Index
defined, 69
feminism, 70, 71, 74–76, 77, 82–88, 92–96, 106, 230, 232, 250
fetus, moral status of, 70–72, 74–75, 78, 82–96, 105
Serrin M. Foster, 70, 76, 92–96, 232
history in other countries, 70, 72, 73, 77, 104
history in the U.S., 69–71, 73, 76, 78, 86, 92–96
maternal drug or alcohol use, 69, 70–71, 76, 105
maternal rights and autonomy, 75–76, 82–88
natural law theory, 16
paternal rights and duties, 76, 107
pro-choice position, 71, 77, 82–88, 93–94
pro-life position, 71, 75–76, 77, 82–88, 92–96, 106, 167
religious versus moral views, 16, 72
Roe v. Wade decision, 10, 69, 71–72, 75, 84, 94
selective, 69, 70–71, 72, 75–76, 77, 104
Judith Jarvis Thomson, 230
universalism, 11
utilitarian/consequentialist arguments, 74–75, 77–78
Mary Anne Warren, 11, 74, 75–76, 82–88
Abraham and Isaac, 15
Abrams v. the United States, 273,
absolute pacifists, 377
abusive (ad hominem) fallacy, 3
“Active and Passive Euthanasia” (Rachels), 110, 117, 119,
active euthanasia, 110, 113, 119
addiction
defined, 188
disease model of addiction, 190, 194–195, 196, 197, 199–206, 226
moral model of addiction, 195, 199–206
Adkins, Janet, 114
affirmative action, 27, 328–329, 332, 362–363
Afghanistan, 370
Africa. See also specific African nations
racism in Sudan, 365
African Americans
affirmative action, 27, 328–329, 332
racism, 321, 322, 324–327, 331, 331, 332, 363
school segregation, 284, 294, 297, 326, 332
segregation laws of the South, 6
“Against the Legalization of Drugs” (J. Q. Wilson), 196, 207, 206–214
agriculture
genetic engineering, 419
Ahimsa, 27, 28, 117, 154, 377, 415, 423
Akan tribe (Ghana), 16
Alaska, abortion, 71
alcohol
abortion and maternal drug or alcohol use, 69, 70–71, 75–76, 105
college student use, 188, 193, 197, 222–223
disease model of addiction, 190, 194–195, 197, 199–206, 212–213, 226
drinking age, 198,
fetal alcohol syndrome, 76
historical background, 189–191
human dignity and categorical imperative, 196–197
John McCardell, 193
moral model of addiction, 195, 199–206
nonmaleficence and preventing harm to others, 198
paternalism and harm to self, 197–198
philosophers on alcohol abuse, 195–196
pleasure, 197
Thomas Szasz, 195, 196–197, 199–206, 207
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 195, 212, 226
Alexander the Great, 40
al-Jazeera, 275
Allen, Floyd, 1
al-Qaeda, 15, 275, 318, 370, 381, 388–390, 392, 393, 408, 411
altruism, 19
American Bar Association, 249
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 211, 272, 274, 277, 279, 283, 299–301, 408, 409
American College of Sports Medicine, 194
American Medical Association (AMA), 70, 71, 110–111, 118, 153, 190, 191, 195, 223, 316
American Revolution, 54, 273, 381, 417
Amnesty International, 152, 156, 409, 411
Analects, The (Confucius), 35, 65–68
androgyny, 231
anencephaly, 146
“Animal Liberation” (Singer), 423–424, 425–433
Animal Liberation Front (ALF), 448–449
“Animal Rights Revisited” (Narveson), 419, 422
animal welfare
“animal” as term, 3
Carl Cohen, 421, 422, 423, 433–439
justice and equality414, 417, 424
legal and moral status of nonhuman animals, 414–416, 422
medicinal animals, 415, 420–421, 425–433, 448–450
natural law theory, 16–17, 424
rights-based ethics, 31–34, 423, 433–439
Peter Singer, 423–424, 425–433
social contract theory, 422
universalism, 10
utilitarian/consequentialist arguments, 22, 422–423
zoos, 451
Animal Welfare Act of 1970, 415, 449
anorexia nervosa, 268
Anthony, Susan B., 7, 70, 93–95, 229, 417
anthropocentrism, 3, 9, 416–417
appeal to force fallacy, 3
appeal to tradition fallacy, 3
applied ethics, 2
Aquinas, Thomas, 16, 72, 112, 371–372, 417
Arab Americans, racism, 327
Aristotle
community and social values, 9
distributive justice, 28
euthanasia, 112
feminism, 232
freedom of speech, 279
natural law theory, 16
racism, 323
virtue ethics, 9, 35–37, 40–51, 65, 72, 195
Arizona, abortion, 69
Armstrong, Lance, 194
Ashcroft, John, 114
Ashcroft v. Oregon, 114
Assad, Hafez, 397
assassination, 376, 394–399, 411–412
assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 234
Atkins v. Virginia, 152
Augustine, St.
feminism, 233
Austria, medical marijuana, 192
authority, Milgram’s experiment, 1, 14
autonomy
alcohol and drug use, 197
feminism, 238
Awlaki, Anwar al–, 411
baby boomers, 120
Bachellar v. Maryland, 277
Bacon, Francis, 417
Bakke, Allan, 329
Banks, Tyra, 268
Barbara Grutter v. The University of Michigan Law School, 362–363
Battin, Margaret Pabst, 27, 117, 119, 122–130
Beauvoir, Simone de, 230, 234–235
Bedau, Hugo Adam, 28, 154–156, 163–172
Belgium
euthanasia, 114
medical marijuana, 192
Benedict, Ruth, 6
Bentham, Jeremy, 21–22, 22, 54–55, 154, 156, 166, 373, 380, 417, 426–427
Bhagavad Gita, 25
Bible. See also Christianity; Judaeo–Christian ethics
abortion, 72
Abraham and Isaac, 15
death penalty, 150
Bill of Rights (NOW), 230, 231
bin Laden, Osama, 318, 411–412
biocentrism, 422
bioethics. See abortion; cloning; genetic engineering; stem cell research
biological warfare, 322
birth defects
selective abortion, 69, 70, 76
Birth of a Nation, The (film), 322
Blacks. See African Americans
blood doping, 194
Bloom, Allan, 4
Bloomberg, Michael, 158
Boas, Franz, 6
body image, 268
Booth, John Wilkes, 411
Boston University, 317
Boxill, Bernard, 33, 328, 329, 332, 342–347
BP Gulf Oil spill of 2010, 420, 453
breast cancer, 94
Brinkerhoff, Mattie, 95
British Medical Society, 110–111
Brothers Karamazov, The (Dostoyevsky), 17
Brown, Henry Billings, 343
Brown, Louise, 234
Brownmiller, Susan, 330
Brown v. Board of Education, 284, 294, 296, 325, 326, 327, 332
Buckley, William F., Jr., 273
Buddhism
ahimsa, 27, 28, 117, 154, 377, 415, 423
alcohol and drug use, 196
ethical egoism, 20
freedom of speech, 280
moral community, 10
racism, 324
rights-based ethics, 34
vegetarianism, 415
bulimia, 268
Bureau of Justice Statistics, 328
Bush, George H. W., 192
Bush, George W., 15, 198, 304, 370, 374, 376, 379, 388, 392, 411
California
abortion, 71
euthanasia, 113
in-state tuition for illegal immigrants, 364–365
medical marijuana, 192
California Savings and Loan v. Guerra, 266–267
Calley, William, 374
Canada
alcohol and drug use, 206, 213
death penalty, 155
freedom of speech, 280
medical marijuana, 192
cancer, 94,
cannabinoids, 189
capitalism, 31
capital punishment. See death penalty
“Capital Punishment” (Bedau), 10, 154–156, 163–172
Capone, Al, 190
community and social values, 25
death penalty, 38, 157–158, 172–177
racism, 332
Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education (Noddings), 30–31, 38
“Case for Euthanasia, The” (Battin), 27, 117, 18, 120, 122–129
Casey, Robert, 95
Castro, Fidel, 397
categorical imperative (Kant), 25–26, 30, 60–61, 196, 282–283, 381
Catholic Church. See Roman Catholic Church
Center for Work–Life Policy, 249, 251
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 76, 197
Centerwall, Brandon, 316
cerebral palsy, 126
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 277, 301
Charles, Sandy, 316
Chemerinsky, Erwin, 307
chemical warfare, 376
Chemical Waste Management, 365
Child Pornography Prevention Act, 275
children’s rights. See also juvenile offenders
child molesters, 5
child neglect/abuse, 77, 86, 275
pornography, 275
child support, 76
China
death penalty, 151
drug use, 190
euthanasia, 113
food needs, 418
outsourcing, 330
Chinese Americans, racism, 327
Christianity. See also Bible; Judaeo–Christian ethics; religion; Roman Catholic Church
abortion, 72
animal welfare, 417
death penalty, 150
virtue ethics, 38
Churchill, Winston, 407
civil disobedience, 16, 378, 382, 408–409
Civil Liberties Act of 1988, 332
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 237, 302–303, 339–340
Civil Rights Commission, 326
Civil Rights Movement, 339–342
“Climate Change and Moral Outrage” (Garvey), 420, 439–446
Clinton, Bill, 366
Closing of the American Mind, The (Bloom), 4
cocaine, 105, 190, 192–193, 209–213
Cohen, Carl, 421, 422, 423, 433–439
Cold War, 376
Cole, Jackie, 120
Colin, Margaret, 94
college
affirmative action in college admissions, 329
alcohol use, 188, 193–194, 197, 222–223
drug use, 188, 193–195, 197, 224–226
feminism, 235
freedom of speech, 28, 31, 272, 277, 278–279, 281, 283, 291–299, 305–307
in–state tuition for illegal immigrants, 364–365
pregnant and parenting students, 95
racism on campus, 327
sexual harassment on campus, 238
speech codes, 272, 278–279, 281, 305–307
work of women after graduation, 248–253
Collins, Kevin, 183
colonialism, 330
colonial rights discourse, 323
Colorado
abortion, 72
Columbine High School shootings, 152
color-blind principle, defined, 328
“Color-Blind Principle, The” (Boxill), 33, 328, 329, 332, 342–348
Columbia University Law School, 158
Columbine High School shootings, 152
Commentary magazine, 307
Communication Act of 1934, 274
Communications Decency Act of 1996, 274
communism
compassion, euthanasia, 117, 123–125, 127
competence
euthanasia decision, 110, 114, 119–120
mental retardation and death penalty, 152
conflict of interest, 20
Confucianism
alcohol and drug use, 196
community and social values, 9, 25
freedom of speech, 280
virtue ethics, 9, 35–38, 65–72, 72
Confucius
Connecticut
alcohol regulation, 189
Conroy, Michael, 271
conscientious objection (CO), 378–379, 382
conscription, 28, 377–378, 380
conservatism, 230–231, 236, 238, 250, 252
Controlled Substances Act, 114
copycat crimes, 316
Cowart, Donald, 145
Cox, Donald, 226
crack cocaine, 105, 209–211, 212
critical race theory, 322
Critique of Practical Reason, The (Kant), 17
Cruzan, Nancy Beth, 115–116, 143
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, 113, 115–116, 143
Cuba
Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, 379, 389, 410
faulty reasoning, 7
natural law theory, 16
sociological relativism versus, 6–7
strengths and limitations, 7–8, 38
Curren, Franklin, 144
Dalai Lama, 112
Dale v. Boy Scouts of America (BSA), 274
Darrow, Clarence, 178
Darwin, Charles, 418
David, Eric, 385
Dean-Mooney, Laura, 193
Hugo Adam Bedau, 28, 154–156, 163–172
care ethics, 38, 158–159, 172–176
defined, 150
deterrence, 154, 155, 157, 169
finality and risk of errors, 158
historical background, 150–152
human dignity and sanctity of life, 156, 163–172
human rights and moral standing, 153–154, 156, 164–166
international terrorism, 182–183
juvenile offenders, 152, 183–184
medicalization of executions, 152–153, 184–185
mentally retarded offenders, 152
methods of execution, 152–153, 175, 184–185
number of executions in U.S., 151, 152
philosophers on, 24, 28, 38, 153–155
Helen Prejean, 16, 28, 38, 154–155, 156, 158–159, 172–176
Jeffrey Reiman, 155
retributive justice, 28, 151, 154, 155–156, 159, 167, 169–171
social contract theory, 157
utilitarianism/consequentialism, 24, 154, 157–158, 166
Ernest van den Haag, 157
Decalogue (Ten Commandments), 16
Declaration of Independence (U.S.), 31, 205, 324
“Deep Ecology” (Devall/Sessions), 416
deep ecology movement, 416, 423
Defense Authorization Bill of 2011, 380
“Defense of Abortion, A” (Thomson), 75, 230
deontological theories, defined, 25
justice, 28
Immanuel Kant, 25–26, 28, 30, 33, 35, 37, 58–62, 282
moral dilemmas, 29
strengths and limitations, 30
universalization, 26
depressants, 189
depression, 125
Dershowitz, Alan M., 272, 279, 281, 305–307
Descartes, René, 417
Descent of Man, The (Darwin), 418
deterrence
death penalty, 154, 155, 157, 169
defined, 155
war and terrorism, 377
Devall, Bill, 416
de Waal, Frans, 418
Diaz, Angel Nieves, 157
Didache, 72
dilation and curettage (D & C), 73
dilation and evacuation (D & E), 73
dilemmas, moral, 29
discrimination. See also racism; sexism
defined, 322
selective abortion, 69, 70–71, 72, 76, 77, 104
workplace, 234–235, 236–237, 238–239, 252
disease model of addiction, 190, 194–195, 196, 197, 199–206, 226
distributive justice, 28, 156–157
divine command theory, 15
“Do Animals Have Rights?” (Cohen), 425, 433–439
doctrine of the mean (Aristotle), 36, 196
Doe v. University of Michigan (1989), 308
domestic violence, 94, 400, 401
dominant cultural values
cultural relativism, 7
Donnelly, Elaine, 410
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 17
double effect, principle of, 113, 119, 380–381
Draize eye irritancy test, 421, 431
DREAM (Development, Relief and Education for Alien Minors) Act of 2007, 364–365
Dred Scott v. Sanford, 10
drugs
abortion and maternal drug or alcohol use, 69, 75–76, 105
autonomy and liberty rights, 197
classification, 189
college student use, 188, 193, 197, 224–225
defined, 188
drug abuse, defined, 188
drug trafficking, 330
historical background, 189–190
human dignity and categorical imperative, 196–197
legal and illegal, 190–191, 198, 206–214
moral model of addiction, 195, 196, 199–206
nonmaleficence and preventing harm to others, 198
paternalism and harm to self, 197–198
philosophers on drug abuse, 195–196
pleasure, 197
in sports, 193–194, 197, 224–225
Thomas Szasz, 195, 197, 199–206, 207
virtue ethics, 196
“Drugs, Sports, and Ethics” (Murray), 193–194, 197
drug testing, 105, 193–194, 197, 213
Dukes v. Walmart Stores, Inc., 238
Durkheim, Emile, 6
duty. See deontology
Earth in the Balance (Gore), 448
Earth Liberation Front (ELF), 449
eating disorders, 268
ecocentrism, 422
ecofeminism, 38, 232, 416, 423, 452, 453
egoism
Eighteenth Amendment, 189, 190, 191
Eighth Amendment, 152, 160, 162
elective abortion, 10, 69, 71–71
Ellinwood, Everett, 209
Emancipation Proclamation, 324
Engels, Friedrich, 233
England, alcohol and drug use, 208–209
environmental ethics
BP Gulf Oil spill of 2010, 420, 453
deep ecology movement, 416, 423
defined, 416
Bill Devall, 416
ecofeminism, 38, 232, 416, 423, 452, 453
global warming and climate change, 420
legal and moral status of the environment, 416
Aldo Leopold, 416
George Sessions, 416
solid waste disposal, 419
utilitarian/consequentialist arguments, 423
vegetarianism, 419
Epicurus, 21
EPO, 194
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 237
equality
animal welfare, 414, 417–418, 424
Equal Rights Amendment, 93, 231, 409
equivocation fallacy, 3
erotica, 275
“Essentialist Challenges to Liberal Feminism” (Groenhout), 232, 239, 240–248
defined, 18
psychological, 18
rational, 19
strengths and limitations, 20
cultural relativism, 6–8, 9–11, 16, 37–38
defined, 4
ethics education
stages of moral development, 11–15
“Ethics of Addiction, The” (Szasz), 199–206
European Union (EU)
death penalty, 150
active/passive, 110–113, 116, 119, 123–125, 127
autonomy and self–determination, 117, 125–127
Margaret Pabst Battin, 27, 117, 119, 120, 122–129
care ethics, 38
compassion and principle of mercy, 117–118, 123–125, 127
competence of patient, 110, 114, 119
death with dignity, 113–114, 118
defined, 110
duty to die, 120
finality of death/hope of recovery, 120–121
John Hardwig, 118
hospice movement, 38, 116, 117, 124
justice and principle of equality, 28, 119–120, 127
nonmaleficence, 117
ordinary versus extraordinary treatment, 118–119
physician as healer, 119
physician-assisted suicide, 33, 110–111, 114–116, 119, 128–129, 143–144
principle of double effect, 113, 119
sanctity of life, 112, 116–117
slippery slope argument, 121, 127–128
Susan M. Wolf, 117
Ex parte Quirin, 390
extraordinary treatment, 119
family. See parenting and parenthood
Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, 236, 237, 239
fatherhood. See also abortion; marriage; parenting and parenthood; sexual intimacy
paternal rights and duties, 76, 107
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 177
federalist society, 310
feeding tubes, 115, 117–118, 143
feminine antidote, reflections, 260–264
Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 230, 237, 250
abortion, 70, 71, 74–76, 77, 82–88, 92–96, 106, 230, 232, 250
animal welfare, 418
autonomy and liberty rights, 238
dignity and respect for person, 230
ecofeminism, 38, 232, 416, 423
gender essentialism, 229, 231, 232, 233–234, 236, 238, 240–248
Steven Goldberg, 233
historical background, 229–232
human nature, 238
justice and gender equality, 238–239
liberal feminism, 229–230, 232, 235, 236, 238, 239, 241–244, 246–247
Marxist feminism, 230, 232, 239
motherhood, 234–235, 239, 248–253
philosophers on women, 233–234
physician-assisted suicide, 119
radical feminism, 230, 232, 234, 238, 250
Katie Roiphe, 238
sexual harassment, 237–238, 267–268
socialist feminism, 232, 235–236, 239
types, 232
utilitarianism/essentialism, 239
work, 230–231, 235–237, 248–253
“Feminist Critique of Physician–Assisted Suicide, A” (Wolf), 117
feminist perspective, 261
Feminists for Life of America, 92–96
feminization of poverty, 235, 239
fetal alcohol syndrome, 76
fetal drug syndrome, 210
fetus
moral status of, 70–75, 78, 82–87, 90–92
fidelity, duty of, 27
Fifth Amendment, 391
“Fighting words” doctrine, 278, 294–296
filial piety, 27
“Final Exit” (TV program), 144–145
First Amendment, 272, 273–275, 278, 279, 293, 294, 295–299, 300–304, 306, 307–308, 310, 311, 312, 315, 317, 318, 400
Fish, Stanley, 272, 279, 299–305
Florida
abortion, 72
death penalty, 150
maternal drug use, 105
Flynt, Larry, 313
food
eating disorders, 268
genetically altered, 419
Foot, Philippa, 124
Foster, Serrin M., 70, 76, 77, 92–96, 232
Foundation for Individual Rights in Education (FIRE), 279, 308
Fountainhead, The (Rand), 19, 51–53
Fourteenth Amendment, 10, 71, 79, 80, 81, 100, 161, 162, 325, 326, 335, 336, 343, 362
France, euthanasia, 113
Franklin, Ben, 408
Franks, Tommy, 408
Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act (FACE) of 1994, 106
campus speech codes, 272, 278–279, 281–282, 305–307
defined, 271
Alan M. Dershowitz, 272, 279, 281, 305–307
dignity and respect for person, 282
First Amendment rights, 272, 273–275, 278, 279, 293, 294, 295–299, 300–304, 306, 307–308, 310, 311, 312, 315, 317, 318, 400
Stanley Fish, 272, 279, 299–305
hate speech, 272, 277–278, 279, 282
impartiality/equal justice, 283–284
Charles R. Lawrence III, 28, 31, 272, 278, 281, 283, 291–299
liberty rights, 281–282, 284–291
limitations, 272
Catherine A. MacKinnon, 241, 281
John Stuart Mill, 271, 273, 279, 280, 284–291, 297
nonmaleficence, 282
pluralism and tolerance, 283
pornography, 272, 275–277, 281, 282, 283, 313
slippery slope argument, 283
Nadine Strossen
free speech zones, 278–279, 281
French and Indian War, 377
Freud, Sigmund, 233
Frey, R. G., 433
Friedan, Betty, 230, 237, 250, 252
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, 324
Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Ethics (Kant), 39, 58
Furman v. Georgia, 150, 151, 160, 161
Gallup polls, 4, 71, 177, 232, 236, 327, 329, 361, 379
Galvez, Sergio Gonzalez, 385
Gandhi, Mohandas “Mahatma,” 377, 397, 415, 417, 424
Garcia, Jerry, 224
Garvey, James, 420, 439–446, 448
Gawin, Frank, 209
gender. See also feminism
alcohol and drug use, 210
stages of moral development, 12–13
gender-essential feminism, 231–232, 236, 238, 240–241, 243–244, 245–246
genetic engineering. See also cloning; stem cell research
food, 419
marijuana use, 192
religious issues, 75
genetic testing
selective abortion, 77
Gennarelli, Thomas, 448
geographical roulette, 360
Georgia, death penalty, 150, 151, 159–160, 161, 229
German measles, 70
Germany
Nazi, 1, 6, 14, 106, 112, 127–128, 276–277, 321, 373, 382, 434–435, 449
World War II, 376
women’s moral reasoning, 12–13, 38
Ginsberg, Morris, 15
globalization
defined, 330
global warming, 420
God
abortion, 72
concept, 15
divine command theory, 15
natural law theory, 16
Gonzales v. Oregon, 114
good will (Kant), 25, 37, 38, 59
government, rights-based ethics, 30, 31, 62–64, 153–154
Graczyk, Michael, 184
Granoff, Jonathan, 377, 379, 381, 383–387, 408
Gratitude, duty of, 27
Great Britain
alcohol and drug use, 209, 212–213
intoxication regulation, 189
medical marijuana, 192
greatest happiness principle (J. S. Mill), 22, 56–57
Greenberg, Seth, 271
greenhouse gases, 420
Gregg, Tony, 150
Gregg v. Georgia, 150, 151, 159–162
Griswold v. Connecticut, 71
Grotius, Hugo, 372
growth hormones, 194
Grutter v. Bollinger, 329
Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba, 182, 379–380, 387, 389, 393, 410
Gyges’s ring, 18
gynergy, 230
habituation, virtue ethics, 36, 37
Hales, Steven, 76
hallucinogenic drugs, 190
happiness
ethical egoism, 20
greatest happiness principle (J. S. Mill), 21, 22, 56–57
punishment, 154
Hardin, Garrett, 362
Hardwig, John, 118
Harlan, John Marshall, 343
Harris, Arthur, 407
Harris, Eric, 152
Harris polls, 419
Hart, Myra, 249
Hartnoll, Richard, 209
Harvard University, 99, 196, 279, 305
hasty generalization, 3
hate speech
defined, 271
distributive justice, 28
freedom of speech, 272, 277, 279–280, 282
natural rights, 31
“Hate Speech and Pornography” (Strossen), 23, 275, 281, 282
Hawaii, abortion, 71
hazardous waste disposal, 420
Heaton, Joan, 183
Heaton, Patricia, 93
hedonist paradox, 20
Hegel, G. W. F., 241
Held, Virginia, 38
Hemlock Society, 135, 137, 144
herd morality, 37
heroin, 190, 192, 202, 203, 204, 207–210, 212
heterosexuality, cultural relativism, 10
Hill v. Colorado, 72
Hinduism
abortion, 72
drug use, 190
euthanasia, 112
vegetarianism, 415
Hippocratic Oath, 111, 123, 153
Hirschman, Catherine, 253
Hirshman, Linda, 230, 235, 239, 248–253
Hispanic Americans
drug use, 192
Hitler, Adolf, 1, 373, 395, 396, 399
Hobbes, Thomas, 18, 332, 370, 372–373, 379, 408
Hochschild, Arlie, 250
hockey, 194
Holcomb, Simone and Vaughn, 409–410
Holcombe, W. H., 322
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 203, 273, 301
Homelands: The Case for Open Immigration, 360
“Homeward Bound” (Hirshman), 230, 248–253
homosexuality
cultural relativism, 10
religious versus moral views, 16
Horn, Mildred, 316
hospice movement, 38, 116, 117, 124
Howard University, 329, 339, 340–342
human genome, selective abortion, 77
Human Life Amendment, 71
human rights. See rights–based ethics
Hundt, Reed, 316
Hunting Girls: Sexual Violence from The Hunger Games to Campus Rape (Oliver), 253, 254
Hurricane Katrina (2005), 331–332, 363–364, 367
Hurst, Lionel, 441
Hussein, Saddam, 377, 380, 405, 408
Hustler magazine, 313
Hyde, Henry, 302
hysterectomy, 73
hysterontomy, 73
identity
body image, 268
“If He Hollers Let Him Go: Regulating Racist Speech on Campus” (Lawrence), 28, 31, 272, 278, 281, 283, 291–299
immigration
in–state tuition for illegal immigrants, 364–365
In a Different Voice (Gilligan), 231, 235
incapacitation, death penalty, 155, 169
India
drug use, 191
food needs, 418
outsourcing, 330
pacifism, 377
vegetarianism, 415
war and terrorism, 371
Indiana, euthanasia, 146
individual integrity, utilitarianism, 23–24
Indonesia, drug use, 191
infanticide
abortion as form of, 70, 83, 85, 93
inhalants/solvents, 189
institutional racism, 322, 327, 328, 331
intact dilation and extraction (IDX or partial–birth abortion), 71, 73
International Congress of Anesthesiology, 113
International Court of Justice (ICJ), 383, 384–385
International Olympic Committee, 193
Internet
freedom of speech, 274–275, 317–318
terrorism, 318
Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, An (Bentham), 21, 54–55
in vitro fertilization (IVF), 234, 266
involuntary euthanasia, 111
Iowa v. Marzel Jones, 197
Iran, 39, 151, 374, 377, 380, 387, 393, 396
Iraq, 151, 274, 314, 318, 364, 365, 370, 374, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 393, 405, 408, 409–411
irrelevant conclusion fallacy, 3
Islam
abortion, 72
death penalty, 151
divine command theory, 15
feminism, 242
jihad, 371
Sunna, 373
war and terrorism, 15, 182–183, 371, 379
Israel, war and terrorism, 377, 393, 398
“Is There a Duty to Die?” (Hardwig), 118
IVF (in vitro fertilization), 234, 266
Jaboulay, Mathieu, 449
Jackson, Jesse, 324
Japan, World War II, 326, 371, 374, 380, 384, 397, 407
Japanese Americans, racism, 326, 332
Jefferson, Thomas, 31, 323, 324, 418, 426
Jenkins, Brian Mitchell, 394–399
Jesus of Nazareth, 35, 38, 112, 159, 172–176
Jews, racism in Nazi Germany, 1, 6, 10, 14, 112, 128, 276–277, 321–322, 373, 435, 449
Jihad, 371
Jim Crow laws, 322, 324, 333, 344
Johns Hopkins Hospital, 78
Johnson, Jennifer, 105
Johnson, Lyndon B., 327, 328, 339–342
Judaeo-Christian ethics. See also Bible; Christianity; Judaism
abortion, 72
environmental ethics, 416
Judaism. See also Judaeo-Christian ethics
abortion, 72
death penalty, 151
Junior League of Voters, 237
justice
abortion services, 76
animal welfare, 414, 416–418, 424
color-blind principle, 346–347
duty of, 28
euthanasia, 28, 119–120, 127–129
racism, 331
rational ethical egoism, 19
retributive, 28, 151, 154, 155–156, 159, 167, 169–171
war and terrorism, 381
“Just Say No” campaign, 195
just-war tradition, 371–372, 373–376, 381
jus post bellum, 375
juvenile offenders
alcohol and drug use, 198, 204–205
Kabloona (Eskimo culture), 9, 17
Kansas
freedom of speech, 274
school segregation and Brown decision, 284, 294, 296, 325, 326, 327, 332
categorical imperative, 25–26, 30, 61, 196, 282, 381
death penalty, 154, 155–156, 166
deontology, 25–27, 30, 33, 35, 37, 58, 282
euthanasia, 112
Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Ethics, 58–62
war and terrorism, 373
Kaplan, John, 208
Kaufman, Harry, 316
Kennedy, John F., 339
Kentucky State University (KSU), 308
Kevorkian, Jack, 16, 33, 114, 119, 143–144
Khaldun, Ibn, 373
Khomeini, Ayatollah, 397
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 6, 7, 16, 326
Kirkpatrick, Jeanne, 34
Klebold, Dylan, 152
Kleiman, Mark, 212
Kluckholn, Clyde, 9
Kohlberg, Lawrence, 4, 12–13, 159
Kramer, Peter, 225
Krueger, Scott, 188
Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 322, 324–327
laissez-faire capitalism, 31–32
Lamarkian theory, 323
“Land Ethic, The” (Leopold), 416, 419–420, 422, 423
Latimer, Laura, 147
Latimer, Robert, 147
Latinos. See Hispanic Americans
Lawrence, Charles R. III, 28, 31, 272, 278, 281, 283, 291–299
League of Nations, 370
Least Worst Death, The (Battin), 122
Lee, Barbara Coombs, 145
Leipold, Alexander, 193
Leopold, Aldo, 416, 419–420, 422, 423
lesbianism, 230
Lewis, David, 129
liberal feminism, 230, 232, 235, 236, 238, 239, 241–244, 246–247
libertarians, 9, 33, 34, 196, 212, 242, 272, 281
liberty rights, 32–34, 196, 205–206, 230, 238, 281, 284–291
Libya, 395
lifeboat metaphor, 362
Lind, Paul, 316
Linnaeus, Carolus, 323
Listening to Prozac (Kramer), 225
Locke, John
death penalty, 153–154, 155, 156, 164, 166
euthanasia, 112
freedom of speech, 280
racism, 323
rights-based ethics, 31–33, 62–64, 153–154, 164, 417
Two Treatises of Civil Government, 62–64, 153–154
“Logic of Patriarchy, The” (Goldberg), 233
Louisiana
Hurricane Katrina (2005), 331, 363–364
Luban, David, 375, 380, 387–393
Lukianoff, Greg, 279
Luxembourg, euthanasia, 114
lynch laws, 326
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 371
MacKinnon, Catherine, 230, 241, 243–244, 246–247, 281–284
Malcolm X, 326
Manifest Destiny, 327
Mantle, Mickey, 223
marginalization, 10
marijuana, 190, 191, 192, 198, 203, 204, 205
marriage. See also sexual intimacy
domestic violence, 94
Marx, Karl, 154
Marxist feminism, 230, 232, 239
Maryland, abortion, 78
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 188
MasterPapers.com, 317
Maternal Thinking Towards a Politics of Peace (Ruddick), 235, 410
maxims, moral, 25
McCain, John, 235
McCarthy, Joseph, 273
McCartney, Linda, 414
McCartney, Paul, 414
McVeigh, Timothy, 412
media. See also pornography
child pornography, 275
sex stereotypes, 264
medical abortion, 73
medical induction of uterine contractions, 74
medicalization, of executions, 152–153, 184–185
medical use of drugs, 190, 192
medicinal animals, 415, 420–421, 425–433, 448–450
Meese, Edwin, 276
Mehanna, Tarek, 318
Mengele, Joseph, 449
mental retardation
death penalty, 152
metaethics, 2
methadone, 203
Mexico, immigration, 330
Middle Ages
death penalty, 150
witchcraft, 203
Mifepristone (RU 486), 73, 107
military
conscription, 28, 377–379, 382
homosexuality, 380
parenting and parenthood, 409–410
sexual harassment of women, 237, 267–268
Military Commissions Act of 2006, 410
Mill, Harriet Taylor, 233, 241, 242
Mill, James, 55
Mill, John Stuart, 144
alcohol and drug use, 194–195, 199, 203–204
death penalty, 154
freedom of speech, 271, 273, 279, 280, 282, 284–291, 297
On Liberty, 7, 206, 271, 273, 280, 284–291
self-determination, 381
utilitarianism, 22, 30, 55–57, 166, 229, 233, 242, 373, 380
Missouri
abortion, 76
Missouri Compromise, 324
Moen, Phyllis, 251
Mohammed, Khalid Sheik, 412
Money Train (film), 316
Montana, euthanasia, 113
moonshining, 206
Moore, Bob, 150
“Moral Basis of Vegetarianism, The” (Regan), 422, 424
moral dilemmas, 29
moral model of addiction, 195, 196, 199–206
moral rectitude, lack of, 441
“Moral Right to Use Drugs, A” (Husak), 197, 198
“Moral Significance of Abortion, The” (M. A. Warren), 11, 74, 75–76, 82–88
applied ethics, 2
divine command theory, 15
moral philosophy, 2
normative ethics, 2
religion, 15–17. See also religion
rights-based ethics, 31–35, 51–53
stage theory of moral development, 11–15, 38
theoretical ethics, 2
types, 4
universalist theories. See universalist moral theories
utilitarianism. See utilitarianism
virtue ethics. See virtue ethics
Morris, Christopher, 156
motherhood. See also abortion; marriage; parenting and parenthood; pregnancy; sexual intimacy
maternal drug or alcohol use, 69, 70–71, 75–76, 105
maternal rights and autonomy, 75–76, 82–87
Muhammad, 373
Murray, Charles, 314
Murray, Nancy, 381
Murray, Thomas H., 197
Mutua, Makau, 365
My Lai massacre (Vietnam War), 374, 382
Myth of Mental Illness, The (Szasz), 199
Nadelmann, Ethan, 212
Naess, Arne, 416
Narcotics Anonymous, 212
National Advisory Council for Drug Abuse Prevention, 206, 207
National Centers for Health Statistics, 234
National Eating Disorders Screening Program, 268
National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization, 116
National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), 210
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse, 193
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 223, 448
nationalism, 370
National Organization of Women (NOW), 230, 231, 267
National Service Act of 2007, 409
Native Americans
ethics, 11
Indian Removal Act, 326
Natural Born Killers (film), 316
natural law theory
abortion, 16
cultural relativism, 16
natural rights, 31–33, 272, 323, 417
Nazi Germany
Jews and racism, 1, 6, 10, 14, 112, 128, 276–277, 321–322, 373, 435, 449
Nebraska, abortion, 71
Netherlands
medical marijuana, 192
Nevada
medical marijuana, 192
New Guinea cultures, 6
New Jersey
alcohol and drug use, 222
euthanasia, 110
New York City
September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, 15, 272, 370, 317, 380, 388
New York state
abortion, 71
drug control, 202
Nicomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 40–51
nicotine (tobacco), 191, 192, 204, 211, 225
Nietzsche, Friedrich
Übermensh (superman), 37–38, 373
Nigeria
racism, 366
Noblitt, Cindy, 145
nonhuman animals. See animal welfare
nonmaleficence, duty of, 26, 27, 117, 198, 282, 380
normative ethics, 2
North Korea, 393
Norton, Sarah, 93
NOW (National Organization of Women), 230, 231, 267
nuclear protesters, natural law theory, 16
“Nuclear Weapons, Ethics, Morals, and Law” (Granoff), 377, 379, 381, 383–387, 408
Nye, Philip, 78
Obama, Barack, 235, 321, 328, 331, 379, 399–403, 411, 420
obedience, Milgram’s experiment, 1, 14
objectification of women, 230, 238, 241, 243, 246, 247, 264
objectivist moral theories, 4. See also universalist moral theories
Occupy Wall Street protesters, 274, 279
Of Woman Born (Rich), 235
Oklahoma City terrorist attack (1995), 371, 412
On Liberty (J. S. Mill), 7, 206, 271, 273, 280, 284–291
opinions, 5
Oregon
organized crime, 190, 389, 398
Ortega, Daniel, 397
Other, 322
Pakistan, 411
Palin, Sarah, 235
palliative care, 116
parenting and parenthood. See also marriage
assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 234, 264–265
fatherhood and paternal rights, 76–77, 125–126, 197–198
feminization of poverty, 235, 239
maternal rights and abortion, 75–76, 82–88
motherhood and feminism, 234–235, 239, 248–253
work, 95, 235, 237, 248–253, 266–267
partial-birth abortion, 71, 73
Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003, 71
passive euthanasia, 110, 113, 119
paternalism
defined, 197
paternal rights and duties, abortion, 76–77, 107–108
abortion, 76
Paul, Alice, 93
Pennsylvania, abortion, 95
Pentagon, September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, 15, 370, 388
People vs. Larry Flynt, The (film), 313
performance enhancement, 189, 194
Perry, James, 316
persons
defined, 10
Pew Research Center, 330
Philosophy of Moral Development, The (Kohlberg), 11
physician-assisted suicide, 33, 110–111, 112–113, 119, 128, 143–144
Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 105
Pius XII, Pope, 113
Planned Parenthood, 71
Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danford, 76
Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 71
Plato
death, 40
euthanasia, 111
feminism, 233
freedom of speech, 279
Plessy, Homer, 343
Plessy v. Ferguson, 325, 334, 343
pluralistic cultures
cultural relativism, 7
freedom of speech, 283
Poe, Matthew, 279
Pogge, Thomas, 330
“Political Correctness, Speech Codes, and Diversity” (Dershowitz), 272, 279, 281, 305–307
political correctness movement, 278
Poncins, Gontran de, 9
popular appeal fallacy, 3
defined, 275
freedom of speech, 272, 275–277, 281, 282, 283, 313
Catherine A. MacKinnon, 230, 272
“Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech” (MacKinnon), 281–284
poverty
abortion, 70
conscription, 378
power
“Power and the Promise of Ecological Feminism, Revisited, The” (K. Warren), 416, 418, 424
pregnancy
assisted reproductive technologies (ART), 234, 264–265
maternity leave, 236, 237, 239, 266–267
workplace, 95, 234–235, 237, 248–253, 266–267
Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, 237
Prejean, Helen, 16, 28, 38, 155, 156, 158–159, 172–175
prejudice, 322
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 371
principle of double effect, 113, 119, 380
principle of equality, 424
principle of mercy, euthanasia, 117, 123–125, 128
prisoners of war, 375, 379, 389, 410–411
prison reform, utilitarianism, 22
privacy
euthanasia rights, 110
pro-choice position, 71, 77, 82–89, 94
Prohibition, 189–190, 195–196, 201
pro-life position, 71, 75–76, 77, 82–87, 92–96, 106
property rights, 10, 31–34, 62–64
prostaglandins, 74
punishment
“Punishment and Loss of Moral Standing” (Morris), 156
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, 190
quality of life, euthanasia, 118, 143–144
Quinlan, Karen Ann, 110
Quirin, Ex parte, 390
Qur’an, 16
euthanasia, 113
war and terrorism, 373
“Race, Biology, and Justice” (Levin), 331
race, defined, 321
racial profiling, 328
affirmative action, 27, 528–529, 331
Bernard R. Boxill, 33, 328, 331, 332, 342–347
care ethics, 332
cultural relativism, 10
freedom of speech, 31, 272, 277, 281, 283, 291–299
genetic differences in attainment gap, 328, 331, 363–365
hate crimes, 328
historical background, 324–327
human dignity and individual moral worth, 331
individual, 328
institutional, 322, 327, 328, 331
Jews in Nazi Germany, 1, 6, 10, 14, 112, 128, 276–277, 321–322, 373, 435, 449
justice and equality, 331
Michael Levin, 331
Thomas Pogge, 330
profiling, 328
reparation and restitution, 332
speciesism versus, 424, 426–433
utilitarianism, 332
radical feminism, 230, 232, 234–235, 237, 238, 250, 281
Rand, Ayn
freedom of speech, 279
laissez-faire capitalism, 31
rights-based ethics, 31–33, 51–53
rape
culture versus feminism, 253–254
conspiracy, 254
drug, 255
Rastafarians, 190
rational ethical egoism, 19
R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 278
Rawls, John, 23, 24, 28, 30, 360, 409
Reagan, Ronald, 327
Reason and Unreason in Society (Ginsberg), 15
“Reckless Eyeballing” (Roiphe), 238
“Refuse to Choose” (Foster), 70, 76, 92–96, 232
Regan, Tom, 415, 422, 424, 434–439
religion. See also names of specific religions
alcohol and drug use, 190, 192, 195–196, 204–205
animal welfare, 417
death penalty, 151, 154–155, 156, 172–176
drug use, 190
euthanasia, 111–112, 113, 117, 118
natural law theory, 16
virtue ethics, 35–38, 65–67, 71
war and terrorism, 15–16, 153–154, 272, 370–371, 373
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 274
Republic, The (Plato), 18, 279, 323
restitution, 332
retributive justice, 28, 151, 154, 155–156, 159, 167, 169–171
reverse discrimination, 329, 362–363
Revolution, The (newspaper), 93, 95
Rhode Island, death penalty, 183–184
Rich, Adrienne, 235
alcohol and drug use, 197
death penalty, 153–154, 156, 164–166
feminism, 241
laissez-faire capitalism, 31–32
John Locke, 31–33, 62–64, 153–154, 164, 417
natural rights, 31–33, 272, 323, 417
strengths and limitations, 33–34
war and terrorism, 379, 387–393
Rockefeller, Nelson, 203
Roeder, Scott, 106
Roehling, Patricia, 251
Roe v. Wade, 10, 69, 71–72, 75, 84, 94
Roiphe, Katie, 238
Roman Catholic Church. See also Bible; Christianity; religion
abortion, 72
natural law theory, 16
principle of double effect, 380–381
Roper polls, 151
Roper v. Simmons, 152
Roth v. United States, 275
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 5, 233
RU 486 (morning-after pill), 73, 107
Russell, Bill, 343
Russia
war and terrorism, 393
Rutgers University, 223
saline solution, 74
sanctity of life, euthanasia, 112, 113, 116–117
Sanger, Margaret, 229
Satris, Stephen, 11
Satyagraha, 377
Saunders, Cicely, 116
Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network, 273
Schlessinger, Laura, 277
Scott, Dred, 324
Seattle Community College, 274
Second Sex, The (de Beauvoir), 234
Second Wind (Russell), 343
selective abortion, 69, 70–71, 72, 75–76, 77, 104
Selective Service System, 379
self-actualization, 20
self-assertion model, 423
self-esteem, 25
Seneca Falls convention (1848), 93
sentient beings, 21, 74–75, 84–85, 86, 424
September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, 15, 272, 370, 371, 380, 388
serial killers, 5
Sessions, George, 419
sexism
defined, 232
impact, 237
objectification of women, 230, 238, 241, 243, 247, 264
speciesism versus, 424, 426–433
sex selection, selective abortion, 72, 77
sexual harassment, 237–238, 257–260, 267–268
sexual intimacy. See also abortion; marriage
contraception, 91
homosexuality. See homosexuality
Shakespeare, William, 420
Sherwin, Susan, 142
Shinto, euthanasia, 113
“Should Our Arsenal against Terrorism Include Assassination?” (Jenkins), 394–399
Sierra Leone, war and terrorism, 380
Simmons, Fred, 150
Simpson, O. J., 174
Simpsons, The (TV program), 414
Singapore, medical marijuana, 192
Singer, Peter, 422–424, 425–433, 441–442
Sisters’ Weekly, 93
Sixth Amendment, 391
Skinner v. Switzer, 153
slavery
Slay, Brandon, 193
slippery slope argument
freedom of speech, 283
Snyder v. Phelps, 274
social contract theory
death penalty, 157
socialist feminism, 232, 235, 239
sociobiology, 19, 244–245, 247
cultural relativism versus, 6–7
defined, 6
sociopaths, 6
solid waste disposal, 419
South Carolina, maternal drug use, 105
Spain
medicinal animals, 415
speech codes, freedom of speech, 272, 278–279, 281, 305–307
sports, drugs in, 193–194, 197, 224–225
stages of moral development, 11–15
importance, 14
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 70, 93, 229, 417
State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), 95
Steelcase Corporation, 95
stem cell research
religious versus moral views, 16, 75
Stenberg v. Carhart, 71
Stern, William, 234
stewardship, 423
Stockport College (England), 279
Stoics, 111
Sudan
racism, 365
war and terrorism, 374–375, 380
suffrage, 93
suicide, 94. See also euthanasia
assisted, 33, 110–111, 112–113, 119, 128, 143–144
natural law theory, 16
rights-based ethics, 33
Suleman, Nadya, 266
Summa Theologica (Aquinas), 371, 372
Sumner, William Graham, 6
Sunna, 373
supererogatory duty, 377
surgical abortion, 73
surrogate motherhood, 234
Sweden
war and terrorism, 392
Switzerland, euthanasia, 114
Syversen, Marion, 94
Szasz, Thomas, 195, 199–206, 207
Taliban, 370
Tao (the Way), 36
Taylor, John, 224
Telecommunications Act of 1996, 274
Temperance movement, 189
Ten Commandments (Decalogue), 16, 274
Teresa, Mother, 25
terrorism, 371. See also war and terrorism
testosterone, 194
Texas
death penalty, 157, 181–182, 184–185
Thailand
euthanasia, 114
theoretical ethics, 2
theory
moral. See moral theory
worldview and, 3
Theory of Justice, A (Rawls), 28
“There’s No Such Thing as Free Speech, and It’s a Good Thing, Too” (Fish), 272, 279, 299–309
Thimpsen, Jonathan, 316
Third World, 322
Thirteenth Amendment, 324, 335
Thomson, Judith Jarvis, 75, 230
Thoreau, Henry David, 378
Tiller, George, 106
tobacco (nicotine), 191, 192, 204, 211, 225
“To Fulfill These Rights” (Johnson), 328, 339–342
Tolaro, Sarah, 267
treason, 381
Tucker, Judith Stadtman, 252
Tucker, Karla Faye, 158, 181–182
TurnItIn.com, 317
Twain, Mark, 251
Twenty-first Amendment, 190
Two Treatises of Civil Government (Locke), 62–64
Tyranny of the majority (J. S. Mill), 7, 280
Übermensch (superman; Nietzsche), 37–38, 373
“Ultimate Punishment, The: A Defense of Capital Punishment” (van den Haag), 155, 157
Underground Railroad, 324
United Nations (UN)
male-female gap in workplace, 235
self-determination rights, 374
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 175, 272, 379, 410
war and terrorism, 381
United States
abortion, 69–72, 73, 76, 77, 86, 92–96
alcohol and drug use, 209
American exceptionalism, 8
death penalty, 150, 151, 155, 157
terrorist attacks (2001), 15, 272, 380, 388
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 235
U.S. Census Bureau, 327
U.S. Constitution, 205
First Amendment, 273–274, 279, 293–294, 267–299, 300, 301–302, 303
Fifth Amendment, 391
Sixth Amendment, 391
Eighth Amendment, 152
Thirteenth Amendment, 324
Fourteenth Amendment, 10, 71–72, 325, 343, 362–363
Eighteenth Amendment, 189, 190
Twenty-first Amendment, 190
U.S. Declaration of Independence, 31, 205, 324
U.S. Department of Defense, 377
U.S. Department of Education, 328
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), 449
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 220, 449
U.S. Department of Transportation, 377
U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 237
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 73, 212, 419, 421
U.S. Justice Department, 272
U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 212
U.S. Senate Judiciary, 257
U.S. Supreme Court cases, 10, 69, 71–72, 76, 94, 113, 114, 115–116, 143, 150, 151, 152, 153, 157, 192, 237–238, 257, 267, 273–274, 275, 277, 284, 313, 324, 325, 326, 329, 334–339, 343, 362–363, 364, 379, 390. See also names of specific cases
universalist moral theories, 9, 10, 17–39
defined, 4
deontology. See deontology
religious ethics, 16–17. See also religion and names of specific religions
rights-based ethics. See rights-based ethics
utilitarianism. See utilitarianism
virtue ethics. See virtue ethics
universalization, 26
Universal National Service Act of 2003, 378
University of California at Davis, 274, 329
University of Konigsberg, 58
University of Massachusetts, 292
University of Michigan, 278, 293, 299, 308, 329
University of Washington, 316
University of Wisconsin, 254, 278
USA Patriot Act, 272, 281, 283, 380, 407–408
alcohol and drug use, 197
basis, 21
death penalty, 22, 154, 157–158, 166
defined, 21
greatest happiness principle, 21, 22, 56–57
John Stuart Mill, 22, 30, 55–57, 166, 229, 233, 242, 373, 380
racism, 332
sentient beings, 21, 74–75, 84–85, 86
strengths and limitations, 23–24
utilitarian calculus, 24
Utilitarianism (J. S. Mill), 55–57
vacuum aspiration (D & E), 73
van den Haag, Ernest, 155, 157
vegan, 419
vegetarianism, 415, 416, 419, 425–433
veil of ignorance (Rawls), 29
viability of fetus, 71, 80, 74, 85
Vietnam War, 374, 378, 382, 398, 409
Viktora, Robert A., 278
Village of Skokie v. National Socialist Party of America, 276–277
Vindication of the Rights of Women, A (Wollstonecraft), 93, 233, 414
violence. See also war and terrorism
domestic, 94
genetic predisposition, 184
Virginia, alcohol regulation, 189
Virginia Slims, 225
virtue, 35
alcohol and drug use, 195, 196
Aristotle, 9, 35–36, 40–51, 65, 72, 195
Confucian, 9, 35–38, 65–67, 72
defined, 35
doctrine of the mean (Aristotle), 36, 196
strengths and limitations, 39
Übermensch (superman; Nietzsche), 37–38, 373
Virtue of Selfishness, The (Rand), 18
vivisection, 417
voluntary euthanasia, 110–111, 112
Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr., 407
Walker, Adele, 226
abortion clinic attacks, 106
assassination, 394–399, 411–412
autonomy and rights, 379
conscription, 28, 377–379, 382
divine command theory, 15
domestic terrorism, 198, 371, 412
freedom of speech on the Internet, 318
Jonathan Granoff, 377, 379, 381, 383–386, 408
historical background, 370–371
international terrorism, 15, 272
Brian Mitchell Jenkins, 394–399
justice, 381
just-war tradition, 371–372, 373–376, 380
David Luban, 375, 380, 387–393
nature of terrorism, 371
nonmaleficence, 380
personal responsibility, 382
principle of double effect, 380–381
prisoners of war, 375, 379, 389, 410–411
respect for persons, 379
self-determination, 381
September 11, 2001 attacks on U.S., 15, 272, 370, 317, 380, 388
United Nations Charter, 372, 375–376, 408
utilitarianism/essentialism, 24, 373, 380
weapons of mass destruction (WMD), 376–379, 383–386
Warlock (film), 316
war on poverty, 327
“War on Terrorism and the End of Human Rights, The” (Luban), 375, 380, 387–393
Warren, Mary Anne, 11, 74, 75–76, 82–87
Washington state
abortion, 71
Black drug sentencing, 192
euthanasia, 113
the Way (Tao), 36
weapons of mass destruction (WMD), 376–379, 383–386
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943), 315
White, Lynn, 416
Whitehead, Mary Beth, 234
“Why Abortion is Immoral” (Marquis), 75, 88–92
Wilde, Oscar, 316
Wilder, L. Douglas, 216
Will, George, 146
Williams, Joy, 419
Williams, Stanley “Tookie,” 157
Wilson, James Q., 196, 207, 206–214
Wilson, Woodrow, 404
Wolf, Susan, 117
Wollstonecraft, Mary, 229, 233, 241, 242, 414, 417
women. See also abortion; feminism; gender; motherhood; rape
domestic violence, 94
rights-based ethics, 32
“Women Are Never Front-Runners” (Steinem), 237
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), 189–190
Woods, Billy Joe, 184
work
abortion, 94
discrimination in workplace, 235, 236, 238–239, 252
feminism, 230–231, 235–238, 248–253
pregnancy and parenting, 95, 235, 237, 248–253, 266–267
workplace discrimination, 235, 236, 238–239, 252
World Health Organization (WHO), 195, 200, 380
“World Poverty and Human Rights” (Pogge), 330
World Trade Center terrorist attacks (2001), 15, 272, 370, 317, 380, 388
World Trade Organization (WTO), 330
worldview
power of cultural, 10
theory and, 3
World War I, 273, 370, 377, 378
World War II, 272, 326, 327, 332, 371, 374, 376–377, 380, 384, 395, 397, 398, 405, 407, 418
“Would Jesus Pull the Switch?” (Prejean), 16, 28, 38, 155, 156, 157–158, 172–176
wrongful death, 316
xenographs/xenotransplants, 421, 449–450
Xu, Zhang, 274
Yale-New Haven Hospital, 120
Yates, Andrea, 15
Young America’s Foundation (YAF), 309
Young, Cathy, 253
zoos, 451