Abolition of Man, The (Lewis), xii, 132, 134–135, 138, 164
Adler, Mortimer
and Conference on Science, Philosophy and Religion, 13, 19–21
on democracy, need for philosophical justification of, 15–18, 21
on education, 14, 17–18, 19, 51
on hierarchy of disciplines, 19
and morality, need for foundation for, 7, 13–18
“On the Fundamental Position,” 19–20
philosophy of, as Aristotelian-Thomist, 14, 18, 41
rejection of relativism of pragmatism and positivism, 14, 16–19, 20
resistance to theories of, at University of Chicago, 211n13
on threat posed by professors, 13, 17, 20
Aeterni Patris (1879 papal encyclical), and neo-Thomist doctrine, 39–40, 49, 213–14n4
“After Ten Years” (Bonhoeffer), 120
Age of Anxiety, The (Auden)
anxiety of postwar reconciliation as theme of, 171, 173
characters in, as embodied Four Faculties, 171
confusions of characters in, 171
on humanity’s wait for His World, 174–175
on Jews’ postwar relation to God, 173–174
“Lament for a Lawgiver” dirge in, 172–173
and postwar return to freedom, anxiety of, 172–173, 176
on psychological consequences of war, 170
Rosetta’s Judaism in, 173–173, 226n12
writing of, 145
Age of the Crisis of Man, The (Greif), 34, 185, 212n33
Albigensian heresy, Weil on, 97–98
All Hallows’ Eve (Williams), 73
Allies
demand for unconditional surrender, x
view of war as moral contest, 15
Weil on relative weakness of, 4
See also moral values, Allied
“And the age ended” (Auden), 72, 142
Animal Farm (Orwell), 124, 136
Ansen, Alan, 195
Apollonian totalitarianism, Auden on ongoing postwar battle with, 192–195
characteristics of, 14
as ideal form of humanism, 42
papal encyclical on normative status of, 39, 213–14n4
as perfect synthesis of revelation and reason, 40, 41
undermining of, 40
See also neo-Thomist doctrine
Art and Scholasticism (Maritain), 40, 76, 96, 214n5
“Ash Wednesday” (Eliot), 176–177
Athanasius, 95
atomic bombing of Japan, 195, 227–28n46
Auden, W. H.
and anxious subjectivity, 169, 175–176
on art as disenchanting, 78
and Christian poetics, effort to articulate, 144
and Christian Realism of Niebuhr, critique of, 54–55, 56
on Christian social renewal, dangers of, 81
and Christianity as religion of success, 81
on collapse of barrier between day and night worlds, 69–70
and demonic spiritual beings, recognition of power of, 72–73, 142
on dissolution of Protestant epoch, 69
in Dizzy’s Club, 3
and education, renewal of Christian thought through, xii
elegy for Freud, 71
on Eliot as poet, 147–148, 223–24n42
on evolutionary epoch, and internal conflict within individuals, 144–145
experience of American Germans’ lust for violence, 5–6
friendship with Neibuhr and wife, 54
fundraising speech for Spanish Civil War, 116
Harvard lecture (Dec., 1939), 64
and Herod, as symbol of Reason, 83
on Hitler, 71
on humanism, Communism as fatal blow to, 49
humorous points as most serious in, 83, 191–192
on individuals vs. persons, 125–126
influences on, 79
intellectual and spiritual journey to Christianity, 63–65
and Kallman, relationship with, 3, 64, 65, 73, 145
“Lament for a Lawgiver,” 172–173
on law, nature of, 6
“Law Like Love,” 6
limited public impact of, 187
on “the machine,” 67–68, 81–82, 85
and morality, need for foundation for, 5–7, 10
move to America, disruption caused by, 64
on Niebuhr’s political involvement, costs of, 54–55
on night, recognition of demons in, 71–72
on parallels between his age and Augustine’s, 79
on poems about Lidice massacre, 157
on postwar battle with Apollonian totalitarianism, 192–195
postwar turn to theology of inarticulate human body, 205
Pound’s excision from Random House anthology and, 192–193
psychological account of wickedness, rejection of, 72–73
reinvention of poetic self, 143, 144
reluctance to speak on behalf of war, 116
residence in New York, 89
review of de la Mare’s Behold! This Dreamer!, 69, 71–72
review of Niebuhr’s Christianity and Power Politics, 54–55
“September 1, 1939,” 3, 10, 66, 71
Smith College commencement address, 6
and Strategic Bombing Survey, 171, 191
tension between Freudian and Christian vocabulary in, 70
and theology of human body in History and Nature, 176
“Under Which Lyre,” 191–195, 227–28n46
“Unknown Citizen, The,” 124
visit to bombed sites in Germany, 171, 191
and wartime disruptions, concern about, 170–171
wartime speculations, ineffectiveness of, 205, 206
on Weil, 47
on Western society’s subjugation to collective and daemonic, 73
See also Age of Anxiety, The (Auden); For the Time Being (Auden); “New Year Letter” (Auden); Sea and the Mirror, The (Auden); “Vocation and Society” (Auden)
Bacon, Francis, 133
Barfield, Owen, 132
Barker, George, 2
Barth, Karl, 29, 43–44, 215n12
Behold! This Dreamer! (de la Mare), Auden’s review of, 69, 71–72
Bekennende Kirche, 29
Between Past and Future (Arendt), 169–170
Beveridge Report (1942), 153
Bloy, Leon, 28
“Bomber Offensive from the United Kingdom, The” (Allied memorandum), ix–ix
Boynes, Norbert, 45
Britain
Buller on pacifism of youth in, 30
organizations devoted to increasing Christian presence in, 24–25
wartime focus on postwar education, xiii–xv
Brooks, Van Wyck, 13, 223–24n42
Bruni, Leonardo, 38
Buller, Amy, 29
Buruma, Ian, 228n2
Butler Act (Britain, 1944), xiv
Cahiers du Sud, Les (periodical), 94
Cahiers du témoignage chrétien (Notebooks of Christian Witness), 46
Carlson, Anton, 211n13
Casablanca Conference, ix–ix, 128
Cathar Christianity, Weil on, 97–98, 113
Catholic Resistance, 45
Catholic Worker movement, 119
Chandos Group, 108, 148, 149, 178
Childhood’s End (Clarke), 86–87, 88
China, Japanese internment of foreign nationals in, 122
Christian Human Rights (Moyn), 185–186, 212–13n33
Christian intellectuals
and Christian view of humanity as solution to modern crisis, 49
on damage done by technocracy, 206
debate on cultural renewal, humanism as context for, 37, 49
failure to address Soviet Union’s role, 211n17
failure to provide compelling account of world, 24
influence in mid twentieth century, xi
and institutional situation of ideas, 187–188
interest in postwar order, xi
and morality, recognition of need for absolute foundation for, 8
on necessity of addressing ultimate moral questions, 35
postwar decline in influence, 190
productivity of war years, xvi
questions driving inquiries of, xvi–xvii
restoration of Christianity’s dominant role as goal of, xv
wartime focus on education and renewal of Christian thought, xi–xiii, 35
wartime speculations, ineffectiveness of, 204–205, 206
“Christian Message and the New Humanism, The” (Barth), 215n12
Christian News Letter (periodical), 108
Christian News-Letter Books, 214n5
Christian presence in society, British organizations devoted to increasing, 24–25
Christian Realism of Niebuhr, 52–54
as alternative to Christian humane learning model, 51, 53–54
Auden’s critique of, 54–55, 56
awareness of original sin pervading, 52
as version of Realpolitik, 52
Christianity and Classical Culture (Cochrane), 79–81
Christianity and Crisis (periodical), xi
“Christianity and Culture” (Lewis), 59–60
Christianity and Democracy (Maritain)
on Christianity as foundation of democracy, 188–189
on Christianity-based heroic humanism as hope for future, 189–190
Christianity and Power Politics (Niebuhr)
Niebuhr’s rejection of humanism in, 51
Churchill, Winston
“blood, toil, tears and sweat” speech, 104–105
and British wartime stoicism, 102–103
and Casablanca Conference, ix
on evacuation of soldiers from Dunkirk, 100
optimism of, x
Cicero, 37
City of God (Augustine), 81
City of Man, The (Manent), 33
Clark Lectures (Lewis)
on education, as training of feelings, 136–138
on science and technology, 132, 136
Cleaver, Val, 87
Clements, Keith, 25
Cochrane, Charles Norris, 79–81
The Cocktail Party (Eliot), 190–191
“Coleridge at the waterfall” story, 136–137
collectivist ideologies
Allied efforts to locate analogue to, 116
as fatal blow to anthropocentric humanism, 43, 44
power of, 116
relative ineffectiveness of democracy, Allies’ fear of, 15, 17, 34
colonialism, Weil on moral stain of, 4
Commission on a Just and Durable Peace, xi
Communism, as fatal blow to anthropocentric humanism, 43, 44
Composition of Four Quartets (Gardner), 101
Conant, James Bryant, xv, 195, 227–28n46
Conference on Science, Philosophy and Religion and Their Relation to the Democratic Way of Life
Brooks’ paper delivered at, 223–24n42
democracy’s philosophical resilence as issue in, 21
founding of, 13
Hook’s critique of, 22
Hook’s critique of Adler at, 20–21
inclusion of pragmatists and positivists, as issue, 19–20, 23, 188
participants in, 13
conscience, secular, Maritain on Christianity foundation of, 188–189
conservative intellectuals, view of history in, 28
Controllers, Lewis on, 134–135
Creative Evolution (Bergson), 91
Crisis of Democratic Theory (Purcell), 211n13
culture, and Christian life, Lewis on, 59–62
Darkness over Germany (Buller), 29–30
Darwinian thought, and anthropocentric humanism, 43
Dawson, Christopher, xiv, 25, 27, 28
Day, Dorothy, 119
de Gaulle, Charles, 115, 187–188
“Defense of the Islands” (Eliot), 100–101
Dei Filius (Dogmatic Constitution, 1870), and neo-Thomist doctrine, 39–40, 49, 213n3
democracy
as absolute foundation for morality, supporters of, 8
Allies’ fear of relative ineffectiveness of, 15, 17, 34
Christianity as foundation of, in Maritain, 188–189
need for philosophical justification of, Hutchins and Adler on, 15–17
philosophical resilence of, as issue at Conference on Science, Philosophy and Religion, 21
demons
Auden’s turn to recognition of, 71–73, 142
Clarke on, 88
Eliot’s recognition of, 74
shaping of minds through disembodied imagination, 77–78
as source of force, 88
See also Screwtape Letters, The (Lewis)
Descent of the Dove (Williams), 68, 73, 97
Deutsche Christen, 29
Dewey, John
and Christian humane model of education, opposition to, 51
critique of Hutchins’s educational reforms, 18–19, 23, 211n15
pragmatism of, Hutchins’ rejection of, 7, 14
Dewey, Thomas E., xi
Dialectic of Enlightenment (Horkheimer and Adorno), xiv, 209n8
displaced person, as term, 170
Ditchling community, 76, 214n5
Drama of Atheist Humanism, The (de Lubac), 45–46
Dulles, John Foster, xi
Dunkirk, evacuation of soldiers from, 100
Duns Scotus, 40
education
complicity in degrading of European culture, Moot on, 29–30
place of religion in, Adler on, 19
return to God as goal of, Milton on, 50
and wartime concerns about postwar society, 170
wartime focus on reform of, xi–xv, 35
education, Christian humane model of
Christian intellectuals wartime focus on, xi–xiii, 35
critics of, 51
Dewey’s critique of, 18–19, 23, 51, 211n15
focus on literature in, as reclaiming of Christian humanism, 36, 50
as force for social renewal, 51
Hutchins and Adler on, 13–14, 17–18, 19, 51
as key to going back, 35
Niebuhr’s Christian realism as competing model, 51
Niebuhr’s critique of, 53
See also Eliot, T. S., on education; Hutchins, Robert Maynard, on education; Lewis, C. S., on education; Terry Lectures (Maritain), on education; Weil, Simone, on education
Education Act of 1944, 153
Education at the Crossroads (Maritain). See Terry Lectures (Maritain), on education
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 82
Eliot, T. S.
ancestors of, in East Coker village, 101, 109
and aspiration to restore Christianity in Britain, 101, 105–106, 107
Auden on poetry of, 147–148, 223–24n42
and Chandos Group, 108, 148, 149, 178
on Christian pacifism, 105–106
and Christian poetics, effort to articulate, 144
“Defense of the Islands,” 100–101
and demonic forces, recognition of, 74
desire to assist war effort, 101
on evacuation of troops from Dunkirk, 100
fascination with old age, 176–177
on humanism, 49
Idea of a Christian Society, The, 1–2, 105, 212n30
identification with Englishness, 101, 218n23
late-life fascination with death, 143
limited public impact of, 187
and London life, dislike of, 109
on loss of unifying European religious focus, 28
on MacDonald’s “Theory of Popular Culture,” xiv
“Man of Letters and the Future of Europe, The,” 183–184
on middle class, 223n28
and morality, recognition of need for absolute foundation for, 9
and Oldham’s Moot, 25, 26–27, 74, 101, 108, 148, 178
oscillation between public comment and silence on war, 105–106
on poetry’s shaping of national culture and identity, 179, 182–183
on postwar destruction of local by universalizing science, 183–184
postwar planning by elites, as contrary to his hopes, 176
postwar turn to theater, 205
preference for local over universal, 183
productivity of war years, xvi
Rorty on, 8
and St. Anne’s Group, 178
on Soviet Union, future of, 211–12n17
on spiritual renewal, need for, 32
“Toward a Christian Britain,” 104–107
on tradition, 67
vague evasiveness of prose, 105–106, 150, 180
and war, life and activities during, xvi, 1, 108–109
on war, and hope, spiritual focus of, 106–108
wartime speculations, ineffectiveness of, 204, 205, 206
on Weil, 155–156, 158–159, 162
See also Four Quartets (Eliot); Notes Toward the Definition of Culture (Eliot); “Social Function of Poetry, The” (Eliot); “What Is a Classic?” (Eliot)
Eliot, T. S., on education
renewal of Christian thought through, wartime focus on, xii
and social renewal, waning of interest in, 176–177, 179
and training of feelings, 182
See also Notes Toward the Definition of Culture (Eliot)
Ellul, Jacques
on Christians’ insufficient attention to postwar plans, 198
on education, creation of technicians by, 202
on postwar world, Christian efforts to redeem, 203–204
Presence in the Modern World, 197–200
on technique, postwar triumph of, 205–206
Technological Society, The, 200–203, 205–206
England, Mabel and Martin, 119–120
English Literature in the Sixteenth Century, Excluding Drama (Lewis), 132–133
Enlightenment
claiming of humanists as predecessors, 39
on irreconcilability of humanism and religion, 42
Enracinement (Weil). See Need for Roots, The (Weil)
Europe in Travail (Middleton Murry), 214n5
Évolution créatrice, L’ (Bergson), 91
Fabian Society, 30
Faith in the Halls of Power (Lindsay), 53
Farber, Geoffrey, 108
Federal Council of Churches, Commission on a Just and Durable Peace, xi
Fermi, Enrico, 13
Fessard, Gaston, 46
Finkelstein, Louis, 12–13, 19–21, 22, 23–24, 188
Fitzgerald, Penelope, xiii, xiv
Fleming Report (Britain), xiv–xv
For the Time Being (Auden), 78–85
and Auden’s return to Christian faith, 170
and Christ as alternative ordering principle to power, 79, 83–84
Cochrane’s Christianity and Classical Culture and, 79–82
Four Faculties in, 171
“Massacre of the Innocents” in, 82–83
as poem about illusions and remedies, 78
on postwar world, efforts to redeem, 203
as response to mother’s death, 78
“Temptation of St. Joseph” in, 78–79
and “the machine” as new Caesar, 82–83
force
as absolute value, need for moral foundation to counter, 9–10, 16–17
Auden on “the machine” as, 67–68, 82, 85
Bergson’s philosophy as window into alternatives to, 93
demons as source of, 88
Eliot on possibility of spiritual world transcending, 109–110
and science as search for power over others via nature, 132–134
See also Weil, Simone, on force
Forster, E. M., 147
Foucauld, Charles de, 107, 108
Foucault, Michel, 82
Four Quartets (Eliot), xii
“Burnt Norton,” 104
“East Coker,” 103, 104, 108, 219n24
Eliot on difficulty of composing, 101–102
encouraging effect on British public, 101
ethic of English stoicism underlying, 102
on fruits of action, avoiding concerns about, 109
and past as wellspring of meaningful action, 109–110
and possibility of spiritual world transcending force, 109–110
publication of, 149
repetition and, 109
on trying for perfect life, 109
writing of, 109
See also “Little Gidding” (Eliot)
France, prends garde de perdre ton âme (Fessard), 46
freedom
absolute, Maritain on misery of, 41
Auden on anxiety of postwar return to, 172–173, 176
and education, Maritain on, 126–129
lack of philosophical basis for, 33–34
Maritain on anarchic model of, in United States, 128–129
true nature of, Hutchins on, 17–18
Freedom in the Modern World (Maritain), Niebuhr’s review of, 51–52
Freud, Sigmund, Auden elegy for, 71
Freudian thought
and anthropocentric humanism, 43
obscuring of reality by, Auden on, 72
Gardner, Helen, 101
General Education in a Free Society [Redbook] (Harvard College), xv
Genesis of Secrecy, The (Kermode), 117–118
Gilbert, James, 19
Gilkey, Langdon, 122
Gilson, Etienne, 40, 41, 214n6
Gordon, Lyndall, 109
government, centrally-controlled, Allies’ fear of superior effectiveness of, 15, 17, 34
Gray, Thomas, 100
Great Divorce, The (Lewis), 62, 204–205
Gregory, Brad, 41
Greif, Mark, 34, 49, 185, 212n33
Hall, Donald, 218n23
Harvard
Auden lecture at (Dec., 1939), 64
Auden’s reading of “Under Which Lyre” at, 191–192, 195, 227–28n46
General Education in a Free Society (Redbook), xv
postwar government ties, 227–28n46
technological turn under Conant, 195
and World War II, 195, 227–28n46
Havard, Humphrey, 117
Heaney, Seamus, 144
Higher Learning in America, The (Hutchins), 18
History of Magic and Experimental Science (Thorndike), 132
Hitler, Adolf
American Germans’ appreciation for, 5
Orwell on rise of, xv
human beings, conception of
Christian, as solution to modern crisis, 46, 49
as imago dei, in humanist thought, 45–46
modern Western agnosticism about, 34
Western, tensions in, 34
human rights discourse
lack of philosophical basis for, 33–34
Weil on inadequacy of, 186
Human Voices (Fitzgerald), xiii, xiv
humanism
anthropocentric, Communism and National Socialism as fatal blow to, 43, 44, 60
atheist, Nazism as natural culmination of, 46
Auden on Communism and, 49
Christian intellectuals’ effort to reclaim, 36, 50
contested meanings of, 37
as context for mid-twentieth century debate on cultural renewal, 37, 49
Darwinian and Freudian thought as fatal blow to anthropocentric form of, 43
Eliot on, 49
history and development of, 37–39
and literary focus in search for wisdom, 38
as secularizing impulse, as common view, 39, 42
and theological turn from philosophy to literature and pagan classical works, 39
Thomist thought as ideal form of, 42
true (integral) vs. anthropocentric forms of, Maritain on, 42–45, 91–92
Weil’s rejection of, 49, 98–99
Hutchins, Robert Maynard
on Carlson, 211n13
and Christian humane model of education, 51
on democracy, need for philosophical justification of, 15–17
on freedom, true nature of, 17–18
Higher Learning in America, 18
“Issue of Higher Learning, The,” 211n13
as law professor, 17
and morality, recognition of need for absolute foundation for, 7–8, 13–18
philosophy of, as Aristotelian-Thomist, 14, 18, 41
rejection of relativism of pragmatism and positivism, 14, 16–19, 20
“What Shall We Defend?,” 14
Hutchins, Robert Maynard, on education
absolute truths as necessary focus of, 13–14, 17–18
Dewey’s critique of, 18–19, 23, 211n15
resistance to, at University of Chicago, 211n13
Idea of a Christian Society, The (Eliot), 1–2, 105, 212n30
Ideas Have Consequences (Weaver), 41
“Iliad, The” (Weil), 93–94, 99, 156
imagination
and detachment from embodied life, 77–78
as tool to shape minds, 76, 77–78
individualism, Auden on, 67, 81
“Inner Ring, The” (Lewis), 138
institutional situation of ideas, Christian intellectuals and, 187–188
Integral Humanism (Maritain), 42–43, 185
intellectuals, Auden on lack of absolute foundations in, 6
International Missionary Council, 24
interracial community experiment at Koinonia Farm, 119–120
Isherwood, Christopher, 116
“Issue of Higher Learning, The” (Hutchins), 211n13
Jakobson, Roman, 89
Japan, atomic bombing of, 195, 227–28n46
Jordan, Clarence and Florence, 119–120
Judt, Tony, 212n30
Jung, Carl, 171
just war theory, Lewis on, 11–12
Kallman, Chester, 3, 64, 65, 73, 145
Kauffer, E. McKnight, 100
Keynes, John Maynard, 9
Kirsch, Adam, 227–28n46
Koinonia Farm, interracial community experiment at, 119–120
Kristeller, Paul Oskar, 38
Kulischer, Eugene, 170
“Lament for a Lawgiver” (Auden), 172–173
Langer, William, 227–28n46
law, nature of
Auden on, 6
Hutchins on necessary moral basis of, 17
“Law Like Love” (Auden), 6
“Learning in War-Time” (Lewis), 57–59, 60, 62, 95
Leavis, F. R., xiv
Lee, Gypsy Rose, 89
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 133
Leo XIII (pope), 39
Lewis, C. S.
Abolition of Man, The, xii, 132, 134–135, 138, 164
and academic training as qualification for social commentary, 62–63
BBC radio addresses, 34–35, 75, 187
on Christian life, nature of, 58
and Christian Realism of Niebuhr, critique of, 55–56
“Christianity and Culture,” 59–60
on Clarke’s Childhood’s End, 87, 88
on cosmic spiritual warfare, permanence of, 63
criticism of Allied assumptions of righteousness, 10–12, 29
on culture and Christian life, 59–62
and dangers of collective authoritarianism, 117
on distinguishing between first and second things, 55–56
English Literature in the Sixteenth Century, Excluding Drama, 132–133
on going back as true progress, 34–35
Great Divorce, The, 62, 204–205
on his susceptibility to influence, 117
hosting of displaced children during war, 62
on human lust for conquest, 85–86
on imagination as tool to shape minds, 76
on individuals vs. persons, 125–126
“Inner Ring, The,” 138
on Inner Ring vs. genuine membership, 138, 139–141, 160
on knowledge of past, value in critiquing present, 62–63
“Learning in War-Time,” 57–59, 60, 62, 95
on literary gifts, responsibility to use, 61
on Milton’s Paradise Lost, 88
and Oldham’s Moot, 25
Out of the Silent Planet, 85
on past, value of studying, 95
Perelandra, demonic forces in, 74–75
and personalism, 185
postwar turn to childrens’ books, 205
productivity of war years, xvi
on proper account of personhood as basis for saving civilization, 56
public impact of, 187
and quotidian postwar reality, 204–205
Riddell Memorial Lectures, 131–132
and start of war, emotions raised by, 2
on Tao (natural law), 135–136, 140, 141
on war, as aggravated form of normal situation, 58
wartime speculations, ineffectiveness of, 105–105, 206
was as backdrop to writings of, 61–62
“Weight of Glory, The,” 56, 57–58
on world as spiritual battlefield, 75–76
on worldliness, as type of spell, 78
See also Screwtape Letters, The (Lewis)
Lewis, C. S., on education
as education of feelings, 136–138
ethical training in, 164
modern, moral weakness of, 139–140
renewal of Christian thought through, xii
Lewis, C. S., on science and technology
genealogical approach to, 131–132
and loss of natural law (Tao), 135–136
power-based theory of Man in, 134–135
as search for power over others via nature, 132–134
suspicion of, 131
liberal instrumentalism, and suspension of ultimate questions, 33–34, 35
Liddell, Eric, 122
Lindsay, A. D., 29
Lindsay, Michael, 53
literature, integration into Christian model of education, 36, 50
“Little Gidding” (Eliot)
Auden’s quoting of, in “Vocation and Society,” 147–148
“Defence of the Islands” and, 100–101
parallels to Auden’s Sea and the Mirror, 143
as patriotic poem, 108
on poet’s advancing age, 177
on poet’s role in improvement of language, 177–178
as quartet of Fire, 104
writing of, xii
MacDonald, Dwight, xiv
MacDonald, George, 76, 204–205
“machine, the,” Auden on, 67–68, 82, 85
“Man of Letters and the Future of Europe, The” (Eliot), 183–184
Manent, Pierre, 33
Mann, Golo, 6
Mannheim, Karl, and Oldham’s Moot, 25–27, 31, 33, 212n30
Maritain, Jacques
as ambassador to Vatican, 187–188
Art and Scholasticism, 40, 76, 96, 214n5
as atheist in early life, 90
and Bergson, influence of, 91, 92–93
on Christian accounts of humanity, 43–44
and Christian humane model of education, 51
Christianity and Democracy, 188–190
and Conference on Science, Philosophy and Religion, 188, 189
on dawning age of theocentric humanism, 44, 123
on democracy, need for philosophical justification of, 21
dispute with Claudel, 1
early despair of, 90–91, 218n1
“Education at the Crossroads,” See Terry Lectures (Maritain), on education
Freedom in the Modern World, 51–52
Gilson and, 214n6
on human rights, 186
on humanism, true (integral) vs. anthropocentric forms of, 42–45, 91–92
inability to return to occupied France, 90
influence of, 45
interest in implementation of his ideas, 187
marriage to Raïssa, 90
on medieval artists, complete cultural integration of, 40–41
and neo-Thomist doctrine, 40, 41, 42, 44
and personalism, 185
postwar turn to human rights work and aesthetics, 205
productivity of war years, xvi
and rationalist humanism, 43
rejection of positivism, 20
on Renaissance artists, and misery of absolute freedom, 41
and renewal of Christian thought through education, xii
support for Spanish rebels, 1
on technocratic society, 130–131
transition into public figure, 187–188
Twilight of Civilization, The, 1, 44, 91–92, 123, 214n8
on United States, anarchic model of freedom in, 128–129
view of history in, 28
wartime speculations, ineffectiveness of, 205, 206
See also Terry Lectures (Maritain), on education
Maritain, Raïssa
as atheist in early life, 90
and Bergson, influence of, 91, 92–93
early despair of, 90–91, 92, 218n1
marriage to Jacques, 90
We Have Been Friends Together, 91–92
masters of suspicion, Ricoeur on, 43, 214–15n10
McInerny, Ralph, 89
McKeon, Richard, 7
medieval scholastic tradition, break of humanism with, 38–39
Mendelson, Edward, 192, 220n37, 226n12
Mere Christianity (Lewis), 34–35, 76
Merton, Thomas, 5
Middleton Murry, John, 25, 27, 30, 214n5
Milford, T. R., 57
Minding the Modern (Pfau), 41
Ministry of Fear (Greene), 121–122
Mirrlees, Hope, 108
miseducation, and appeal of nationalism, xv
modernity, critiques and countercritiques of, 212n32
and aspiration to restore Christian intellectual leadership in England, 101
Buchman and, 30
and Christian News-Letter Books, 214n5
decline and collapse of, 32
Eliot and, 25, 26–27, 74, 101, 108, 148, 178
and fruitful disagreement among those with shared intellectual foundations, 26–27
on ill-educated public’s need for guidance, 31–32
influence of war on debate in, 25
intellectual isolation of, 32
lack of women members, 25
on loss of unifying European religious focus, 28–30
Mannheim’s influence on, 25–27, 31, 212n30
meetings of, 24
Middleton Murry’s resignation from, 27, 30
minutes of, 25
and necessity of addressing ultimate moral questions, 35
notable members of, 25
and Order secret society, effort to create, 30–32
on secularization of culture, Church complicity in, 29–30
on universities, complicity in degrading of European culture, 29–30
Moot Papers, The (Clements), 25
moral questions, ultimate
Christian intellectuals on need to address, 36
liberal instrumentalisms’ failure to address, 33–34, 35
Moral Re-Armament, Buchman on, 24, 30
moral values, Allied, need for absolute foundation for, 5–18, 33–34
Mounier, Emanuel, 185
Moyn, Samuel, 185–186, 188, 212–13n33
Mumford, Lewis, xiv
Mussolini, Benito, xv
Nation (periodical), 54
National Socialism, as fatal blow to anthropocentric humanism, 43, 44
nationalism
appeal of, as product of miseducation, xv
Nazis
Hook on rise of, 25
as masters of new dark technologies, 103
moral abdication of church and, 29–30
moral force as greatest weapon against, 103
and National Socialism as fatal blow to anthropocentric humanism, 43, 44
as natural culmination of atheist humanism, 46
Oldham’s Moot on university complicity in, 29–30
Need for Roots, The (Weil)
Eliot’s introduction to, 156, 158–159, 162
on human perfection as necessary ideal for education, 165–166
on human rights discourse, inadequacy of, 186
on labor and dignity, 168
on modern education, vapidity of, 163–164
and neo-Thomist view of history, 166–167
and personalism, 185
and social institutions needed for education, 164–165
trained sensibility as true goal of education, 164
on true science, as study of beauty, 166–167
and Weil’s rejection of limited associations, 161–152, 166–167
writing of, xii
neo-Thomist doctrine
and Aquinas’s thought as perfect synthesis of revelation and reason, 40, 41
assertion of complete compatibility of faith and reason, 39, 213n3
as basis of Hutchins-Adler project, 14, 18, 41
Gilson and, 41
ongoing influence of, 41
on Thomist thought as ideal form of humanism, 42
neo-Thomist view of history
as narrative of decline, 41
as only alternative to resistance narrative of Enlightenment, 41–42
Weil and, 166
New English Weekly (periodical), 148
New Order in English Education, A (Dent), 152–153
New Republic (periodical), 79
on community, need to create, 67–68
as defense of aesthetic life, 65
as effort to master internal disorder, 68–69
on global chaos, causes of, 66–67
on humanism, Marxism and, 49
as intellectual orientation for Auden, 170
Mayer’s Long Island salon and, 65–66
new emphasis on local and aesthetic in, 65–66, 81
on “the machine,” order imposed by, 67–68
Niebuhr, Reinhold
account of selfhood in, vs. Weil, 56–57
active role in practical politics, xvi
and Christianity and Crisis magazine, xi
Christianity and Power Politics, 51, 54–55
critique of American political regime, 53
critique of humane education, 53
on difficulty of inserting Christian ideals into technological age, 52, 53
and direct modes of political intervention, 53–54
friendship with Auden, 54
rejection of humanism, 51
review of Maritain’s Freedom in the Modern World, 51–52
wartime rejection of pacifism, 51
See also Christian realism of Niebuhr
Niemöller, Martin, 29
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 43
nominalists, and Aquinas, undermining of, 40
Norse, Harold, 3
Norwood Report (Britain, 1943), xiv
Notes toward the Definition of Culture (Eliot), 149–155
and bitterness at elites’ postwar planning, 176
on class structure and transmission of culture, 151–152, 152–153, 154–155
on culture as incarnation of religion, 150, 151
on education, lack of distinctive Christian reflection in, 155
on education, role in sustaining culture, 152
Eliot’s pose as sociologist in, 149, 150, 178
on Mannheim, 27
need for definition of culture, 149
related texts, 106
on relationship between culture and religion, 149–151
on state-run education, and diminishment of family role, 152–153, 155
on state-run education, betrayal of culture by, 154–155
on state-run education, detachment from the Tao, 153
on state-run education, ineffectiveness of, 153–154
“Toward a Christian Britain” and, 106
on universal education, damage to cultural transmission from, 154–155
numerical view of humanity, twentieth-century fear of, 124–125
O’Brien, Conor Cruise, 160
Oldham, J. H.
background of, 24
on Christian intellectuals’ failure, 25
and Christian News-Letter Books, 214n5
Resurrection of Christendom, The, 214n5
See also Moot
“On Education” (Milton), 49
“On the Fundamental Position” (Adler), 19–20
On the Incarnation of the Word of God (Athanasius), 95
Order (Moot secret society), 30–32
Orwell, George, xv, 124, 136, 212n17
Out of the Silent Planet (Lewis), 85
Oxford Group, 24
pacifism, Catholic Worker movement and, 119
past, study of, as corrective to present mistakes
Lewis on, 95
Paul (apostle), on imagination, 77
Perelandra (Lewis)
Clarke’s critique of, 86
Perrin, Joseph-Marie, 48, 57, 110–111, 112, 113, 155, 160, 162, 166
personalism
in human rights discourse, 185
postwar embedding into internationalist discourse, 186
Pesic, Peter, 133
Pétrement, Simone, 4, 47, 48–49, 158
Pfau, Thomas, 41
Philby, Kim, 121
Pius XI (pope), 185
Pius XII (pope), 185, 212–13n33
“Poet’s Warning, A” (Kirsch), 227–28n46
“Politics and the English Language” (Orwell), 136
positivism
as defense against absolutist thought, Hook on, 23
Hutchins and Adlers’ rejection of, 14, 16–19, 20
Maritain’s rejection of, 20
Postman, Neil, 202
Postwar (Judt), 212n30
postwar order
Auden on ongoing battle against totalitarianism in, 192–195
and Christian intellectuals, decline in influence, 190
and Christian intellectuals, turn from public interests, 205
destruction of local by universalizing science in, 184
Eliot’s disappointment with, 176
Ellul on Christian role in, 197–200
Ellul on triumph of technique in, 200–201, 202, 205–206
English wartime preoccupation with, xiii–xiv
as new start from zero, 197
and prewar normalcy, anxiety about returning to, 169–170, 172–173, 176
and prewar normalcy, impossibility of restoring, 228n2
Weil on need for renewal through spiritual poverty, 157–158
pragmatism
Adler and Hutchins’ rejection of, 7, 14, 16–19
as defense against absolutist thought, Hook on, 23
Presence in the Modern World (Ellul)
on Christian role in postwar world, 197–200
on Protestant vs. Catholic experience in Vichy France, 198
Richmond translation of, 228n1
Presence of the Kingdom, The (Ellul). See Presence in the Modern World (Ellul)
Price, Byron, 227–28n46
Priestley, J. B., 100
Prince de ce monde, Le (R. Maritain), 76–77
Pro Archia (Cicero), 37
professors, Adler and Hutchins on threat posed by, 13, 17, 20
Purcell, Edward, 211n13
“Purely Subjective” (Auden), 169, 175
Reason and revelation in the Middle Ages (Gilson), 41
Redbook. See General Education in a Free Society [Redbook] (Harvard College)
Redeeming Culture (Gilbert), 19
“Reflections on the Right Use of School Studies with a View to the Love of God” (Weil), 112
Reformation, and undermining of Thomist thought, 40
religion
as only power capable of resisting Nazis, Bonhoeffer on, 120
tendency toward absolutism, Hook on, 22–23
as unifying force in Europe, Moot on, 27–30
Remembering Poets (Hall), 218n23
Resurrection of Christendom, The (Oldham), 214n5
Richards, I. A., 64
Ricoeur, Paul, 43
Road to Serfdom, The (Hayek), xiv, 209–10n8
“Romanesque Renaissance, The” (Weil), 94, 95–99, 113
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 66, 68
St. Anne’s Group, 178
St. Dominic’s Press, 76
Santayana, George, 109
Sayers, Dorothy L., xiv
Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 52–53
Schumann, Maurice, 168
science and technology
Christian intellectuals’ suspicions of, 131–132
Christian intellectuals’ understanding of damage done by, 206
Nazis as masters of, 103
Niebuhr on difficulty of inserting Christian ideals into, 52, 53
postwar rise in influence, 190
Weil on modern culture’s focus on, 163–164
See also Lewis, C. S., on science and technology; Technological Society, The (Ellul)
scientific view of Man, and education as training for utility of state, 124
Screwtape Letters, The (Lewis)
and Christian uses of literature, 60–61
Clarke on, 86
on hidden power of demons, 142
on imagination as tool to shape minds, 76
and public’s association of Lewis with demons, 74
on science and technology, demonic control of, 142
Sea and the Mirror, The (Auden)
and Auden’s reinvention of poetic self, 144
parallels to Eliot’s “Little Gidding,” 143
and theological aesthetics, 170
writing of, 143
secularization of culture, Church complicity in, Moot on, 29–30
Seferis, George, 109
“September 1, 1939” (Auden), 10, 66, 71
Shannon, Claude, 89
Shaw, George Bernard, 31
Shelley, Percy B., 77
“Six Pillars of Peace” (Federal Council of Churches), xi
“Social Function of Poetry, The” (Eliot), 184
on elite’s role in preserving culture, 179, 182–183
on limits to influence of poetry, 182
on poetry’s shaping of national culture and identity, 178, 179, 182–183
on poet’s duty to preserve and extend the language, 177–179, 184
on postwar destruction of local by universalizing science, 184
socialism, Hayek on appeal of, 209–10n8
Sontag, Susan, 47
Soviet Union, as Allied power, failure to address, 211n17
Stalin, Josef, ix
Stoppard, Tom, 89
Tao (natural law), in Lewis
modern loss of contact with, 135–136, 141
as moral touchstone, 140
Technological Society, The (Ellul), on technique
Christian intellectuals’ failure to recognize and counter, 202–203
commitment to efficiency and objectivity in, 201–202
as death-knell of Christian society, 206
definition of, 201
elimination of subjective and qualitative by, 201–202
hope for divine intervention to overcome, 202, 203, 206
as pinnacle of human submission, 202
postwar triumph of, 200–201, 202, 205–206
technology. See science and technology
Terry Lectures (Maritain), on education, 123–131
in America, failings of, 129
and conformity to social group, dangers of overemphasis on, 126, 128, 129
and crisis of current age, 124
dangers of state control of, 130–131
despotic model of, 128
in Europe, failings of, 129
and false conceptions of freedom, 128–129
grounding in concept of individuals as persons, 125–126
as human awakening to spiritual aspiration for freedom, 126–127
importance to human freedom, 127
importance to ongoing life of culture, 127
increasing importance of, with breakdown of social institutions, 129–129
intuition and love as focus of, 127, 138
necessity of philosophical account of Man in, 123–124
and persons vs. individuals, 125–126
resistance to scientific and numerical view of Man, 124–125
subject of, xii
as type of spiritual medicine, 127–128
That Hideous Strength (Lewis)
Jane’s ascent to higher life in, 139, 140–141
Jane’s understanding of Tao in, 140
Macrobes in, 141
on middle class, moral bankruptcy of, 140
on modern education, moral weakness of, 139–140
and N.I.C.E., demonic control of, 141
N.I.C.E. as technocratic, totalitarian organization, 141
and personalism, 185
on science and technology, as search for power over others, 138
on science and technology, hidden power of, 132
seductiveness of evil in, 139–140
and Tao as protection from demonic influence, 141
on world as spiritual battlefield, 75
Thomisme, Le (Gilson), 41
Thorndike, Lynn, 132
Tillich, Paul, 13
Tolkien, J. R. R., 87–88, 131, 222n15
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, 124–125
totalitarianism, Auden on ongoing postwar battle with, 192–195
Touch of Evil (film), xvii–xviii
“Toward a Christian Britain” (Eliot), 104–107
travesties (Stoppard), 89
Treaty of Versailles
calls for repudiation of punitive measures in, xi
criticisms of Allies’ immoral use of power in, 9
as shadow on Allies’ World War II victory, 15
“Trotsky and the Wild Orchids” (Rorty), 7
Twilight of Civilization, The (Maritain), 1, 44, 91–92, 123, 214n8
Ulysses (Joyce), 70
“Under Which Lyre” (Auden), 191–195
reading of, at Harvard, 191–192, 195, 227–28n46
on war between followers of Hermes and Apollo, 192–195
Unintended Reformation, The (Gregory), 41
United Nations, calls for, xi
United States, wartime focus on postwar education, xv
universities, complicity in degrading of European culture, Moot on, 29–30
University of Chicago, Hutchins and Adler’s neo-Aristotelianism and, 7, 8, 14, 18, 211n13
“Unknown Citizen, The” (Auden), 124
Very Rich Hours of Jacques Maritain, The (McInerny), 89
Vichy regime
and Catholic Resistance, 45
Church cooperation with, 29, 45
Vidler, Eric, 214n5
“Vocation and Society” (Auden), xii, 145–147, 149
on Christian faith as foundation of democratic polity, 148
on democracies’ success as refutation of fascism, 146–147
on democracy, as sustained by belief in purer form of itself, 147
on fascism, denial of subjective in, 146
on humanistic education as refutation of fascism, 146–147
on vacuity of middle class, 145
on vocation, 146
on wisdom vs. academic success, 146
Wallace, Henry, 189
We Have Been Friends Together (R. Maritain), 91–92
Weaver, Richard, 41
Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 31
“Weight of Glory, The” (Lewis), 56, 57–58
Weil, André, 46–47, 111, 115, 220n41
Weil, Simone
on absolute attention owed to God and those suffering malheur, 156, 157
academic success of, 47
on Allies, relative weakness of, 4
and baptism, reason for refusing, 110, 111
on Beast, social order as, 99, 114, 115, 126, 148, 161
and brother, relationship with, 46–47, 111, 220n41
on brutality, instinctive appeal of, 4
burial of, 168
on Christianity as religion of slaves, 57
on Church as social structure within world ruled by Satan, 114–115
church attendance in New York, 115, 220n50
on colonialism, as stain on Allies’ conscience, 4
desire to contribute to war effort, 115–116
desire to return to France, 110, 115
and discerning of eternal as goal of thought, 96
effort to understand her own spiritual autobiography, 110–112
on elite as cultural leaders, 158
and exclusionary policies of church, rejection of, 112–115, 118, 160, 166–167, 168
on family, modern elimination of, 165
on her susceptibility to collective influence, 113, 116
on human nature, possession by Christ as true form of, 49
on human rights discourse, inadequacy of, 186
on imagination and embodiment, 77–78
on interpenetration of religious and profane in ideal civilization, 167
and Jews as Chosen People, as exclusionary, 159–160
limited public impact of, 187
and malheur, 156
Maritain and, 49, 96, 115, 167
on modern culture, focus on technical science vs. truth, 163–164
on past, value of studying, 94–95, 95–96
on patriotism in Catholic circles, 113
Pétrement biography of, 47
and poetry of Herbert, 48
on postwar Europe, need for renewal through spiritual poverty, 157–158
productivity of war years, xvi
proposal for front-line nurse corps, 115
psychological issues of, 46, 48
“Reflections on the Right Use of School Studies with a View to the Love of God,” 112
rejection of all limited associations, 160–162
on Renaissance break between culture and national tradition, 163
on Romanesque civilization as true Renaissance, 97–99, 113, 167
“Romanesque Renaissance, The,” 94, 95–99, 113
on secularized Christianity, 49
on social as domain of the devil, 114, 161
“Spiritual Autobiography” of, 56–57, 113
on spiritual decline of early modern era, 98
on spiritual revelation, necessity of earning, 111–112
and technocracy, dangers of, 158
on technocracy, as enemy of humanity, 165
on totalitarian spirit of Gothic Middle Ages, 97–99, 167
on transcending of social order, 161
travels of 1942, 110
writings of last months of life, 155, 156, 158
Weil, Simone, on education
human perfection as necessary ideal for, 165–166
renewal of Christian thought through, xii
social institutions needed for, as issue, 164–165
trained sensibility as true goal of, 164
Weil, Simone, on force
absolute rejection of, 113
Christian Church’s choice of, in Gothic Middle Ages, 99, 113
and reduction of person to thing, 156
search for alternative to, 94
as subject of Iliad, 93–94, 99, 156
subjugation of human spirit to, 93–94
Wells, H. G., 31
“What Is a Classic?” (Eliot), 179–183
on civilized feeling as characteristic of classics, 180–182
on limits to influence of poetry, 182–183
on maturity as characteristic of classics, 180
“What Shall We Defend?” (Hutchins), 14
William of Ockham, 40
Williams, Charles, 63, 68, 73–74, 97
World Council of Churches, 24
Yashem, Vad, 197
Year Zero (Buruma), 228n2