Chapter 1: Why Sleep?
1. J. Horne, “Petunias, One-Eyed Ducks, and Roly-Poly Mice,” Sleepfaring (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 1–15.
2. A. A. Borberley and J. L. Valatx, “Sleep in Marine Mammals,” Sleep Mechanisms (Munich: Springer, 1984), 227.
3. Quoted in Matthew P. Walker, “The Role of Sleep in Cognition and Emotion,” The Year in Cognitive Neuroscience 2009: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1156: 168–197 (2009).
4. John G. McCoy and Robert E. Strecker, “The Cognitive Cost of Sleep Lost,” Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 96 (2011): 564–582.
5. A. Rechtschaffen, B. M. Bergmann, C. A. Everson, C. A. Kushida, and M. A. Gilliland, “Sleep Deprivation in the Rat: X. Integration and Discussion of the Findings,” Sleep 12, no. 1 (2002): 68–87.
6. G. Gulevich, W. Dement, and L. Johnson, “Psychiatric and EEG Observations on a Case of Prolonged (264 hours) Wakefulness,” Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 15 (1966): 29–35.
7. M. P. Walker and R. Stickgold, “It’s Practice, With Sleep, That Makes Perfect: Implications of Sleep-Dependent Learning and Plasticity for Skill Performance,” Clin. Sports Med. 24, ix (2005): 301–317.
Chapter 2: How Do We Know Sleep Is Important for the Brain?
1. W. D. Killgore, “Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Cognition,” Prog. Brain Res. 185 (2010): 105–129.
3. S. S. Yoo, P. T. Hu, N. Gujar, F. A. Jolesz, and M. P. Walker, “A Deficit in the Ability to Form New Human Memories Without Sleep,” Nat. Neurosci. 10 (2007): 385–392.
4. M. P. Walker, “The Role of Sleep in Cognition and Emotion,” Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1156 (2009): 168–197.
Chapter 4: How the Brain Controls Sleep
1. K. O. Newman, Encephalitis Lethargica, Sequelae and Treatment (trans.) (London: Oxford University Press, 1931).
Chapter 5: Mental Spring Cleaning
While You Sleep
1. G. Tononi and C. Cirelli, “Sleep and Synaptic Homeostasis: A Hypothesis,” Brain Res. Bull. 62 (2003): 143–150.
2. D. Bushey, G. Tononi, and C. Cirelli, “Sleep and Synaptic Homeostasis: Structural Evidence in Drosophila,” Science 332 (2011): 1576–1581.
3. R. Huber, M. F. Ghilardi, M. Massimini, and G. Tononi, “Local Sleep and Learning,” Nature 430 (2004): 78–81.
4. R. Huber et al., “Arm Immobilization Causes Cortical Plastic Changes and Locally Decreases Sleep Slow Wave Activity,” Nat. Neurosci. 9 (2006): 1169–1176.
5. R. Huber et al., “Measures of Cortical Plasticity after Transcranial Paired Associative Stimulation Predict Changes in Electroencephalogram Slow-wave Activity during Subsequent Sleep,” J. Neurosci. 28 (2008): 7911–7918.
6. V. V. Vyazovskiy et al., “Local Sleep in Awake Rats,” Nature 472 (2011): 443–447.
Chapter 6: How and Why Memories Are “Replayed” in Sleep
1. D. Oudiette et al., “Evidence for the Re-enactment of a Recently Learned Behavior during Sleepwalking,” PLoS. One. 6 (2011): e18056.
2. A. S. Gupta, M. A. van der Meer, D. S. Touretzky, and A. D. Redish, “Hippocampal Replay Is Not a Simple Function of Experience,” Neuron 65 (2010): 695–705.
3. G. Girardeau, K. Benchenane, S. I. Wiener, G. Buzsaki, and M. B. Zugaro, “Selective Suppression of Hippocampal Ripples Impairs Spatial Memory,” Nat. Neurosci. 12 (2009): 1222–1223.
4. S. Diekelmann and J. Born, “The Memory Function of Sleep,” Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11 (2010): 114–126.
5. G. Tononi and C. Cirelli, “Sleep Function and Synaptic Homeostasis,” Sleep Med. Rev. 10 (2006): 49–62.
Chapter 7: What Is Dreaming and What Does It Tell Us About Memory?
1. R. Stickgold, “Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation,” Nature 437 (2005): 1272–1278.
2. W. C. Dement, Some Must Watch While Some Must Sleep (New York: W. W. Norton, 1976).
3. J. A. Hobson and R. W. McCarley, “The Brain as a Dream State Generator: An Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis of the Dream Process,” Am. J. Psychiatry 134 (1977): 1335–1348.
4. M. Solms, “Dreaming and REM Sleep Are Controlled by Different Brain Mechanisms,” Behavioural and Brain Sciences 23 (2000): 793–1121.
5. D. Foulkes, M. Hollifeld, B. Sullivan, L. Bradley, and R. Terry, “REM Dreaming and Cognitive Skills at Ages 5-8: A Cross Sectional Study,” International Journal of Behavioural Development 13 (1990): 447–465.
6. R. Levin and R. S. Daly, “Nightmares and Psychotic Decompensation: A Case Study,” Psychiatry 61 (1998): 217–222.
7. A. Revosuo, “The Reinterpretation of Dreams: An Evolutionary Hypothesis of the Function of Dreaming,” Behavioural Brain Sciences 23 (2000): 877–901.
8. R. D. Cartwright, “Dreams That Work: The Relation of Dream Incorporation to Adaptation to Stressful Events,” Dreaming 1, no. 1 (March 1991): 3–9.
9. E. Bokert, “The Effect of Thirst and Related Verbal Stimulus on Dream Reports,” Dissertation Abstracts 28 (1968): 4753B.
10. K. M. Castellanos, J. A. Hudson, J. Haviland-Jones, and P. J. Wilson, “Does Exposure to Ambient Odors Influence the Emotional Content of Memories?” Am. J. Psychol. 123 (2010): 269–279.
11. M. J. Fosse, R. Fosse, J. A. Hobson, and R. J. Stickgold, “Dreaming and Episodic Memory: A Functional Dissociation?” J. Cogn Neurosci. 15 (2003): 1–9.
12. T. Nielsen and R. A. Powell, “The Day-residue and Dream-lag Effects: A Literature Review and Limited Replication of Two Temporal Effects in Dream Formation,” Dreaming (1992): 267–278.
13. E. J. Wamsley, M. Tucker, J. D. Payne, J. A. Benavides, and R. Stickgold, “Dreaming of a Learning Task Is Associated with Enhanced Sleep-dependent Memory Consolidation,” Curr. Biol. 20 (2010): 850–855.
Chapter 8: Sleep, Semantics, and the Mind
1. J. M. Ellenbogen, J. D. Payne, and R. Stickgold, “The Role of Sleep in Declarative Memory Consolidation: Passive, Permissive, Active or None?” Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 16 (2006): 716–722.
2. U. Wagner, S. Gais, H. Haider, R. Verleger, and J. Born, “Sleep Inspires Insight,” Nature 427 (2004): 352–355.
3. D. J. Cai, S. A. Mednick, E. M. Harrison, J. C. Kanady, and S. C. Mednick, “REM, Not Incubation, Improves Creativity by Priming Associative Networks,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (2009): 10130–10134.
4. H. Lau, S. E. Alger, and W. Fishbein, “Relational Memory: A Daytime Nap Facilitates the Abstraction of General Concepts,” PLoS. One. 6 (2011): e27139.
5. S. J. Durrant, S. A. Cairney, and P. A. Lewis, “Overnight Consolidation Aids the Transfer of Statistical Knowledge from the Medial Temporal Lobe to the Striatum,” Cereb. Cortex (2012), doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhs244.
6. P. A. Lewis and S. J. Durrant, “Overlapping Memory Replay during Sleep Builds Cognitive Schemata,” Trends Cogn Sci. 15 (2011): 343–351.
Chapter 9: Emotional Memories and Sleep
1. U. Wagner, M. Hallschmid, B. Rasch, and J. Born, “Brief Sleep After Learning Keeps Emotional Memories Alive for Years,” Biol. Psychiatry 60 (2006): 788–790.
2. C. Johnson and B. Scott, “Eyewitness Testimony and Suspect Identification as a Function of Arousal, Sex of Witness and Scheduling of Interrogation” (paper, American Psychological Association Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, 1976).
3. I. Wilhelm et al., “Sleep Selectively Enhances Memory Expected to Be of Future Relevance,” J. Neurosci. 31 (2011): 1563–1569.
4. J. M. Saletin, A. N. Goldstein, and M. P. Walker, “The Role of Sleep in Directed Forgetting and Remembering of Human Memories,” Cereb. Cortex 21 (2011): 2534–2541.
5. S. S. Yoo, N. Gujar, P. Hu, F. A. Jolesz, and M. P. Walker, “The Human Emotional Brain Without Sleep—A Prefrontal Amygdala Disconnect,” Curr. Biol. 17 (2007): R877–R878.
6. N. Gujar, S. A. McDonald, M. Nishida, and M. P. Walker, “A Role for REM Sleep in Recalibrating the Sensitivity of the Human Brain to Specific Emotions,” Cereb. Cortex 21 (2011): 115–123.
Chapter 10: Does Sleep Disarm Dangerous Emotions?
1. M. P. Walker and H. E. van der, “Overnight Therapy? The Role of Sleep in Emotional Brain Processing,” Psychol. Bull. 135 (2009): 731–748.
2. A. R. Damasio, “The Somatic Marker Hypothesis and the Possible Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond B Biol. Sci. 351 (1996): 1413–1420.
3. H. E. van der et al., “REM Sleep Depotentiates Amygdala Activity to Previous Emotional Experiences,” Curr. Biol. 21 (2011): 2029–2032.
4. D. Koren, I. Arnon, P. Lavie, and E. Klein, “Sleep Complaints as Early Predictors of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A 1-Year Prospective Study of Injured Survivors of Motor Vehicle Accidents,” Am. J. Psychiatry 159 (2002): 855–857.
5. T. A. Mellman, V. Bustamante, A. I. Fins, W. R. Pigeon, and B. Nolan, “REM Sleep and the Early Development of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” Am. J. Psychiatry 159 (2002): 1696–1701.
6. K. Nader, G. E. Schafe, and J. E. Le Doux, “Fear Memories Require Protein Synthesis in the Amygdala for Reconsolidation After Retrieval,” Nature 406 (2000): 722–726.
7. M. P. Walker, T. Brakefield, J. A. Hobson, and R. Stickgold, “Dissociable Stages of Human Memory Consolidation and Reconsolidation,” Nature 425 (2003): 616–620.
8. B. Rasch, C. Buchel, S. Gais, and J. Born, “Odor Cues During Slow-wave Sleep Prompt Declarative Memory Consolidation,” Science 315 (2007): 1426–1429.
9. S. Diekelmann, C. Buchel, J. Born, and B. Rasch, “Labile or Stable: Opposing Consequences for Memory When Reactivated During Waking and Sleep,” Nat. Neurosci. 14, no. 3 (March 2011): 381–386.
10. B. Baran, E. F. Pace-Schott, C. Ericson, and R. M. Spencer, “Processing of Emotional Reactivity and Emotional Memory Over Sleep,” J. Neurosci. 32 (2012): 1035–1042.
11. K. A. Paller and A. D. Wagner, “Observing the Transformation of Experience into Memory,” Trends Cogn Sci. 6 (2002): 93–102.
12. H. J. van Marle, E. J. Hermans, S. Qin, S. Overeem, and G. Fernandez, “The Effect of Exogenous Cortisol During Sleep on the Behavioral and Neural Correlates of Emotional Memory Consolidation in Humans,” Psychoneuroendocrinology (2013), doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.01.009.
Chapter 11: Good Sleepers and Bad Sleepers
1. B. A. Mander et al., “Prefrontal Atrophy, Disrupted NREM Slow Waves and Impaired Hippocampal-Dependent Memory in Aging,” Nat. Neurosci. 16, no. 3 (March 2013): 357–364.
Chapter 12: Getting the Most
Out of Your Sleep
1. L. Marshall, H. Helgadottir, M. Mölle, and J. Born, “Boosting Slow Oscillations During Sleep Potentiates Memory,” Nature 444 (2006): 610–613.
2. H. V. Ngo, T. Martinetz, J. Born, and M. Mölle, “Auditory Closed-Loop Stimulation of the Sleep Slow Oscillation Enhances Memory,” Neuron, 78, no. 3 (May 8, 2013): 545–553.
3. B. Rasch, C. Buchel, S. Gais, and J. Born, “Odor Cues During Slow-Wave Sleep Prompt Declarative Memory Consolidation,” Science 315 (2007): 1426–1429.
4. P. Peigneux et al., “Are Spatial Memories Strengthened in the Human Hippocampus During Slow Wave Sleep?” Neuron 44 (2004): 535–545.
5. J. D. Rudoy, J. L. Voss, C. E. Westerberg, and K. A. Paller, “Strengthening Individual Memories by Reactivating Them During Sleep,” Science 326 (2009): 1079.
6. J. W. Antony, E. W. Gobel, J. K. O’Hare, P. J. Reber, and K. A. Paller, “Cued Memory Reactivation During Sleep Influences Skill Learning,” Nat. Neurosci. 15 (2012): 1114–1116.
7. D. Bendor and M. A. Wilson, “Biasing the Content of Hippocampal Replay During Sleep,” Nat. Neurosci. 15 (2012): 1439–1444.
8. A. Arzi, et al. “Humans Can Learn New Information During Sleep,” Nat. Neurosci. 15 (2012): 1460–1465.
Chapter 13: Brief Notes on How to Get the Sleep You Need
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3. K. M. Sharkey, M. A. Carskadon, M. G. Figueiro, Y. Zhu, and M. S. Rea, “Effects of an Advanced Sleep Schedule and Morning Short Wavelength Light Exposure on Circadian Phase in Young Adults with Late Sleep Schedules,” Sleep Med. 12 (2011): 685–692.
4. K. Burkhart and J. R. Phelps, “Amber Lenses to Block Blue Light and Improve Sleep: A Randomized Trial,” Chronobiol. Int. 26 (2009): 1602–1612.
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6. T. Kawada and S. Suzuki, “Sleep Induction Effects of Steady 60 dB (A) Pink Noise,” Ind. Health 31 (1993): 35–38.
7. T. Komori, T. Matsumoto, E. Motomura, and T. Shiroyama, “The Sleep-Enhancing Effect of Valerian Inhalation and Sleep-Shortening Effect of Lemon Inhalation,” Chem. Senses 31 (2006): 731–737; D. M. Taibi, C. A. Landis, H. Petry, and M. V. Vitiello, “A Systematic Review of Valerian as a Sleep Aid: Safe but Not Effective,” Sleep Med. Rev. 11 (2007): 209–230.
8. M. Schredl et al., “Information Processing During Sleep: The Effect of Olfactory Stimuli on Dream Content and Dream Emotions,” J. Sleep Res. 18 (2009): 285–290.