1. Interview with Issei Nishimori, Nagasaki, June 16, 1978.
2. Interview with Sueo Inoue, Nagasaki, June 16, 978.
3. Interview with Tsukasa Uchida, Nagasaki, June 21, 1978.
4. Interview with Hideo Matsuno, Nagasaki, June 20, 1978.
5. Interview with Sadako Kurihara, Hiroshima, June 26, 1978.
6. The Chrysanthemum and the Sword (1946) by the anthropologist Ruth Benedict was regarded as an authoritative source on Japanese society. Andrew Roth's Dilemma in Japan (1945) was also widely read. In American Attitudes toward Japan 1941-1975, Sheila Johnson discusses the impressions of the American public about Japan.
1. Foreign Relations of the United States 1945 (hereafter FRUS), 6:621-24.
2. Folder 000.71, Releasing Information, decimal files 1942-1948, MED. This was in contrast to American public opinion. According to a Gallup poll at the end of 1944, 13 percent of the Americans questioned favored the extermination of Japan. In 1945, 54 percent of those questioned approved of the dropping of the atomic bombs; 23 percent said more atom bombs should have been dropped before Japan was given a chance to surrender. Stephen Harper, Miracle of Deliverance, p. 202.
3. Robert J. C. Butow, Japan's Decision to Surrender, p. 150.
4. Fletcher Knebel and Charles W. Bailey II, No High Ground, p. 147.
5. Ibid., p. 153.
6. Butow, Japan's Decision to Surrender, pp. 150-51.
7. Toshikazu Kase, Journey to the Missouri, p. 213. Regarding the number of dead and injured in the two atomic bombings, several estimates exist. The total population of the cities at the time of the bombings is not known, partly because the number of soldiers was secret, many schoolchildren had been evacuated, and Korean forced laborers were not strictly counted. To this day, it is not known how many Koreans were killed or injured, and no official attempt has been made to find out. According to the report of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki to the United Nations in 1976, however, the number of dead in Hiroshima by the end of December 1945 was 140,000 (± 10,000) and in Nagasaki 70,000 (± 10,000). In 1965 the Japanese government for the first time conducted a survey of exposed survivors. The number came to 277, 955.
8. Dan Kurzman, Day of the Bomb: Countdown to Hiroshima, p. 419.
9. Glenn Hook, Roots of Nuclearism: Censorship and Reportage of Atomic Damage in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, pp. 136-37.
10. Robert Trumbull, Nine Who Survived Hiroshima and Nagasaki, pp. 91-92.
11. Interview with Hideo Matsuno, Domei editor in Nagasaki in August 1945, June 20, 1978.
12. Hook, Roots of Nuclearism, p. 137.
13. FRUS 1945,6:633.
14. Anthony Cave Brown and Charles B. MacDonald, eds., The Secret History of the Atomic Bomb, p. 532.
15. FRUS 1945, 6:633.
16. Censorship in Japan before the surrender in August 1945 was extremely rigid. Throughout the short history of public information in Japan, the press was restricted through different laws and practices. The so-called Meiji Restoration took place in 1868. It "Westernized" Japan, but at the same time it replaced the old order by a new one, which in many respects was no less strict. The press was immediately restricted to ensure support for the new government system. From 1868 onward, different security laws as well as laws establishing censorship and restricting free speech were imposed. New, amended, or extended laws on these subjects were introduced several times after that. In addition, the police had wide powers and could interpret the laws arbitrarily. Material intended for publication was subject to precensorship or postcensorship, depending on the type of material. The rules changed from time to time, as did the interpretations. Punishments varied, but prison was common. In addition to laws directly concerned with the press, there was also the Peace Preservation Law, under which threat to public tranquility, an elastic description, could be cited.
During the 1930s, with the international situation becoming tenser and Japan's undertakings abroad ever more aggressive, the state did not limit itself to controlling the existing press through censorship. It also turned to supplying and, in the end, completely dominating information to be printed. In 1936 the Cabinet Information Committee was formed, and a completely state-run news agency, Domei, started providing news regarded as fit to print. The press now served as a propaganda medium for the government. This process was completed in December 1941, when it was declared that nothing could be published without an advance permit.
For some accounts of censorship in Japan before 1945, see Lawrence Ward Beer, Freedom of Expression in Japan; Saburo Ienaga, The Pacific War 1931-1945; Tomiko Kakegawa, The Press and Public Opinion in Japan 1931-1941; and Richard H. Mitchell, Censorship in Imperial Japan.
17. Translation of Nagasaki shimbun Accounts Pertaining to the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, March 14, 1946, USSBS 3F Doc. (3)2.
18. Summary no. 1239, 16.8.45, SRS 1761, Magic.
19. Memo from Swiss Legation in charge of Japanese interests, urgent cable, communication from Japanese government, FRUS 1945 6:472-73. This memo caused the U. S. Special War Problems Division to send an inquiry to the chairman of the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee asking for guidance on how to react to the Japanese accusation. The inquiry was made on September 5, three weeks after the Japanese message was received. It took until October 24, following some discussion, for the Department of State to send its answer. This consisted of one short sentence with no further comments acknowledging the receipt of the memo "concerning the alleged bombing on August 6, 1945, of the town of Hiroshima by United States airplane" (FRUS 1945 6:474).
20. Hook, Roots of Nuclearism, p. 138.
21. Ibid., pp. 138-39.
22. Quoted in John Toland, The Rising Sun, p. 945.
23. Hook, Roots of Nuclearism, p. 142.
24. Ibid., p. 143.
25. Ibid., p. 141.
26. Summary no. 1239, 16.8.45, SRS 1761, Magic.
27. Folder 000.71, Releasing Information, decimal files 1942-1948, MED.
28. William J. Coughlin, Conquered Press, p. 3.
29. Ibid., p. 4.
1. There are many detailed accounts of American planning for the Occupation. Hugh Borton, himself a participant in State Department planning, is the author of American Presurrender Planning for Postwar Japan.
2. Jun Eto has traced the planning of censorship by Byron Price in Occupation Censorship and Postwar Japan.
3. Letter to Byron Price, Director, Office of Censorship, from Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson, September 29, 1943, JCS 873, May 24, 1944, appendix B, folder CCS 000.76 (6-26-43), sec, 1, JCS.
4. Ibid.
5. Letter to Price from Assistant Secretary of State Adolf A. Berle, October 5, 1943, ibid., appendix A.
6. Censorship of Civilian Communications in the Pacific-Asiatic Theaters, memorandum by Director of Civil Affairs Division, War Department, enclosure to JCS 873/1, June 10, 1944, folder CCS 000.76 (6-26-43), sec. 1, JCS.
7. Censorship of Civilian Communications in Areas Occupied or Controlled by Military Authorities. War Department to Commander in Chief, South-West Pacific Area, May 19, 1944, ibid., appendix B.
8. Censorship of Civilian Communications in Areas Occupied or Controlled by the Armed Forces, ibid., annex to appendix B.
9. Proposed letter to Director of Office of Censorship from the Joint Chiefs of Staff, ibid.
10. Letter from Director of Office of Censorship to Admiral William D. Leahy, Chief of Staff, September 11, 1944, JCS 873/2, September 25, 1944, ibid.
11. Draft letter to Director of Office of Censorship, ibid.
12. Appendix to sec. 2, JCS 873/3, November 12, 1944, ibid.
13. Annex to appendix to JCS 873/3, ibid.
14. Political Directive for Military Government in the Japanese Outlying Islands, January 12, 1945, JCS 1231, loose, box 8550, SCAP.
15. Army Forces in Far East Basic Plan for Civilian Censorship in Japan, April 20, 1945, box 8517, SCAP.
16. Responsibility for Civilian Censorship in Japan, decision on JCS 1353, May 24, 1945, CCS 000.73, Japan (5-16-45), JCS.
17. Revised AFP AC Basic Plan for Civil Censorship in Japan, box 55, AS.
18. Akira Iriye, Continuities in U.S.-Japanese Relations 1941-1949, pp. 380-81.
19. POLAD to Secretary of State, March 17, 1948, The political adviser to SCAP, W. J. Sebald, took the opportunity in this message concerning another question to vent his frustration with SCAP: "it would appear that this mission, in its capacity as Diplomatic Section of this Head Quarters, is precluded from exclusive exploitation of any intelligence material and record in Japan unless a request is made. . . . The Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2 . . . would prohibit all objective reporting on the part of this Mission.... it is not my intention to raise this question with the Supreme Commander in view of possible misunderstanding to which any conceivable approach on this subject might give rise. ... by the integration of this Mission into GHQ its freedom of operation in the normal sense was largely lost." FRUS 1948, 6:684-85.
20. FRUS 1944, 5:1213-14.
21. Iriye, Continuities in U.S.-Japanese Relations, p. 390.
22. Ibid., p. 391.
23. Political Reorientation of Japan, 2:423-26.
24. Potsdam Declaration, cited in Political Reorientation of Japan. The Soviet Union, which had not yet declared war on Japan, did not take part in the declaration.
25. SCAPIN 16, September 10,1945, box 8553, SCAP.
26. SCAPIN 51, September 24, 1945, box 8553, SCAP.
27. SCAPIN 66, September 27, 1945, box 8553, SCAP.
28. Memorandum from Civil Censorship Detachment to the Office of the Chief of Counter-intelligence, Civil Censorship Detachment, September 29, 1945, folder 000.73, Press Censorship, July 1944-September 1946, box 8520, SCAP; Coughlin, Conquered Press, pp. 24-26.
29. Coughlin, Conquered Press, p. 65.
30. Jun Eto, in Occupation Censorship and Postwar Japan, has pointed out the driving force of the director of the Office of Censorship. Eto advances the thesis that censorship was, in the end, a civilian undertaking, and that President Franklin Roosevelt was ultimately responsible for its introduction. He sees U.S. censorship as part of a concerted plan to remold Japan by attacking the very roots of its culture—the language. Under this plan, according to Eto, civilian censorship was an important step toward making Japan more "transparent," meaning more easily understandable, and consequently more easily controlled and directed. Eto has written several articles on this subject, which are listed in the bibliography.
1. Instructions to General of the Army Douglas MacArthur from the Joint Chiefs of Staff, SWNCC 181/2, folder 740.00119 Control (Japan) 9-1345, SD.
2. United States Presidential Basic Initial Post-Surrender Directive issued to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, November 8, 1945, reprinted in Political Reorientation of Japan. On August 29 MacArthur had received a summary of this directive.
3. Herbert Feis, Japan Subdued, p. 23.
4. Merle Fainsod, Military Government and the Occupation of Japan, cited in Japan's Prospects, ed. D. G. Haring, pp. 288-91.
5. Charles Willoughby, ed., SCAP, vol. 1 supplement: MacArthur in Japan, pp. 71-73.
6. Charles Willoughby, MacArthur 1941-1951: Victory in the Pacific, p. 322.
7. Ibid.
8. For the organization of Supreme Commander of Allied Powers Headquarters and of the Civil Intelligence Section, see figure 1.
9. Press, Pictorial and Broadcast Section Precensorship of News, October 17, 1945, folder Press Censorship July 1944—September 1946, box 8520, SCAP.
10. General Plan for Civil Censorship in Japan, 1944, box 55, AS.
11. SCAPIN 16, September 10, 1945, box 8553, SCAP.
12. Civil Censorship Detachment Memorandum, September 11, 1945, PPB History, box 8569, SCAP.
13. Akihiko Haruhara, The Impact of the Occupation on the Japanese Press, p. 13.
14. Kokichi Takakuwa, MacArthur no shimbun kenetsu.
15. Joseph L. Marx, Nagasaki, the Necessary Bomb?, pp. 81-85. Also author's interview with Hideo Matsuno, Nagasaki, June 20, 1978.
16. Butow, Japan's Decision to Surrender, p. 186.
17. Telegram from Commander in Chief of the Army Forces in the Pacific, September 10, 1945, folder Outgoing Messages 1941-1946, Civil Censorship Detachment Administrative File, box 8549, SCAP.
18. Manual of PPB: Censorship in Japan, CCD, September 30, 1945, box 8569, SCAP.
19. Summary no. 1255, September 13, 1945, SRS 1777, Magic.
20. Telegram from Commander in Chief of Army Forces in the Pacific, September 10, 1945.
21. Civil Censorship officer statement to representatives of Japanese press and radio re: Censorship on Behalf of the Supreme Commander, Press, Pictorial and Broadcast Section Manual, September 30, 1945, box 8569, SCAP.
22. Coughlin, Conquered Press, p. 33.
23. Telegram from Commander in Chief of the Army Forces in the Pacific, September 10,1945.
24. September 23, 1945, PPB History, box 8569, SCAP.
25. Ibid., October 31, 1945.
26. SCAPIN 34, September 18, 1945, box 8553, SCAP.
27. SCAPIN 33 (Press Code for Japan), September 18, 1945, box 8553, SCAP.
28. Civil Censorship Detachment instructions to publishers. Author's copy from Hiroshima publisher.
29. Memorandum for Office of Chief of Counter-intelligence regarding press censorship policy in Japan, November 10, 1945, box 8654, SCAP.
30. Check sheet from Civil Censorship Detachment to Office of the Chief of Counter-intelligence regarding Censorship of Information Media, November 7, 1945, PPB History, box 8569, SCAP.
31. SCAPIN 37 (Suspension of Tokyo newspaper Nippon Times), September 19, 1945, box 8553, SCAP. Reasons explained in folder 000.73 Press Censorship July 1944-September 1946, box 8520, SCAP.
32. PPB History, box 8569, SCAP.
33. Ibid., check sheet from PPB District II to PPB Division. June 14, 1948.
34. SCAPIN 733, February 13,1946, box 8553, SCAP.
35. September 23,1945, PPB History, box 8569, SCAP.
36. Ibid.
37. SCAPIN 658, box 8553, SCAP. For results of campaign to collect titles of motion pictures existing, see note 31.
38. See note 31.
39. Memorandum of the Postal Division for Office of the Chief of Counterintelligence Regarding Activation of Postal Censorship, September 13, 1945, The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers: Reports of General MacArthur, p. 238.
40. Mission of the Civil Censorship Detachment, file III, funds for FY 47, 48, 49, box 8523, SCAP.
41. CCD, box 8517, SCAP.
42. Fainsod, Military Government and the Occupation of Japan, p. 294. The Four Freedoms, among which was freedom of speech, were declared by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a speech to the U.S. Congress in January 1941, where he described as the goal of the Allies "the democratization of the world."
43. Check sheet from the Office of the Chief of Counter-intelligence to the Civil Information and Education Section, February 5, 1946, PPB History, box 8569, SCAP.
44. Mark Gayn, Japan Diary, p. 69.
1. Akira Iriye, Continuities in U.S.-Japanese Relations 1941-1949, p. 388.
2. Roger Buckley, Occupation Diplomacy, p. 9.
3. Iriye, Continuities in U.S.-Japanese Relations, p. 392.
4. Ibid., p. 395.
5. Herbert Feis, Japan Subdued, p. 52.
6. Iriye, Continuities in U.S.-Japanese Relations, p. 391.
7. Ibid., p. 395.
8. Harry Truman, Year of Decision, pp. 431-32.
9. Feis, Japan Subdued, pp. 122-25.
10. Ibid., pp. 148-49.
11. L. H. Foulds, Far Eastern expert in the Foreign Office, quoted in Iriye, Continuities in U.S.-Japanese Relations, p. 397.
12. FRUS 1945, 6:535.
13. Herbert Feis, Contest over Japan, appendix.
14. FRUS 1947, 6:234.
15. FRUS 1946, 8:307-9.
16. FRUS 1947, 6:214—16.
17. Willoughby, MacArthur 1941-1951, p. 317.
18. W. MacMahon Ball, Japan: Enemy or Ally?, p. 23.
19. Ibid., p. 33.
20. Gayn, Japan Diary, p. 301.
21. State Department regarding United States Policy toward Japan, May 21, 1948, folder 740.00119/4-2848 Control (Japan), SD.
22. FRUS 1945, 6:190-91.
23. Ibid., 6:794.
24. FRUS 1946, 8:285.
25. POLAD to State Department and United States Embassy in Moscow regarding Allied Council/Derevyanko, folder 740.00119/9-1346 Control (Japan), SD.
26. Minutes of Allied Council meeting, October 1947, box 21, SCAP.
27. Minutes of Allied Council meeting, July 27, 1946, box 20, SCAP.
28. POLAD to Secretary of State regarding Confiscation of All Fascist, Militaristic, and Anti-Allied Literature in Japan, August 5, 1946, folder 740.00119/8-546 Control (Japan), SD.
29. See chapter 8.
30. Jun Eto, Occupation Censorship and Postwar Japan.
1. Original document owned by Sadako Kurihara.
2. Operational Jurisdiction and Place Map of Japan and Korea prior to May 3, 1946, Civil Censorship Detachment, box 8523, SCAP.
3. Standing Operation Procedure and Distribution of Work, May 1, 1947, CCD District II, Press, Pictorial and Broadcasting Section [sic], New Agency subsection, box 8523, SCAP.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Jun Eto, The Occupation Censorship and Postwar Japan.
7. Ibid.
8. Position Description, War Department Field Service, undated, box 8523, SCAP.
9. Ibid.
10. Mission of CCD, box 8523, SCAP.
11. Pre-Censorship and Post-Censorship, PPB Central File, no date, box 8576, SCAP.
12. CCD to CIS: Changes Effected in PPB units in Tokyo, October 12, 1946, PPB History, box 8569, SCAP.
13. CCD Work Load Factors, CCD Administrative Division File no. Ill, box 8523, SCAP.
14. PPB History, March 30, 1948, box 8569, SCAP, and Temporary Key Log, CCD, December 6, 1947, file 000.76, Key Logs and Supplements, box 8654, SCAP.
15. Manual of PPB: Censorship in Japan, September 30, 1945, CCD, Army Forces in the Pacific, box 8569, SCAP.
16. Office of the Chief of Counter-intelligence, September 3, 1945, box 8520, SCAP.
17. Ibid.
18. PPB file, Censorship of Foreign Publications, box 8654, SCAP.
19. PPB Monthly Operations Report, annex 1, November 25, 1946, file 211, box 8568, SCAR
20. Dissemination of Civil Censorship Intercepts, The Adjutant General's Office to GHQ, US AFP AC, Office of the Chief of Counter-intelligence, January 31, 1946, box 8524, SCAP.
21. Subject Matter Guide for Use by Civil Censorship under United States Jurisdiction Overseas, January 1946, GHQ, USAFPAC, OCCI, CCD, box 8524, SCAP.
22. Ibid. After the declassification of SCAP records, several researchers discovered material showing the keen American interest in this subject.
23. Examiner's Requirements Guide, September 26, 1945. GHQ. USAFPAC, OCCI, CCD, box 8524, SCAP.
24. Subject Matter Guide for PPB, September 10, 1945, GHQ, OCCI, CCD, file 300.6 Secret CIS, box 8654, SCAP.
25. The interception of private mail led to many tragedies. One intercept, which I found in the SCAP Records, consisted of two letters. One was written on thin, light green rice paper, folded in the Japanese way, tied with a ribbon, and unopened. The other letter was written in English. It was from a woman and she addressed the letter to the Occupation authorities, asking them please to forward the accompanying letter to her husband, whom she had not seen since the beginning of the war and not heard from for several years. At the time of surrender he was commander on an island in the Pacific, and she was sure that he would be executed for war crimes. She wanted him to know that she was thinking of him and asked that this, her last message to him before his death, would be sent to him. The censors had not even checked the thin green letter, much less forwarded it. Another letter was from a desolate girl in the rural Tohoku district. Her letter was to a man she earlier had been introduced to as a marriage prospect. She wrote that immediately upon meeting him she knew that she wanted to marry him and nobody else. After their meeting she at once wrote to tell him that she accepted his marriage proposal, but she did not receive a response. Later she heard that he was already married to somebody else. She was now writing to say that, because the censors had held up her letter to him, he had evidently thought that she was not interested and gone ahead to accept another arrangement. Convinced that he was the only man she wanted, she was left with no choice but to live out her life in loneliness. A third intercept was from a nisei who had come to Japan just before the war and was caught there. There had been no way for him to communicate with his girlfriend in the United States. He now rushed to write to her that he still wanted to marry her, and he hoped that she had waited for him, too. The letter never passed the censors, because in the same letter the writer mentioned that he might stay a while longer in Japan to earn some money. He had been offered a job as a translator for Americans going to Hiroshima. The censor had noted "possibly unreliable" and left the letter in the files.
26. Key Log Supplement, January 2, 1948, file 000.76, key logs and supplement, CCD, box 8654, SCAP.
27. Ibid.
28. Jun Eto has given one account in The Problem of Dependence. Other Japanese researchers claim that the constitution was the result of bargaining between Prime Minister Shidehara and MacArthur, and that Shidehara convinced MacArthur to retain the emperor in return for the so-called war-renouncing Article 9. One of these researchers is Ikuhito Hata.
29. Key Log Addition, April 24, 1946, file 300.6 Secret, box 8654, SCAP.
30. Interview with Mr. Matsui, PPB, November 7, 1946, PPB History, box 8569, SCAP.
31. Suppressed Books PPB District I Report, May 24, 1946, file 200.11 Books Censorship 1946, box 8655, SCAP.
32. Five Sentences no ni yoru by Kunizo Yoshizaki [®rc]. PPB Book Department. District III Delete Log September 29, 1947, Gordon W. Prange Collection.
33. Ibid.
34. Delete and Suppress Log, file 000.73, PPB Subsection Book Department, December 26, 1946, box 8655, SCAP.
35. Ultranationalism: Poems Advocating Nationalism. Collections of Poems by the Association Fuji Poem Circle, August 31, 1949, PPB, CCD, box 8570, SCAP.
36. Censorship of Book by United Press Correspondent, September 23, 1946, PPB to CCD, folder 000.73, Censorship of Foreign Publication, box 8654, SCAP.
37. Ibid.
38. Hiroshima shimbun, "They Slew or Sold Their Beloved Children," August 1, 1946, Chief PPB Fukuoka District, Gordon W. Prange Collection,
39. Ibid.
40. Nagai, Horobirut mono o (For an immortal thing), October 1, 1948, Gordon W. Prange Collection.
41. Tori no apato, Memorandum PPB District I, March 11, 1947, file 200.1, Books Censorship, CIS, box 8655, SCAP.
42. Coughlin, Conquered Press, p. 16.
43. Ibid pp. 46-47.
44. Jun Eto, One Aspect of the Allied Occupation of Japan: The Censorship Operation and Post-War Japanese Literature. Eto describes in detail the censorship actions against the poem about the Yamato.
45. Protest by CCD censors against censorship regarding Key Log no. 1 on the Japanese constitution, June 19, 1946, file 000.73, Press Censorship July 1944September 1946, CIS, box 8520, SCAP.
46. Instructions from CCD to Press and Radio Censors, September 10, 1945, CCD Censorship History, box 16, SCAP.
47. Check Sheet CCD to General Thorpe, file 311.7, January 19, 1946. Quoted in CCD Censorship History, box 16, SCAP.
48. Guidance on Small Publications, Chief PPB to PPB Fukuoka, May 16, 1946, file 300.6 Secret, CIS, box 8654, SCAP.
49. CCD Censorship History, box 16, SCAP.
50. Hiroshima shimbun, "An Escape from Death in Vladivostok," August 14, 1946. Memorandum from District Censor, PPB, Fukuoka. Gordon W. Prange Collection.
51. Definition of Flagrant Violations to Press Publications Censor from District Censor, PPB District One, Admin. Division Subject Files, Uyehara. September 20, 1948, box 17, SCAP.
In 1949 and 1950 the Occupation authorities attacked Japanese Communists and leftists. In the so-called Red Purge, persons with leftist leanings lost their jobs, whether in government or private industry. Among them were members of the Japan Communist Party and journalists on the staff of the party newspaper Akahata. General MacArthur also suggested that the Communist Party be outlawed. For more about the Red Purge, see Allan Cole, George Totten, and Cecil Uyehara, Socialist Parties in Postwar Japan,
52. Coughlin, Conquered Press, p. 51.
53. From Coi. Grove, CCD to G-2, May 20, 1949, CIS, box 8523, SCAP.
54. Revision of Press Code. CCD to CIS, April 14, 1947, PPB History, box 8569, SCAP.
55. Memorandum for the Chief of Staff from C. A. Willoughby, G-2, October 29, 1946, box 8538, SCAP.
56. Ibid.
57. Censorship of Sport Broadcasts. PPB Division to District Stations, April 20, 1946, PPB History, box 8569, SCAP.
58. Transfer of Newspapers and Agencies from Pre-Censorship to Post-Censorship, November 10, 1946, PPB Division File Abolition of Censorship, PPB District, box 8576, SCAP.
59. PPB Division, November 20,1946, PPB History, box 8569, SCAP.
60. Political Registration No. 5-408, June 26, 1947, PPB History, box 8569, SCAP.
61. Political Registration No. 5-407. Ibid.
62. Memorandum for the Chief of Staff from C. A. Willoughby, G-2, October 29, 1946, box 8538, SCAP.
63. Chief of Staff to G-2, June 6, 1947, Appendix L: Modification of Censorship Controls in the Occupied Area, SCAP: Reports of General MacArthur. MacArthur in Japan. The Occupation: Military Phase, vol. V, supplement p. 239.
64. Ibid.
65. Post-Censorship of Broadcasts, G-2 to Chief of Staff, Memorandum, September 10,1947, ibid.
66. Memorandum PPB Division, October 1, 1947, PPB History, box 8569, SCAP.
67. Gradually media were transferred to postcensorship. See note 63.
68. Telegram to General MacArthur: Pre-Censorship to Cease Immediately. Approved by President, October 9, 1948, file 740.0119 Control (Japan), box 3824, SD.
69. Coughlin, Conquered Press, p. 56.
70. Sey Nishimura, Medical Censorship in Occupied Japan 1945-1948, p. 13.
71. SCAP, Reports of General MacArthur, pp. 240-41.
72. Civil Censorship Decontrol, Chief of Staff to G-2, October 11, 1949, box 8539, SCAP.
73. SCAP, Reports of General MacArthur, p. 241.
74. For one account, see T. A. Bisson, Prospects for Democracy in Japan.
75. For one account, see Hans Baerwald, The Purge of Japanese Leaders under the Occupation.
76. CCD Censorship History, box 16, SCAP.
77. Ibid.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid.
1. Civil Censorship Plan approved by Chief of Staff, GHQ, April 20, 1945, box 8517, SCAP.
2. JCS 873/3, November 12, 1944, folder CCS 000.76 (6-26-43), sec, 1, JCS.
3. Office of the Chief of Counter-intelligence to the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, War Department, September 30,1945, file 319.1, box 55, AS.
4. Ibid.
5. Memorandum for the Japanese Government from SCAP, October 26, 1945, box 2275, SD/FS.
6. Memorandum from POLAD to Secretary of State, October 10, 1945, vol. VII, box 2275, SD/FS.
7. Civil Information and Education Section Press Analysis, November 9, 1945.
8. Press, Pictorial and Broadcasting [sic] District II to PPB Division, GHQ, October 30, 1945, folder 000.73 Press Censorship July 1944—September 1946, box 8520, SCAP.
9. PPB, CCD Memorandum for Record: Warning of Press Code Democratic News, August 10, 1949, box 8570, SCAP.
10. PPB Manual, September 30, 1945, quoting SCAP statement to the Japanese press and radio representatives, September 15, 1945, box 8569, SCAP.
11. PPB Memorandum, July 15, 1948, box 8576, SCAP.
12. In the PPB History, March 26, 1948, an example is cited regarding a book called Defendant Tojo's Affidavit. The foreword was judged "highly objectionable," and a "complete investigation" was undertaken. This resulted in the publisher being returned to precensorship and requested to withdraw all copies of the book. Renewed distribution could take place only after the offensive part was deleted from all copies. Box 8569, SCAP.
13. SCAP, Reports of General MacArthur, p. 240.
14. Ibid.
15. Draft of Directive to G-2 from Chief of Staff for Civil Censorship in Japan and Korea regarding Modification of Civil Censorship Controls in Occupied Areas, June 6, 1947, box 8524, SCAP.
16. PPB History, July 1, 1946, box 8569, SCAP.
17. Ibid., July 7, 1946.
18. Ibid., August 18, 1946.
19. CIE to G-2, April 5, 1948, folder 000.73 Violations of Press Code for 28.8.48-2.4.49, box 8520, SCAP.
20. G-2 to Chief of Staff, April 15, 1948, ibid.
21. CCD to Civil Intelligence Section, July 19, 1948, ibid.
22. Minutes of Joint Conference regarding Press Code Violations, February 3, 1949, ibid.
23. CIS to G-2, February 5, 1949, ibid.
24. Directive from the Chief of Staff regarding Prosecution of Flagrant Violations of Press Code for Japan, January 24, 1949, Administrative Division File, box 17, SCAP.
25. Press Code Violation Committed by Red Flag (Akahata). CCD to G-2 April 2, 1949, folder 000.73 Violations of Press Code, August 28, 1948-April 2, 1949, box 8520, SCAP.
26. CCD to G-2, Joint Action on Flagrant Press Code Violation cases, April 29, 1949, ibid.
27. CCD Censorship History, box 16, SCAP.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
1. Manual of Press, Pictorial and Radio Broadcast Censorship in Japan September 30, 1945, Civil Censorship Detachment, Army Forces in the Pacific, box 8569, SCAP.
2. SCAPIN 34, September 18, 1945; SCAPIN 33, September 18, 1945, box 8553, SCAP.
3. SCAPIN 16, September 10,1945, box 8553, SCAP.
4. History of Non-Military Activities of the Occupation of Japan 1945-19-, vol. XI, Social, Part B, Freedom of the Press (First Occupation Year), p. 18, box 8, SCAP.
5. Office of the Commander of Counter-intelligence, GHQ, USAF PAC September 9, 1945, folder 319.1, box 55, AS. Also Akihiko Haruhara, The Impact of the Occupation on the Japanese Press, p. 12; Hook, Roots ofNuclearism, p. 141.
6. Coughlin, Conquered Press, pp. 21-22.
7. Wilfred Burchett, Shadows of Hiroshima. This is his own account of his reporting from Hiroshima and the consequences.
8. Ben Kiernan, ed., Burchett Reporting the. Other Side of the World 1939-1983, p. 24.
9. Nagasaki Military Government Team to CCD, Fukuoka, March 18, 1947, Gordon W. Prange Collection.
10. Office of the District Censor, District Station III, CCD to Nagasaki Military Government Team, March 24, 1947, ibid.
11. Nagasaki Military Government Team to Commanding Officer, Kyushu Military Government Region, Fukuoka, June 27, 1947, ibid.
12. Office of the District Censor, District Station III, CCD to Commanding Officer, Kyushu Military Government Region, Fukuoka, July 17, 1947, ibid. On April 26, 1949, Masako Does Not Collapse was finally approved for publication. Daily Operational Report of the Publications Section, PPB, box 8684, SCAP.
13. Nagasaki is the only Japanese city that can be said to be influenced by Catholicism. It has also had relations with the Western world for several hundreds of years, even during the period when the rest of Japan was closed. That Nagasaki of all Japanese cities would be destroyed by an American atomic bomb was regarded as of special significance by many Christians there. Even the reactions to the bombings differed. The expression "protesting Hiroshima, praying Nagasaki" was sometimes used, meaning that the survivors in Nagasaki sought a divine explanation for the atomic bombing.
14. The book was first called The Bells Toll for Nagasaki in English, but, when published, the name was changed to The Bells of Nagasaki. The quotation is from p. 107.
15. CCD to Civil Intelligence Section, May 15, 1947, folder 200.11 Book Censorship 1947, box 8655, SCAP.
16. Memorandum for Record PPB, CCD, January 12, 1947, regarding author of Bells Toll for Nagasaki, ibid.
17. Note from JJC to BJW (initials), ibid.
18. PPB to Civil Censorship Officer, December 26, 1947, ibid.
19. Memorandum for Record PPB, CCD, January 12, 1947, ibid.
20. PPB to Civil Censorship Officer, ibid.; PPB District I to PPB Division, undated, ibid. Dr. Takashi Nagai and Dr. Ryuzaburo Shikiba were put on watch-list on January 23,1948. PPB file, box 8655, SCAP.
21. Colonel Bratton to General Willoughby re Censorship of Book on Bombing of Nagasaki, January 6, 1947, folder 200.11, Book Censorship 1947, box 8655, SCAP.
22. General Willoughby to Staff re Censorship of Book on Bombing of Nagasaki, January 10, 1948, folder 000.73 Censorship News Articles in Japanese Press, box 8519, SCAP.
23. Theater Intelligence to Colonel Bratton, January 12, 1948, ibid.
24. Colonel Bratton to General Willoughby, January 13, 1948, ibid.
25. CCD slip, January 13, 1948, ibid.
26. Memorandum for Record re Author of The Bells Toll for Nagasaki, January 16, 1948, folder 200.11 Book Censorship 1947, box 8655, SCAP.
27. Unnamed, undated document, ibid.
28. PPB Memorandum regarding publication of The Bells Toll for Nagasaki, February 10, 1948, ibid.
29. General Willoughby to Staff re Censorship of Book on Bombing of Nagasaki, March 21, 1948, ibid. "The Sack of Manila" was an account of atrocities committed by Japanese in the Philippine capital during the war.
30. CIS to G-2, undated, ibid.
31. Translation of letter from Dr. Shikiba, the publisher, undated, attached to (32), ibid.
32. CIS to G-2, March 29, 1948, ibid.
33. General Willoughby to Staff re Censorship of Book on Bombing of Nagasaki, March 31, 1948, folder 000.73 Censorship of News Articles in Japanese Press 1948, box 8519, SCAP.
34. Daily Diary of the Publications Section, February 9, 1949, PPB, box 8648, SCAP. On July 5, 1949, another book by Dr. Nagai, Hanasaku oka (Flowers on a hill), dealing with the reconstruction of Nagasaki "turning the bombed city into a hill of flowers," was approved in its entirety. On August 2 a third book by Nagai, Experiencing the Atomic Bomb, a description by the surviving pupils in a Nagasaki school of their experience of the bombing, was reported "for information," in the Daily Activities Report of the Publications Section, July 5, 1949, and August 2, 1949. Box 8648, SCAP, List of Best-Selling Books, July 15, 1949, PPB, CCD folder APO 500, box 8570, SCAP.
35. Manga bukku by S. Kita and T. Nishi, January 22, 1947, folder 000.73 Delete and Suppress Books, box 8655, SCAP.
36. Undated, ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Yomiuri, June 18, 1948, Gordon W. Prange Collection.
39. CCD to Deputy Chief, CIS, July 10, 1948, folder 000.73 Censorship News Articles in Japanese Press 1948, box 8519, SCAP.
40. PPB, CCD Memorandum re Censorship of Newspapers in Hiroshima July 27, 1948. Folder 000.71 Memo for Record (Costello). Box 8657. SCAP.
41. Press Analysis August 6 and August 30, 1948, Analysis and Research Division, CIE, GHQ, SCAP.
42. Information Slip, Press Code August 8, 1949, PPB, box 8570, SCAP.
43. Wayne P. Lammers and Osamu Masaoka, Japanese A-Bomh Literature: An Annotated Bibliography, and Monica Braw: Den Censurerade Atombomben.
44. Memorandum for Record re War Stories in Magazines, July 15, 1949, PPB, box 8570, SCAP.
45. CCD to CIS, March 27, 1947, folder 000.73, Censorship US Material, box 8520, SCAP.
46. Asahi shimbun News Item, CCD Report, September 18, 1946, folder Atomic Bomb Effects, box 7431, SCAP.
47. Kyodo News Precensored, November 8, 1947, ibid.
48. Kenzo Nakajima, ed., Living Hiroshima, p. 1.
49. CIS to G-2, folder 000.73 Censorship US Material 4.1.47-7.7.47, box 8520, SCAP.
50. CIS to Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, re Censorship of United Press Article Submitted by Mainichi Shimbun December 28, 1946, folder 000.73 Censorship US Material 1945-46, CCD Admin., box 8520, SCAP.
51. Nippon Times agreement with the New Yorker attached to (52).
52. CCD to CCO, November 26, 1946, folder 300.6 Secret, box 8654, SCAP.
53. Associated Press News Item, undated, folder 200.1, Book Censorship 1947, box 8655, SCAP.
54. General MacArthur telegram to Oscar Hammerstein II, President of The Authors' League of America, re Censorship of Hersey and Snow, April 6, 1948, folder 000.73 Censorship of Foreign Publications, box 8654, SCAP.
55. Subject Matter Guide for Use by Civil Censors under United States Military Jurisdiction Overseas, Washington, D.C., January 31, 1946, box 8537, SCAP.
56. Edward Teller with Allen Brown, The Legacy of Hiroshima p. 223.
57. Smyth Report, in Anthony Cave Brown and Charles B. MacDonald, The Secret History of the Atomic Bomb, pp. 30-31.
58. Brown and MacDonald, Secret History, pp. 203—4.
59. James F. Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, pp. 261-62.
60. G. Richard Hewlett and Oscar E. Anderson, A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, vol. 1: The New World 1939/1946, p. 354.
61. Burchett, Shadows of Hiroshima, pp. 19-20.
62. Hewlett and Anderson, A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, 1:580-81.
63. Groves to Stimson, July 18, 1945, quoted in Martin J. Sherwin, A World Destroyed, p. 223.
64. Merriman Smith, Thank You Mr. President: A White House Notebook, pp. 254-56.
65. Potsdam Papers, Document 1315, quoted in Herbert Feis, Japan Subdued, pp. 111-12.
66. Report on Overseas Operation—Atomic Bomb, Farrell to Groves, September 27, 1945, in Brown and MacDonald, Secret History, pp. 531-32.
67. Bush and Conant to Secretary of War, September 30, 1944, OSRD, folder no. 10, International Control of Atomic Energy, TS Manhattan Project File 1942-1946, MED.
68. Brown and MacDonald, Secret History, pp. xviii-xix.
69. Feis, Japan Subdued, pp. 117-18.
70. Gar Alperowitz, Atomic Diplomacy, p. 195.
71. Note to Editor, Confidential, Not for Publication, September 14, 1945, Press Branch, Bureau of Public Relations, War Department, folder 5B, TS Manhattan Project File 1942-1946, MED.
72. Folder 380.01, Publications, decimal files 1942-1948, MED.
73. Harry S. Truman Memorandum to War Department, August 30, 1945, folder 5B, TS Manhattan Project File 1942-1946, MED.
74. Louis Liebovich, The Press and the Origins of the Cold War 1944-1947, pp. 87-90.
75. Joint Chiefs of Staff JCS series Release of Information Regarding Atomic Bomb, August 17, 1945, folder ABC 471.6 Atom (17 Aug 45), sec. 1, WD.
76. Atomic Energy Act, AEC folder, box 7433, SCAP.
77. President Truman to Baruch, United States representative at the United Nations, August 15, 1946, folder 008, decimal files 1942-48. MED.
78. General Groves to Chief of Staff re Security of Information Concerning the Atomic Bomb, February 21, 1946, folder no. 12 Intelligence and Security, Manhattan Project File 1942-1946, MED.
79. United Press and Associated Press quoting Domei, Radio Tokyo, August 22, 1945, folder 000.71 Releasing Information, MED.
80. JCS 1501/2, February 22, 1946, Combined Chiefs of Staff 919/5, June 8, 1946, CCS 919/6, June 19, 1946, and JCS 919/7, June 22, 1946, folder 471.6 Atom (8-17-45), Sec 3-A, WD.
81. General Groves to AEC, December 9, 1946, folder 380.01 Declassification, decimal files 1942-48, MED.
82. Release of United States Department of Commerce, Office of Technical Services, January 22, 1947, folder AEC, box 7433, SCAP.
83. Memorandum Publicity re Army Participation in Atomic Energy Activities, folder 000.71 Releasing Information, decimal files 1942-48, MED.
84. "Subject Matter Guide for Use by Civil Censorships under United States Military Jurisdiction Overseas," Washington, D.C., January 31, 1946, box 8537, SCAP.
85. Temporary Key Log, December 6, 1947, folder 000.76 Key Logs and Supplements, box 8654, SCAP.
86. Temporary Key Log, December 31, 1947, ibid.
87. Key Log Supplement, Key Log Number 21, January 2, 1948, folder Key Log, ibid.
88. SCAP to Adj. General, Department of the Army, Information on Activities Having a Bearing on Nuclear Science and Atomic Energy, October 15, 1947, Atomic Energy Commission folder, box 7433, SCAP.
89. Memorandum Special Projects Unit, November 9, 1948, folder Publications, box 7431, SCAP.
90. Folder 000.73, Censorship News Articles in Japanese Press 1948, box 8519, SCAP.
91. Economic and Scientific Section to G-2, October 23, 1947, folder AEC, box 7433, SCAP.
92. Japanese reports can be found in boxes 7407 and 7408, SCAP, and in General Report of Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, January 1947, National Research Council, JCS. They are also in Reports Pertaining to the Effects of the Atomic Bomb 1945-1946, MED.
93. William Johnston, introduction to Takashi Nagai, The Bells of Nagasaki.
94. Nagai, The Bells of Nagasaki, pp. 73-74.
95. Nishimura, Medical Censorship, p. 2.
96. Gayn, Japan Diary, p. 268.
97. Nishimura, Medical Censorship, pp. 7ff.
98. Ibid., p. 12.
99. Hiroshima and Nagasaki, p. 564.
100. SCAPIN 47, September 22, 1945, box 8553, SCAP.
101. WARX 79907, JCS to SCAP, October 30, 1945, CCS, folder 383.21 Japan (3-13-45) Sec 5, JCS.
102. WARX 88780, February 8, 1946, FRUS 1946, 8:147.
103. Policy for Research on Atomic Energy, Far Eastern Commission Records, FEC 024/1-6, August 9, 1946-January 14, 1947. CCD Administrative Division Incoming Messages January 1947-May 1949, box 8549, SCAP.
104. State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee Subcommittee Report re Publicity on Policy Regarding Japanese Atomic Energy Research, October 23, 1946, CCS, folder 383.21 Japan (3-13-45), sec. 14, JCS; Robert K. Wilcox, Japan's Secret War: Japan's Race against Time to Build Its Own Atomic Bomb, p. 192.
105. SCAP Memorandum to Japanese Government, May 27, 1949, rescinding Directive No. 3 SCAPIN 47, box 7410, SCAP.
106. Sasamoto, Genbaku higaishodo chosa ni okeru, p. 114ff.
107. Ibid., pp. 122-24.
108. General Report by ABCC, January 1947, to the National Research Council, JCS; Report on Medical Studies of the Effects of the Atomic Bomb by Dr. Masao Tsuzuki, Tokyo Imperial University, February 28,1946, box 7406, SCAP.
109. Author's interview with Dr. Issei Nishimori, Nagasaki, June 16, 1978.
110. CCD Report of intercepted letter re Research on Physical Effects of Atomic Bomb, folder Atomic Bomb Effects, box 7431, SCAP.
111. SCAPIN 984 May 25,1946, box 8553, SCAP. Comment in SCAP Activity Report September 1947-February 1948, JCS 1380/39, CCS 383.21 Japan (3-13-49) Sec 18, JCS.
112. Monthly Report June 1, 1946, in General Report of ABCC, January 1947, JCS; CCS folder 383.21, Japan (3-13-45) Sec 19, JCS. Masao Tsuzuki was professor of surgery at Tokyo Imperial University and an admiral in the Japanese Navy during the war. In the 1920s he studied the effects of radiation in the United States. He went to Hiroshima to study the effects of the atomic bomb at the end of August 1945 and became a liaison between Japanese scientists and American investigators. In 1947, however, he was purged from his position as professor because of his military record during the war.
113. Colonel Nichols to General Groves re Request for Project Data in Connection with Cancer Research, November 1, 1945, folder 000.71 Interchange of Information, decimal file 1942, MED.
114. Memorandum on Conference in Japan to Carry out Follow-up Studies on Atomic Bomb Casualties, November 4, 1946, box 7407, SCAP.
115. Memorandum on Long-time Follow-up on Atomic Bomb Casualties, November 14, 1946, box 7407, SCAP.
116. William S. Stone, Chairman, Army Medical Research and Development Board for the Surgeon General to General Groves, November-December 1946, box 8537, SCAP.
117. PPB Memorandum re Publication of Medical Articles on Atomic Bomb Research, January 2, 1947, folder 00.71, Memo for record Mr. Costello 1946-47, box 8656, SCAP.
118. SCAP Reports on Control and Surveillance of Atomic Energy Research and Development in Japan, November 1946-February 1947, JCS 1380/38,CCS 383.21 Japan (3-13-45) Sec 17, JCS.
119. ABCC 4th Report, July 7-July 13, 1947, box 7407, SCAP.
120. Melvin A. Block to Dr. Paul Henshaw, Representative in Japan of the Committee on Atomic Bomb Casualties, July 25 and September 22, 1947, box 7407, SCAP.
121. SCAP to JCS, Z17557, August 11, 1947, CCS 383.21 Japan (3-13-45) Sec 17, JCS.
122. AEC to Military Liaison Committee, November 3, 1947, CCS 383.21 Japan (3-13-45) Sec 18, JCS.
123. JCS 1380/42, November 8, 1947, ibid.
124. SCAP to JCS, January 27, 1948, ibid.
125. Memorandum of Conference on Declassification of Japanese Manuscripts and Opinion of Legal Section, SCAP, February 27 and March 11, 1948, folder AEC, box 7433, SCAP.
126. Memorandum for Secretary, Joint Civil Affairs Committee re Opinion Concerning Authority of SCAP from JCS, February 5, 1948, CCAC 014 Japan (9-20-44) Sec 5, JCS.
127. Joint Chiefs of Staff to MacArthur WAR 88233, August 26, 1948, CCS 383.21 Japan (3-13-45) Sec 19, JCS.
128. Memorandum of radiogram from SCAP Economic and Scientific Section to Department of Army, June 10, 1948, AEC folder, box 7433, SCAP.
129. Ibid, and radiogram from SCAP to JCS, June 21, 1948, ibid.
130. Joint Chiefs of Staff to MacArthur WAR 88233, August 26, 1948, CCS 383.21 Japan (3-13-45) Sec. 19, JCS. The emissary was a Lieutenant Colonel Cross.
131. Note for General Nichols, June 25, 1948, folder 371.2, Security and Intelligence, decimal files 1942-48, MED.
132. Memorandum from MLC to JCS, September 17, 1948, CCS 383.21 Japan (3-13-45) Sec 19, JCS.
133. JCS to SCAP, WAR 91882, November 1, 1948, JCS 1380/45, October 13, November 1948, CCS 389.21 Japan (3-13-45) Sec 20, JCS
134. Atomic Bombs Reports Declassified, box 8536, SCAP.
135. Activity Report, January 1949-April 1949, GHQ, SCAP. In JCS 1380/70, July 22, 1949, CCS 383.21 Japan (3-13-45) Sec 22, JCS.
136. Sasamoto, Genbaku higaishodo chosa ni okeru
137. Hiroshima and Nagasaki, p. 554.
138. Sasamoto, Genbaku higaishodo chosa ni okeru, p. 137.
1. Edward Teller with Allen Brown, The Legacy of Hiroshima, p. 213.
2. Report by Joint Strategic Survey Committee to Joint Chiefs of Staff, JCS 1477/1, October 30, 1945, Plans and Operations Division, ABC decimal file 1942-48, 471.6 Atom (8-17-45) Sec 2, AS.
3. Jun Eto has written, controversially, about this part of censorship. See his works cited in the bibliography.
4. War Guilt Campaign, Monthly Summation no. 1, October 5, 1945, SCAP: Summation of Non-Military Activities in Japan, p. 151.
5. Article by Kizo Kano, Purged Writer, Press, Pictorial and Broadcast Section III to PPB, folder Civil Censorship Detachment Administrative Division Purge Actions 000.73, box 8576, SCAP.
6. Office of the District Censor, District Station III, CCD to Commanding Officer, Kyushu Military Government Region HQ Fukuoka, July 16, 1947, Gordon W. Prange Collection.
7. Stimson diaries, July 21 and 24, 1945, quoted in Martin J. Sherwin, A World Destroyed, pp. 230-31.
8. William D. Leahy, I Was There, pp. 441—42.
9. Stimson diaries, May 1 and 16, 1945, quoted in Sherwin, A World Destroyed, pp. 195, 197.
10. Stimson, June 6, 1945, quoted in Fred Freed and Lew Giovannitti, The Decision to Drop the Bomb.
11. Memorandum from Undersecretary of the Navy Ralph Bard, in Sherwin, A World Destroyed, pp. 307-8.
12. Teller, The Legacy of Hiroshima, p. 22,
13. Franck Report, pp. 560-72, in Alice Kimball Smith, A Peril and a Hope: The Scientists' Movement in America 1945-47.
14. Albert Einstein plea, 1947, quoted in Max Morgan-Witts and Gordon Thomas, Ruin from the Air, p. 15. This letter never reached President Roosevelt. In a plea and a pamphlet, Atomic War or Peace, 1947, Einstein repeated his fear and presented a plan for world government. ABC decimal files 1942-1948, 471.6 Atom (8-17-45), box 570, sec. 7, Plans and Operations Division, AS.
15. Harry S. Truman, Year of Decisions, p. 302.
16. Memorandum for Secretary of War from George L. Harrison, May 1, 1945, in Sherwin, A World Destroyed, pp. 294—95.
17. Memorandum from Swiss Legation in Charge of Japanese Interests, communication from the Japanese Government, August 11, 1945, FRUS 1945, 6:472-73.
18. Radio Tokyo, August 10, 1945, in English-language transmission to Western North America.
19. Sasamoto, Genbaku higaishodo chosa ni okeru.
20. United Press quoting Radio Tokyo, August 24, 1945, folder 000.71 Releasing Information, MED.
21. Summary no. 1255, September 10, 1945, Diplomatic Summaries, SRS 1777, Magic.
22. Ibid., September 13, 1945.
23. Ibid., September 14 and 15, 1945.
24. Summary no. 1274, September 20, 1945, Diplomatic Summaries, SRS 1796, Magic.
1 Gayn, Japan Diary, p. 122.
2. Sadao Asada, Recent Works on the American Occupation of Japan: The State of the Art, p. 179. Asada introduces different works on the subject of the relationship between Occupation and Japanese authorities.
3. T. J. Tempel, "The Tar Baby Target: 'Reform' of the Japanese Bureaucracy," in Policy Planning during the Allied Occupation of Japan, ed. Ward and Yoshikazu, p. 174.
4. Ball, Japan: Enemy or Ally?, p. 37.
5. Ibid., p. 17.
6. Coughlin, Conquered Press, p. 18.
7. Ibid., p. 117.
8. Ibid., p. 122.
9. Ibid., pp. 132-33.
10. Iriye, "Continuities in U.S.-Japanese Relations 1941-1949," in The Origins of the Cold War in Asia, ed. Iriye and Nagai.
11. Compton to Groves, Presentation to the American Public of Scientists' Views on Atomic Energy, August 23, 1948, and Statement to the Interim Committee on Post-War Security Policy, August 8, 1945, folder 334 Post-War Policy Committee, decimal file 1942-48, MED.
12. Teller, The Legacy of Hiroshima, pp. 31-32.
13. Published in Brown and MacDonald, eds., Secret History, pp. 127-28.
14. Seiji Imahori, Gensuibaku jidai.