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abdominal pain, 109, 131, 134, 158
adipokines, 230
adrenal glands, 34, 47
adrenaline (epinephrine), 42
Adverse Childhood
Experiences (ACE) Study, 110
affective neuroscience, 45
“albatross syndrome,” 67
Alcock, Joe, 241
allergies, 8, 84
allostatic load, 267–68
Almy, Thomas, 41
alpha-synuclein, 255
Alzheimer’s disease, 8, 16, 23, 100, 226, 230, 245, 264, 276, 277
American Gut Project, 157
amino acids, 69, 127, 217, 221
amygdala, 47, 161, 189
anger, 40, 42, 43, 45, 48, 50, 64, 77, 87, 164, 182, 213, 274, 285
antianxiety drugs, 50, 141, 146
antibiotics, 5–6, 22, 84, 132, 140–41, 249
diarrhea and, 16, 19–20, 96, 138, 139
gut microbes and, 138–41, 156, 270, 271, 271
antidepressants, 109, 134, 147
SSRIs, 12, 23, 134, 146
anxiety, 8, 16, 35, 47, 77, 81, 82, 85, 89, 101, 113, 127, 131, 133, 146, 264, 285
ACE and, 108, 109, 111
gut and, 43, 138–39, 141
probiotics to reduce, 145
therapies for, 134, 139, 145–46
appetite, 70, 71, 232–34, 237–39
-suppressing hormones, 231, 238
“Are Gut Peptides the Words of a Universal Biological Language” (Mayer and Baldi), 78–79
arthritis, 68, 83
artificial sweeteners, 60, 246–48, 249, 253, 275, 280, 282
asthma, 8, 16, 110
autism spectrum disorders (ASD), 8, 16, 89, 127, 132, 156–59, 182, 245, 277, 283
fecal microbial transplant, 158–59
gastrointestinal symptoms, 153, 156–60
gut-brain communications, 182
gut microbiota, 22, 156–60
incidence of, 22
industrial agriculture and, 242
serotonin and, 158
treatment plan, example, 160
VENs and, 182
autoimmune disorders, 8, 22, 272
Ayurvedic therapies, 83
Bacteroides, 157, 205, 247, 274
Bacteroidetes, 157, 205, 247, 274
Baldi, Pierre, 78
Bale, Tracy, 126
Beaumont, William, 39–40
belching, 54
Bercik, Premysl, 124–25, 140, 142
Berdoy, Manuel, 85
bifidobacteria, 126, 129– 30, 134, 142, 143, 147, 160, 208, 211, 285
bile acids, 95, 100, 215
Blaser, Martin, 18, 242
bloating, 32, 53, 54, 117, 152, 153, 156, 251, 267, 284
blood sugar, 71, 233, 246, 247, 271, 277
Blumstein, Daniel, 269
Bologna, Italy, 205
bowel movements, 37, 52, 54, 69, 80, 109, 135, 138, 139, 153, 160, 253
brain (nervous system), 4, 6, 9, 93, 147. See also brain-gut communications
aging and, 8, 288
appetite control system and, 237
common diseases and diet and, 222
disorders of, 16, 68, 96, 127
dopamine reward system, 237–38, 241
dreaming, 188
early life and, 130–32, 212, 275–76
emotional memories, 89
emotions and, 24, 29–30, 30, 38–39, 41–46, 101, 163, 165
executive control system, 237
exercise and health of, 287–88
glial cells, 233
gut-feelings, 13–14, 164, 172, 178
gut microbial diversity and disorders, 16
gut microbiota signaling, 64, 72, 73, 99–103, 138–40, 141, 144–45
gut peptides (gut hormones) and, 77
gut’s emotional responses and, 44–46
hidden island (insular cortex), 163, 173, 174
high animal fat diet and, 233–39, 279, 283
inflammation and disorders, 26
“interoceptive” information, 65, 161, 162, 171, 173–74, 175
Mediterranean diet and, 256–62, 286
metabolic toxemia and, 268
microbe-speak and, 90
microbiome and mental health, 21–24
nerves connecting to the gut, 12
North American diet and, 253–56
prefrontal cortex, 180, 182, 189, 237
pregnancy and, 282
salience system, 118, 130, 134, 171–73, 185
satiation and, 62, 177, 230–31
sensory information and, 64–65
somatic markers and, 183
stress and, 6, 113, 131
uniquely human, 180–82
VENs and, 180–82
visual cortex, 189
brain-gut communications, 4, 13, 13, 29–50, 56, 101–3, 145, 158, 169
brain-gut disorders, 16, 32–36. See also specific disorders
brain-gut-microbiome axis, 102, 289
adaptability of, 221
allostatic load and, 267–68
communication within, 102
diet and, 226–29, 237–45, 252
early life and, 132, 270–71, 275
fasting and, 283
food additives and, 249
health and, 264
most vulnerable periods, 275
negative emotional states and, 284–85
during sleep, 189–90
Brain Initiative, 15
breast milk, 179, 208–14, 283
human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in, 210, 214
Brillat-Savarin, Jean Anthelme, 24
Burkina Faso, 205
butyrate, 100, 222
cancer, 5–6, 207, 218, 226, 245, 259, 279
candida yeast infections, 84
Cannon, Walter, 161
Cavalieri, Marco and Antonella, 256–58, 260–61
Celexa, 109, 111, 135
celiac disease, 250, 252, 275, 280
Center for Ulcer Research and Education (CURE), 75–76, 78, 169
childhood and adverse life events, 107–36
intergenerational transmission of, 119–22
medical history and, 108–11
mother’s stress, 114–15, 131–32, 133
negative adult health outcomes, 110
neuroimaging of the brain and, 118
poverty and chronic stress, 110
stress effects, 111–16, 123–27, 130–33
vaginal vs. cesarean delivery and, 129–30, 131
Chinese medicine, 60–61
cholecystokinin, 231, 234, 284
chronic fatigue syndrome, 267
cisplatin, 69
“clean gut” therapies, 84
Clostridium difficile, 20, 129
Coe, Chris, 126
cognitive behavioral therapy, 50, 123, 134, 157, 160, 286
colon, 20, 35, 37, 39, 49, 55, 70, 72
ancient beliefs and, 82–84
anger and, 64
intestinal putrefaction or autointoxication, 83
metabolizing of food in, 221–22
mind-gut connections and, 41
periodic fasting and, 283
colon cancer, 218
colonic transit study, 81
comfort foods, 234–36, 268
constipation, 138, 156, 160
adverse early life events and, 112
chronic, 32, 80–82, 112, 278
enemas and, 83
Parkinson’s disease and, 253–54
treatment, 160
corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), 33–35, 34, 47, 48–50, 86, 115, 117
cortisol, 34, 42, 47, 114, 150, 235
Craig, Bud, 161, 171, 173
cravings, 55, 237–41
Crohn’s disease, 20
Cryan, John F., 146–47
cyclical vomiting syndrome, 32–36, 48–50, 154
cytokines, 62, 91, 99–100, 102, 147, 230, 232, 233
Damasio, Antonio, 161–63
decision-making, 167–94
author and dream analysis, 190–91
author and intuitive, 167–69
example, Stanislov Petrov, 169–70
gut feelings and, 170–76, 177–79, 180–88, 276
how we decide, 187–88
VENs and, 180–82
women’s intuition, 184–85
your personal Google and, 183–84
defensins, 154
dendritic cells, 62, 97–98
depression, 8, 23–24, 68, 80, 81, 82, 89, 99, 113, 127, 131, 133, 146, 226, 230, 259, 264
ACE and, 108, 109, 111
catastrophizing and, 186
diet and, 24, 230, 259
food cravings and, 241
gut microbiota and, 23–24, 146–48
gut response to, 31, 43, 101
new therapies for, 134
Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain (Damasio), 163
detoxification, 15, 83, 95
Devroede, Ghislain, 112
diabetes, 9, 246
diarrhea, 35, 46, 67, 109, 117, 124, 172, 250
antibiotics and, 16, 19–20, 96, 138, 139
bacterial or viral infection, 70
food poisoning or toxins, 63, 69, 92
traveler’s diarrhea, 152, 153
diet and nutrition, 22, 24, 197–223
altering gut microbiota and, 214–220
animal fat and disease, 226
animal products, 228–29, 279
ASD and, 160
best diet choices, 199
changes in, 94
comfort foods, 234–36, 268
country of origin of food, 280–81
digestion of food and, 72
early life and, 208–14
fat and sugar intake, 55, 226
feelings, emotions, and, 25
food addiction, 226, 237–41
food additives, 245–53
GMOs, 281
gut-brain communications and, 220–23
gut metabolites and, 223
gut microbiota and, 24–26, 214–23
high fat diet, 60, 99, 215, 226, 229–41, 253–56, 268
high-fructose corn syrup, 246
How and What to Feed Your Gut Microbes (list), 288
how much you eat, control of, 237–41
of hunter-gathers, 197–207, 217–19, 237
industrial agriculture, 242–45, 281
Mediterranean diet, 226, 256–62, 286
natural and organic foods, 280–81
negative emotional states and, 284–86
North American diet, 200, 204–8, 225–56
omnivore diet, 199, 228
pesticides and chemicals, 281
plant-based diet, 215, 216, 222, 255
portion size, 283
processed foods, 229, 245–53, 277–80, 288
reducing animal fat, 279
serotonin and, 69–70
short-chain fatty acids and, 101, 211, 216, 218, 221, 222, 247
targeting the gut microbiome, 276–86
vegetarian/vegan, 207, 216–17, 256
wheat allergy, 251
digestive system. See gut
disease-causing microbes, 86–87
DNA, 120
Dominguez-Bello, Maria Gloria, 198, 204
dopamine, 47, 155, 237–38, 241
dopaminergic reward pathway, 238
Drama of the Gifted Child, The (Miller), 107–8
dreams, 188–93
Ebers Papyrus, 82
E. coli, 69, 124, 153, 232
Elavil, 134, 135
emotional intelligence, 176–77
emotional operating programs, 45–48, 49
emotions, 137–65
comfort foods and, 234–37
digestion and, 38–39
ENS and, 93
experiments on mice and, 148–49
fat and sugar intake and, 226
felt in the gut, 10, 13, 13, 31–32, 39–41, 64, 107–36, 162, 276
genetics and, 164
gut microbiota and, 21, 137–65
gut mirroring of, 30, 30–31, 50, 88, 111
happiness and gut microbiome, 286
how the brain programs the gut’s emotional responses, 44–46
hunger as protoemotion, 177
James-Lange theory, 161
negative, and eating, 283–86
new theory of, 161–65
positive, effect on gut microbiota, 154
probiotics and, 143–45
recognizing on faces, 29–30, 30, 144
serotonin and, 24, 70–71
somatic marker hypothesis, 163
stored memories and, 89, 175
unhealthy memories and the gut, 107–36
endocrine cells, 92
endorphins, 47, 78, 155
enemas and colonics, 80, 82–84
enteric nervous system (ENS), 11, 38, 56, 61, 64, 77, 93
communication with the brain, 57
emotions, brain, gut, and, 41–43
food poisoning and, 69
information about food and, 63–64
managing digestion, 88, 101
microbe-speak and, 90
Parkinson’s disease and, 254–55
as the “second brain,” 11, 38
serotonin and, 69
enterochromaffin cells, 100–101
epigenetics, 120–21, 130, 133, 164
epilepsy, 68
Erickson, Milton, 192
Erspamer, Vittorio, 76, 78
esophagus, 37, 38, 54, 55, 63, 72, 92, 284
fasting, 283–84
fatigue, 80, 81, 99
fear, 42, 45, 47, 49, 50, 77, 84, 86, 138, 181, 184, 213. See also anxiety
fecal microbial transplantation, 20, 22, 26, 158
fermented foods, 135, 139, 142, 281–82
Fermo, Italy, 256–57, 262
fiber, dietary, 81, 95
fibromyalgia, 267
Firmicutes, 99, 157, 205, 232, 241, 274
food addiction, 226, 237–41
food additives, 56, 245–53, 278, 280
artificial sweeteners, 246–48
emulsifiers, 248–49
“vital gluten,” 249–52
food allergies, 253, 280
food emulsifiers, 248–49
food poisoning, 53, 68–69
Food Rules (Pollan), 280
food sensitivities, 84
Foster, Kevin, 278
Freud, Sigmund, 178, 191
gallbladder, 37, 76, 284
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 115, 141–42, 179, 214
gastrin, 77
gastroenteritis, 53, 152, 153
Gershon, Michael, 38, 57, 70
Gewirtz, Andrew, 233, 248
ghrelin, 60, 62, 178, 231, 238
globus sensation, 54
glucagon-like peptide, 231, 238
glucose intolerance, 246
gluten, 249–53
nonceliac gluten sensitivity, 252
Gordon, Jeffrey, 204
Grossman, Morton I., 75
Grossmann, Tobias, 213
growth hormone, 114
Guahibos people, 204
gut (digestive system), 9, 11–14
aberrant reactions, 32–36
blood flow to, 101
brain-gut-microbiota dialogue, 147
chronic anger or anxiety and, 43
as complex sensory organ, 63–65, 88, 253
decision-making and, 10, 11
emotions, the brain, ENS and, 41–43
emotions and, 10, 30, 30–31, 50, 64, 88, 101, 111
endocrine cells in, 12, 61–62, 92
ENS and, 11
evolution of, 199
feelings/sensations and, 13, 13, 31–32, 39–41 (see also gut feelings; gut reactions)
food’s nutritional content and absorption, 72
how it works (function), 36–39
how the brain programs the gut’s emotional responses, 44–46
hypersensitivity of, 55–56, 193
immune system and, 11, 15, 62, 268, 276
lining or mucus of, 12, 21, 35, 37, 61, 62, 72, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 153, 222, 248, 250, 255, 284
nasal olfactory receptors in, 61
nerves connecting to the brain, 12
pain sensitivity and, 10
phytochemical receptors in, 59
“predisease” state, 267–68
sensations of, not perceived, 51–53, 56, 71, 173
sensitivity of, 10
sensory network of, 55, 65
serotonin storage in, 12, 70, 276
size of, 12, 65
stress and, 46–48
stress-related disorders and, 131
supercomputer view of, 10–14
taste receptors in, 58–61
gut-brain axis, 10, 13, 14, 58, 72, 87, 93, 162
anatomical connections, 11
in children, 177
disorders of, 48
gut microbiota and, 87, 88–90
high-fat diet and, 230–31
hyperactive, 39
hyperresponsiveness, 131
imbalance of (dysbiosis), 19–20
malfunctioning, 80, 81
plant-based diet and, 222
serotonin and, 12, 24
stress and, 122–23, 127, 133
as supercomputer, 73
yin and yang and, 14
gut-brain communications, 11, 13, 13, 26–27, 29, 51–73
altered, in ASD, 182
baby’s, diet and, 208–14
corrupted signals, 54–56, 81
CURE and, 75
diet and, 220–23
endocrine cells and, 61–62
food as information, 71–73
“gut-based caucus,” 276
gut microbiota and, 20–21, 88–90
gut sensory system and, 71
hypersensitivity to gut sensations, 55
information highway for, 65–68
life experiences and, 107–36
microbe-speak and, 89–93, 95–103
periodic fasting and, 283
sensory neurons and, 61
serotonin’s role, 68–71
short-chain fatty acids and, 218, 222
vagus nerve and, 56, 61, 62, 65–68
what the gut reports, 56–57
gut feelings, 13, 14, 76, 162, 164, 167, 172. See also intuition
accessing through dreams, 188–92
accuracy of, 185–87
advertising and, 185–86
in animals, 182–83
author’s career choice, 167–69
awareness, 175–77, 192–93, 286–87
brain’s salience system and, 171–73
decision-making and, 167–94, 276
early development of, 177–79
Ericksonian hypnosis and, 192
example, Stanislov Petrov, 169–70
gut microbiota and, 179
somatic markers and, 183
stored in the brain, 13–14, 163, 175
VENs and, 180–81
what a gut feeling is, 170–75
gut microbiome, 4, 15, 16, 18–19, 93, 162, 271
as adaptable, 220–23
breast milk and, 177
eating smaller portions and, 283
emotions and, 163
enjoying meals and, 286
fermented foods/probiotics for, 281–82
as “friendly park ranger,” 27
high animal fat diet and, 279
How and What to Feed Your Gut Microbes (list), 288
internal ecosystem synchronized with the outer world, 59
keeping healthy, 269–75, 271
mass-produced foods and, 280–81
maximizing gut microbial diversity, 279–80
metabolome of, 222
natural and organic foods for, 278–81
negative emotional state and, 284–86
optimal health of, 276–89
periodic fasting and, 283–84
philosophical questions about, 18
pregnancy and, 282–83
stress and, 123–25, 283
targeting for improved health, 276–86
what it encompasses, 16
gut microbiota (bacteria), 4, 11–12, 14, 17, 23, 60, 75–103, 140–41, 154
about, 93–94
aging and, 275, 276, 281
antianxiety effects, 140–46
antibiotics and, 138–41, 156, 270, 271, 271
appetite and, 232–34
artificial sweeteners and, 246
ASD and, 156–60
benefits derived from, 15–16
breast milk and, 177, 208–14
case histories, 79–82, 138–40
childbirth and, 126–27, 128–29
combined human and microbial genes, 17
communication with the brain, 64, 72, 73, 138–40, 141, 144–45, 147, 179
depression and, 23–24, 146–48
detoxification and, 95
diet and, 24–26, 125, 214–23, 268
diseases linked to, 20–24, 96
diversity and brain disorders, 16
diversity of, 16, 17, 19–20, 81, 100, 129, 139, 155, 198–99, 202, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 223, 228, 229, 269, 272, 273, 276, 279–80, 282, 288
diversity of, aging and, 256
diversity of, healthy gut and, 271–73
diversity of, hunter-gathers, 202, 206, 207
diversity of, maximizing, 279–80
in early life, 177, 179, 182, 200, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 272, 273, 277, 282
early life enemas and, 81
emotions and, 21, 137–65
evolution and, 17–18
exercise and, 287–88
extra calories provided by, 95
food addiction and, 237–41
food additives and, 249, 278
food and feelings, 73, 101–3
functions of, 25–26, 95
genetics and, 270
gut feelings and, 179
happiness and, 153, 286
harmful (pathobionts), 94
high-fat diet and, 99, 215, 219, 232–33, 268
How and What to Feed Your Gut Microbes (list), 288
identifying, 102
immune system and, 15, 94, 96–100, 232–33
“keystone species,” 219
lifestyle modification and, 277
mental health and, 16, 22–24
metabolites of, 24, 25–26, 60, 70, 89, 95, 100, 144–45, 155, 156, 158, 159, 164, 179, 207, 211, 214–17, 219, 220–23, 230, 252, 273, 274, 282, 284, 285
microbe-speak, 89–93, 95–102
microbial genes, 100, 164
norepinephrine and pathogens, 151
North American diet and, 204–8, 245–53
novel therapies and, 277–78
number of, 14
obesity and, 96, 233–34
positive mind-based interventions and, 44
role of, outside of digestion, 102–3
sleep and, 189–90
social behavior and, 21, 156–60
stability and resilience of, 273–75, 276, 277
stored emotional memories and, 89
stress and, 34, 101, 123–26, 127, 149–54, 157, 268, 271
symbionts or commensals, 94
symbiotic relationship of, 94–95
unhealthy gut reactions and, 274
gut peptides (gut hormones), 76–77, 91, 94–95, 102
gut reactions, 13, 13–14, 39–41, 162, 164, 267, 274, 276
Hazda people, 205–6, 227, 261
heartburn, 6, 32, 36, 53, 267
heart disease, 9, 26, 131, 207, 226, 259
herbs, 58–59, 60, 280
herbal laxatives, 81, 160
hippocampus, 189
Hippocrates, 83
hologenome, 17
hormones, 13, 91, 94. See also specific hormones
appetite-suppressing, 238
How Do You Feel? An Interoceptive Moment with Your Neurobiological Self (Craig), 171
Hsiao, Elaine, 158
Human Microbiome Project, 15
hunger, 53, 71, 77, 164, 234, 237, 276
bitter taste receptors and, 60
ghrelin and appetite, 60, 62, 178, 231
gut feelings, intuition, and, 177–79
gut microbiota and appetite, 232–34
hypertension, 4, 6, 201, 207, 267
hypnosis, 44, 50, 123, 134, 135, 192, 286
hypothalamus, 33, 47, 161, 231–32, 233
appetite control, 231–32, 234, 237, 239
periodic fasting and, 284
immune system in the gut, 11, 15, 62, 268, 270, 279, 285
gut microbes and, 15, 94, 96–100, 232–34
high-fat diet and, 230, 232
indigestion, 24, 32, 59
industrial agriculture, 242–45, 280
glyphosate (“Roundup”), 244
infections, 3, 5, 46, 84, 125, 126, 138, 158, 207, 209, 211
gastrointestinal, 59, 70, 72, 99, 124, 152–54, 229, 243, 256, 268, 270, 271, 272
inflammation, 26, 57, 94, 98
artificial sweeteners and, 246
cytokines and, 99
food emulsifiers and, 248
high-fat diet and, 226, 229–32, 268
“metabolic endotoxemia,” 230, 234
during pregnancy, 282
stress and, 268
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 8, 16, 96, 218
information theory, 79
insulin, 60, 78, 233, 238
integrative therapy, 135
intuition, 170, 177–82, 184–85. See also gut feelings
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), 8, 20, 32, 36, 54, 70, 88, 127, 138, 193, 264, 267
early life stress and, 115, 116–19, 133
emotions and, 41
epigenetics and, 121
gut microbiota and, 160
hypnosis or meditation and, 44
new therapies for, 134–35
stress and, 131, 157
James, William, 161
Jung, Carl Gustav, 190–91
Kahneman, Daniel, 167
Keys, Ancel, 259
“keystone species,” 219
Klonopin, 50, 139, 141
lactobacilli, 124, 126, 129, 134, 142–43, 148, 151, 160, 179, 208, 272, 285
Lange, Carl, 161
large intestine, 25, 37, 100, 101
laxatives, herbal, 81, 160
leaky gut, 96, 98, 100, 153, 154, 159, 160, 222, 232, 240, 243, 252, 268
Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, 14
leptin, 234, 238, 284
LeRoith, Derek, 78, 90
Levy, Rona, 121
Lexapro, 148
Ley, Ruth, 208
lifestyles, 22, 24, 275
limbic system, 44
lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 98, 232, 249
longevity, 261
Malawian people, 199, 204–5
Mazmanian, Sarkis, 158
Meaney, Michael, 113–14, 119, 120
medicine, 6–9
disease model, 5
machine model, 3, 5–8, 10, 27
U.S. rankings, 7–8
meditation, 44, 123
Mediterranean diet, 226, 256–62, 286
melancholic microbes, 146
metabolic disorders, 22
metabolic syndrome, 131, 207, 210, 233, 246, 247, 248, 259
metabolic toxemia, 99, 230, 234, 240, 248, 268
methyl groups, 120, 130
microbes, 17, 90–91, 92, 94, 179. See also gut microbiota
microbe-speak, 89–103
Microbiome Initiative, 15
microglial cells, 99–100
migraine headache, 35, 80
migrating motor complex, 37–38
Miller, George, 66–67
mindfulness-based stress reduction, 134, 139, 285–86
Missing Microbes, The (Blaser), 18, 242
Montegiorgio, Italy, 259
mood, 12, 67, 70, 71, 134, 138, 143, 145, 146, 147, 185, 216, 225, 236, 241, 255. See also emotions
mucins, 98
Mutt, Viktor, 77, 78
nausea, 13, 46, 53, 67, 152, 164, 172, 181
Nemeroff, Charles, 112
neurodegenerative disorders, 8, 22, 26. See also Alzheimer’s disease; Parkinson’s disease
neurotransmitters, 79, 89, 90, 91, 102, 115, 140, 141–42, 145, 222, 254
noradrenaline, 78
norepinephrine, 34, 124, 149, 151, 152, 285
nucleus accumbens, 238
Obama, Barack, 15
obesity, 8–9, 53, 68, 95, 132, 207–8, 210, 226, 229, 231, 235, 236, 245, 248, 264, 272, 289
appetite regulation and, 231, 233, 234, 238
artificial sweeteners and, 246
baby’s diet and, 210
comfort foods, stress, and, 235
diet and, 207
environmental triggers and eating behavior, 240
fat and sugar intake, 226, 239
food addiction and, 239
food additives and, 245, 248
gut microbes and, 96, 232
high animal fat diet and, 279
industrial agriculture and, 245
inflammation and, 26
“predisease” state and, 267
smaller portions and, 283
stress and, 131, 234–35
taste receptors in the gut and, 60
oligosaccharides, 210, 214, 282
Omnivore’s Dilemma, The (Pollan), 203
optimal health, 260–66, 270
best time to invest in, 275–76
of gut microbiome, 276–89
Oudenhove, Lukas Van, 236
oxytocin, 47, 155, 213
pain, chronic, 4, 8, 26, 35, 68, 80, 81, 131, 184, 186, 252, 267
pain sensitivity, 10, 12, 70, 100, 101, 145, 179
Paleolithic diet, 203
pancreas, 37, 76, 77, 284
panic disorder, 131, 138–39
Panksepp, Jaak, 45
parasites, 57, 85–86, 87, 157–60, 241
parasympathetic nervous system, 42
Parkinson’s disease, 8, 16, 22–23, 226, 245, 254, 264, 276, 277
changes in gut microbes and, 23, 254, 255
dietary interventions, 256
high-fat diet and, 230, 254
industrial agriculture and, 242
Lewy bodies and, 254
peptide YY, 238
peristalsis, 37, 38, 64, 70, 77, 255
Pettersson, Sven, 150
Peyer’s patches, 62
phytochemical receptors, 59
Plotsky, Paul, 114, 116, 117
Pollan, Michael, 203, 280
polyphenols, 260, 261
postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome, 153
prebiotics, 125, 177, 210, 279
predisease state, 267–68
Prevotella, 205, 208, 241, 255, 274
Prilosec, 109
probiotics, 22, 26, 81, 125, 134–35, 142–43, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151, 158, 159, 165, 177, 208, 214, 266, 271, 273, 274, 278, 281, 282, 288
antianxiety effects, 142
as antidepressants, 148
in breast milk, 177
clinical trials, 143–44, 148
supplements, 139
who will most benefit, 271
processed foods, 229, 245–53, 279, 280, 288
Proteobacteria, 99, 157, 232
psychotropic medications, 134
rabies, 87
Raybould, Helen, 234
Relman, David, 102, 270, 277
Roth, Jesse, 78, 90
Ruminococcus bromii, 218–19
St. Martin, Alexis, 39–40
salmonella, 232
Sapolsky, Robert, 85
satiation, 53, 62, 71, 164, 177, 231
high-fat diet and, 230–31, 233, 234, 239
vagus nerve and, 99, 232, 236
Schapiro, Melvin, 264
Scheperjans, Filip, 255
schizophrenia, 127, 283
Schluter, Jonas, 278
Second Brain, The (Gershon), 38, 57
secretin, 77
secretory cells, 92
self-relaxation techniques, 135, 139, 160, 286
serotonin, 12, 23–24, 38, 43, 58, 68–71, 78, 146, 155, 158, 181, 276, 285
ASD and, 158
emotions and, 70–71
in enterochromaffin cells, 100–101
food poisoning and, 68–69
as gut-brain signaling molecule, 70
probiotics and, 145
Seven Countries Study, 259
Shigella, 124
Singh, Fauja (Turbaned Tornado), 265
sleep, 101
small intestine, 25, 37, 101
duodenum, 66
enteroendocrine cells in, 231, 236, 253
periodic fasting and, 283
smell/nasal olfactory receptors, 60–61
social behavior, 156–60, 182
somatic markers, 163, 183, 185
somatostatin, 77
sorrow, 42, 45, 50
spices, 58, 59
Sternini, Catia, 60
stomach, 25, 36–37, 39, 71, 101
anger and, 64
enteroendocrine cells in, 231
vomiting and, 35, 49
stomach acid, 37, 76, 77
stomach pain, 35, 53
abberant gut reactions and, 32–36
Streptococcus thermophiles, 143
stress, 6, 34, 42, 46, 111–27, 271, 273, 274
animal studies, 113–20, 124–27
calming hyperactive circuits, 49–50
case histories, 33–36, 150–51
chronic, of factory farm animals, 243
comfort foods and, 234–37
CRF and, 33–35, 34, 86, 117
digestion and, 39
early, and hypersensitive gut, 116–19
effects on the body, 31
effects on the gut, 46–48, 99, 101
gut infections and, 151
gut microbiota and, 94, 123–25, 149–54, 160, 165, 271, 283
inflammation and, 267, 268
intergenerational transmission of, 119–22
leaky gut and, 240
overactive fight-or-flight system, 131
poverty and chronic stress, 110
“predisease” state and, 267
during pregnancy, 132
reduction techniques, 134, 135, 139, 160, 286
in the womb, 125–27, 133
stress-related disorders, 111–16, 131
strokes, 131, 207
Suez, Jotham, 246–47
Susruta, 83
sympathetic nervous system, 42
Szyf, Moshe, 120
Tache, Yvette, 34
taste, 57–61, 72
therapies for gut-brain disorders, 133–36, 146
Thinking, Fast and Slow (Kahneman), 167
Tillisch, Kirsten, 21, 143–44, 287
Tissier, Henry, 128–29
Tomiyama, Janet, 235
tongue, 57–58, 59, 72
Toxoplasma gondii, 85–86
Toxoplasma gondii parasite, 241
transducer cells, 58
traveler’s diarrhea, 151, 152
triglycerides, 233
tryptophan, 69
Turnbaugh, Peter, 215
ulcerative colitis, 20
ulcers, 4, 6, 66, 94
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 21, 60, 66
vaginal microbiome, 126–27, 128, 129, 130, 131, 212, 272
vagus nerve, 6, 42, 56, 61, 62, 65–68, 72, 141, 222, 231, 255
high-fat diet and, 232, 236
inflammation and, 99
serotonin and, 69, 100
stimulation as therapy, 68
truncal vagotomy, 66–67, 141
Valium, 141
vegetarian/vegan diet, 207, 215–16, 228, 256
Volkow, Nora, 239
vomiting, 32–36, 48–50, 63, 67, 69, 92, 172, 285
von Economo neurons (VENs), 180
Walsh, John, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79
women’s intuition, 184–85
World Health Organization, 7
Wu, Gary, 216, 218, 220
Xanax, 141
xenobiotics, 95
Yanomami people, 128, 199–204, 206, 209, 212, 227, 261
Yatsunenko, Tanya, 207, 208
Yehuda, Rachel, 119
yin and yang, 14
yogurt, 143, 145, 214, 266, 275, 282