, 1995, pp. 1–7.
3 Augustine, [Newly discovered] Sermon Mayence 61/Dolbeau 25.25, in F. Dolbeau (ed.), Vingt-six sermons au peuple d’Afrique, Paris, 1996, p. 266: transl. E. Hill, The Works of Saint Augustine. A Translation for the 21st Century. Sermons 1 Various (III/11) (Newly Discovered), Hyde Park, NY, 1997, p. 382.
4 R. MacMullen, Christianizing the Roman Empire A.D. 100–400, New Haven, CT, 1984, pp. 86–101, and Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries, New Haven, CT, 1997, pp. 1–73; B. Caseau, Sacred landscapes, in G. W. Bowersock, P. Brown, and O. Grabar, Late Antiquity. A Guide to the Postclassical World, Cambridge, MA, 1999, pp. 21–59.
5 G. Fowden, Polytheist religion and philosophy, in Cameron and Garnsey (eds.), Cambridge Ancient History 13, pp. 538–60; F. Thélamon, Païens et chrétiens au IVe siècle, Paris, 1981, pp. 157–279.
6 Codex Theodosianus 9.16.2: transl. C. Pharr, Princeton, NJ, 1952, p. 237.
7 Orosius, History against the Pagans, preface: transl. I. W. Raymond, New York, 1936, p. 30; s.v. Pagan, Late Antiquity, p. 625.
8 J. Harries, Law and Empire in Late Antiquity, Cambridge, 1999.
9 J. Evans Grubbs, Law and Family in Late Antiquity. The Emperor Constantine’s Marriage Legislation, Oxford, 1995; J. Beaucamp, Le statut de la femme à Byzance (4e–7e siècle) 1. Le droit impérial, Paris, 1990; R. Bagnall, Women, law and social realities in Late Antiquity, Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists, 32 (1995): 65–86.
10 M. T. Fögen, Die Enteignung der Wahrsager. Studien zum kaiserlichen Wissensmonopol in der Spätantike, Frankfurt-am-Main, 1993.
11 J. F. Matthews, Laying Down the Law. A Study of the Theodosian Code, New Haven, CT, 2000.
12 Codex Theodosianus 15.5.5, p. 433; C. Humfress, Roman law, forensic argument and the formation of Christian orthodoxy, in S. Elm, E. Rebillard, and A. Romano (eds.), Orthodoxy, Christianity, History, Collection de l’École française de Rome 270, Rome, 2000, pp. 125–47.
13 Brown, Authority and the Sacred, pp. 29–54.
14 R. S. O. Tomlin, The curse tablets, in B. Cunliffe (ed.), The Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath 2, Oxford, 1988, pp. 323–4.
15 Augustine, Ennaration in Psalm 34 7: transl. S. Hebgin and F. Corrigan, Ancient Christian Writers 30, London, 1961, pp. 193–4.
16 Augustine, Sermon Mayence 60/Dolbeau 24.10, ed. Dolbeau, p. 240; transl. Hill, p. 362.
17 P. Brown, Conversion and Christianization in Late Antiquity: the case of Augustine, in R. Lim and C. Straw (eds.), The Past Before Us. The Challenge of Historiographies, Turnhout, 2000, pp. 103–17.
18 Egeria, Travels 25.8: transl. J. Wilkinson, London, 1971, p. 127; R. Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture, Harmondsworth, 1986, pp. 39–67; J. R. Curran, Pagan City and Christian Capital. Rome in the Fourth Century, Oxford, 2000, pp. 90–115.
19 J. C. Picard, L’atrium dans les églises paléochrétiennes d’Occident, in N. Duval (ed.), Actes du XIe Congrès international d’archéologie chrétienne, vol. 1, Rome, 1986, pp. 503–58; S. Lancel, Saint Augustin, Paris, 1999, pp. 331–46.
20 P. Garnsey and C. Humfress, The Evolution of the Late Antique World, Cambridge, 2000, pp. 72–7; P. Brown, Poverty and Leadership in the Later Roman Empire, Hanover, NH, 2002, pp. 26–73.
21 P. Brown, Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity. Towards a Christian Empire, Madison, WI, 1992, pp. 71–117; É. Rebillard and C. Sotinel (eds.), L’évêque dans la cité du IVe et Ve siècle. Image et autorité, Collection de l’École française de Rome 248, Rome, 1998.
22 J.-P. Caillet, L’évergétisme monumental chrétien en Italie, Rome, 1993.
23 K. S. Painter, The Water Newton Early Christian Silver, London, 1977.
24 T. D. Barnes, Athanasius and Constantius. Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire, Cambridge, MA, 1993.
25 Athanasius, Apology to Constantius 30.41: transl. A Library of Fathers, Oxford, 1873, p. 180.
26 N. B. McLynn, Ambrose of Milan. Church and Court in a Christian Capital, Berkeley, CA, 1994.
27 P. Brown, The Body and Society. Men, Women, and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity, New York, 1988, pp. 191–284; P. Rousseau, Monasticism, in Averil Cameron, B. Ward-Perkins, and M. Whitby (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History 14. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors A.D. 425–600, Cambridge, 2000, pp. 745–80. A. de Vogüé, Histoire littéraire du mouvement monastique dans l’antiquité. Première partie: le monachisme latin, 5 vols., Paris, 1991–8, now provides an unequalled survey of the impact of monasticism on the Latin West.
28 M. Tardieu, La diffusion du Bouddhisme dans l’empire kouchan, l’Iran et la Chine d’après un Kepahalaion manichéen inédit, Studia Iranica, 17 (1988): 153–82.
29 S. N. C. Lieu, Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and in Medieval China, Manchester, 1985, 2nd edn., Tübingen, 1992.
30 The Cologne Mani-Codex: transl. R. Cameron and A. J. Dewey, Missoula, MT, 1979; on yet further discoveries, see M. F. Gardner and S. N. C. Lieu, From Narmouthis (Medinet Madi) to Kellis (Ismant al-Kharab), Journal of Roman Studies, 86 (1996): 146–69.
31 Augustine, Confessions 8.6.15 and 8.19.
32 Sulpicius Severus, Life of Martin, Letters and Dialogues: transl. F. R. Hoare, The Western Fathers, New York, 1954; the Life of Martin is now in T. Head and T. F. X. Noble, Soldiers of Christ, University Park, PA, 1995, pp. 1–29; C. Stancliffe, St. Martin and his Hagiographer. History and Miracle in Sulpicius Severus, Oxford, 1983.
33 Paulinus of Nola, Letter 29.12: transl. P. G. Walsh, Ancient Christian Writers 36, New York, 1966, p. 115.
34 P. Heather, Senates and senators, in Cambridge Ancient History 13, pp. 184–210.
35 M. Mundell and A. Bennett, The Sevso Treasure, Journal of Roman Archaeology. Supplementary volume 12, Ann Arbor, MI, 1994, pp. 55–97.
36 C. Dagron, Naissance d’une capitale, Paris, 1974; S. Bassett, The antiquities in the Hippodrome of Constantinople, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 45 (1991): 87–96, and Historiae custos: sculpture and tradition in the Baths of Zeuxippos, American Journal of Archaeology, 100 (1996): 491–506.
37 M. Meslin, La fête des Kalendes de Janvier dans l’empire romain, Brussels, 1970.
38 Augustine, Sermon Mayence 62/Dolbeau 25, ed. Dolbeau, pp. 345–417; transl. Hill, pp. 180–237.
39 H. R. Idris, Fêtes chrétiennes en Ifriqiya à l’époque ziride, Revue africaine, 98 (1954): 261–76.
40 P. Heather, Goths and Huns, and I. N. Wood, The barbarian invasions and the first settlements, in Cameron and Garnsey (eds.), Cambridge Ancient History 13, pp. 487–515 and 516–37.
41 Paulinus of Nola in Ausonius, Letter 31.63: transl. H. G. Evelyn-White, Ausonius 2, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1949, p. 128.
42 D. Trout, Paulinus of Nola, Berkeley, CA, 1999; H. Sivan, Ausonius of Bordeaux. Genesis of a Gallic Aristocracy, London, 1993.
43 Augustine, Letter 231.6. The best transl. of the Confessions are H. Chadwick, Oxford, 1991, and F. J. Sheed, Indianapolis, reprint 1992. J. J. O’Donnell, Confessions, Oxford, 1992, is an outstanding commentary.
44 P. Brown, Augustine of Hippo. A Biography. New Edition with an Epilogue, London and Berkeley, CA, 2000, pp. 505–13.
45 Brown, Augustine of Hippo, pp. 340–53; Pelagius, Commentary on Saint Paul’s Epistle to the Romans: transl. T. de Bruyn, Oxford, 1993; The Letters of Pelagius and his Followers: transl. B. Rees, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1991.
46 Eusebius of Caesarea, Tricennial Orations 18: transl. H. A. Drake, In Praise of Constantine, Berkeley, CA, 1976, p. 127.
47 Prosper of Aquitaine, The Call of All Nations 2.35: transl. P. de Letter, Ancient Christian Writers 14, Westminster, MD, 1963, pp. 149–51.
48 P. Brown, Enjoying the saints in late antiquity, Early Medieval Europe, 9 (2000): 1–24, at pp. 1–14.
49 Augustine, On Rebuke and Grace 12.35: transl. P. Holmes and R. E. Wallis, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 5, Grand Rapids, MI, 1975, p. 486.
50 S. Thier, Kirche bei Pelagius, Patristische Texte und Studien 50, Berlin, 1999.
51 Augustine, On Virginity 44.45: transl. C. I. Cornish, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 3, p. 434.
52 Augustine, Against the Letters of the Pelagians 3.5.14: transl. Holmes and Wallis, p. 408.
53 Brown, Augustine of Hippo, pp. 459–61.
54 Brown, Augustine of Hippo, pp. 285–329.
55 Augustine [Newly discovered] Letter 2*.3, ed. Bibliothèque augustinienne 46B: Lettres 1* –29 *, Paris, 1987, p. 20: transl. R. Eno, Fathers of the Church 81, Washington, DC, 1989, p. 20.
56 Augustine, City of God 14.1: transl. H. Bettenson, Harmondsworth, 1976, p. 547.
1 Augustine, Letter 199.35 and 45: transl. W. Parsons, Fathers of the Church 30, New York, 1955, pp. 384 and 394.
2 P. Heather, The western empire, 425–476, in Averil Cameron, B. Ward-Perkins, and M. Whitby (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History 14. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors A.D. 425–600, Cambridge, 2000, pp. 1–32; R. Collins, Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000, New York, 1991, pp. 75–93.
3 S. Muhlberger, The Fifth-Century Chroniclers, Leeds, 1990, pp. 193–266.
4 Hydatius, Chronicle, preface 1–6: transl. R. W. Burgess, Oxford, 1993, pp. 73–5.
5 Hydatius, Chronicle, Olympiad 309, p. 107.
6 J. Harries, Sidonius Apollinaris and the Fall of Rome, A.D. 407–485, Oxford, 1994.
7 Sidonius Apollinaris, Letter 4.20.2–3: transl. W. B. Anderson, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1965, pp. 137–9. See also A. C. Murray, From Roman to Merovingian Gaul. A Reader, Peterborough, Ontario, 2000, pp. 193–258.
8 Vegetius, Epitome of Military Science 2.5: transl. N. P. Milner, Liverpool, 1993, p. 35.
9 D. Janes, The golden clasp of the late Roman state, Early Medieval Europe, 5 (1996): 127–53; B. Arrhenius, Merovingian Garnet Jewellery. Emergence and Social Implications, Stockholm, 1985.
10 G. Halsall, Movers and shakers: the barbarians and the fall of Rome, Early Medieval Europe, 8 (1999): 131–45; E. A. Thompson, Romans and Barbarians, Madison, WI, 1982, pp. 23–37 and 251–6.
11 W. Goffart, Barbarians and Romans, A.D. 418–584. Techniques of Accommodation, Princeton, NJ, 1980 offers an enticingly elegant but oversimplified solution (the “settlers” simply took a share of the taxes, not of the land): see A. M. Jiménez Garnica, The settlement of the Visigoths in the fifth century, in P. Heather (ed.), The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century. An Ethnographic Perspective, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1999, pp. 93–115 with the discussion on pp. 115–28.
12 Anonymus Valesianus 12.61: transl. J. C. Rolfe, Ammianus Marcellinus, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1952, p. 547; P. Amory, People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554, Cambridge, 1997.
13 W. Pohl, Introduction, and Telling the difference: signs of ethnic identity, in W. Pohl and H. Reimitz (eds.), Strategies of Distinction. The Construction of Ethnic Communities, 300–800, Leiden, 1998, pp. 1–15 and 16–69; P. Geary, The Myth of Nations. The Medieval Origins of Europe, Princeton, NJ, 2002. See W. Pohl, Die Völkerwanderung. Eroberung und Integration, Stuttgart, 2002.
14 Book of Constitutions 97: transl. K. F. Drew, The Burgundian Code, Philadelphia, 1949, p. 84. P. Heather, The creation of the Visigoths, in The Visigoths, pp. 43–73 makes a strong case for the importance of such a class.
15 P. Brown, The study of elites in late antiquity, Arethusa, 33 (2000): 321–46 at pp. 333–6; J. Harries, Sidonius Apollinaris, Rome and the barbarians: a climate of treason?, in J. Drinkwater and H. Elton (eds.), Fifth-Century Gaul. A Crisis of Identity?, Cambridge, 1992, pp. 298–308.
16 Amory, People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, pp. 195–276.
17 Victor of Vita, History of the Vandal Persecution 3.3–14: transl. J. Moorhead, Liverpool, 1992, pp. 64–9; F. Modéran, La chronologie de la Vie de Saint Fulgence de Ruspe et ses incidences sur l’histoire de l’Afrique vandale, Mélanges de l’École française de Rome: Antiquité, 105 (1993): 135–88.
18 Gregory of Tours, History 2, preface: transl. L. Thorpe, Harmondsworth, 1974, p. 103.
19 L. Maurin, Remparts et cités dans les trois provinces du Sud-Ouest de la Gaule au Bas-Empire, Villes et agglomérations urbaines antiques du Sud-Ouest de la Gaule, Aquitania: Supplément 6, Bordeaux, 1992, pp. 365–89; E. M. Butler, Late Roman town walls in Gaul, Archaeological Journal, 116 (1959): 25–50.
20 R. Samson, The Merovingian nobleman’s hall: castle or villa?, Journal of Medieval History, 13 (1987): 287–315.
21 Gregory of Tours, History 2.7, p. 116.
22 Gregory of Tours, History 2.32, p. 147.
23 Life of Caesarius of Arles 1.32: transl. W. Klingshirn, Liverpool, 1994, p. 25; W. Klingshirn, Charity and power: the ransoming of captives in sub-Roman Gaul, Journal of Roman Studies, 75 (1985): 95–102.
24 Gregory of Tours, History 2.16, p. 131; S. T. Loseby, Bishops and cathedrals: order and diversity in the fifth-century urban landscape of southern Gaul, in Drinkwater and Elton (eds.), Fifth-Century Gaul, pp. 144–55.
25 Sidonius Apollinaris, Letters 5–14 and 7.1, pp. 217–19 and 287–93; G. Nathan, Rogation ceremonies in Late Antique Gaul, Classica et Mediaevalia, 21 (1998): 276–303.
26 Life of Genovefa 3.11: transl. J. A. McNamara and J. Hallborg, Sainted Women of the Dark Ages, Durham, NC, 1992, pp. 23–4.
27 P. Brown, The Cult of the Saints. Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity, Chicago, 1981; B. Beaujard, Le culte des saints en Gaule, Paris, 2000.
28 Paulinus of Périgueux, Life of Martin 6.93, Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum 16, Vienna, 1888, p. 143; R. Van Dam, Leadership and Community in Late Antique Gaul, Berkeley, CA, 1985, pp. 157–76.
29 M. Heinzelmann, Die Bischofsherrschaften in Gallien, Munich, 1976, remains the classic study.
30 Sidonius Apollinaris, Letter 7.9, pp. 335–9.
31 P’awstos Buzand, Epic Histories 6.2: transl. N. Garsoian, Cambridge, MA, 1989, p. 234.
32 S. Loseby, Marseilles: a late antique success story?, Journal of Roman Studies, 82 (1992): 165–85.
33 R. A. Markus, The End of Ancient Christianity, Cambridge, 1990, pp. 181–94; P. Rousseau, Cassian: monastery and world, in M. Fairburn and W. H. Oliver (eds.), The Certainty of Doubt. Tributes to Peter Munz, Wellington, New Zealand, 1995, pp. 68–89; C. Stewart, Cassian the Monk, New York, 1998.
34 Cassian, Conferences 18, preface: transl. E. C. S. Giles, Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 2nd series, vol. 11, Grand Rapids, MI, 1986, p. 471, also translated by C. Luibheid, New York, 1985, and B. Ramsey, Ancient Christian Writers 57, New York, 1997; C. Leyser, Authority and Asceticism from Augustine to Gregory the Great, Oxford, 2000, pp. 33–61.
35 S. Pricoco, L’isola dei santi. Il cenobio di Lerino e le origini del monachesimo gallico, Rome, 1978; C. Leyser, “This sainted isle”: Panegyric, nostalgia, and the invention of Lerinian monasticism, in W. Klingshirn and M. Vessey (eds.), The Limits of Ancient Christianity. Essays on Late Antique Thought and Culture in Honor of R. A. Markus, Ann Arbor, MI, 1999, pp. 188–206.
36 Hilary of Arles, Life of Saint Honoratus 1.8: transl. F. R. Hoare, The Western Fathers, New York, 1954, pp. 253–4.
37 Constantius, Life of Germanus 1: transl. Hoare, The Western Fathers, p. 286, reprinted in Head and Noble, Soldiers of Christ, pp. 75–106.
38 Constantius, Life of Germanus 12–18, 25–7, and 28–39, pp. 295–302, 306–7 and 308–17.
39 Ennodius, Life of Epiphanius 1.14: transl. G. M. Cook, Washington, DC, 1942, p. 9.
40 Leo, Letter 10.2: transl. C. L. Feltoe, Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 12, Oxford, 1895, p. 9; R. W. Mathisen, Ecclesiastical Factionalism and Religious Controversy in Fifth-Century Gaul, Washington, DC, 1989, pp. 141–72.
41 F. Marazzi, Rome in transition: economic and political change in the fourth and fifth centuries, in J. M. H. Smith (ed.), Early Medieval Rome and the Christian West. Essays in Honour of Donald A. Bullough, Leiden, 2000, pp. 21–41; A. Gillett, Rome, Ravenna and the last Western emperors, Papers of the British School at Rome, 69 (2001): 131–67.
42 s.v. papa, and Papacy, in G. W. Bowersock, P. Brown, and O. Grabar (eds.), Late Antiquity. A Guide to the Postclassical World, Cambridge, MA, 1999, pp. 633–5; C. Pietri, Roma christiana, 2 vols., Rome, 1976.
43 Pope Celestine, Letter 21.2: Patrologia Latina 50: 529A.
44 Augustine [Newly discovered] Letter 20*.31: transl. R. Eno, Fathers of the Church, 81, Washington DC, 1989, p. 148.
45 C. Mango, The development of Constantinople as an urban center, in Studies in Constantinople, Aldershot, 1993; B. Ward-Perkins, Constantinople: imperial capital of the fifth and sixth centuries, in G. Ripoll and J. M. Gurt (eds.), Sedes Regiae (ann. 400–800), Barcelona, 2000, pp. 63–81.
46 N. H. Baynes, Alexandria and Constantinople: a study in ecclesiastical diplomacy, in Byzantine Studies and Other Essays, London, 1955, pp. 97–115.
47 Cyril of Alexandria, Letter 96: transl. J. I. McEnerney, Fathers of the Church 77, Washington, DC, 1985, pp. 151–2.
48 W. H. C. Frend, The Rise of the Monophysite Movement, Cambridge, 1972, pp. 39–43.
49 Leo, Sermon 24.2, Feltoe, p. 135.
50 Eusebius, In Praise of Constantine 3.6: transl. H. A. Drake, Berkeley, CA, 1978, p. 81.
51 J. R. Lyman, Christology and Cosmology, Oxford, 1993, pp. 82–123.
52 Synod of Alexandria of 362, M. Tetz (ed.), Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft, 79 (1988): 272. Lyman, Christology and Cosmology, pp. 124–59.
53 J. A. McGuckin, St. Cyril of Alexandria. The Christological Controversy; its History, Theology, and Texts, 1994; B. Meunier, Le Christ de Cyrille d’Alexandrie, Paris, 1997; N. Russell, Cyril of Alexandria, London, 2000.
54 Shenoute of Atripe, Contra Origenistas 821, T. Orlandi (ed.), Rome, 1985, pp. 62–3.
55 Nestorius, The Bazaar of Heracleides 2. 495–521: transl. G. Driver and L. Hodgson, Oxford, 1925, pp. 363–79; McGuckin, Cyril of Alexandria, pp. 126–74.
56 s.v. Monophysites, in Late Antiquity. A Guide, pp. 586–8.
57 Isaac of Antioch, Memra 8. On the Bird that Sung at Antioch 149–450, G. Bickell (ed.), Giessen, 1873, pp. 91–105.
58 P. Brown, Poverty and Leadership in the Later Roman Empire, Hanover, NH, 2001, pp. 97–111.
59 John Moschus, The Spiritual Meadow 147: transl. J. Wortley, Kalamazoo, MI, 1992, p. 120.
60 H. E. Chadwick, Preface, Actes du Concile de Chalcédoine, Sessions III–VI: transl. A. J. Festugière, Geneva, 1982, pp. 7–16, and Eucharist and Christology in the Nestorian controversy, Journal of Theological Studies, NS 2 (1951): 145–64.
61 s.v. Chalcedon, Council of, in Late Antiquity. A Guide, pp. 369–70; Frend, The Rise of the Monophysite Movement, pp. 50–142.
1 Eugippius, Life of Severinus 20.1: transl. L. Bieler, Fathers of the Church 55, Washington, DC, 1965, p. 78.
2 E. A. Thompson, Romans and Barbarians, Madison, WI, 1980, pp. 113–33; R. Bratož, Severinus von Noricum und seine Zeit, Vienna, 1983; W. Pohl and M. Diesenberger (eds.), Eugippius und Severin. Der Autor, der Text und der Heilige, Forschungen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters 2, Vienna, 2001.
3 A. Jenny, Forschungen in Lauriacum 1, Linz, 1954; K. Genser, Der österreichische Donaulimes in der Römerzeit, Vienna, 1986.
4 Eugippius, Life of Severinus 1, p. 1.
5 Eugippius, Life of Severinus 19.2, p. 77.
6 Eugippius, Life of Severinus 7.1, pp. 65–6.
7 Eugippius, Life of Severinus 8.3, pp. 65–6.
8 C. Leyser, Asceticism and Authority from Augustine to Gregory the Great, Oxford, 2000, pp. 108–17.
9 Bratož, Severinus von Noricum, p. 30.
10 F. Glaser, Das frühchristliche Pilgerheiligtum auf dem Hemmaberg, Klagenfurt, 1991, and Eine weitere Doppelkirchenanlage auf dem Hemmaberg, Carinthia I, 183 (1993): 163–86.
11 R. Bland and C. Johns, The Hoxne Treasure, London, 1993.
12 A. S. Esmonde-Cleary, The Ending of Roman Britain, London, 1989; B. Ward-Perkins, Specialized production and exchange, in Averil Cameron, B. Ward-Perkins, and M. Whitby, The Cambridge Ancient History 14. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors A.D. 425–600, Cambridge, 2000, pp. 346–91. K. R. Dark, Civitas to Kingdom. British Political Continuity 300–800, Leicester, 1994, is the best of many, inevitably speculative, reconstructions of this period.
13 The Exeter Book. The Ruin 21: transl. S. A. J. Bradley, Anglo-Saxon Poetry, London, 1982, p. 402.
14 B. Ward-Perkins, Why did the Saxons not become more British?, English Historical Review, 115 (2000): 513–33.
15 C. Thomas, Christianity in Roman Britain to A.D. 400, Berkeley, CA, 1981; M. Lapidge and D. Dumville (eds.), Gildas. New Approaches, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1984.
16 R. Sharpe, Martyrs and local saints in late antique Britain, in R. Sharpe and A. T. Thacker (eds.), Local Saints and Local Churches in the Early Medieval West, Oxford, 2002, pp. 75–154.
17 Aneirin, Y Gododdin 102 and 840: transl. A. O. H. Jarman, Llandysul, 1990, pp. 8 and 56.
18 Aneirin, Y Gododdin 286 and 362, pp. 20 and 24; Gildas, On the Ruin of Britain 28.1: transl. M. Winterbottom, London, 1978, p. 29.
19 D. Dumville, The idea of government in sub-Roman Britain, in G. Ausenda (ed.), After Empire. Towards an Ethnology of Europe’s Barbarians, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1995, pp. 177–216.
20 T. Charles-Edwards, Early Christian Ireland, Cambridge, 2000, pp. 145–81.
21 Charles-Edwards, Early Christian Ireland, pp. 202–14 and 233–40.
22 Patricius, Confessio 16: transl. A. B. E. Hood, St. Patrick, London, 1978, p. 44. See also the translation and commentary of D. R. Howlett, The Book of Letters of Saint Patrick, Dublin, 1994.
23 Patricius, Letter to Coroticus 2–3, p. 55.
24 Patricius, Confessio 49, p. 51.
25 Patricius, Confessio 12, 34, and 35, pp. 43, 48, and 49.
26 Charles-Edwards, Early Christian Ireland, pp. 8–123 and 182–202.
27 The First Synod of Saint Patrick, canon 6: transl. L. Bieler, The Irish Penitentials, Dublin, 1975, p. 55.
28 C. Donahue, Beowulf, Ireland and the natural good, Traditio, 7 (1949/51): 262–77.
29 Muirchú, Life of Patrick 25, in Hood, St. Patrick, pp. 95–6.
30 M. McNeill, The Lughnasa, Dublin, 1982.
31 S. Lebecq, Les origines franques, Ve–IXe siècle, Paris, 1990, pp. 9–60; E. James, The Franks, Oxford, 1988, pp. 34–161; I. N. Wood, The Merovingian Kingdoms, 450–752, London, 1994, pp. 33–54. The sources for the rise and conversion of Clovis are translated in J. Hillgarth, Christianity and Paganism, 350–750, Philadelphia, PA, 1985, pp. 72–83, and A. C. Murray, From Roman to Merovingian Gaul. A Reader, Peterborough, Ontario, 2000, pp. 259–86.
32 G. Halsall, The origins of the Reihengräberzivilisation: forty years on, in J. Drinkwater and H. Elton, Fifth-Century Gaul. A Crisis of Identity?, Cambridge, 1992, pp. 196–207, and F. Theuws and J. Alkemade, A kind of mirror of men: sword deposits in Late Antique northern Gaul, in F. Theuws and J. L. Nelson (eds.), Rituals of Power. From Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages, Leiden, 2000, pp. 401–76.
33 Fredegar, Chronicle 2.4–6 and Liber Historiae Francorum 1: transl. Murray, From Roman to Merovingian Gaul, pp. 591–5; R. A. Geberding, The Rise of the Carolingians and the Liber Historiae Francorum, Oxford, 1987, pp. 11–30.
34 A. C. Murray, Post vocantur Merohingii: Fredegar, Merovech and “sacral kingship,” in A. C. Murray (ed.), After Rome’s Fall. Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History. Essays presented to Walter Goffart, Toronto, 1998, pp. 121–52.
35 James, The Franks, pp. 58–64.
36 Remigius to Clovis in Hillgarth, p. 76, and Murray, p. 260.
37 Gregory of Tours, History 2.27: transl. L. Thorpe, Harmondsworth, 1974, pp. 139–40.
38 Transl. K. F. Drew, The Laws of the Salian Franks, Philadelphia, 1991; Wood, The Merovingian Kingdoms, pp. 108–15.
39 Gregory of Tours, History 2.42, p. 157.
40 Gregory of Tours, History 2.42, p. 158.
41 Council of Agde, Concilia Galliae, C. Munier (ed.), Corpus Christianorum, 148, Turnhout, 1963, p. 192.
42 Gregory of Tours, History 2.37, p. 152.
43 Gregory of Tours, History 2.37, pp. 153–4.
44 The date of the baptism of Clovis remains hotly disputed. The reader should note that in this account I accept the arguments for a late date advanced by D. Shanzer, Dating the baptism of Clovis: the bishop of Vienne vs. the bishop of Tours, Early Medieval Europe, 7 (1988): 29–57. An earlier date would mean a different story, especially of Clovis’ relations with the Visigoths.
45 Gregory of Tours, History 2.31, p. 144.
46 Gregory of Tours, History 2.38, p. 154; M. McCormick, Clovis at Tours: Byzantine public rituals and the origin of medieval ruler symbolism, in E. Chrysos and A. Schwarcz (eds.), Das Reich und die Barbaren, Vienna, 1989, pp. 155–80.
47 G. Camps, Rex Gentium Maurorum et Romanorum: recherches sur les royaumes de Maurétanie des VIe et VIIe siècles, Antiquités africaines 20 (1984): 183–218.
48 S. C. Munro-Hay, Aksum. An African Civilization of Late Antiquity, Edinburgh, 1991.
49 Kaleb Inscription, in Munro-Hay, Aksum, p. 230.
50 I. Shahid, The Kebra Nagast in the light of recent research, Le Mouséon, 89 (1976): 133–78.
51 Gregory of Tours, History 2.40, p. 156.
52 Gildas, On the Ruin of Britain 26.1, p. 28; N. J. Higham, The English Conquest. Gildas and Britain in the Fifth Century, Manchester, 1994, pp. 67–89.
53 Gildas, On the Ruin of Britain 4–6 and 13–20, pp. 17–18 and 20–4.
54 Charles-Edwards, Early Christian Ireland, pp. 231–3.
1 G. Pomarès, Gélase 1er: Lettre contre les Lupercales, Sources chrétiennes 65, Paris, 1959.
2 Leo, Sermon 27.4: transl. C. L. Feltoe, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 12, Oxford, 1895, p. 140.
3 N. Purcell, The population of Rome in late antiquity: problems of classification and historical description, in W. V. Harris (ed.), The Transformations of Vrbs Roma in Late Antiquity, Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplementary Series 33, Portsmouth, RI, 1999, pp. 135–61, at pp. 135–7.
4 B. Beaujard, Le culte des saints en Gaule. Les premiers temps, d’Hilaire de Poitiers à la fin du VIe siècle, Paris, 2000, pp. 333–98.
5 R. Fletcher, The Conversion of Europe. From Paganism to Christianity 371–1386 A.D., London, 1998, pp. 34–65; P. Pergola (ed.), Alle origini della parrocchia rurale (IV–VIII secolo), Vatican City, 1999.
6 G. Volpe, San Giusto, La villa, le ecclesiae, Bari, 1998 (a spectacular site in southern Italy); K. Bowes, “Nec sedere in villam”. Villa-churches, rural piety and the Priscillianist controversy, in T. S. Burns and J. W. Eadie (eds.), Urban Functions and Rural Contexts in Late Antiquity, East Lansing, MI, 2001, pp. 323–48.
7 S. Barnish, Christians and countrymen at San Vincenzo c. A.D. 400–550, in R. Hodges (ed.), San Vincenzo al Volturno 2, Oxford, 1995, pp. 131–7, and Religio in stagno: nature, divinity and the Christianization of the countryside in late antique Italy, Journal of Early Christian Studies, 9 (2001): 387–402.
8 J. N. Hillgarth, Modes of evangelization of Western Europe in the seventh century, in P. Ní Chatháin and M. Richter (eds.), Irland und die Christenheit, Stuttgart, 1987, pp. 311–31.
9 V. Flint, The Rise of Magic in Early Medieval Europe, Princeton, NJ, 1991, pp. 108–15.
10 Gildas, On the Ruin of Britain 4.2: transl. M. Winterbottom, London, 1978, p. 17.
11 Sixteenth Council of Toledo (693), canon 2: J. Vives (ed.), Concilios visigóticos, Madrid, 1963, pp. 498–500; J. Hillgarth, Popular religion in Visigothic Spain, in E. James (ed.), Visigothic Spain. New Approaches, Oxford, 1980, pp. 3–60 (now in J. N. Hillgarth, Visigothic Spain, Byzantium and the Irish, London, 1985).
12 A. Rousselle, Croire et guérir. La foi en Gaule dans l’Antiquité tardive, Paris, 1990, pp. 31–52 and 65–75.
13 D. Frankfurter, Religion in Egypt. Assimilation and Resistance, Princeton, NJ, 1998, pp. 37–197.
14 Besa, Life of Shenoute 151–2: transl. D. N. Bell, Kalamazoo, MI, 1983, p. 84.
15 Shenoute, Letter 24, J. Leipoldt (ed.), Corpus Scriptorum Orientalium Christianorum 96: Scriptores coptici 8, Louvain, 1953, p. 45.
16 Theodoret of Cyrrhus, A Cure for Hellenic Illnesses 8.67–9, P. Canivet (ed.), Sources chrétiennes 57, Paris, 1958, vol. 2, p. 335. For the spectacular recent discovery of a Mithraeum underneath a church at Huarte (Syria): M. Gawlikowski, Un nouveau mithraeum récemment découvert à Huarte près d’Apamée, Comptes rendus de l’Académie d’Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, janvier–mars 2000, pp. 161–71.
17 Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum 4, no. 8027, Berlin, 1877, p. 295.
18 Peter Brown, Authority and the Sacred, Cambridge, 1995, pp. 95–6.
19 P. Chuvin, A Chronicle of the Last Pagans, Cambridge, MA, 1990, pp. 101–18; P. Athanassiadi, Persecution and response in late paganism: the evidence of Damascius, Journal of Hellenic Studies, 113 (1993): 1–29.
20 Chuvin, Chronicle of the Last Pagans, pp. 131–48; F. Trombley, Hellenic Religion and Christianization c.370–529, Leiden, 1994; R. MacMullen, Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth to Eighth Centuries, New Haven, CT, 1997, pp. 1–73.
21 J. N. Hillgarth, Christianity and Paganism. The Conversion of Western Europe, 350–750, Philadelphia, 1986, pp. 105–10.
22 W. E. Klingshirn, Caesarius of Arles. The Making of a Christian Community in Late Antique Gaul, Cambridge, 1994, pp. 146–243.
23 Life of Caesarius 2.48: transl. W. E. Klingshirn, Liverpool, 1994, p. 65.
24 Life of Caesarius 1.54, p. 36.
25 Caesarius, Sermons 13.4 and 54.6: transl. M. Mueller, Fathers of the Church 31, New York, 1956, pp. 78 and 270.
26 Council of Tours (567), canon 23, J. de Clercq (ed.), Concilia Galliae A.511–A.695, Corpus Christianorum 148A, Turnhout, 1963, p. 191.
27 Life of Caesarius 1.27, p. 22, and 2.32, p. 58.
28 Caesarius, Sermon 52.3: transl. M. Mueller, Fathers of the Church 31, New York, 1956, p. 260.
29 Caesarius, Sermon 44.7, p. 225.
30 Caesarius, Sermon 192: transl. M. Mueller, Fathers of the Church 66, Washington, DC, 1972, pp. 26–30.
31 Caesarius, Sermon 193.4, p. 34.
32 Caesarius, Sermon 52.3, Fathers of the Church 31, p. 260.
33 MacMullen, Christianity and Paganism, pp. 74–149.
34 Caesarius, Sermons 47.5 and 54.6, pp. 241 and 270.
35 Caesarius, Sermon 50.1, p. 354.
36 Caesarius, Sermon 33.4, p. 167.
37 Fourth Council of Toledo (633), canon 11, Vives, p. 195.
38 W. Goffart, Narrators of Barbarian History, Princeton, NJ, 1988, pp. 112–234; M. Heinzelmann, Gregor von Tours (538–594), “Zehn Bücher der Geschichte.” Historiographie und Gesellschaftskonzept im 6. Jahrhundert, Darmstadt, 1994; K. Mitchell; transl. C. Carroll, Gregory of Tours. History and Society in the Sixth Century, Cambridge, 2001; and I. N. Wood, The World of Gregory of Tours, Leiden, 2002.
39 I. N. Wood, The Merovingian Kingdoms 450–751, London, 1994, pp. 55–101, and Gregory of Tours, Bangor, Gwynedd, 1994; E. James, Gregory of Tours and the Franks, in A. C. Murray (ed.), After Rome’s Fall. Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History. Essays presented to Walter Goffart, Toronto, 1998, pp. 51–66. See the material collected in A. C. Murray, From Roman to Merovingian Gaul. A Reader, Peterborough, Ontario, 2000, pp. 287–445.
40 Gregory of Tours, History 5, preface: transl. L. Thorpe, Harmondsworth, 1974, p. 253.
41 P. Fouracre, “Placita” and the settlement of disputes in later Merovingian Francia, in W. Davies and P. Fouracre (eds.), The Settlement of Disputes in Early Medieval Europe, Cambridge, 1986, pp. 23–44.
42 Fouracre, Attitudes towards violence in seventh and eighth century Francia, in G. Halsall (ed.), Violence and Society in the Early Medieval West, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1998, pp. 60–75.
43 N. Pancer, Sans peur et sans vergogne. De l’honneur et des femmes aux premiers temps mérovingiens, Paris, 2001.
44 J. W. George, Venantius Fortunatus. A Poet in Merovingian Gaul, Oxford, 1997, and Venantius Fortunatus. Personal and Political Poems, Liverpool, 1995; S. Coates, Venantius Fortunatus and the image of episcopal authority in late antique and early medieval Gaul, English Historical Review, 115 (2000): 1109–37.
45 M. Roberts, The description of landscape in the poems of Venantius Fortunatus: the Moselle poems, Traditio, 49 (1994): 1–22.
46 C. Wickham, Overview, in R. Hodges and W. Bowden (eds.), The Sixth Century. Production, Distribution and Demand, Leiden, 1998, pp. 279–92.
47 M. Heinzelmann, Bischof und Herrschaft vom spätantiken Gallien bis zu den karolingischen Hausmeiern, in F. Prinz (ed.), Herrschaft und Kirche, Stuttgart, 1988, pp. 23–82; B. Jussen, Liturgy and legitimation, or How the Gallo-Romans ended the Roman empire, in B. Jussen (ed.), Ordering Medieval Society, Philadelphia, PA, 2000, pp. 147–99.
48 M. Weidemann, Das Testament des Bischofs Bertram von Le Mans von 27. März 616, Mainz, 1986.
49 D. Janes, God and Gold in Late Antiquity, Cambridge, 1998, pp. 84–164.
50 Venantius Fortunatus, Poem 1.15: Patrologia Latina 88:79B.
51 Audoenus, Life of Eligius 2.41–42: B. Krusch (ed.), Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Scriptores rerum merowingicarum 4, Hanover, 1902, p. 725.
52 Beaujard, Le culte des saints en Gaule, pp. 455–510, and figs. 11–15, pp. 542–6; S. Lebecq, Les origines franques, Ve-IXe siècle, Paris, 1990, pp. 142–7. N. Gauthier, Le réseau de pouvoirs de l’évêque dans la Gaule du haut moyen âge, in G. P. Brogiolo, N. Gauthier, and N. Christie (eds.), Towns and their Territories between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Leiden, 2000, pp. 173–207; S. Loseby, Gregory’s cities: urban functions in sixth-century Gaul, in I. Wood (ed.), Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian Period. An Ethnographic Perspective, San Marino, CA, 1998, pp. 239–84; I. N. Wood, Topographies of holy power in sixth-century Gaul, in M. de Jong and F. Theuws with C. van Rhijn (eds.), Topographies of Power in the Early Middle Ages, Leiden, 2001, pp. 137–54.
53 Brown, Poverty and Leadership, pp. 45–73.
54 Historical Memoirs of the Duc de Saint-Simon 2: transl. L. Norton, London, 1967, p. 155.
55 Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Martyrs 83: transl. R. Van Dam, Liverpool, 1988, p. 108.
56 Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Confessors 39: transl. R. Van Dam, Liverpool, 1988, p. 51; Miracles of Saint Julian 45: transl. R. Van Dam, Saints and their Miracles in Late Antique Gaul, Princeton, NJ, 1993, p. 192.
57 Gregory of Tours, Miracles of Saint Martin 3.1: transl. Van Dam, Saints and their Miracles, p. 260.
58 Gregory of Tours, History 9.10, Thorpe, p. 493.
59 Gregory of Tours, History 2.24, p. 218.
60 G. de Nie, Views from a Many-Windowed Tower. Studies of Imagination in the Works of Gregory of Tours, Amsterdam, 1987.
61 Y. Hen, Culture and Religion in Merovingian Gaul, A.D. 481–751, Leiden, 1995, pp. 154–206.
62 Gregory of Tours, History 9.6 and 10.25, pp. 483–5 and 584–6.
63 Gregory of Tours, History 7.4, pp. 426–7.
64 Gregory of Tours, Life of the Fathers 9.2: transl. E. James, Liverpool, 1985, p. 80.
65 S. Boesch-Gajano, Uso e abuso del miracolo nella cultura altomedioevale, Les fonctions des saints dans le monde occidental (IIIe–XIIIe siècle), Collection de l’École française de Rome 149, Rome, 1991, pp. 109–22.
66 Gregory of Tours, Miracles of Saint Julian 41, Van Dam, Saints and their Miracles, p. 189.
67 Gregory of Tours, History 6.29, p. 357.
68 Life of Desiderius of Cahors 16, B. Krusch (ed), Corpus Christianorum 117, Turnhout, 1957, p. 362.
69 P. Fouracre, Eternal light and earthly needs: practical aspects of the development of Frankish immunities, in W. Davies and P. Fouracre (eds.), Property and Power in the Early Middle Ages, Cambridge, 1995, pp. 53–81.
70 Gregory of Tours, Miracles of Saint Julian 46b, p. 193.
71 Gregory of Tours, Miracles of Saint Martin 2.43 and 55, pp. 251 and 255.
72 Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Confessors 21, p. 26.
73 Gregory of Tours, Lives of the Fathers 2.3, p. 38.
74 egory of Tours, Glory of the Confessors 72, p. 76.
75 Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Confessors 21, p. 36.
76 Gregory of Tours, Miracles of Saint Martin 4.31, p. 298.
77 Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Confessors 7, p. 25.
78 Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Confessors 50, p. 60.
1 Life of Peter the Iberian: transl. R. Raabe, Leipzig, 1895, p. 57.
2 G. Khoury-Sarkis, Réception d’un évêque syrien au VIe siècle, L’Orient syrien, 2 (1957): 137–84.
3 Leontius, Life of John the Almsgiver 9 and 45: transl. N. H. Baynes and E. Dawes, Three Byzantine Saints, Oxford, 1948, pp. 217–18 and 256; V. Déroche, Études sur Léontios de Néapolis, Uppsala, 1995, pp. 146–53; C. Haas, Alexandria in Late Antiquity, Baltimore, MD, 1997, pp. 249–58.
4 M. Whittow, Ruling the late Roman and early Byzantine city: a continuous history, Past and Present, 129 (1990): 3–39; J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, The Decline and Fall of the Roman City, Oxford, 2001.
5 Severus of Antioch, Letter 1.8: transl. E. W. Brooks, Select Letters of Severus, London, 1903, p. 43.
6 Piccirillo, The Mosaics of Jordan, Baltimore, MD, 1994; P. Donceel-Voûte, Les pavements des églises byzantines de Syrie et du Liban, Louvain, 1988; R. Schick, The Christian Communities of Palestine from Byzantine to Islamic Rule. A Historical and Archaeological Survey, Princeton, NJ, 1995, pp. 225–484.
7 M. Mundell Mango, Silver From Early Byzantium, Baltimore, Maryland, 1986.
8 Averil Cameron, Christianity and the Rhetoric of Empire. The Development of Christian Discourse, Berkeley, CA, 1991, pp. 189–202; P. Brown, Power and Persuasion in Late Antiquity. Towards a Christian Empire, Madison, WI, 1992, pp. 118–52.
9 Codex Justinianus 1.4.26 (530): transl. P. R. Coleman-Norton, Roman State and Christian Church 3, London, 1966, pp. 1058–61; D. Claude, Die byzantinische Stadt im 6. Jahrhundert. Munich, 1969, pp. 195–229.
10 D. Feissel and I. Kaygusuz, Un mandement impérial du VIème siècle dans une inscription d’Hadrianoupolis d’Honoriade, Travaux et Mémoires, 9 (1985): 397–419.
11 P. L. Gatier, Nouvelles inscriptions de Gérasa: la prison de l’évêque Paul, Syria, 62 (1982): 297–305.
12 Theodoret of Cyrrhus, Ecclesiastical History 5.36: transl. B. Jackson, Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 3, Oxford, 1893, p. 156.
13 Severus of Antioch, Letter 1.9, p. 46.
14 J. Meyendorff, Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions. The Church 450–680, Crestwood, NY, 1989.
15 Life of Peter the Iberian, p. 72.
16 R. Webb, Salome’s sisters: the rhetoric and reality of dancers in Late Antiquity and Byzantium, in Liz James (ed.), Women, Men and Eunuchs. Gender in Byzantium, London, 1997, pp. 119–48; R. Lim, Consensus and dissensus in public spectacles in early Byzantium, Byzantinische Forschungen, 24 (1997): 159–79.
17 Jacob of Sarug, On the Spectacles of the Theater 5: transl. C. Moss, Le Mouséon, 48 (1935), p. 108.
18 The Chronicle of Joshua the Stylite 30: transl. W. Wright, Cambridge, 1882, pp. 20–1.
19 John of Ephesus, Ecclesiastical History 5.17: transl. R. Payne Smith, Oxford, 1860, p. 226.
20 C. Roueché, Performers and Partisans at Aphrodisias in the Roman and Late Roman Periods, London, 1993, pp. 129–56.
21 Alan Cameron, Circus Factions. Blues and Greens at Rome and Byzantium, Oxford, 1976; G. Dagron, L’organisation et le déroulement des courses d’après le Livre des Cérémonies, Travaux et Mémoires, 13 (2000): 3–180.
22 H. Kennedy, Syria, Palestine and Mesopotamia, in Averil Cameron, B. Ward-Perkins, and M. Whitby (eds.), The Cambridge Ancient History 14. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, A.D. 425–600, Cambridge, 2000, pp. 588–611; J. G. Keenan, Egypt, in Cambridge Ancient History 14, pp. 612–37; S. Brock, Syriac culture, and M. Smith, Coptic literature, in Averil Cameron and Peter Garnsey (eds.), Cambridge Ancient History 13. The Late Empire, Cambridge, 1998, pp. 708–19 and 720–35.
23 G. Tate, Les campagnes de la Syrie du nord du IIe au VIIe siècle, Paris, 1992.
24 R. Doran, The Lives of Simeon Stylites, Kalamazoo, MI, 1992; P. Brown, Holy men, in Cambridge Ancient History 14, pp. 781–810, and The rise and function of the holy man in late antiquity: 1971–1997, Journal of Early Christian Studies, 6 (1998): 353–76; S. Harvey, The Stylite’s liturgy, Journal of Early Christian Studies, 6 (1998): 523–39.
25 D. Chitty, The Desert a City, Oxford, 1966, pp. 82–142; Y. Hirschfeld, The Judaean Monasteries in the Byzantine Period, New Haven, CT, 1992; J. Patrich, Sabas, Leader of Palestinian Monasticism. A Comparative Study of Eastern Monasticism in the Fourth to Seventh Centuries, Washington, DC, 1995; E. Wipszycka, Études sur le christianisme dans l’Égypte de l’antiquité tardive, Rome, 1996.
26 B. Flusin, Miracle et histoire dans l’oeuvre de Cyrille de Scythopolis, Paris, 1983, pp. 125–8.
27 Historia Monachorum 11: Patrologia Latina 21: 431D.
28 Life of Symeon the Younger, 15: P. van den Ven (ed.), La Vie ancienne de S. Syméon Stylite le Jeune, Brussels, 1970, pp. 13–14 and Evagrius, Ecclesiastical History 6.23, cited in Van den Ven, p. 93*.
29 Pseudo-Ephraim, On Hermits and Desert-Dwellers 497–505: transl. J. G. Amar, in V. Wimbush (ed.), Ascetic Behavior in Greco-Roman Antiquity, Minneapolis, 1990, p. 79.
30 W. E. Crum and H. G. Evelyn-White, The Monastery of Epiphanius 2, New York, 1926, pp. 194–5.
31 Barsanuphe et Jean de Gaza: Correspondance 686: transl. L. Regnault, Solesmes, 1972, p. 441.
32 C. Rapp, “For next to God you are my salvation”: reflections on the rise of the holy man in late antiquity, in J. Howard-Johnston and P. A. Hayward (eds.), The Cult of Saints in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Oxford, 1999, pp. 63–81; P. Escolan, Monachisme et église. Le monachisme syrien du IVe au VIIe siècle: un ministère charismatique, Paris, 1999.
33 Zosimus, Historia Nova 4.59: transl. R. T. Ridley, Brisbane, 1982, p. 98; John Rufus, Plerophoriae 89: Patrologia Orientalis 8, p. 150.
34 Confirmation of the Codex Justinianus (529), in Coleman-Norton, Roman State and Christian Church, p. 1035.
35 John Lydus, On the Magistracies of the Roman State 1.2: transl. A. C. Bandy, Philadelphia, PA, 1983, p. 25; M. Maas, John Lydus and the Roman Past, London, 1992.
36 W. Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford, CA, 1997, pp. 276–7.
37 Averil Cameron, Justin I and Justinian, in Cambridge Ancient History 14, pp. 63–85; R. Browning, Justinian and Theodora, London, 1987; J. Moorhead, Justinian, London, 1994.
38 Codex Justinianus 1.11.102, p. 1049.
39 T. Honoré, Tribonian, London, 1978.
40 Constitution “Deo Auctore” 2 (530): transl. A. Watson, Philadelphia, 1985, p. xlv.
41 Greatrex, The Nika Riot: a reappraisal, Journal of Hellenic Studies, 117 (1997): 60–86; A. Chekalova, Konstantinopol’ v VI veke. Vosstanie Nika, Moscow, 1986.
42 R. J. Mainstone, Hagia Sophia. Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian’s Great Church, London, 1997.
43 Procopius, On the Buildings 1.1.21–78: transl. H. Dewing, Procopius 6, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1954, pp. 10–32. This and other materials are translated in C. Mango, The Art of the Byzantine Empire, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1972, pp. 72–102.
44 Justinian, Novella 30.11.2 (536).
45 T. S. Brown, Gentlemen and Officers. Imperial Administration and Aristocratic Power in Byzantine Italy, A.D. 554–800, London, 1984; J. Durliat, Les dédicaces d’ouvrages de défense dans l’Afrique byzantine, Collection de l’École française de Rome 49, Rome, 1981; A. Cameron, Gelimer’s laughter: the case of Byzantine Africa, in F. M. Clover and R. S. Humphreys (eds.), Tradition and Innovation in Late Antiquity, Madison, WI, 1989, pp. 153–65.
46 Procopius, The Wars: transl. Dewing, Procopius 1–5, Loeb Classical Library, London, 1954; Averil Cameron, Procopius and the Sixth Century, Berkeley, CA, 1985.
47 Procopius, Buildings 1.10.15–19, pp. 85–7; Mango, Art of the Byzantine Empire, pp. 109–10.
48 Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography 11: transl. J. McCrindle, Hakluyt Society 98, London, 1897, pp. 369–70.
49 C. Panella, Merci e scambi nel Mediterraneo tardo antico, in A. Schiavone (ed.), Storia di Roma 3, part 2, Turin, 1993, pp. 613–97; L. Conrad (ed.), Trade and Exchange in the Late Antique and Early Islamic Near East, Princeton, NJ (forthcoming); S. Kingsley and M. Decker (eds.), Economy and Exchange in the Eastern Mediterranean during Late Antiquity, Oxford, 2001.
50 Procopius, Wars 2.22–3, Dewing 1, pp. 451–73; Pseudo-Dionysius of Tel-Mahre, Chronicle III. Part III: transl. A. Witakowski, Liverpool, 1996, pp. 74–98.
51 L. Conrad, Epidemic disease in central Syria in the late sixth century, Modern Greek and Byzantine Studies, 18 (1994): 12–58; M. McCormick, Bateaux de vie, bateaux de mort: maladie, commerce, transports annonaires et le passage économique du Bas-Empire au Moyen Âge, in Morfologie sociali e culturali in Europa fra tarda antichità e alto Medioevo, Settimane di studi sull’ Alto Medioevo 45, Spoleto, 1998, pp. 35–118.
52 D. Howard-Johnston, The two great powers in Late Antiquity: a comparison, in Averil Cameron, (ed.), The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East 3. States, Resources, Armies, Princeton, NJ, 1995, pp. 157–226; M. Whittow, The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025, London, 1996, pp. 15–81.
53 C. Wickham, Early Medieval Italy. Central Power and Local Society 400–1000, London, 1981, pp. 28–79; E. Zanini, Le Italie bizantine. Territorio, insediamenti ed economia nella provincia bizantina d’Italia (VI–VIII secolo), San Spirito, 1998.
54 M. Whitby, The Balkans and Greece, 420–600, in Cambridge Ancient History 14, pp. 701–30; W. Pohl, Die Awaren. Ein Steppenvolk in Mitteleuropa, 567–822, Munich, 1988, pp. 94–127.
55 K. H. Uthemann, Kaiser Justinian als Kirchenpolitiker und Theologe, Augustinianum, 39 (1999): 5–83; On the Person of Christ. The Christology of the Emperor Justinian: transl. K. P. Wesche, Crestwood, NY, 1991; P. Allen, The definition and imposition of orthodoxy, Cambridge Ancient History 14, pp. 811–34; M. Maas, Junilius Africanus’ Instituta Regularia Divinae Legis in its Justinianic context, in P. Allen and E. Jeffreys (eds.), The Sixth Century. End or Beginning?, Brisbane, 1996, pp. 131–44.
56 Procopius, Wars 7.32–39, Dewing 4, p. 423.
57 J. Herrin, The Formation of Christendom, Princeton, NJ, 1987, pp. 90–127; C. Sotinel, s.v. Vigilio, in Enciclopedia dei Papi, Rome, 2000, pp. 512–29.
58 John of Ephesus, Lives of the Eastern Saints 13: transl. E. W. Brooks, Patrologia Orientalis 17, p. 189.
59 Procopius, The Secret History 9–10, Dewing 6, pp. 103–29, and G. A. Williamson, Harmondsworth, 1966, pp. 83–93.
60 Severus of Antioch, Letter 1.63, p. 198.
61 C. Pazdernik, Our most pious consort given to us by God: dissident reactions to the partnership of Justinian and Theodora, Classical Antiquity, 13 (1994): 256–81.
62 John of Ephesus, Lives of the Eastern Saints 5, pp. 102–3.
63 H. Kennedy, The last century of Byzantine Syria: a reconsideration, Byzantinische Forschungen 10 (1986): 141–83.
64 John of Ephesus, Lives of the Eastern Saints 59, Patrologia Orientalis 18, p. 696.
65 Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Asceticism and Society in Crisis. John of Ephesus and his “Lives of the Eastern Saints,” Berkeley, CA, 1990.
66 G. Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth. Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity, Princeton, NJ, 1993, pp. 100–37.
67 Grosdidier de Matons, Romanos le Mélode et les origines de la poésie religieuse à Byzance, Paris, 1977; The Kontakia of Romanos: transl. M. Carpenter, 2 vols., Columbia, MO, 1970.
68 P. Allen, Severus of Antioch and the homily: the end of the beginning?, in Allen and Jeffreys (eds.), The Sixth Century, pp. 163–75.
69 John Moschus, The Spiritual Meadow: transl. J. Wortley, Kalamazoo, MI, 1992; V. Déroche, Études sur Léontios de Néapolis, pp. 270–96; D. Krueger, Symeon the Holy Fool, Berkeley, CA, 1996.
70 John of Ephesus, Lives of the Eastern Saints 12, p. 179.
71 Les Sentences des Pères du désert. Nouveau recueil 442: transl. L. Regnault, Solesmes, 1970, p. 64.
1 G. B. de Rossi, Inscriptiones christianae urbis Romae 2:1, Rome, 1888, p. 146.
2 P. Llewellyn, Rome in the Dark Ages, London, 1971, pp. 78–108.
3 Gregory I, Letter 5.38, D. Norberg (ed.), Corpus Christianorum 140–140A, Turnhout, 1982, p. 313.
4 Gregory I, Dialogues 3.27–8, 37.10–15, and 38.3: transl. O. J. Zimmerman, Fathers of the Church 39, New York, 1959, pp. 161–3, 181–2, and 186.
5 C. Wickham, Early Medieval Italy. Central Power and Local Society 400–1000, London, 1981, pp. 28–49 and 64–79; T. S. Brown, Gentlemen and Officers. Imperial Administration and Aristocratic Power in Byzantine Italy, A.D. 554–800, London, 1984, pp. 1–60; W. Pohl, L’armée romaine et les Lombards: stratégies militaires et politiques, in F. Valet and M. Kazanski (eds.), L’armée romaine et les barbares du IIIe au VIIe siècle, Rouen, 1993, pp. 291–6.
6 O. G. von Simson, Sacred Fortress. Byzantine Art and Statecraft in Ravenna, Princeton, NJ, 1987.
7 Brown, Gentlemen and Officers, pp. 144–59.
8 Bede, Ecclesiastical History 4.1, B. Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors (eds.), Oxford, 1969, p. 332.
9 J. N. Hillgarth, Coins and chronicles: propaganda in sixth-century Spain and the Byzantine background, Historia, 15 (1966): 483–508, now in Visigothic Spain, Byzantium and Ireland, London, 1985; R. Collins, Early Medieval Spain. Unity in Diversity, 400–1000, London, 1983, pp. 32–87.
10 S. J. B. Barnish, Pigs, plebeians and potentes: Rome’s economic hinterland, c.350–500 A.D., Papers of the British School at Rome, 65 (1987): 157–85, and Transformation and survival in the western senatorial aristocracy, C.A.D. 400–700, Papers of the British School at Rome, 66 (1988): 120–55.
11 Brown, Gentlemen and Officers, pp. 21–81.
12 Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy: transl. P. G. Walsh, Oxford, 1999; H. Chadwick, Boethius. The Consolations of Music, Logic, Theology, and Philosophy, Oxford, 1981; M. Gibson (ed.), Boethius. His Life, Thought and Influence, Oxford, 1981.
13 J. J. O’Donnell, Cassiodorus, Berkeley, CA, 1979, with Averil Cameron, Cassiodorus deflated, Journal of Roman Studies, 71 (1981): 183–6.
14 S. J. B. Barnish, Cassiodorus. Variae, Liverpool, 1992.
15 Cassiodorus, Institutes 1.29.1: transl. L. W. Jones, An Introduction to Divine and Human Readings, New York, 1946, p. 131.
16 S. J. B. Barnish, The work of Cassiodorus after his conversion, Latomus, 48 (1989): 157–87.
17 Cassiodorus, Institutes 1.30.1, Jones, p. 133; F. Troncarelli, Vivarium. I Libri, il Destino, Turnhout, 1998, pp. 38–66; M. Stansbury, Early medieval biblical commentaries: their writers and readers, Frühmittelalterliche Studien, 33 (1999): 49–82 at pp. 59–68.
18 Cassiodorus, Institutes 1.8.16, Jones, p. 93.
19 Troncarelli, Vivarium, pp. 21–37.
20 R. A. Markus, Gregory the Great and His World, Cambridge, 1997; C. Straw, Gregory the Great; P. Geary (ed.), Authors of the Middle Ages 12, Aldershot, 1996; S. Boesch-Gajano, Gregorio I, Enciclopedia dei Papi 1, Rome, 2000, pp. 546–74.
21 C. Pavolini, Le domus del Celio, in S. Ernesti and E. La Rosa (eds.), Aurea Roma. Dalla città pagana alla città cristiana, Rome, 2000, pp. 147–8.
22 E. Giuliani and C. Pavolini, La “Biblioteca di Agapito,” in W. V. Harris ed.), The Transformations of Vrbs Roma in Late Antiquity, Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplement 33, Portsmouth, RI, 1999, pp. 85–107.
23 Gregory I, Dialogues 2.15, Zimmerman, p. 81; A. Augenti, Il Palatino nel Medio Evo. Archeologia e topografia (secoli VI–XIII), Rome, 1996.
24 Cassiodorus, Institutes 1. Pref. 1, Jones, p. 67; H. I. Marrou, Autour de la bibliothèque du pape Agapit, Mélanges d’archéologie et d’histoire, 48 (1931): 124–212, now in Christiana Tempora, Collection de l’École française de Rome 35, Rome, 1978. The building itself has not yet been identified.
25 H. Brandenburg, L’edificio monumentale sotto la chiesa di San Stefano Rotondo, Aurea Roma, pp. 200–3.
26 B. Brenk, La cristianizzazione della Domus dei Valerii, The Transformations of Vrbs Roma, pp. 69–84.
27 Gregorius 9, Prosopographie chrétienne du Bas-Empire: Prosopographie de l’Italie chrétienne (313–604), part 1, Rome, 1999, pp. 945–9.
28 Gregory I, Letter 5.46, p. 340.
29 Gregory I, Forty Gospel Homilies 38: transl. D. Hurst, Kalamazoo, MI, 1990, pp. 352–3, and Dialogues 4.17, Zimmerman, p. 211.
30 Gregory I, Moralia. Dedication to Leander of Seville 1, M. Adriaen (ed.), Corpus Christianorum 143, 143A, 143B, Turnhout, 1979–85, pp. 1–2: transl., Library of the Fathers, Oxford, 1844–7, vol. 1, pp. 1–5 and Letter 5.53, p. 348.
31 John the Deacon, Life of Gregory 1.9–10: Patrologia Latina 75: 66–7.
32 Eustratius, Life of Eutychius 8.80: Patrologia Graeca 86: 2365B.
33 John of Ephesus, Ecclesiastical History 2.42: transl. J. Payne Smith, Oxford, 1860, p. 148.
34 Eustratius, Life of Eutychius 9.89: 2373D.
35 Y. M. Duval, La dissension entre l’apocrisaire Grégoire et le patriarche Eutychius au sujet de la résurrection de la chair: arrière-plan doctrinal oriental et occidental, in J. Fontaine, R. Gillet, and S. Pellistrandi (eds.), Grégoire le Grand, Paris, 1986, pp. 347–66.
36 C. Dagens, Grégoire le Grand. Culture et expérience chrétienne, Paris, 1977; C. Straw, Gregory the Great. Perfection in Imperfection, Berkeley, CA, 1988.
37 Gregory I, Moralia in Job 8.30.49, p. 421, transl., vol. 1, p. 456.
38 Gregory I, Moralia in Job 9.33.50, p. 491, transl., p. 531.
39 Gregory I, Moralia in Job 10.9.15 and 10.10.17, pp. 548 and 550, transl., pp. 590–1 and 592–3.
40 Straw, Gregory the Great. Perfection in Imperfection, pp. 8–12 and 47–65.
41 Gregory I, Moralia in Job 5.29.52, p. 254, transl., p. 280.
42 Straw, Gregory the Great. Perfection in Imperfection, pp. 107–27.
43 Gregory I, Moralia 35.1.1., p. 1774, transl., vol. 3.2, p. 662.
44 Gregory I, Moralia 34.3.7, pp. 1727–8, transl., pp. 623–4; H. Savon, L’Antéchrist dans l’oeuvre de Grégoire le Grand, Grégoire le Grand, pp. 389–405.
45 Dagens, Grégoire le Grand, pp. 98–116; R. Gillet, Grégoire le Grand. Morales sur Job, Sources chrétiennes 32 bis, Paris, 1975, pp. 89–102.
46 Dagens, Grégoire le Grand, pp. 55–75, and Markus, Gregory the Great and his World, pp. 41–50.
47 Gregory I, Moralia 4.1.1, p. 158, transl., vol. 1, pp. 177–8.
48 Marrou, Autour de la bibliothèque du pape Agapit, pp. 125–6.
49 Dagens, Grégoire le Grand, pp. 77–81.
50 J. Fontaine, Isidore de Séville et la culture classique dans l’Espagne wisigothique, Paris, 2nd edn., 1983, pp. 5–9.
51 Gregory I, Letter 1.5, p. 5.
52 Gregory I, Letter 7.5, p. 449.
53 Markus, Gregory the Great and his World, pp. 112–24.
54 Gregory I, Letter 1.30; Markus, Gregory the Great and his World, pp. 97–107.
55 Evagrius, Ecclesiastical History 6.12: Patrologia Graeca 86: 2861A.
56 C. Leyser, Authority and Asceticism from Augustine to Gregory the Great, Oxford, 2000, pp. 143–50; P. Llewellyn, The Roman Church in the seventh century: the legacy of Gregory I, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 25 (1974): 363–80.
57 Roman Synod of 595, can. 2: Patrologia Latina 77:1335B.
58 C. Pietri, Clercs et serviteurs laïcs de l’église romaine au temps de Grégoire le Grand, Grégoire le Grand, pp. 107–22, now in Respublica Christiana, Collection de l’École française de Rome 234, Rome, 1997, vol. 1, pp. 110–16.
59 Gregory I, Letter 5.53, p. 348.
60 Zachariah of Mitylene, Chronicle 8.5: transl. F. J. Hamilton and E. W. Brooks, London, 1899, p. 211.
61 Gregory I, Pastoral Care [Regula Pastoralis], 1.1: transl. H. Davis, Ancient Christian Writers 11, Westminster, MD, 1950, p. 21. See also R. Judic, Grégoire le Grand. Règle pastorale, Sources chrétiennes 381–2, Paris, 1992.
62 Laws of Recceswinth 8.5.6, K. Zeumer (ed.), Hanover, 1894, p. 257.
63 Pope Honorius, Letter 14: Patrologia Latina 80: 841.
64 Gregory I, Letter 1.24, pp. 27–8.
65 Gregory I, Letter 1.24, p. 28; G. Cracco, Grégoire le Grand, un christianisme renouvelé, Antiquité tardive, 7 (1999): 215–29, at pp. 228–9.
66 Gregory I, Regula Pastoralis 2.5, Davis, p. 58.
67 Gregory I, Regula Pastoralis 3.1–35, Davis, pp. 90–226.
68 Gregory I, Regula Pastoralis 2.10, Davis, pp. 80–2.
69 Gregory I, Regula Pastoralis 3.13, Davis, p. 129.
70 Leyser, Authority and Asceticism, pp. 160–7.
71 Gregory I, Letter 1.5, p. 7.
72 Gregory I, Regula Pastoralis 1.1, Davis, p. 22.
73 Gregory I, Dialogues 4.57, Zimmerman, pp. 267–70.
74 Gregory I, Dialogues 2.36, Zimmerman, p. 107. The entire Book 2 of the Dialogues (Zimmerman, pp. 55–110) is a Life of Benedict.
75 The Rule of Saint Benedict 5: transl. T. G. Kardong, Collegeville, MN, 1996, p. 103; Leyser, Authority and Asceticism, pp. 101–28.
76 G. Jenal, Italia ascetica atque monastica. Das Asketen- und Mönchtum in Italien von den Anfängen bis zur Zeit der Langobarden, Stuttgart, 1995, pp. 266–314.
77 Fructuosus of Braga, Rule for the Monastery of Compludo 3: transl. C. W. Barlow, Fathers of the Church 63, Washington, DC, 1969, p. 157.
78 Rule of Benedict 2.31–32, pp. 48–9.
79 S. Teillet, Des Goths à la nation gothique, Paris, 1984, pp. 346–63, with modifications by J. N. Hillgarth, Eschatological and political concepts in the seventh century, in J. Fontaine and J. N. Hillgarth (eds.), The Seventh Century. Change and Continuity, London, 1992, pp. 212–31.
80 P. O’Leary, The foreseeing driver of an old chariot: royal moderation in early Irish literature, Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies, 11 (1986): 1–16.
81 C. Straw, Gregory the Great. Perfection in Imperfection, p. 22.
82 Leyser, Authority and Asceticism, p. 134.
83 John Moschus, The Spiritual Meadow 151: transl. J. Wortley, Kalamazoo, MI, 1992, p. 124.
84 E. Pitz, Papstreskripte im frühen Mittelalter. Diplomatische und rechtsgeschichtliche Studien zum Brief-Corpus Gregors des Grossen, Sigmaringen, 1990, p. 251. But see Markus, Gregory the Great and his World, pp. 206–8.
85 Gregory I, Letter 2.17, p. 102.
86 Gregory I, Homilies on the Gospels 28, Hurst, p. 224.
87 A. de Vogüé, Grégoire le Grand. Les Dialogues, Sources chrétiennes 251, 260, and 265, Paris, 1978, esp. 251, pp. 25–154.
88 Gregory I, Homilies on the Gospels 12, Hurst, p. 91, also in Dialogues 4.15, Zimmerman, p. 208.
89 Gregory I, Homilies on the Gospels 36, Hurst, pp. 324–5, also in Dialogues 4.27, Zimmerman, p. 224.
90 Gregory I, Homilies on the Gospels 3, Hurst, p. 19.
91 Gregory I, Dialogues 3.15, Zimmerman, p. 136.
92 C. Straw, Gregory the Great, Authors of the Middle Ages, p. 44.
93 Gregory I, Letter 9.229, p. 806.
94 Gregory I, Letter 5.36, p. 306.
95 Gregory I, Letter 6.10, p. 378.
96 Gregory I, Letter 8.29, p. 551.
97 The Earliest Life of Gregory the Great, B. Colgrave (ed.), Cambridge, 1985.