50. Stoler, Allies and Adversaries, 166–67.
51. FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 330.
52. FRUS: Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 330–34.
53. FRUS: Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 331.
54. FRUS: Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 331.
55. FRUS: Conferences at Cairo and Tehran, 334.
56. Churchill, Closing the Ring, 342–43.
57. Reilly, Reilly of the White House, 178–79.
58. Reilly, Reilly of the White House, 175–77.
59. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 264–65.
60. Moran, Churchill at War, 172–73, and Roberts, Masters and Commanders, 444–45.
61. Chester Bohlen, “Minutes” in FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran 1943, 539.
62. Referring to the declarations of the just-ended Moscow Foreign Ministers Conference, Chester Bohlen, minutes in FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran 1943, 538–39.
63. Leahy, I Was There, 208.
64. Combined Chiefs of Staff, minutes in FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran 1943, 541, 548.
65. Roll, Hopkins Touch, 323.
66. Combined Chiefs of Staff, minutes in FRUS, Conferences at Cairo and Tehran 1943, 579.
67. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 803.
68. Pogue, Marshall: Organizer of Victory, 321.
69. Joint Chiefs of Staff, minutes of meeting: between the president and the Chiefs of Staff, held on board ship in the admiral’s cabin, on Friday, 19 November 1943, at 1500, RG 165, entry, NM-84, box 7, NARA, 1.
70. Pogue, Marshall: Organizer of Victory, 320.
71. Marshall’s account in Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 803.
72. Roosevelt to Marshal Stalin re: Overlord commander, December 6, 1943, RG 165 (NM-84), box 59, NARA.
73. Ruppenthal, Logistical Support of the Armies, 1:232, table 5.
74. Col. Harold P. Tasker, USA, “Buildup of U.S. Divisions in the United Kingdom,” November 20, 1943, RG165, entry 421, box 362, NARA.
75. Ruppenthal, Logistical Support of the Armies, 1:45.
76. Klein, Call to Arms, 624.
77. White House Usher’s Diary, December 19, 1943, FDRL; Klein, Call to Arms, 624.
78. Quoted in Klein, Call to Arms, 625.
79. Commander Task Force 60, Convoy UT-6, December 30, 1943, RG 38, file 370, box 163; NARA, 1–2.
80. Capt. Ross A. Dierdorff, USN, Convoy Form D: Mercantile Convoy no. UT-7, n.d., RG 38, file 370, box 163, NARA, 1–2.
81. Klein, Call to Arms, 625.
82. Klein, Call to Arms, 625.
83. CCS 113th meeting Quadrant Conference minutes, August 20, 1943, in Office of the Combined Chiefs, Quadrant Conference, August 1943: Papers and Minutes of Meetings, August 1943, Map Room Papers, series 1, box 27, FDRL, 472.
84. Klein, Call to Arms, 624–25.
85. White House Usher’s Diary, December 23, 1943, FDRL.
86. Byrnes, All In One Lifetime, 200.
87. Klein, Call to Arms, 625–6.
88. Byrnes, All In One Lifetime, 201.
89. Klein, Call to Arms, 626.
90. See, for example, FX3714, Convoy: UT-8, February 23, 1944, and Convoy: UT-9, February 28, 1944, RG 38, file 370, box 163, NARA.
1. USS Texas, “War Diary,” June 1944, RG 38, box 15, NARA, 2–4.
2. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe, 230.
3. Combined Chiefs of Staff, “CCS 465/1: Recommendations of Supreme Commander AEF on ‘Overlord’ and ‘Anvil,’” January 24, 1944, RG 319, box 25, NARA, Enclosure A.
4. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, map 3.
5. Combined Chiefs of Staff, CCS 465/1: recommendations of supreme commander AEF on ‘Overlord’ and ‘Anvil,’ January 24, 1944, RG 319, box 25, NARA, 3–4.
6. Combined Chiefs of Staff, CCS 465/1: Recommendations, 2.
7. Mitcham, Rommel’s Last Battle, 3–4.
8. Ambrose, D-Day, 61.
9. Mitcham, Rommel’s Last Battle, 21–24.
10. Milner, Stopping the Panzers, 66–67, 89.
11. Ambrose, D-Day, 64, 114.
12. Mitcham, Rommel’s Last Battle, 9.
13. Milner, Stopping the Panzers, 89.
14. Ambrose, D-Day, 278–79.
15. Today the American Military Cemetery is located on this escarpment where, with the wind whispering through stately pines, there is a poignant view down to Omaha Beach.
16. Lieutenant Elsey’s firsthand experiences, on-scene interviews, and two trunks of documents and maps became the foundation for a significant part of Morison’s volume covering Overlord. See Morison, The Invasion of France and Germany, 1944–1945.
17. Elsey, An Unplanned Life, 54–55.
18. Lt. Col. Edward M. Knoff Jr., USA, interview with General Thomas T. Handy, ACMH, 48.
19. Eventually Handy and Cooke returned to Portland aboard a destroyer to report to Eisenhower. See Cdr. J. G. Marshall, USN, USS Doyle (DD494) deck log, June 8, 1944, RG 24, file 470, box 952, NARA.
20. For examples, see Cdr. R. O. Beer, USN, USS Carmick (DD-493) narrative report, June 5–17, 1944, June 23, 1944, RG 38, file 370, box 897, NARA, 3, and Lt. J. L. Semmes, USN, USS Frankford (DD497) action report, shore bombardment June 6, 1944, June 24, 1944, RG 38, file 370, box 989, NARA, 2–4.
21. Lt. Cdr. Joseph H. Gibbons, USN, “Naval Combat Demolitions Units in Force ‘O,’ Normandy Invasion, June 6, 1944,” September 27, 1944, RG 38, entry 11 170/65/20/1–5, box 10, NARA, 2.
22. Elsey, An Unplanned Life, 57.
23. Milner, Stopping the Panzers, 224, 310.
24. Milner, Stopping the Panzers, 309–10.
25. Milner, Stopping the Panzers, 311–12.
26. Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 1939–1946, 1:317–18.
27. Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 1939–1946, 1:310; Ruane, Churchill and the Bomb, 71.
28. Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, 610–12.
29. Ruane, Churchill and the Bomb, 71. Convicted of espionage, Fuchs served a fourteen-year sentence in Britain, after which he emigrated to East Germany.
30. Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 1939–1946, 1:290
31. Ronald I. Campbell to Sir John Anderson, May 31, 1944, PREM 3/139/11A, NA, 3.
32. Ruane, Churchill and the Bomb, 79.
33. Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, 526–27.
34. Lord Cherwell, Tube Alloys, memorandum to the prime minister, September 18, 1944, PREM 3/139/118A, NA.
35. Roosevelt and Churchill, Aide-memoire: Tube Alloys, September 19, 1944, PREM 3/139/11A, NA.
36. Eight months after the signing, Churchill, on May 21, 1945, authorized the British representative on the Coordinating Committee to give a copy to Henry Stimson, noting when he did so that “on this topic, no agreed record appears to exist.” See Churchill, “Chancellor of the Exchequer,” May 21, 1945, PREM 3/139/11A, NA.
37. Sherwin, A World Destroyed, 115.
38. Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War, 363.
39. Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, 617, 623–26.
40. Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, 626.
41. Groves, Now It Can Be Told, 267.
42. Rhodes, Making of the Atomic Bomb, 640–41.
43. Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, 677–78.
44. Churchill, Summarized note of the prime minister’s conversation with President Truman at luncheon, July 18, 1945, PREM 3/139/11A, NA.