1. From http://www.snpp.com/episodes/7F23.html, retrieved April 5, 2010. I take this example from Powell, C. A. J., Smith, R. H., & Schurtz, D. R. (2008), Pleasure in an envied person’s gain, in R. H. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and research (pp. 148–164), New York: Oxford University Press.
2. From http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/schadenfreude, retrieved May 24, 2012.
3. Howard, R. (Director) (1995), Apollo 13 [film], Los Angeles: Image Entertainment. The film is an adaptation of real events. I do not claim actual knowledge of Jim Lovell’s or Alan Shepard’s behavior and feelings.
4. See http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2010-05-06/news/christian-right-leader-george-rekers-takes-vacation-with-rent-boy/, retrieved May 16, 2010.
5. See http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/16/opinion/16rich.html, retrieved May 16, 2010.
6. Ibid.
7. See http://blogs.miaminewtimes.com/riptide/2010/05/rekers_on_the_record.php, retrieved May 16, 2010; http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2010-05-06/news/christian-right-leader-george-rekers-takes-vacation-with-rent-boy/1, retrieved May 28, 2010; http://blogs.miaminewtimes.com/riptide/2010/05/george_rekers_is_a_homosexual_says_escort.php, retrieved May 28, 2010; and http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/archives/2010/05/more_on_george.php, retrieved May 28, 2010.
8. See http://topics.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/13/the-age-of-schadenfreude/, retrieved December 17, 2011.
9. See http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/observer/2005/march-05/reality-check.html, retrieved January 12, 2011.
10. Steinbeck, J. (2008), The grapes of wrath, New York: Penguin. This novel was first published in 1939, p. 349.
11. de Waal, F. B. M. (2009), The age of empathy: Nature’s lessons for a kinder society, New York: Harmony Books; Keltner, D. (2009), Born to be good: The science of a meaningful life, New York: W. W. Norton; McCullough, M. E. (2008), Beyond revenge: The evolution of the forgiveness instinct, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
12. Baer, R. A. (Ed.) (2005), Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinician’s guide to evidence base and applications, New York: Academic; Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2008), Happiness: Unlocking the mysteries of psychological wealth, New York: Wiley-Blackwell; Emmons, R. (2007), Thanks! How the new science of gratitude can make you happier, New York: Houghton Miffin Harcourt; Seligman, M. E. P. (2011), Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being, New York: Free Press.
13. See http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/speeches/1inaug.htm, retrieved August 1, 2012.
1. Cited in Heider, F. (1958), The psychology of interpersonal relations, New York: John Wiley & Sons, p. 285.
2. Snyder, D. J. (1997), The cliff walk, New York: Little, Brown.
3. See http://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/, retrieved May 14, 2010.
4. Brickman, P., & Bulman, R. (1977), Pleasure and pain in social comparison, in J. M. Suls & R. L. Miller (Eds.), Social comparison processes: Theoretical and empirical perspectives (pp. 149–186), Washington, DC: Hemisphere; de Botton, A. (2004), Status anxiety, New York: Pantheon; Festinger, L. (1954), A theory of social comparison processes, Human Relations, 7, 117–140; Fiske, S. T. (2011), Envy up, scorn down: How status divides us, New York: Russell Sage Foundation; Frank, R. H. (1999), Luxury fever, New York: Free Press; Marmot, M. (2004), The status syndrome, New York: Times Books; Mussweiler, T. (2003), Comparison processes in social judgment: Mechanisms and consequences, Psychological Review, 110, 472–489; Smith, R. H. (2000), Assimilative and contrastive emotional reactions to upward and downward social comparisons, in L. Wheeler & J. Suls (Eds.), Handbook of social comparison: Theory and research (pp. 173–200), New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers; Stapel, D., & Blanton, H. (Eds.) (2006), Social comparison: Essential readings, Brighton, NY: Psychology Press; Tesser, A. (1991), Emotion in social comparison and reflection processes, in J. M. Suls & T. A. Wills (Eds.), Social comparison: Contemporary theory and research (pp. 115–145), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; Suls, J. M., & Wheeler, L. (Eds.) (2000), Handbook of social comparison: Theory and research, New York: Plenum Press.
5. See http://www.frasieronline.co.uk/episodeguide/season5/ep17.htm; and http://www.kacl780.net/frasier/transcripts/season_5/episode_17/the_perfect_guy.html, retrieved April 8, 2013.
6. Quoted in Baumol, W. J., & Blinder, A. S. (2010), Economics: Principles and policy, Mason, OH: Cengage Learning.
7. Summers, A., & Swan, R. (2006), Sinatra: The life, New York: Vintage Books, p. 81.
8. See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5QvSoRQrVJg, retrieved June 15, 2010.
9. Rousseau, J. (1984), A discourse on inequality, New York: Viking Penguin (orginally published in 1754; trans. Maurice Cranston).
10. Ibid., p. 114.
11. Much of this analysis was taken from Smith (2000).
12. Festinger (1954).
13. Fiske (2011).
14. Morse, S., & Gergen, K. J. (1970), Social comparison, self-consistency, and the concept of the self, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 148–156.
15. Baumeister, R. F., & Bushman, B. (2008), Social psychology and human nature (1st ed.), Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; Kernis, M. H. (Ed.) (2006), Self-esteem issues and answers: A sourcebook of current perspectives, New York: Psychology Press; Tesser, A. (1988), Toward a self-evaluation maintenance model of social behavior, in L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 21 (pp. 181–227), New York: Academic Press.
16. van Dijk, W., van Koningsbruggen, G. M., Ouwerkerk, J. W., & Wesseling, Y. M. (2011), Self-esteem, self-affirmation, and schadenfreude, Emotion, 11, 1445–1449.
17. van Dijk, W., Ouwerkerk, J. W., Wesseling, Y. M., & Koningsbruggen, G. M. (2011), Toward understanding pleasure at the misfortunes of others: The impact of self-evaluation threat on schadenfreude, Cognition and Emotion, 25, 360–368.
18. See http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/François_de_La_Rochefoucauld, retrieved May 3, 2012.
19. Buss, D. (2012), Evolutionary psychology: The new science of the mind (4th ed.), New York: Allyn & Bacon. Also see a similar analysis in Smith (2000) and in Smith, R. H., & Kim, S. H. (2007), Comprehending envy, Psychological Bulletin, 33(1), 46–64.
20. Evolutionary perspectives also highlight that altruistic tendencies, especially toward kin, should be adaptive. It’s not that the individual survives, but that his or her offspring survives. Offspring carry the individual’s genetic material, and so tendencies that enhance the survival of kin should provide an evolutionary advantage.
21. Described in Fletcher, G. J. O. (2002), The new science of intimate relationships, Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers.
22. Frank (1999), pp. 135–136.
23. See Smith (2000) and Smith & Kim (2007).
24. de Botton (2004); Fiske (2011); Marmot (2004).
25. Buss (2012).
26. Brosnan, S. F., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2003), Monkeys reject unequal pay, Nature, 425, 297–299.
27. See http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21773403/ns/technology_and_science-science/, retrieved November 28, 2009.
28. Boswell, J. (1904), Life of Johnson, Oxford: Oxford University Press (originally published in 1781).
29. Range, F., Horn, L., Viranyi, Z., & Hube, L. (2008), The absence of reward induces inequity aversion in dogs, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0810957105, retrieved April 10, 2010.
30. Lindhom, C. (2008), Culture and envy, in R. H. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and research (pp. 227–244), New York: Oxford University Press.
31. Alicke, M. D., & Govorun, O. (2005), The better-than-average effect, in M. D. Alicke, D. A. Dunning, & J. I. Krueger (Eds.), The self in social judgment (pp. 85–106), New York: Psychology Press. This effect is also referred to as the “Lake Wobegon effect” in reference to the imaginary community in Garrison Keiller’s NPR show, The Prairie Home Companion, “where all the women are strong, all the men are good-looking, and all the children are above average.” See http://prairiehome.publicradio.org/, retrieved May 5, 2012.
32. See http://www.digitaldreamdoor.com/pages/quotes/george_carlin.html, retrieved September 1, 2012.
33. Dunning, D. (2005), Self-insight: Roadblocks and detours on the path to knowing thyself, New York: Psychology Press; Taylor, S. E., & Brown, J. (1988), Illusion and well-being: A social psychological perspective on mental health, Psychological Bulletin, 103, 193–210.
34. Baumeister, R. F. (1989), The optimal margin of illusion, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 8, 176–189.
35. I take many of the examples here about Crane’s novel from a more extensive treatment in Smith (2000).
36. Crane, S. (1952/1895), The red badge of courage, New York: Signet, p. 21.
37. Ibid., p. 47.
38. Ibid., p. 92.
39. Ibid., p. 68.
40. Ibid.
41. Although The Red Badge of Courage is fictional, it has the feel of an absorbing documentary. Crane was in his early twenties when he wrote it and had no experience in battle, but he was able to imagine the feelings a soldier might have and why. Indeed, this may have been one of his main goals in writing the book. During the period when he wrote it, he spent many hours in the New York studio of a painter friend, Corwin Linson, who saw him sift through many accounts of Civil War battles. See Linson, C. K. (1958), My Stephen Crane, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
42. McCall, N. (1995), Makes me wanna holler: A young black man in America, New York: Vintage.
43. Ibid., p. 12.
44. Ibid., p. 13.
45. Ibid., p. 14.
46. Ibid., p. 17.
47. Ibid., p. 215.
48. Ibid., p. 263.
49. Ibid., p. 300.
50. Ibid., p. 351.
51. Ibid.
1. Jones, G. (1996), I lived to tell it all, New York: Bantam Doubleday, p. 5.
2. Quoted in Sandage, S. A. (2005), Born losers: A history of failure in America, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 277–278.
3. See http://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/A-businessman-on-a-plane-thinks-it-s-not-enough-that-I-fly-first-class-New-Yorker-Cartoon-Prints_i8545335_.htm Leo Cullum, retrieved March 30, 2013.
4. See http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/g/george_carlin_2.html# CjVhwQkdRa8G3eEB.99, retrieved April 22, 2012.
5. See http://proof.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/15/drunkenfreude/, retrieved December 5, 2009.
6. Cheever also couched her “drunkenfreude” in the context of what she was able to learn from their behavior. She met many partygoers whose fine behavior left them unmemorable. It was the inebriated whose outrageous behavior was most instructive. She learned more about what not to do by watching those who embarrass themselves than she learned to do by watching the well-behaved and sober.
7. See http://proof.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/12/15/drunkenfreude/, retrieved December 5, 2009.
8. For an interesting empirical analogue, see Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., & LaPrelle, J. (1985), Social comparison after success and failure: Biased search for information consistent with a self-serving conclusion, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 195–211; Wills, T. A. (1981), Downward comparison principles in social psychology, Psychological Bulletin, 90, 245–271.
9. See http://kenlevine.blogspot.com/2007_12_01_archive.html, retrieved March 21, 2011.
10. See http://www.nj.com/entertainment/celebrities/index.ssf/2007/08/beauty_queens_map_quest.html, and http://www.theage.com.au/news/people/beauty-queen-left-searching-for-answers/2007/08/29/1188067160206.html, retrieved March 21, 2011.
11. See http://www.zimbio.com/Lauren+Caitlin+Upton/articles/IifvXCVcaBc/Caitlin+Upton+Miss+Teen+South+Carolina+Learns, retrieved March 21, 2011.
12. See http://www.nickburcher.com/2007/12/2007s-most-watched-best-youtubeclips.html, retrieved March 21, 2011.
13. See http://www.stupidityawards.com/Stupidest_Statement_of_the_Year.html, retrieved March 21, 2011.
14. See http://www.urbanmoms.ca/juice/2007/12/top-ten-quotes-of-2007.html, retrieved March 21, 2011; http://poplicks.com/2007/12/best-quotes-of-2007.html, retrieved March 21, 2011; and http://deathby1000papercuts.com/2007/12/the-27-most-outrageous-quotes-of-2007/, retrieved March 21, 2011.
15. http://www.boston.com/news/nation/gallery/121907_top10quotes?pg=3, and http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1959512020071219?loc=interstitialskip retrieved March 21, 2011.
16. See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lj3iNxZ8Dww, retrieved March 21, 2011.
17. See http://www.cincihomeless.org/content/downloads/Bumfights.pdf., retrieved December 5, 2009.
18. See http://vyuz.com/022706_Bumfights.htm, retrieved December 5, 2009.
19. Wills (1981).
20. Wert, S. R., & Salovey, P. (2004), A social comparison account of gossip, Review of General Psychology, 8, 122–137.
21. Wills (1981), p. 246.
22. Ibid.
23. Diener, E., Fraser, S. C., Beaman, A. L., & Kelem, R. T. (1976), Effects of deindividuation variables on stealing among Halloween trick-or-treaters, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 178–183; Festinger, L., Pepitone, A., & Newcomb T. (1952), Some consequences of deindividuation in a group, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 382–389; Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (1998), Deindividuation and anti-normative behavior: A meta-analysis, Psychological Bulletin, 123, 238–259; Zimbardo, P. G. (2007), The Lucifer effect: Understanding how good people turn evil, New York: Random House.
24. Wills (1981), p. 246.
25. Hobbes, T. (1968), Leviathan, Harmondsworth: Penguin, p. 35 (originally published in 1651).
26. Ibid.
27. Wills (1981), p. 260.
28. Ibid.
29. See http://www.guy-sports.com/humor/comedians/comedian_groucho_marx.htm, retrieved May 17, 2012.
30. See http://www.corsinet.com/braincandy/ins-fmen.html, retrieved May 17, 2012.
31. See http://www.thewrap.com/tv/column-post/jon-stewart-accept-it-gop-mittromneys-your-man-video-32710, retrieved November 13, 2011; another safe target is the self: there is no way to insult the audience if the focus is on the joketeller himself.
32. Gruner, C. R. (1997), The game of humor: A comprehensive theory of why we laugh, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, p. 8; see also Ferguson, M. A., & Ford, T. E. (2008), Disparagement humor: A theoretical and empirical review of psychoanalytic, superiority, and social identity theories, Humor: Interrnational Journal of Humor Research, 21, 283–312; La Fave, L., Haddad, J., Maesen, W. A. (1996/1976), Superiority, enhanced self-esteem, and perceived incongruity humor theory, in A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), Humor and laughter: Theory, research and applications (pp. 63–91), New York: John Wiley & Sons; Zillman, D., & Cantor, J. R. (1976), A disposition theory of humor and mirth, in A. J. Chapman & H. C. Foot (Eds.), Humor and laughter: Theory, research and applications (pp. 93–116), London: Wiley.
33. As with Hobbes, Gruner also emphasizes that the laughter component of humor is related to suddenness of the victory.
34. For a recent evolutionary analysis, see Martens, J. P., Tracy, J. L., & Shariff, A. F. (2012), Status signals: Adaptive benefit of displaying and observing the nonverbal expressions of pride and shame, Cognition and Emotion, 26, 390–406.
35. See http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/m/melbrooks161275.html#J3q3MoD2rU1HwY8u.99, retrieved April 22, 2012.
36. For a review, see Ferguson, & Ford (2008).
37. Martin, R. A. (2007), The psychology of humor: An integrative approach, London: Elsevier.
38. Wills (1981), p. 260.
39. See http://www.harrypotterspage.com/category/j-k-rowling/, retrieved January 5, 2012. As Lev Goldman noted in a tribute to Wodehouse in Time magazine: “His subject was the foibles of the pre-war English aristocracy, which sounds limiting, but it was his subject the same way marble was Michelangelo’s subject. He could do anything with it.” See http://entertainment.time.com/2011/11/23/in-praise-of-p-g-wodehouse/, retrieved January 5, 2012.
40. See http://www.booktv.org/Watch/8532/In+Depth+Christopher+Hitchens.aspx, retrieved January 5, 2012.
41. He designs ladies’ underwear.
42. Wodehouse, P. G. (1938), The code of the Woosters, New York: Vintage Books, p. 166.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid., p. 182.
45. Ibid., pp. 220–221.
1. Orwell, G. (1950), Shooting an elephant and other essays, New York: Penguin.
2. See http://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/370054.George_S_Patton_Jr., retrieved May 26, 2012.
3. See http://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/It-s-not-enough-that-we-succeed-Cats-must-also-fail-New-Yorker-Cartoon-Prints_i8542217_.htm, retrieved February, 2012.
4. See http://thinkexist.com/quotes/billy_crystal/, retrieved April 22, 2012.
5. Von Neumann, J., & Morgensten, O. (1944), Theory of games and economic behavior, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
6. See http://boston.com/community/moms/blogs/parent_buzz/2012/07/aly_raismans_parents_are_animated_in_the_stands_does_it_make_you_nervous_to_watch_your_child_compete.html; and http://www.boston.com/sports/other_sports/olympics/articles/2012/08/02/parents_of_olympians_arent_the_only_ones_who_feel_stress_when_their_children_perform/; http://www.nbcolympics.com/video/gymnastics/chevy-top-moment-1-aly-raisman-s-mom-s-reaction.html, retrieved August 4, 2012.
7. Tajfel, H. (Ed.) (1978), Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations, London: Academic Press.
8. Tajfel, H. (1970), Experiments in intergroup discrimination, Scientific American, 223, 96–102.
9. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979), An integrative theory of intergroup conflict, in W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 94–109), Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole; Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986), The social identity theory of inter-group behavior, in S. Worchel & L. W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 2–24), Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
10. St. John, W. (2004), Rammer jammer yellow hammer: A journey in the heart of fan mania, New York: Crown.
11. Ibid., p. 125.
12. Ibid., pp. 98–99.
13. See http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/1245389/, retrieved June 21, 2010; and Taylor, S., & Johnson, K. C. (2008), Until proven innocent: Political correctness and the shameful injustices of the Duke lacrosse rape case, New York: St. Martin’s Griffin.
14. Leach, C. W., Spears, R., Branscombe, N. R., & Doosje, B. (2003), Malicious pleasure: Schadenfreude at the suffering of another group, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 932–943.
15. Empirical evidence for the nature of ingroup loyalty and outgroup distaste (and the potential for biased perceptions) goes as far back as the classic study examining Dartmouth and Princeton students’ biased perceptions of film footage of a rough football game between the two schools. Hastorf, A. H., & Cantril, H. (1954), They saw a game: A case study, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49, 129–134. A qualitative analysis of another football game from two perspectives is a documentary, Havard Beats Yale, 29–29, http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/01/23/when-harvard-beat-yale.html, retrieved April 19, 2013.
16. St. John (2004), p. 93.
17. Ibid., p. 94.
18. See http://www.fannation.com/si_blogs/for_the_record/posts/3541, retrieved August 10, 2010.
19. See http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/columns/story?columnist=ohlmeyer_don&id=4764245, retrieved May 26, 2012.
20. Wann D. L., Peterson R. R., Cothran C., & Dykes, M. (1999), Sport fan aggression and anonymity: The importance of team identification, Social Behavior and Personality, 27, 597–602; Wann, D. L., Haynes, G., McLean, B., & Pullen, P. (2003), Sport team identification and willingness to consider anonymous acts of hostile aggression, Aggressive Behavior, 29, 406–413.
21. Hoogland, C., Schurtz, R. D., Combs, D. J. Y., Cooper, C., Brown, E. G., & Smith, R. H. (2013), How does the severity of the misfortune affect schadenfreude in sports? Unpublished manuscript.
22. Cikara, M., Botvinick, M., & Fiske, S. T. (2010), Us versus them: Social identity shapes neural responses to intergroup competition and harm, Psychological Science, 22, 306–313.
23. Wildschut, T., Pinter, B., Vevea, J. L., Insko, C. A., & Schopler, J. (2003), Beyond the group mind: A quantitative review of the interindividual intergroup discontinuity effect, Psychological Bulletin, 129, 698–722.
24. See http://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/sports/James-Hahn-Gangnam-Style-Golf-Dance-Putt-PGA–189662021.html, retrieved March 8, 2013.
25. See http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/letter_from_america/464752.stm, retrieved May 15, 2012.
26. See http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/golf/3913453.stm, retrieved May 15, 2012; http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1017184/index.htm, retrieved May 15, 2012; http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxTbNTyWIvc, retrieved May 15, 2012; and http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/letter_from_america/464752.stm, retrieved May 15, 2012.
27. See http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/letter_from_america/464752.stm, retrieved May 15, 2012.
28. An example of politics as blood sport is the career of Lee Atwater, campaign manager for many Republican candidates and famous for his take-no-prisoners style. http://www.boogiemanfilm.com/; Brady, J. (1996), Bad boy: The life and politics of Lee Atwater, Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press.
29. I take a number of examples in the section on politics and schadenfreude from Combs, D. J. Y, Powell, C. A. J., Schurtz, D. R., & Smith, R. H. (2009), Politics, schadenfreude, and ingroup identification: The sometimes funny thing about a poor economy and death, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 635–646.
30. See http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2012/02/23/obama_gop_licking_their_chops_over_rising_gas_prices_they_root_for_bad_news.html, retrieved March 3, 2012.
31. Combs, Powell, Schurtz, & Smith (2009).
32. See http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2012/06/26/colbert-only-bad-economic-news-is-good-news-for-romney/, retrieved August 4, 2012.
33. Gay, P. (1998), My German question, New Haven: Yale University Press. Gay’s father had originally arranged passage on another ship, but, concerned that the family get out of Gemany as soon as possible, using papers he had forged on his own, he found places on another ship that would leave two weeks earlier. The original ship ended up being one of those unlucky vessels that went from port to port seeking a country that would accept them. Less than a fourth of those passengers survived the Nazi net; Also see Portmann, J. (2000), When bad things happen to other people, New York: Routledge. pp. 54–55.
34. Gay (1998), p. 70.
35. Ibid., p. 83.
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8. James (1918), vol. 1, p. 318.
9. Swift (1731).
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15. Freud, S. (1930), Civilization and its discontents, London: Hogarth.
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17. Ibid.; see also http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/Francois_de_La_Rochefoucauld.
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19. Ibid., p. 4.
20. Ibid., p. 50.
21. Ibid., p. 14.
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23. Ibid.
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27. Ibid.
28. Capote, T. (1966), In cold blood, New York: Random House.
29. Haas, A. (1984), The doctor and the damned, New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 232.
30. Brecht, B. (1973/1928). Threepenny opera, London: Eyre Methuen (trans. Hugh MacDiarmid), p. 46.
31. Becker. E. (1973), The denial of death, New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 3.
32. Ibid., pp. 3–4.
33. Smith, R. H., Eyre, H. L., Powell, C. A. J., & Kim, S. H. (2006), Relativistic origins of emotional reactions to events happening to others and to ourselves, British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 357–371.
34. Smith, A. (2000), The theory of moral sentiments, Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, p. 1. (originally published in 1759).
35. de Waal (2009); Keltner (2009); McCullough (2008).
36. Brown, Brown, & Penner (2012).
37. Brosnan & de Waal (2003).
38. See http://www.livescience.com/2044-monkeys-fuss-inequality.html, retrieved September 2, 2012.
39. Van den Bos, K., Peter, S. L., Bobocel, D. R., & Ybema, J. F. (2006), On preferences and doing the right thing: Satisfaction with advantageous inequity when cognitive processing is limited, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 273–289.
40. Baumeister & Bushman (2010), p. 60.
41. Aristotle (1991), The art of rhetoric, London: Penguin Books (written c. 367–322 BC; trans. H. C. Lawson-Tancred, part I, chapter 5, p. 90.
42. Baumeister & Bushman (2010), pp. 60–61.
43. Bergson, H. (1911), Laughter: An essay on the meaning of the comic, London: Macmillan (quoted in Billig, M. [2005]), Laughter and ridicule: Towards a social critique of humour, London: Sage, p. 120.
1. Cited in Portmann (2000), p. xii.
2. Rosten, L. (1968), The joys of Yiddish, New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 201.
3. Marable, M. (2011), Malcolm X: A life of reinvention, New York: Penguin Books.
4. Watts, A. E. (2008), Laughing at the world: Schadenfreude, social identity, and American media culture, unpublished dissertation, Northwestern University; Raney, A. A, & Bryant, J. (2002), Moral judgment and crime drama: An integrated theory of enjoyment, Journal of Communication, 52, 402–415.
5. De Palma, B. (Director) (1978), The fury [film], Chicago: Frank Yablans Presentations.
6. Portmann (2000); see also Ben-Ze’ev, A. (2000), The subtlety of emotions, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
7. Feather, N. T., & Sherman, R. (2002), Envy, resentment, schadenfreude, and sympathy: Reactions to deserved and undeserved achievement and subsequent failure, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 953–961; van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J. W., Goslinga, S., & Nieweg, M. (2005), Deservingness and schadenfreude, Cognition and Emotion, 19, 933–939; van Dijk, W. W., Goslinga, S., & Ouwerkerk, J. W. (2008), The impact of responsibility for a misfortune on schadenfreude and sympathy: Further evidence, Journal of Social Psychology, 148, 631–636.
8. Feather, N. T. (2006), Deservingness and emotions: Applying the structural model of deservingness to the analysis of affective reactions to outcomes, European Review of Social Psychology, 17, 38–73; Feather, N. T. (1992), An attributional and value analysis of deservingness in success and failure situations, British Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 125–145; Hafer, C. L., Olson, J. M., & Peterson, A. A. (2008), Extreme harmdoing: A view from the social psychology of justice, in V. M. Esses & R. A. Vernon (Eds.), Explaining the breakdown of ethnic relations: Why neighbors kill (pp. 17–40), Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing; Heuer, L., Blumenthal, E., Douglas, A., & Weinblatt, T. (1999), A deservingness approach to respect as a relationally based fairness judgment, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1279–1292; van Dijk, Goslinga, & Ouwerkerk (2008).
9. See http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/09/24/60minutes/main5339719.shtml?tag=currentVideoInfo;segmentUtilities, retrieved February 9, 2010.
10. See http://www.reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSTRE55P6O520090629, retrieved June 26, 2009.
11. Ibid.
12. Feather (1992); Darley, J. M., Carlsmith, K. M., & Robinson, P. H. (2000), Incapacitation and just deserts as motives for punishment, Law and Human Behavior, 24, 659–683; Hafer, Olson, & Peterson (2008); Heuer, Blumenthal, Douglas, & Weinblatt (1999).
13. See http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/06/madoff200906, retrieved July 6, 2009.
14. See http://www.reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSTRE55P6O520090629, retrieved July 30, 2009.
15. See http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/30/business/30scene.html, retrieved July 12, 2009.
16. See http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/27/business/27madoff.html, retrieved June 15, 2009.
17. See http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/02/27/wiesel.madoff/index.html, retrieved May 15, 2009.
18. See http://www.businessinsider.com/bernies-cell-2009-3, retrieved May 20, 2009.
19. Some scholars argue that the more a misfortune seems deserved, the more the feeling produced in witnesses may shift from schadenfreude to a different category of emotion, a kind of impersonal, general satisfaction derived from the restoration of justice. In the case of the purely deserved, in part because the pleasure may produce no reproach from others. The emotion is, for lack of a needed term, “satisfied indignation,” rather than schadenfreude. I think that this is an important distinction, but my preference, as I stated in the Introduction, is to opt for a broader, more inclusive view of schadenfreude. Otherwise, in this domain, we would be tempted to remove a sense of deservingness from any instances of schadenfreude. For examples of subtle treatments of these issues, see Kristjansson, K. (2005), Justice and desert-based emotions, Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing; McNamee, M. (2003), Schadenfreude in sport: Envy, justice and self-esteem, Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 30, 1–16; and Portmann (2000).
20. See http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/mind/s680880.htm, retrieved April 5, 2010.
21. Portmann (2000), p. 114.
22. See http://www.ccel.org/ccel/edwards/works2.vi.ix.iii.html, retrieved May 23, 2012.
23. Seaman, A. R. (1999), Swaggart: The unauthorized biography of an American evangelist, New York: Continuum.
24. Ibid.
25. See http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,974120,00.html, retrieved May 13, 2010.
26. Charley Carlson, personal communication.
27. Baur, S. W. (2008), The art of the public grovel: Sexual sin and public confession in America, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
28. See http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/05/12/1624904_physician-heal-thyself.html, retrieved May 16, 2010.
29. I also use this example extensively in, Powell, C. A. J., & Smith, R. H. (in press), The inherent joy in seeing hypocrites hoisted with their own petards, Self and Identity.
30. See http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/01/29/lkl.ted.haggard/, retrieved March 13, 2009; and http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0486358/quotes, retrieved August 29, 2009.
31. Haggard, T., & Haggard, G. (2006), From this day forward: Making your vows last a lifetime, Colorado Springs, CO: Waterbook Press.
32. Jones, M. (2007), I had to say something: The art of Ted Haggard’s fall, New York: Seven Stories Press, p. 145.
33. Ibid., p. 160.
34. See http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=2626067&page=1, retrieved April 2, 2009.
35. Amann, J. M., & Breuer, T. (2007), The brotherhood of the disappearing pants: A field guide to conservative sex scandals, New York: Nation Books.
36. See http://dorothysurrenders.blogspot.com/2006/11/fun-with-hypocrisy.html, retrieved January 15, 2009.
37. Jones (2007), p. 232.
38. Ibid., p. 9.
39. Wilde, O. (1891), The picture of Dorian Gray, Richmond: University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center, p. 35.
40. Seaman (1999), p. 14.
41. Ibid.
42. See http://www.waynebrownministries.com/b2evolution/blogs/index.php/2010/05/06/ted-haggard-on-the-rekers-sex-scandal-we-are-all-sinners?blog=23, retrieved May 28, 2010.
43. See http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/19/us/19rekers.html, retrieved May 28, 2010.
44. See http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2003/0306.green.html, retrieved April 22, 2008; and http://www.slate.com/id/2082526/, retrieved May 12, 2008.
45. See http://www.nationalreview.com/goldberg/goldberg050503.asp, retrieved April 22, 2008.
46. See http://www.slate.com/id/2082526/, retrieved May 12, 2008.
47. King James Bible, Matthew 23:25, 27–28.
48. Cialdini (2009), p. 53.
49. Monin, B., Sawyer, P., & Marquez, M. (2008), The rejection of moral rebels: Resenting those who do the right thing, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 76–93; Monin, B. (2007), Holier than me? Threatening social comparison in the moral domain, International Review of Social Psychology, 20, 53–68.
50. Monin (2007).
51. Heider (1958); Tripp, T. M., Bies, R. J., & Aquino, K. (2002), Poetic justice or petty jealousy? The aesthetics of revenge, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89, 966–987.
52. Powell & Smith (in press).
1. Quoted in French, R. A. (2001), The virtures of vengeance, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press; Agamemnon, The Oresteria (trans. Robert Fagles), London: Penguin Books, 1975, p. 3.
2. See http://blog.al.com/live/2011/05/osama_bin_laden_death_brings_j.html, retrieved March 25, 2012.
3. See http://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/I-am-not-a-vengeful-man-but-I-do-enjoy-a-touch-of-retribution-now-and-then-New-Yorker-Cartoon-Prints_i8474436_.htm, retrieved June 2, 2012.
4. As I noted in Chapter 5, it can be argued that the more a misfortune seems deserved by objective standards, the more the feeling may seem qualitatively different from schadenfreude, and thus an impartial satisfaction derived from the restoration of justice. For my purposes, here, I opt for a broader view of schadenfreude, although I acknowledge that this is an important distinction.
5. Hafer, C. L., & Begue, L. (2005), Experimental research on just-world theory: Problems, developments, and future challenges, Psychological Bulletin, 131, 128–167; Lerner, M. J. (1980), The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion, New York: Plenum Press; Lodewijkx, H. F. M., Wildschut, T., Nijstad, B. A., Savenije, W., Smit, M., & Nijstad, B. (2001), In a violent world, a just world makes sense: The case of “senseless violence” in the Netherlands, Social Justice Research, 14, 79–94.
6. Lerner, M. J., & Simmons, C. H. (1966). Observer’s reaction to the “innocent victim”: Compassion or rejection? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 203–210.
7. See http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v3n2/justworld.html, retrieved May 20, 2008; and http://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/03/us/nature-of-clothing-isnt-evidence-in-rape-cases-florida-law-says.html, retrieved August 15, 2012.
8. Lerner (1980).
9. Alicke, M. D. (2000), Culpable control and the psychology of blame, Psychological Bulletin, 126, 556–574; Alicke, M. D., & Davis, T. L. (1989), The role of a posteriori victim information in judgments of blame and sanction, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 362–377.
10. See http://blog.al.com/live/2011/05/osama_bin_laden_death_brings_j.html, retrieved March 23, 2012.
11. See http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/books/14dover.html, retrieved March 18, 2010; and http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2010/mar/08/sir-kenneth-dover-obituary, retrieved March, 2010.
12. Dover, K. (1994), Marginal comment: A memoir, London: Duckworth.
13. He decided to be unbothered if many of the things he wrote might seem unimportant to other people because “how can we know, so long as people are reticent through fear of being thought vain if they speak of what is to their credit, or exhibitionists if it is discreditable, or, ‘unbalanced’ if they reveal how little things affects them and big thing did not?” Dover (1994), p. 2.
14. Dover (1994), p. 228.
15. See http://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/28/world/a-scholar-s-memoirs-raise-some-ghosts-at-oxford.html?pagewanted=all, retrieved May 2, 2010.
16. Dover (1994), p. 230.
17. According to an account in The New York Times, Dover’s “level of moral culpability was roundly debated in British academic circles,” and the publishing of his memoir some years later rekindled the debate and broadened it beyond academia; http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/books/14dover.html, retrieved March 18, 2010.
18. See http://www.nytimes.com/1994/11/28/world/a-scholar-s-memoirs-raise-some-ghosts-at-oxford.html?pagewanted=all, retrieved May 2, 2010.
19. Ibid.
20. Dover (1994), p. 230.
21. See http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2010/mar/08/sir-kenneth-dover-obituary, retrieved March 18, 2010.
22. Hareli, S., & Weiner, B. (2002), Dislike and envy as antecedents of pleasure at another’s misfortune, Motivation and Emotion, 26, 257–277; Ortony, A., Clore, G., & Collins, A. (1988). The cognition structure of emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
23. The German word was used in an ad campaign for Volkswagen in 1990. It meant “driving enjoyment.” See http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=farfegnugen, retrieved May 26, 2012.
24. I rank his memoir, The Doctor and the Damned, as one of the most remarkable books that I have ever read. If I had unlimited funds, I would produce a 30-part television drama on it and include every detail. I appreciate, for example, the frank accounts of his feelings throughout.
25. Haas (1984), p. 284.
26. Ibid. I should note that other parts of his memoir suggest that Haas was not a vindictive man. Quite the opposite. He was fair-minded and compassionate—and resourceful. He was a survivor.
27. Manning, M. (2011), Malcolm X: A life of reinvention, New York: Penguin Books, p. 229.
28. See http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/20/AR2005092000201_pf.html, retrieved April 13, 2008.
29. See http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=108589, retrieved April 12, 2009.
30. “I’m doing this because I have to do it. … I am not motivated by a sense of revenge. Perhaps I was for a short time in the very beginning. … Even before I had had time to really think things through, I realized we must not forget. If all of us forgot, the same thing might happen again, in 20 or 50 or 100 years”; http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2005/09/21/nazi_hunter_simon_wiesenthal_dies/, retrieved April 12, 2009.
31. See http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/21/international/europe/21wiesenthal.html?pagewanted=all, retrieved March 26, 2012.
32. See http://www.boston.com/news/world/europe/articles/2005/09/21/nazi_hunter_simon_wiesenthal_dies/?page=full, retrieved March 23, 2012.
33. Carlsmith, K. M., & Darley, J. M. (2008), Psychological aspects of retributive justice, in M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (vol. 40, pp. 193–236), San Diego, CA: Elsevier; Kim, S. H., & Smith, R. H. (1993), Revenge and conflict escalation, Negotiation Journal, 9, 37–43; McCullough (2008); Miller, W. I. (2007), Eye for an eye, New York: Cambridge University Press; Tripp, T. M., & Bies, R. J. (2009), Getting even: The truth about workplace revenge—and how to stop it, New York: Jossey-Bass.
34. Haas (1984), p. 291.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. McCullough (2008).
38. Murphy, J. G. (2003), Getting even: Forgiveness and its limits, New York: Oxford University Press.
39. Murphy, J. G. (2002), Vengeance, justice and forgiveness, Canyon Institute for Advanced Studies, 2 (1), 1.
40. Kleist, M. (2007), Michael Kohlhaas: A tale from an old chronicle (trans. Frances H. King), New York: Mondial (originally published in 1811).
41. Murphy (2002), p. 1.
42. Lester, M. L. (Director) (1985), Commando [film]. Available at http://www.script-o-rama.com/movie_scripts/c/commando-script-transcript-arnold-schwarzenegger.html, retrieved March 12, 2013.
43. Auden, W. H. (1976), Collected poems, New York: Random House.
44. Kim & Smith (1993).
45. Cited in Kim, S. H. (2005), The role of vengeance in conflict escalation, in I. W. Zartman & G. O. Faure (Eds.), Escalation and negotiation in international conflicts (pp. 141–162), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
46. See, for example, Lotto, D. (2006). The psychohistory of vengeance, Journal of Psychohistory, 34, 43–59.
47. King James Bible, Paul’s letter to the Romans 12:19.
48. Carlsmith, K. M., Wilson, T. D., & Gilbert, D. T. (2008), The paradoxical consequences of revenge, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1316–1324.
49. Ibid., p. 1324.
50. This fits with other empirical work showing that rumination about prior mistreatment from others tends to prolong and aggravate negative feelings. When people ruminate about their mistreatment, they get more angry and remain angry longer; Mor, N., & Winquist, J. (2002), Self-focused attention and negative affect: A meta-analysis, Psychological Bulletin, 128, 638–662. When people ruminate about someone who has harmed them, they become more aggressive than when they distract themselves; Rusting, C. L., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998), Regulating responses to anger: Effects of rumination and distraction on angry mood, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 790–803. Moreover, they are less likely to forgive an offense; Bushman, B. J. (2002), Does venting anger feed or extinguish the flame? Catharsis, rumination, distraction, anger and aggressive responding, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 724–731.
51. Kim (2005).
52. Ben-Ze’ev (2000). I largely agree with scholars such as Aaron Ben-Ze’ev who emphasize that schadenfreude proper is passive. If we take an active role in someone else’s misfortune, something more complex is occurring. However, I would not make such a hard-and-fast distinction. Action complicates the picture, but in my view does not remove all traces of schadenfreude.
53. Sides, H. (2002), Ghost soldiers: The epic account of World War II’s greatest rescue mission, New York: Anchor.
54. See Baumeister, R. F. (1997), Evil: Inside human cruelty and violence, New York: W. H. Freeman. Sadism involves delight in cruelty, especially excessive cruelty. It doesn’t imply other motives aside from the pleasure in the cruelty. Also, it is generally active rather than passive. Sadistic people hurt others and enjoy inflicting the harm. The line between extreme forms of schadenfreude and sadism, as I conceive the two, is blurry. People could feel schadenfreude because they perceive that a suffering person deserves to suffer. A witness to this pleasure might find it sadistic because he or she does not think the suffering deserved. When schadenfreude is active, its overlap with sadism is most difficult to delineate because its active features link it closely with the raw enjoyment of cruelty rather than with other motives, such as deservingness.
55. Shakespeare, W. (1963), Hamlet: An authoritative text, intellectual backgrounds, extracts from the sources, and essays in criticism, New York: W. W. Norton (written approximately in 1599), Act III, sc. 4, lns 210–211.
1. See http://archive.dailycal.org/article/13978/berkeley_junior_shot_down_in_american_idol_tryout, retrieved April 19, 2012.
2. Gandhi, M. K. (1983/1948), Autobiography: The story of my experiments with truth, New York: Dover, p. 99.
3. James (1918), vol. 2, p. 414.
4. See http://www.asianweek.com/2008/08/27/breakfast-is-out-to-lunch/, retrieved December 12, 2010.
5. See http://yellow-face.com/, retrieved December 12, 2010.
6. Perhaps this explains why public speaking is considered a singularly widespread and intense fear: Gibson, J. W., Gruner, C. R., Hanna, M. S., Smythe, M. J., & Hayes, M. T. (1980), The basic course in speech at U.S. colleges and universities: III, Communication Education, 29, 1–9.
7. Goffman, E. (1952), On cooling the mark out: Some aspects of adaptation to failure, Psychiatry, 15, 451–463, p. 463.
8. See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqmy5qrvaVQ, retrieved May 21, 2012.
9. Ibid.
10. Watts (2008).
11. Booker, S., & Waite, B. M. (2005, May), Humilitainment? Lessons from ‘The Apprentice’: A reality television content analysis, presented at the 17th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Society, Los Angeles; Waite, B. M., Bendezu, J., & Booker, S. (2004, May), Why do we like reality television? A personality analysis, presented at the 16th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Society, Chicago.
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14. See http://www.nbc.com/howie-do-it/, retrieved March 10, 2011.
15. See http://orwell.ru/library/essays/joys/english/e_joys, retrieved August 15, 2012; Orwell, G. (1953), Such, such were the joys, New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
16. See http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=389x276680, retrieved March 3, 2013.
17. See http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10912603/ns/dateline_nbc-to_catch_a_predator/, retreived August 15, 2012.
18. Shakespeare, Othello, the Moor of Venice, Act II, Scene III, 242–244.
19. See http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/nbcs-chris-hansen-busts-homer-simpson_b33598, retrieved March 10, 2011; and http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0905647/, retrieved March 10, 2011.
20. See http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/08/08/DDEGREAI31.DTL&ao=all; and http://articles.sfgate.com/2007-08-08/entertainment/17255578_1_sexual-solicitations-nbc-s-predator-reality, retrieved May 17, 2012.
21. Adler, A. M. (2010), “To catch a predator,” New York University Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers, Paper 229, retrieved March 10, 2011; and http://lsr.nellco.org/nyu_plltwp/229, retrieved March 10, 2011.
22. See http://www.tvrage.com/Jimmy_Kimmel_Live/episodes/582351, retrieved March 11, 2001.
23. Terry, K.T. (2005), Sexual offenses and offenders: Theory, practice, and policy, New York: Wadsworth Publishing.
24. Trammell, R., & Chenault, S. (2011), “We have to take these guys out”: Motivations for assaulting incarcerated child molestors, Symbolic Interaction, 32, 334–350; http://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=90004#.T3d4nHi4L0c, retrieved March 31, 2012; http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2011/11/jerry_sandusky_out_on_bail_are_child_molesters_tormented_in_american_prisons_.html,retrieved, March31,2012;andhttp://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/28/opinion/prisoners-of-hate.html, retrieved March 31, 2012.
25. See http://www.cjr.org/feature/the_shame_game.php?page=all, retrieved April 21, 2013.
26. See http://www.pollyklaas.org/, retrieved May 28, 2012.
27. Book, A. S. (1999), Shame on you: An analysis of modern shame punishment as an alternative to incarceration, William & Mary Law Review, 40, 653–686; Ziel, P. (2004–2005), Eighteenth century public humiliation penalties in twenty-first century America: The shameful return of scarlet letter punishments in U.S. v. Gementera, BYU Journal of Public Law, 19, 499–522. There are exceptions, such as http://www.thedailyaztec.com/2011/01/public-shaming-is-an-effective-alternative-to-prison/, retrieved August 15, 2012; http://www.publicengines.com/blog/2009/11/09/creative-sentencing-public-humiliation/, retrieved, August 15, 2012; and http://lawvibe.com/get-caught-stealing-and-face-public-humiliation/, retrieved August 15, 2012.
28. See http://www.cjr.org/feature/the_shame_game.php?page=all, retrieved April 21, 2013.
29. See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TgwOu1IlWuY, retrieved March 4, 2013.
30. Ibid.
31. Hansen, C. (2007), To catch a predator: Protecting your kids from online enemies already in your home, New York: Dutton Adult, p. 5.
32. One case involved an army sergeant who begged Hansen to take pity on him. He said, “Sir, please I don’t want you to ruin my life.” He then went down on his knees and put his hands behind his head, as if had just been captured by an enemy soldier. This pleading failed to awaken Hansen’s sympathy. As Hansen wrote, “On his knees, you could almost feel sorry for the guy, but remember this is the same man who typed more than fifty pages of often explicit chats to a girl he thought was fourteen years old.” Ibid., p. 211.
33. Reiss, S. & Wiltz, J. (2004), Why people watch reality TV, Media Psychology, 6, 363–378.
34. See http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,399467,00.html, retrieved March 10, 2011.
35. Whitman, J. Q. (1998), What is wrong with inflicting shame sanctions? Faculty Scholarship Series, Paper 655, http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/655, retrieved March 11, 2011.
36. See http://en.allexperts.com/q/U-S-History-672/2008/8/Puritan-Women-punishment.htm, retrieved March 12, 2011.
37. Ibid.
38. McTiernan, J. (Director) (1988), Die Hard [Film]. Los Angeles: 20th Century Fox.
39. Ibid.
40. For extensive statistics and analysis, see information at the Crimes Against Children Research Center at http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/, retrieved June 12, 2012; Finkelhor, D. (2008), Childhood victimization: Violence, crime, and abuse in the lives of young people, New York: Oxford University Press.
41. Snyder, Howard N. (2000, July), Sexual assault of young children as reported to law enforcement: Victim, incident, and offender characteristics, retrieved from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/saycrle.pdf, June 2, 2012; Crimes Against Children Research Center, http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/, retrieved June 12, 2012.
42. See http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jesse-wegman/dateline-to-kill-a-predat_b_41911.html, retrieved June 2, 2012.
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3. See http://www.snpp.com/episodes/7F23.html, retrieved April 5, 2010.
4. Smith & Kim (2007).
5. Forman, M. (Director) (1984), Amadeus (film based on a play by Peter Shaffer [2001], Amadeus: A play by Peter Shaffer, New York: Harper Perennial). There is little evidence that Salieri actually envied Mozart in the way depicted in the play or film or that he engineered Mozart’s death. See Borowitz, A. I. (1973), Salieri and the “murder” of Mozart, The Musical Quarterly, 59, 268–279.
6. Fiske (2011).
7. Harris, L. T., & Fiske, S. T. (2006), Dehumanizing the lowest of the low: Neuro-imaging responses to extreme outgroups, Psychological Science, 17, 847–853; Harris, L. T., Cikara, M., & Fiske, S. T. (2008), Envy as predicted by the stereotype content model: A volatile ambivalence, in R. H. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and research (pp. 133–147), New York: Oxford University Press.
8. Fiske (2011), p. 32; Botvinick, M. M., Cohen, J. D., & Carter, C. S. (2004), Conflict monitoring and anterior cingulate cortex: An update, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 539–546.
9. Mitchell, J. P. (2008), Contributions of functional neuroimaging to the study of social cognition, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 142–146.
10. Harris, Cikara, & Fiske (2008); Harris, L.T., McClure, S. M., van den Bos, W., Cohen, J. D., & Fiske, S. T. (2007), Regions of the MPFC differentially tuned to social and non-social affective evaluation, Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 309–316; van den Bos, W., McClure, S. M., Harris, L. T., Fiske, S. T., & Cohen, J. D. (2007), Dissociating affective evaluation and social cognitive processes in ventral medial prefrontal cortex, Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 337–346.
11. Smith, R. H., Turner, T. J., Garonzik, R., Leach, C. W., Urch-Druskat, V., & Weston, C. M. (1996), Envy and schadenfreude, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 158–168.
12. See http://thetenbest.net/gorevidalquotes/, retrieved March 10, 2010.
13. Twain, M. (2000), Life on the Mississippi, Toronto: Dover, p. 22 (originally published in 1883); I also use this example in a similar way in Powell, C. A. J., Smith, R. H., & Schurtz, D. R. (2008), Schadenfreude caused by an envied person’s gain, in R. H. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and research (pp. 148–164), New York: Oxford University Press.
14. Percy, W. (2000), Lost in the cosmos, New York: Picador, p. 65. I also make extended and similar use of this example in Powell, Smith, & Schurtz (2008).
15. Percy (2000), p. 65.
16. Ibid.
17. Smith, Turner, Garonzik, Leach, Urch-Druskat, & Weston (1996).
18. Takahashi, H, Kato, M., Matsuura, M., Mobbs, D., Suhara, T., & Okubo, Y. (2009), When your gain is my pain and your pain is my gain: Neural correlates of envy and schadenfreude, Science, 13, 937–939.
19. See http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/17/science/17angi.html?_r=1, retrieved May 15, 2010.
20. Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2007), The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 631–648; Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2005), The economics of strong reciprocity, in H. Gintis, S. Bowles, R. Boyd, & E. Fehr (Eds.), Moral sentiments and material interests: The foundations of cooperation in economic life (pp. 151–191), Cambridge: MIT Press; Kirchsteiger, G. (1994), The role of envy in ultimatum games, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 25, 373–389; Smith & Kim (2007). Recent evidence suggests that there are two types of envy: a benign and a malicious type. Schadenfreude is most related to malicious envy: see van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2009), Leveling up and down: The experience of malicious and benign envy, Emotion, 9, 419–429.
21. Fortunately, the boy survived the explosion. Twain probably would not have recounted the story so enthusiastically otherwise. And yet, even the boy’s survival created mixed feelings. Twain noted that “when he came home the next week, alive, renowned, and appeared in church all battered up and bandaged, a shining hero, stared at and wondered over by everybody, it seemed to us that the partiality of Providence for an undeserving reptile had reached a point where it was open to criticism.” Twain (2000), p. 22.
22. Beckman, S. R., Formby, J. P., Smith, W. J., & Zheng, B. H. (2002), Envy, malice and Pareto efficiency: An experimental examination, Social Choice and Welfare, 19, 349–367; Zizzo, D. J. (2003), Money burning and rank egalitarianism with random dictators, Economics Letters, 81, 263–266; Zizzo, D. J., & Oswald, A. J. (2001), Are people willing to pay to reduce others’ incomes? Annales d’Economie et de Statistique, 63–64, 39–62.
23. Smith, R. H. (1991), Envy and the sense of injustice, in P. Salovey (Ed.), The psychology of jealousy and envy (pp. 79–99), New York: Guilford Press; Smith, R. H., Parrott, W. G., Ozer, D., & Moniz, A. (1994), Subjective injustice and inferiority as predictors of hostile and depressive feelings in envy, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 705–711.
24. van de Ven, Zeelenberg, & Pieters (2009).
25. Cited in Portmann (2000), p. 139.
26. Burke, E. (1987), A philosophical enquiry into the origin of our ideas of the sublime, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, p. 46 (originally published in 1756); the credibility of The National Enquirer is probably tarred by the wacky fictions of the other publications. However, The National Enquirer articles, often dismissed as malicious lies by those who are the focus of the articles, often end up being largely true; see http://www.slate.com/id/2102303/, retrieved May 15, 2010.
27. Chang, J., & Halliday, J. (2005), Mao: The unknown story, New York: First Anchor Books, p. 14.
28. Ibid.
29. Boucher, K., & Smith, R. H., (2010), unpublished data.
30. See http://www.slate.com/id/2067667, retrieved May 15, 2010.
31. Byron, C. (2002), Martha Inc.: The incredible story of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, New York: Wiley.
32. See http://www.slate.com/id/2067667, retrieved May 15, 2010.
33. See http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/02/03/030203fa_fact?currentPage=all, retrieved March 3, 2010.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Aronson, E., Willerman, B., & Floyd, J. (1966), The effect of a pratfall on increasing interpersonal attractiveness, Psychonomic Science 4, 227–228.
38. See http://www.chevychasecentral.com/trivia.htm, retrieved September 4, 2012.
39. See http://www.parade.com/celebrity/sunday-with/2012/05/20-jay-leno-comic-highs-lows-cars-secrets-successful-marriage.html, retrieved May 20, 2012.
40. Sundie, J. M., Ward, J., Beal, D. J., Chin, W. W., & Oneto, S. (2009), Schadenfreude as a consumption-related emotion: Feeling happiness about the downfall of another’s product, Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19, 356–373; Sundie, J. M., Kenrick, D. T., Griskevicius, V., Tybur, J. M., Vohs, K. D., & Beal, D. J. (2011), Peacocks, Porsches, and Thorstein Veblen: Conspicuous consumption as a sexual signaling system, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 664–680; Veblen, T. (1989), The theory of the leisure class, New York: Macmillan.
41. See http://www.dailydot.com/video/lamborghini-crash/, retrieved May 25, 2012; and http://www.reddit.com/r/videos/comments/tn1y4/lamborghini_tries_to_show_off_ends_up_crashing/, retrieved May 25, 2012.
42. See http://www.dailydot.com/video/lamborghini-crash/ retrieved May 24, 2012; and http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0145487/quotes, retrieved May 24, 2012.
43. See http://www.youtube.com/all_comments?v=1pgm8I0B8bY, retrieved May 24, 2012.
44. Hareli & Weiner (2002).
45. Swift (1731).
46. See http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/02/03/030203fa_fact?currentPage=all, retrieved March 3, 2010; Byron (2002).
47. See http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2003/02/03/030203fa_fact?currentPage=all, retrieved March 3, 2010.
48. See http://www.snpp.com/episodes/7F08.html, retrieved April 5, 2010.
49. Ibid.
1. Pushkin, A. (1964), The poems, prose, and plays of Alexander Pushkin, New York: Modern Library, p. 430.
2. Shakespeare, W. (1963), Julius Caesar, New York: The New American Library p. 40, (originally published 1599).
3. Goethe, J. W. (1906), The maxims and reflections of Goethe, New York: Macmillan.
4. Farber, L. (1966), The Ways of the will, New York: Basic Books; Foster, G. (1972), The anatomy of envy, Current Anthropology, 13, 165–202; Smith & Kim (2007); Vidaillet, B. (2009), Psychoanalytic contributions to understanding envy: Classic and contemporary perspectives, in R. H. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and research. (pp. 267–289), New York: Oxford University Press.
5. I take some of the examples in this chapter from Powell, Smith, & Schurtz (2008); Smith, R. H., & Kim, S. H. (2008), Introduction, in R. H. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and research (pp. 3–14), New York: Oxford University Press; and Smith & Kim (2007).
6. Alicke & Govorun (2005); Dunning (2005); Freud, A. (1937), The ego and the mechanisms of defense, London: Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis; Gilovich, T. (1993), How we know what isn’t so: The fallibility of human reason in everyday life, New York: Simon & Schuster; Paulhus, D. L., Fridhandler, B., & Hayes S. (1997), Psychological defense: Contemporary theory and research, in S. Briggs, R. Hogan, R. Goode, & J. W. Johnson (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 543–579) Boston: Academic Press; Vaillant, G. E. (1992), Ego mechanisms of defense: A guide for clinicians and researchers, Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
7. Duffy, M. K., Shaw, J. D., & Schaubroeck, J. (2008), Envy in organizational life, in R. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and research (pp. 167–189), New York: Oxford University Press; Elster, J. (1998), Alchemies of the mind: Rationality and the emotions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Foster, G. (1972), The anatomy of envy, Current Anthropology, 13, 165–202; Schoeck, H. (1969), Envy: A theory of social behavior, New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World; Silver, M., & Sabini, J. (1978), The perception of envy, Social Psychology Quarterly, 41, 105–117; Smith & Kim (2007).
8. Elster (1998); Foster (1972), Schoeck (1969); Silver, & Sabini (1978). H. Also see Powell, Smith, & Schurtz (2008); Smith & Kim (2007).
9. King James Bible, Exodus 20:17.
10. Schimmel, S. (2008), Envy in Jewish thought and literature, in R. H. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and research (pp. 17–38), New York: Oxford University Press.
11. King James Bible, Genesis 4:1–16.
12. Milton, J. (1962), Paradise lost and selected poetry and prose, New York: Holt, Rinehardt, and Winston, p. 126 (originally published in 1667).
13. Alighieri, D. (1939), The divine comedy (trans. John D. Sinclair), New York: Oxford University Press (originally published in 1308–1321).
14. See http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=envy, retrieved April 12, 2010.
15. Aquaro, G. R. A. (2004), Death by envy: The evil eye and envy in the Christian tradition, Lincoln, NE: Universe; Smith & Kim (2007).
16. King James Bible, Matthew 19:24.
17. Smith & Kim (2007).
18. Unamuno, M. (1996), Abel Sanchez and other short stories, New York: Gateway Editions p. 103 (originally published in 1917); cited by Foster, (1972), p. 173; Smith & Kim (2007).
19. Elster (1998), p. 165.
20. Ibid., p. 172.
21. Smith & Kim (2007).
22. Ben-Ze’ev (2000); Smith (1991); Smith, Parrott, Ozer, & Moniz (1994).
23. Heider (1958), p. 287.
24. Aristotle (1941), Rhetoric, in R. McKeaon (Ed.), The basic works of Aristotle, New York: Random House (originally published in 322 BC); Salovey, P., & Rodin, J. (1984), Some antecedents and consequences of social-comparison jealousy, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 780–792; Schaubroeck, J., & Lam, S. K. (2004), Comparing lots before and after: Promotion rejectees’ invidious reactions to promotees, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 94, 33–47.
25. Forrester, J. (1997), Dispatches for the Freud wars, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; Kristjansson (2005).
26. Smith (1991).
27. Khayyám, O. (1952). The rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám (E. Fitzgerald, Trans.) Garden City, NY: Doubleday, p. 170 (originally published in 1858); I also use this and other similar examples in Smith, R. H. (1990), Envy and the sense of injustice, in P. Salovey (Ed.), Psychology perspective on jealousy and envy (pp. 79–99), New York: Guilford.
28. Heider (1958), p. 289.
29. Hill, S. E., & Buss, D. M. (2008), The evolutionary psychology of envy, in R. H. Smith (Ed.), Envy: Theory and research (pp. 60–70), New York: Oxford University Press, p. 60.
30. Quoted in Leach, C. W., & Spears, R. (2008), “A vengefulness of the impotent”: The pain of ingroup inferiority and schadenfreude toward successful outgroups, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1383–1396, p. 1384; Nietzsche (1967), p. 37.
31. Krizan, Z., & Johar, O. (2012), Envy divides the two faces of narcissism, Journal of Personality, 80, 1415–1451.
32. Hotchkiss, S. (2003), Why is it always about you?: The seven deadly sins of narcissism, New York: Free Press, p. 16.
33. Forman (1984).
34. See Smith (2004) for another extended example of transmuted envy, this taken from Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar.
35. Elster (1998); Smith (2004); Simth & Kim (2007); Sundie, Ward, Beal, Chin, & Oneto (2009).
36. Russo, R. (2008), Bridge of sighs, New York: Vintage.
37. Ibid., p. 86.
38. Ibid.
39. Stephen Thielke, personal communication. Instead, envy would be of the “benign” kind. See van de Ven, Zeelenberg, & Pieters (2009).
1. Marrus, M. R. (1997), The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial 1945–46: A documentary history, New York: Bedford Books, p. 207.
2. Gilligan, J. (1996), Violence: Reflections on a national epidemic, New York: Vintage Books.
3. Twain, M. (1898), Concerning the Jews, Harper’s Magazine, March 1898; http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1898twain-jews.asp, retrieved April 20, 2013.
4. Here is a sample: Bauer, Y. (1982), A history of the Holocaust, New York: Franklin Watts; Browning, C. R. (1993), Ordinary men: Reserve police battalion 101 and the final solution in Poland, New York: Harper Perennial; Evans, R. J. (2003), The coming of the Third Reich, New York: Penguin; Evans, R. J. (2005), The Third Reich in power, New York: Penguin; Evans, R. J. (2008), The Third Reich at war, New York: Penguin; Gilbert, M. (2000), Never again: The history of the Holocaust, New York: Universe; Goldhagen, D. J. (1997), Hitler’s willing executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, New York: Vintage; Hildberg, R. (2003), The destruction of the European Jews, New Haven: Yale University Press (originally published in 1961); Prager, D., & Telushkin, J. (2003), Why the Jews? The reason for anti-Semitism, New York: Touchstone; Rosenbaum, R. (1998), Explaining Hitler: The search for the origins of his evil, New York: Random House; Wistrich, R. S. (2010), A lethal obsession: Anti-Semitism from antiquity to the global jihad, New York: Random House.
5. Kubizek, A. (1955), The young Hitler I knew; http://www.faem.com/books/, retrieved June 14, 2012.
6. Hitler, A. (1925), Mein kampf (trans. Ralph Manheim), Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, p. 55.
7. Ibid., p. 52.
8. Ibid., p. 52.
9. Ibid. p. 10.
10. Epstein, J. (2003), Envy: The seven deadly sins, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 60.
11. Hitler (1925), p. 58.
12. Ibid., p. 56.
13. Ibid., p. 58. The Jewish population of Vienna, absorbed by Germany in the spring of 1938, was larger than in German cities proper.
14. Ibid., p. 57.
15. Ibid., p. 61.
16. Ibid., p. 62.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid., p. 63.
19. People Magazine interview, April 12, 1976, vol. 5, no. 14. Also, in his memoirs, Inside the Third Reich, Speer described Adolf Hitler’s sense of humor to be almost entirely based on schadenfreude. “Hitler had no humor. He left joking to others, although he could laugh loudly, abandonedly, sometimes literally writhing with laughter. Often he would wipe tears from his eyes during such spasms. He liked laughing, but it was always laughter at the expense of others,” Speer, A. (1969), Inside the Third Reich (trans. Richard and Clara Winston), Bronx, NY: Ishi Press, p 123.
20. Kubizek (1955).
21. Ibid.
22. Freud, S. (1939), Moses and monotheism, New York: Random House, p. 116.
23. Toland, J. (1976), Adolf Hitler, New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell, p. 701.
24. Hitler ended his account of how he came to hate the Jews by writing: “Eternal Nature inexorably avenges the infringement of her commands. Hence today I believe that I am acting in accordance with the will of the Almighty Creator: by defending myself against the Jews, I am fighting for the work of the Lord,” Hitler (1925), p. 65.
25. The role of envy in anti-Semitism has been addressed by many. For example, the French scholar Bernard Lazare, who became heavily involved in the Dreyfus affair, wrote what is considered to be a remarkably impartial analysis of anti-Semitism and included envy as an important factor. Here is a selection from his book, Antisemitism: Its history and causes: “Everywhere they wanted to remain Jews, and everywhere they were granted the privilege of establishing a State within the State. By virtue of these privileges and exemptions, and immunity from taxes, they would soon rise above the general condition of the citizens of the municipalities where they resided; they had better opportunities for trade and accumulation of wealth, whereby they excited jealousy and hatred. Thus, Israel’s attachment to its law was one of the first causes of its unpopularity, whether because it derived from that law benefits and advantages which were apt to excite envy, or because it prided itself upon the excellence of its Torah and considered itself above and beyond other peoples,” pp. 6–7, http://www.archive.org/details/Anti-semitismItsHistoryAndCausesByBernardLazare. Freud suggests the distinctiveness of Jews and then notes: “The second peculiarity has an even more pronounced effect. It is that they defy oppression, that even the most cruel persecutions have not succeeded in exterminating them. On the contrary, they show a capacity for holding their own in practical life and, where they are admitted, they make valuable contributions to the surrounding civilization. The deeper motives of anti-Semitism have their roots in times long past; they come from the unconscious, and I am quite prepared to hear that what I am going to say will at first appear incredible. I venture to assert that the jealousy which the Jews evoked in other peoples by maintaining that they were the first-born, favourite child of God the Father has not yet been overcome by those others, just as if the latter had given credence to the assumption,” Freud (1939), p. 116. Freud argued that the notion of Jews being a chosen people led to jealous and rivalrous feelings in non-Jews. Nietzsche, despite his influence on so many Nazi beliefs, was appalled by anti-Semitism, and wrote: “The struggle against the Jews has always been a symptom of the worst characters, those more envious and more cowardly. He who participates in it now must have much of the disposition of the mob.” Quoted in Santaniello, W. (1997), A post-holocaust re-examination of Nietzsche and the Jews, in J. Golomb (Ed.), Nietzsche and Jewish culture (pp. 21–54), New York: Routledge. More recent examples are Prager & Telushkin (2003); Patterson, C. (2000), Anti-Semitism: The road to the holocaust and beyond, Lincoln, NE: iUniverse.com; Aly, G. (2011), Warum die Deutschen? Warum die Juden? Gleichheit, Neid und Rassenhass 1800 1933, Frankfurt: Fischer Verlag; Gilder, G. (2009), The Israel test, New York: Richard Vigilante Books; McKale, D. M. (2006), Hitler’s shadow war: The Holocaust and World War II, New York: Taylor Trade Publishing.
26. Prager & Telushkin (2003), p. 30.
27. Also see Aly (2011).
28. Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2008), Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map, in M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (vol. 40, pp. 61–149), Thousand Oaks, CA: Academic Press; Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002), A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878–902; Glick, P. (2002), Sacrificial lambs dressed in wolves’ clothing: Envious prejudice, ideology, and the scapegoating of Jews, in L. S. Newman & R. Erber (Eds.), Understanding genocide: The social psychology of the Holocaust (pp. 113–142), Oxford: Oxford University Press; Glick, P. (2008), When neighbors blame neighbors: Scapegoating and the breakdown of ethnic relations, in V. M. Esses & R. A. Vernon (Eds.), Explaining the breakdown of ethnic relations: Why neighbors kill (pp. 123–146), Malden, MA: Blackwell.
29. Cuddy, Fiske, & Glick (2008); Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu (2002). Interestingly, this group is not the prototype of the kind usually focused on when we think of prejudice. Anti-black prejudice by majority whites, for example, stereotypically assumes low status and perhaps some degree of competition, if resources are being taken away, say, through affirmative action. But this condition predicts feeling ranging from pity to contempt, as perceived threat increases. These are very different feelings from envy, and the implications are profound. Hitler may have been disgusted by Gypsies, but he hated the Jews.
30. Segel, B. W. (1996), A lie and a libel: The history of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, R. S. Levy (Ed.) (trans. R. S. Levy), Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
31. The classic example is a white person in the previously segregated South who feels threatened by a loss in status and therefore develops hatred toward blacks.
32. Bachrach, S., & Luckert, S. (2009), State of deception: The power of Nazi propaganda, New York: W. W. Norton.
33. Epstein (2003). No wonder, as Joseph Epstein points out, that anti-Semitism “has historically taken two forms; one in which the Jews are castigated for being inferior, and another in which they are resented for being superior,” p. 165; Epstein, J. (2002), Snobbery: The American version, New York: Houghton Mifflin.
34. Glick makes the point that few Germans would admit to having hostile envy toward Jews. It is the nature of envy to find other plausible causes to justify ill will. Here, conveniently, the other stereotypes of clever, underhanded, dirty, and so on now combine with the perception of threat, both to the country’s national goals and purity of race. Thus, the use of terms suggesting “cleverness” rather than the kind of intelligence to be admired.
35. Evans (2005).
36. Cikara, M., & Fiske, S. T. (2012), Stereotypes and schadenfreude: Affective and physiological markers of pleasure at outgroups’ misfortune, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 63–71.
37. Metaxas, E. (2010), Bonhoeffer: Pastor, martyr, prophet, spy, Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, p. 176.
38. Toland (1976), p. 505.
39. Goldhagen (1996); Klee, E., Dressen, W., & Riess, V. (1991) (Eds.), “The good old days”: The Holocaust as seen by its perpetrators and bystanders (trans. Deborah Burnstone), Old Saybrook, CT: Konecky & Konecky; Billig, M. (2005), Laughter and ridicule: Towards a social critique of humour, London: Sage.
40. McKale (2006), p. 147.
41. Spears, R., & Leach, C. W. (2008), Why neighbors don’t stop the killing: The role of group-based schadenfreude, in V. Esses & R. A. Vernon (Eds.), Explaining the breakdown of ethnic relations: Why neighbors kill (pp. 93–120), Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
42. Cikara, M., & Fiske, S. T. (2011), Bounded empathy: Neural responses to outgroups’ (mis)fortunes, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 3791–3803.
43. Farber, L. (1966), Ways of the will, New York: Basic Books, p. 36.
44. Fiske (2011).
45. Ibid.
46. Quoted in Patterson (2000), p. 79; McKale (2006).
47. Cesarani, D. (2004), Eichmann: His life and crimes, London: W. Heinemann.
48. Peter Longerich, “The Wannsee Conference in the Development of the ‘Final Solution,’” available online at the House of the Wannsee Conference: Memorial and educational site website, http://www.ghwk.de/engl/kopfengl.htm, retrieved August 27, 2012.
49. McKale (2006), p. 242.
50. Roseman, M. (2002), The Wannsee Conference and the final solution: A reconsideration, New York: Picador.
51. Quoted in Roseman (2002), p. 144, from Eichmann trial, session 79, June 26, 1961; session 107, July 24, 1961.
52. Ibid., p. 149.
53. Ibid., p. 148.
54. Ibid., p 165.
55. Pierson, F (Director) (2001), Conspiracy [film].
56. Aly (2011); Arendt, H. (1963), Eichmann in Jerusalem: A report on the banality of evil, New York: Viking Press; Browning, C. (1992), Ordinary men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland, New York: HarperCollins; Cohen, R. (2005), Soldiers and slaves: American POWs trapped by the Nazis’ final gamble, New York: Knopf; Haas (1984); Hilberg, R. (1961), The destruction of the European Jews, 3rd ed., New Haven: Yale University Press; Goldhagen (1997); McKale (2006); Klee, Dressen, & Riess (1991), p. 76.
57. Cohen (2005).
58. Many American troops were taken prisoner. The Germans, in violation of the Geneva Conventions, singled out some of this group to be sent to Berga, in effect, to work them to their deaths; see Cohen (2005).
59. Schadenfreude from the guards’ point of view; sadistic laughter from the prisoners’ perspective.
60. Cohen (2005), p. 137. I cannot emphasize enough what a remarkable book this is.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., pp. 137–138.
63. Ibid., p. 54.
64. Cohen emphasizes that some of the Christian families resisted this treatment and offered the Jewish families food as they waited for the next stage in the Germans’ plans. Generally, this compassion did not appear to last, however.
65. Cohen (2005), p. 55.
66. Ibid.
67. Adding to the sense that envy permeated the attitude of the Germans and their complicit Hungarian counterparts was the general concern over status in relation to the Jews. Hauer remembered, for example, the head of the Hungarian gendarmerie verbally abused Hauer’s father simply because he committed the “effrontery” of wearing a hat in his presence. The Germans insisted on being treated with respect by their prisoners, which meant appropriate servility. In fact, one of the reasons GI’s were selected for Berga, even if they were not Jewish, was when they didn’t cooperate in this regard. The best example was Private Hans Kasten, a remarkably courageous man who refused to go along with the Germans’ insistence that GI’s reveal who was Jewish among them. Cohen’s book is worth reading for his account of Kasten’s actions alone.
68. And, more perversely still, if the Germans treated the prisoners so harshly, then it must be correspondingly deserved. Only people who were so thoroughly depraved could be treated this way.
69. Cohen (2005), pp. 184–185.
70. Ibid., p. 258.
71. Ibid., p. 207.
1. Baker, J. A. (2006), “Work hard, study … and keep out of politics!”: Adventures and lessons from an unexpected public life, New York: G. P. Putnam, p. 44.
2. King James Bible, John 8:3–11.
3. Fitzgerald, F. S. (1925), The great Gatsby, New York: Scribner, p. 1.
4. “If,” by Rudyard Kipling in; Kipling, R. (1999), The collected poems of Rudyard Kipling, New York: Wordsworth.
5. This may help explain why we have hundreds of trait labels (e.g., rude, inconsiderate, arrogant, narcissistic … “jerk” and so on) to understand the actions we observe in others, but an impoverished set of imprecise labels to describe situations (e.g., a tough or difficult situation). Sometimes, people really are jerks, but a large swath of everyday behaviors are probably more a result of situational factors.
6. See http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/27/health/psychology/27muse.html?_r=1, retrieved May 3, 2012.
7. Milgram, S. (1983), Obedience to authority, New York: Harper Perennial, p. 25.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ross, L. (1977), The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process, in L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (vol. 10, pp. 173–220), New York: Academic Press.
11. Milgram (1983), p. 31.
12. Ibid.
13. Gilbert, D. T., Pelham, B. W., & Krull, D. S. (1988), On cognitive busyness: When person perceivers meet persons perceived, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 733–740; Gilbert, D. T., McNulty, S. E., Giuliano, T. A., & Benson, E. J. (1992), Blurry words and fuzzy deeds: The attribution of obscure behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 18–25.
14. The term “fundamental attribution error” can be misleading. Clearly, the true and full explanation for anyone’s behavior, whether it is explaining why a particular man showed up at the sting site or why a particular father lost his patience with a nurse, will depend on the details of each event. If you’ve had a chance to watch Predator, I think you would agree that some of these men deserve much less sympathy than others. Some are clearly hardcore, repeat offenders who have a record of committing sexual violence without an apparent trace of guilt feelings. They needed little bait to lure them into their explicit conversations with the decoy and no cajoling to arrange a meeting. To attribute their behavior to dispositional causes would hardly be an “error.” Some others, however, were probably engaged in more of a fantasy exchange at first and would not have showed up at the site if not for the persistent, creative strategies employed by the Perverted Justice staff. A multitude of possible situational factors may have heavily influenced their actions. Of course, let me emphasize that none of such factors, singularly or collectively, exonerates their showing up at the site—even though these factors may affect our moral evaluations of these men and affect whether we conclude their humiliation is fully deserved and is therefore pleasing.
15. See http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/3/thomas.html, retrieved May 3, 2012.
16. Ibid.
17. Oates, S. B. (1994), With malice toward none: A life of Lincoln, New York: Harper Perennial.
18. See http://quotationsbook.com/quote/38116/, retrieved April 4, 2012.
19. The event is featured prominently in Dale Carnegie’s book How to win friends and influence people, for example.
20. See http://www.civilwarhome.com/lincolnmeadeletter.htm, retrieved April 4, 2012.
21. Oates (1994), p. 19.
22. Quoted in http://www.mrlincolnandfriends.org/inside.asp?pageID=23&subjectID=1, retrieved May 3, 2012; Douglas L. Wilson & Rodney O. Davis, editor, Herndon’s Informants, p. 259 (letter from John McNamar to William H. Herndon, May 23, 1866).
23. See http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/3/thomas.html, p. 30, retrieved May 3, 2012.
24. Donald, D. H. (1995), Lincoln, New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 259.
25. Ward Hill Lamon, a fellow Illinois lawyer, recounted a time early on in their friendship when he had embarrassed himself in court. Lamon had been wrestling with someone outside the courthouse, which caused a big tear in the rear of his pants. But before he had time to change, he was called into court to start a case. Lamon later wrote:
The evidence was finished. I, being the Prosecuting Attorney at the time, got up to address the jury, … Having on a somewhat short coat, my misfortune was rather apparent. One of the lawyers, for a joke, started a subscription paper which was passed from one member of the bar to another as they sat by a long table fronting the bench, to buy a pair of pantaloons for Lamon,—“he being,” the paper said, “a poor but worthy young man.” Several put down their names with some ludicrous subscription, and finally the paper was laid by someone in front of Mr. Lincoln, he being engaged in writing at the time. He quietly glanced over the paper, and immediately taking up his pen, wrote after his name, “I can contribute nothing to the end in view.”
This was, certainly, a kind of enjoyment of another’s “misfortune” but hardly mean-spirited. From Ward Hill Lamon, Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, pp. 16–17. Quoted in http://www.mrlincolnandfriends.org/inside.asp?pageID=23&subjectID=1, retrieved May 3, 2012.
26. The historian Benjamin Thomas relates this story:
“Lincoln spoke of a man who accosted him on a train, saying: ‘Excuse me, sir, but I have an article in my possession which rightfully belongs to you.’ ‘How is that?’ asked Lincoln in amazement. Whereupon the stranger produced a jack-knife and explained: ‘This knife was placed in my hands some years ago, with the injunction that I was to keep it until I found a man uglier than myself. Allow me now to say, sir, that I think you are fairly entitled to it.’” (see http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jala/3/thomas.html, p. 41, retrieved May 3, 2012).
27. Oates (1994), p. 116.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid., p. 126.
30. See http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/a/abrahamlin104175.html, retrieved April 4, 2012.
31. Donald (1995), p. 567.
1. Bellow, S. (1964), Herzog, New York: Penguin, p. 23.
2. James (1918), vol. 2, p. 413.
3. See http://www.forbes.com/2004/03/18/cx_ld_0318nike.html, retrieved June 15, 2010.
4. See http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/sports/jan-june10/tiger_04-08.html, retrieved June 15, 2010.
5. See http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1009257/index.htm, retrieved June 15, 2010.
6. See http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2009-11-29/sports/os-bk-tiger-woods-accident_1_ocoee-in-serious-condition-million-mansion-friday-evening-elin-nordegren-woods, retrieved June 15, 2010.
7. See http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2009/12/02/arts/entertainment-us-golf-woods.html?scp=2&sq=Tiger%20Woods%20Enquirer&st=cse, retrieved June 15, 2010.
8. See http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/03/sports/golf/03woods.html?_r=1&scp=17&sq=tiger%20woods&st=cse, retrieved June 15, 2010.
9. See http://www.ajc.com/sports/text-of-tiger-woods-314300.html, retrieved June 15, 2010.
10. See http://www.nationalenquirer.com/celebrity/67747, retrieved June 15, 2010.
11. See http://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory?id=9198393, retrieved June 15, 2010; http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2009/12/12/sports/s062742S18.DTL, retrieved June 15, 2010; http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/03/sports/golf/03woods.html?_r=1&scp=17&sq=tiger%20woods&st=cse, retrieved June 15, 2010; http://www.waggleroom.com/2009/12/2/1181429/tiger-woods-is-americas-new-bill, retrieved June 15, 2010; http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers/frank_deford/03/29/Tiger.Woods.return.Masters/index.html, retrieved June 15, 2010; http://www.esquire.com/the-side/tiger-woods-scandal, retrieved June 15, 2010; http://www.golf.com/golf/tours_news/article/0,28136,1948231,00.html, retrieved June 15, 2010; and http://hubpages.com/hub/Why-do-we-like-it-when-people-fail, retrieved June 15, 2010.
12. See http://www.jokes4us.com/celebrityjokes/tigerwoodsjokes.html, retrieved May 11, 2012.
13. See http://www.huliq.com/8059/89384/tiger-woods-cheetah-eyes-tabloid-news, retrieved May 11, 2012.
14. See http://media.www.ecollegetimes.com/media/storage/paper991/news/2010/05/06/Top10s/Top-10.Tiger.Woods.Jokes-3917903.shtml#5, retrieved June 15, 2010.
15. See http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/columns/story?columnist=ohlmeyer_don&id=4764245, retrieved June 15, 2010; and http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/news/story?id=4327128, retrieved May 12, 2012.
16. See http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/columns/story?columnist=ohlmeyer_don&id=4764245, retrieved May 12, 2012.
17. See http://www.golf.com/golf/tours_news/article/0,28136,1990399,00.html, retrieved June 15, 2010.
18. See http://sports.espn.go.com/golf/usopen10/columns/story?columnist=harig_bob&id=52671, retrieved June 15, 2010.
19. See http://sports.espn.go.com/golf/usopen10/columns/story?columnist=harig_bob&id=5267152, retrieved June 15, 2010.
20. See http://www.frontporchrepublic.com/2010/03/an-apologia-for-tiger-woods/, retrieved June 15, 2010.
21. See http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2010/feb/20/geoff-calkins-time-will-tell-if-tiger-woods-apolog/, retrieved June 15, 2010.
22. See http://www.golf.com/golf/tours_news/article/0,28136,1888274,00.html, retrieved June 15, 2010.
23. See http://blogs.golf.com/presstent/2010/02/tiger-rules-hell-talk-friday.html, retrieved June 15, 2010.
24. See http://www.usatoday.com/sports/golf/story/2012-07-22/ernie-els-wins-british-open/56415126/1, retrieved August 20, 2012.
25. See http://www.supergolfclubs.net/tiger-calls-out-ernie-els-not-a-big-worker-physically/, retrieved May 30, 2012.
26. See http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/sport/golf/4444156/Ernie-Els-to-celebrate-Open-win-with-Nelson-Mandela.html, retrieved August 20, 2012; and http://www.sbnation.com/golf/2012/7/22/3176267/ernie-els-2012-british-open-speech-video, retrieved August 20, 2012.
27. See http://www.buzzingolf.co.uk/matchmaker-jesper-parnevik-angry-at-tiger-woods/617, retrieved June 15, 2010; and http://sports.espn.go.com/golf/news/story?id=4924113, retrieved May 12, 2012.
28. See http://www.snpp.com/episodes/7F23.html, retrieved April 5, 2010.
29. Ibid.
30. Why the German language has a word for this concept, and English does not is hard to say. Some languages do (e.g., leedvemaak in Dutch); some don’t (e.g., French).
31. Ben-Ze’ev (2000); Portmann (2000).
32. See http://chronicle.com/article/The-Pleasure-of-Seeing-the/125381, retrieved January 12, 2011.
33. Ibid.
34. See http://chronicle.com/article/article-content/125621/, retrieved January 12, 2012.
35. See http://strangebehaviors.wordpress.com/2007/07/12/the-elusive-etymology-of-an-emotion/, retrieved June 27, 2010.