CHAPTER 6
AN OVERVIEW OF ETHNOVETERINARY MEDICINES OF THE INDO-GANGETIC REGION
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
The Indo-Gangetic region consists mainly with Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab Plains, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar and Plains of West Bengal of Indian States. The review of literature on ethnoveterinary medicines reveals that there are about 449 species of plants belonging to 325 genera and 108 families employed by the tribal and rural communities of Indo-Gangetic region for the treatment of more than 200 type’s of ailments, diseases and disorders of their pets/ domesticated animals. The information regarding the uses of plants for veterinary purpose is transmitted from one generation to another orally. This indigenous knowledge and practice of tribal and rural people is based on locally available herbs and are very effective to cure diseases and disorders of animals. Therefore, all these herbs should be screened scientifically in order to investigate newer sources of ethnoveterinary drugs and medicines of herbal origin.
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Millions of people around the world have an intimate relationship with their livestock. Many people depend on their livestock. Animals provide them with food, clothing, labor, fertilizers and cash/money and act as a store of wealth and a medium of exchange. Animals are a vital part of culture and in many societies and are regarded as equal as humans. To keep animals healthy, traditional healing practices have been applied for centuries and have been passed down orally from generation to generation. Before the introduction of western medicine, all livestock keepers relied on these traditional practices only. According to the WHO reference, at the moment, at least 80% of the people in developing countries depend largely on these practices for the control and treatment of various diseases that affect both animals and humans. These traditional healing practices of animal’s health are called ‘ethnoveterinary medicine’.
Ethnoveterinary medicine consists of local people’s knowledge, skills, methods, practices and beliefs pertaining to animal health and production (MacCorkle, 1986). Ethnoveterinary medicine often provides cheaper options than comparable western drugs and the products are locally available and easily accessible. In the face of these and other factors there is increasing interest in the field of ethnoveterinary research and development (Masika et al., 2000). Livestock raisers and healers throughout the world use traditional veterinary practices to prevent and treat common animal ailments and diseases.
In India Ethnoveterinary practices were in vogue since ancient times. In ancient India the Vedic literature particularly Atharvaveda is a repository of traditional medicine including prescriptions for the treatment of animal diseases. Scriptures such as Skand Purana, Devi Purana, Matsya Purana, Agni purana, Garuda purana and Lingapurana and books written by Charaka, Susruta and Shalihotra documented treatment of animal diseases using medicinal plants. The history of traditional veterinary science dates back to the period of Mahabharata. During the battle of Mahabharata thousands of animals were wounded/killed and also suffered from various diseases which were then treated with medicinal plants. Prince Nakul and Prince Sahadev were the physicians of horses and cows, respectively. Indian medicinal treatises like Charaka, Susruta and Harita Samhits contain references of care of animals. The greatest and most revered teacher of veterinary science was Shalihtra, the father of veterinary science in India (Raikwar and Maurya, 2015).
The Indo-Gangetic region consists mainly with Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab Plains, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bihar and Plains of West Bengal of Indian states and occupied the core zone of the country. The area is very rich in cultural as well as biological diversity. The forest of Indo-Gangetic region consists mainly of Tropical semi-evergreen forests, Tropical moist deciduous forests, Tropical dry deciduous forests and Tropical thorn forests. Indo-Gangetic region enjoys the widespread Indian monsoon climate with maximum rain falling between the ends of June to September. The average annual rainfall varies from 700 mm to 2000 mm. The maximum temperature recorded highest as 47°C in May and June and minimum sometimes reaching as low as 1°C in December and January.
The various tribal communities inhabit in several states of Indo-Gangetic region like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar, southern parts of Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. The dominant tribes are Abujhmaria, Baiga, Bhil, Bhilala, Gond, Kol, Korku, Korwa, Oraon, Sahariya Munda, Oraon, Santhal, Meena, Garasia, Dhodia, etc. They inhabit in and around the forest areas and mainly dependent on forest resources for fulfillment of their routine requirements such as for food, medicine, fodder, fiber, hunting and fishing, household and agricultural equipments, etc. Although they mainly depend upon forest resources for their livelihood but apart from local and rural people they also raise domestic animals such as cows, buffaloes, oxen, goats, sheep, hen, dogs, pigs, etc. for milk, agriculture and commercial purposes.
As the modern medicine is either not available or not affordable for the poor tribals therefore, they use traditional veterinary practices to prevent and treat common animal ailments and diseases with the help of locally available medicinal herbs.
The ethnoveterinary medicine is easily available, cheap and effective, cures many diseases and causes no side effects. Besides, no complicated technology is required for its preparation and application. The tribal people have been using this traditional system for a very long time. They have acquired this valuable knowledge from centuries of experience and trial and error methods and this knowledge has passed down from one generation to next generation.
But it has been observed that the younger generation of the tribal communities neither has aptitude to acquire the knowledge nor the experience to practices of ethnoveterinary medicine effectively. Therefore, it is necessary that before this valuable traditional knowledge is lost forever it must be properly documented from old and experienced tribal medicine men.
6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A survey of literature reveals that hundreds of research papers have so far been published on different aspects of ethnomedicine from different districts of Central India especially on human medicines. But, in Ethnoveterinary medicine, very little work has so far been done. Sikarwar et al. (1994) explored different districts of Central India and collected 31 species under 28 genera and 26 families as used by aboriginals to treat common ailments of livestock. Sikarwar (1996) carried out Ethnoveterinary study in Morena district of Madhya Pradesh and illustrated 35 plant species which have been used by tribal and rural communities. Sikarwar and Kumar (2005) again conducted ethnoveterinary study in Central Indian states (M.P. & C.G.) and listed 35 plant species belonging to 22 families as used for the treatment of ailments and diseases of domestic animals. Kadel and Jain (2006) presented 43 species of flowering plants used in 20 animal diseases by the ethnic tribes of Jhabua district. Shukla et al. (2007) gave an account of 17 wild species of plants belonging to 17 genera and 14 families, as practiced by tribal communities of Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserves of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Jadhav (2009) explored 21 plant species used as veterinary medicine in Ratlam district of Madhya Pradesh. Satya and Solanki (2009) reported 72 plant species which are used as veterinary medicine from West Nimar of Madhya Pradesh. Dwivedi et al. (2009) gave an account of 32-plant species ethnoveterinary importance form Vindhya, Malva and Nimar regions. Tripathi and Singh (2010) presented 27 plant species which have been used by the villagers of Chitrakoot region of Satna district for the treatment of their domestic animals. Nigam and Sharma (2010) described 46 ethnoveterinary plants from Jhansi district of U.P. which is surrounded three sides from M.P. Dar et al. (2011) also illustrated ethnoveterinary value of some plant species utilized by rural people of Jhansi district, Bundelkhand region. Chouhan and Ray (2012) carried out ethnoveterinary survey of Alirajpur district of M.P. and presented 30 plant species under 30 genera and 24 families as practiced by Bhil, Bhilala, Barela and Pateleya tribes. Shrivastava et al. (2012) explored Gwalior district and observed 23 plant species which have been used in 21 diseases of goats (Cypris communis). Jatav et al. (2014) conducted study in Shivpuri district and reported 32 plant species belonging to 30 genera and 19 families as ethnoveterinary medicines. Verma (2014) carried out study on ethnoveterinary medicinal plants in Tikamgarh district of Bundelkhand, Central India and a total of 41 plant species in 39 genera and 25 families used for the treatment of 36 diseases. Garima and Richhariya (2015) reported 23 plants species of 20 families as ethnoveterinary medicine used by tribal and rural communities of Chitrakoot, Satna district of Madhya Pradesh. Sanghi (2014) collected 17 species of plants belonging to 15 genera and 11 families from Tendukheda of Narsinghpur district of Madhya Pradesh. Patil and Deshmukh (2015) gathered from ethnic people specially Gond and Korku in the tribal pockets of Betul district of Madhya Pradesh and a total 25 species belonging to 25 genera, representing 19 families as employed for 14 types of animal diseases.
Ekka (2015) carried out ethnoveterinary study on Oraon tribals on northeast, Chhattisgarh and recorded 37 species of ethnoveterinary plants belonging to 30 families and 35 genera.
Jha et al. (1991) described 23 plant species under 23 genera and 18 families utilized as veterinary medicine in Darbhanga district of North Bihar. Mishra et al. (1996) also published ethnoveterinary medicinal plants from the same district. Singh (1987) enumerated 13 plant species as veterinary medicines from Chhotanagpur. 20 species under 19 genera and 16 families are used as veterinary by tribals of Bengal, Orissa and Bihar as reported by Pal (1980).
Some plants used as veterinary medicines by Bhils of Rajasthan was given by Sebastian and Bhandari (1984). Sebastian (1984) explored forest area of Rajasthan and reported that 27 plant species are used in ethnoveterinary medicine and galactagogue. Katewa and Chaudhary (2000) made an ethnoveterinary survey of plants of Rajasamand district in Rajasthan. Deora et al. (2004) reported ethnoveterinary uses of 20 plants from northwest part of Udaipur district. Kumar et al. (2004) recorded ethnoveterinary medicines from 128 villages of 4 districts of Indian Arid zone relates to 39 species belonging to 25 families. Galav et al. (2007) explored Mount Abu region of Rajasthan and described 44 formulations used to treat 20 diseases of domestic animals from 33 plant species belonging to 26 families. Nag et al. (2009) reported 24 plants species of veterinary importance under 30 methods of treating 16 types of veterinary health problems from Kotda tehsil of Udaipur district of Rajasthan. Ahir et al. (2012) described some traditional ethnoveterinary medicinal plants of Kumbhalgarh wildlife sanctuary in Rajasthan. A study of Takhar (2004) reveals ethnoveterinary medicinal uses of 37 plant species belonging to 25 families of southern Rajasthan. Galav et al. (2013) also carried out ethnoveterinary survey of tribal area of Rajasthan, which yielded veterinary uses of 59 plant species belonging to 55 genera of Angiosperms. Meena (2014) carried out ethnoveterinary study in Pratapgarh district of Rajasthan and listed 24 plant species under 24 genera and 23 families as ethnoveterinary medicine. A review article entitled “Ethnoveterinary practices in Rajasthan, India-A Review” was published by Yadav et al. (2012). Singh et al. (2014) described the local knowledge and its associated skills, practices, beliefs and social practices pertaining to health care and healthful husbandry of sheep by Raikas, a nomadic livestock rearing group from Marwar region of Rajasthan. Yadav et al. (2015) under taken study on one hundred and twenty tribal livestock owners from eight villages of two tehsils to document different ethnoveterinary practices. Gupta et al. (2015) recorded ethnoveterinary remedies of camel diseases of Rajasthan and listed uses of 31 plant materials and 13 household materials.
A medicobotanical study in relation to veterinary medicine of Shahjahanpur district, Uttar Pradesh was carried out by Sharma (1996). In Uttar Pradesh, Pandey et al. (1999) recorded 30 ethnoveterinary plants, commonly used for the treatment of domestic animals by the aboriginal people of Gonda region. Prajapathi and Verma (2004) described ethnoveterinary plants of Mahoba district in Uttar Pradesh. Singh et al. (2011) recorded ethnoveterinary healthcare practices in Marihan sub-division of district Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh. Kumar and Bharri (2012a, 2012b) enumerated folk veterinary medicines from Jalaun (57 plant species have been found to be used against 21 ailments of livestock in the form of 27 medicinal formulations) and Sitapur districts (57 medicinal formulas), respectively. Kumar and Bharati (2013) conducted field study in Uttar Pradesh and collected 83 medicinal plants used to treat 36 livestock ailments. Kumar et al. (2011) documented phytotherapeutic knowledge and health care management practices among the Tharu tribal community of Uttar Pradesh. In that study 59 phytotherapeutic practices using 48 plant species were documented for management of 18 types of healthcare problems of domesticated animals. Kumar and Kumar (2013) gave the details of 83 medicinal plants used to treat 36 livestock ailments in Uttar Pradesh. Mangal (2015) studied Gorakhpur district and a total 62 plant species have been found to be used for ethnoveterinary preparations for treating 37 diseases and ailments of animals.
In Haryana, Tosham block of Bhiwani district, a study on veterinary medicines was carried out by Yadav et al. (2014) and reported 54 medicinal plant species belonging to 37 families.
Mukherjee and Namhata (1988) described herbal veterinary medicine as prescribed by the tribals of Bankura district. Mandal and Chauhan (2000) presented the results of a survey conduced in Bankura district of West Bengal on the management procedures for the treatment of digestive disorders, wounds, fractures, respiratory diseases, throat swelling, intestinal helminthes, jaundice, ectoparasites, yoke gall, wounds in the vagina and foot and mouth disease. Herbal veterinary medicine from the tribal areas of Midnapore and Bankura district in West Bengal was given by Ghosh (2003). Bandhyopadhyay and Mukherjee (2005) recorded 25 ethnoveterinary prescriptions in which 23 plant species have been used. Mitra and Mukherjee (2007) enumerated 23 ethnoveterinary medicinal plants used by the four major tribal communities of the Uttar and Dakshin Dinajpur districts to treat the ailments of Cattle, to promote better lactation and also to improve the quality of meat, egg, etc. which are being traditionally used. Das and Tripathi (2009) documented ethnoveterinary practices and socio-cultural values associated with animal husbandry in rural Sundarbans in West Bengal. Rahaman et al. (2009) carried out studies on ethnoveterinary medicinal plants used by the tribals of Birbhum district in West Bengal. Dey and De (2010) enumerated 25 plant species used by the aboriginals of Purulia district of West Bengal. Mandal and Rahman (2014) recorded 40 plants which are used in preparation of 35 types of ethnoveterinary remedies for curing 22 types of diseases and ailments. Saha et al. (2014) recorded 70 phytotherapeutic practices involving 60 plants which were used to treat 34 types of diseases and disorders of livestock among the tribal community of Malda district of West Bengal. Mandai and Rahman (2016) recorded the use of 25 medicinal plant species by the tribals of Birbhum district in West Bengal.
The aforesaid literature reveals that the good work on ethnoveterinary medicine have so far been carried out in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan but no significant work on this aspect has been done from Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Haryana and Punjab states which is rich in cultural and biological diversity. Except Sikarwar et al. (1994) and Sikarwar (1996) all research papers published on ethnoveterinary medicine after Jain (1999) are the major contribution on this aspect from Central India.
6.3 ENUMERATION
The plants used in veterinary medicine are enumerated alphabetically by botanical names, followed by family (in parenthesis), local names of different districts (district name written in parenthesis) are given in Table 6.1.
6.4 DISCUSSION
The data given above reveals that there are 449 plant species belonging to 325 genera and 108 families are used by tribal and rural people of Indo- Gangetic region for the treatment of more than 200 different types of ailments, diseases and disorders.
The Fabaceae is the largest family and contributes 35 species in Ethnoveterinary medicines. This is followed by Euphorbiaceae (24), Poaceae (22), Asteraceae (19), Lamiaceae and Solanaceae (16 each), Caesalpiniaceae (15) Cucurbitaceae (12), Malvaceae (11), Apiaceae and Mimosaceae (10 each), Convolvulaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Amaranthaceae and Zingiberaceae (9 each), Apocynaceae Liliaceae and Araceae (8 each), Rubiaceae, Anacardiaceae and Brassicaceae (7 each), Verbenaceae and Tiliaceae (6 each), Rutaceae, Arecaceae and Acanthaceae (5 each), Menispermaceae, Combretaceae, Sapindaceae, Meliaceae and Moraceae (4 each), Myrsinaceae, Lythraceae, Orchidaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Cleomaceae, Capparaceae, Loranthaceae, Vitaceae, Leeaceae, Bignoniaceae and Rosaceae (3 each), Bombacaceae, Oxalidaceae, Orobanchaceae, Crassulaceae, Ranunculaceae, Polygonaceae, Commelinaceae, Sapotaceae, Papaveraceae, Boraginaceae, Burseraceae, Theaceae, Gentianaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Rhamnaceae, Sterculiaceae, Amarhyllidaceae, Annonaceae and Pedaliaceae (2 each) and Adiantaceae, Simaurobaceae, Alangiaceae, Balanitaceae, Basellaceae, Begoniaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Cannabinaceae, Lecythidaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Lauraceae, Costaceae, Hypoxidaceae, Cyperaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Ebenaceae, Berberidaceae, Pontederiaceae, Ephedraceae, Equisetaceae, Geraniaceae, Malpighiaceae, Ulmaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Urticaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Linaceae, Lobeliaceae, Celastraceae, Calophyllaceae, Moringaceae, Oleaceae, Cactaceae, Pandanaceae, Agaricaceae, Piperaceae, Plantaginaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Polygonaceae, Portulacaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Styraceae, Tamaricaceae, Aizoaceae and Violaceae has single species.
TABLE 6.1 Ethnoveterinary Plants of Indo-Gangetic Plains and Central India
Abbreviation: L. N.: Local name.
FIGURE 6.1
FIGURE 6.2
FIGURE 6.3
The Euphorbia is the largest genus having 12 species which is used in ethnoveterinary medicines. This is followed by Brassica, Crotalaria, Curcuma Ficus, Sida and Solanum (4 each), Acacia, Aerva, Amaranthus, Aristolochia, Artemisia, Bambusa, Caesalpinia, Cassia, Citrus, Cleome, Clerodendrum, Datura, Grewia, Indigofera, Ipomoea, Leucas, Ocimum, Phoenix, Phyllanthus, Piper, Saccharum, Sapindus, Senna, Sorghum, Syzygium, Terminalia, Vigna and Zingiber (3 each), Allium, Alocasia, Annona, Asparagus, Bauhinia, Cajanus, Calligonum, Calotropis, Capparis, Capsicum, Carissa, Coccinia, Cocculus, Coleus, Corchorus, Crinum, Cucumis, Cymbopogon, Dalbergia, Delonix, Equisetum, Erythrina, Gardenia, Gossypium, Hibiscus, Jatropha, Leea, Leptadenia, Luffa, Momordica, Nicotiana, Pennisetum, Prosopis, Rosa, Salvadora, Tephrosia, Vanda, Vernonia and Ziziphus (2 each) and rest genera representing single species.
Acacia nilotica ssp. indica, Allium cepa, A. sativum, Azadirachta indica, Bombax ceiba, Butea monosperma, Calotropis procera, Cassia fistula, Citrullus colocynthis, Curcuma longa, Ficus racemosa, Justicia adhatoda, Ricinus communis, Trachyspermum ammi, Trigonella foenum-graecum, and Zingiber officinale are used in maximum number of ailments and diseases of almost all states of Indo-Gangetic region.
6.5 CONCLUSION
Worldwide interest in documenting and validating ethnoveterinary practices arose in the early 1980s, as people started to realize that ethnoveterinary knowledge was disappearing. Elderly community members with this knowledge are not able to impart this knowledge to the younger generation and with the introduction of modern practices made it difficult for the younger generations to appreciate and use the beliefs and practices of their ancestors. Animal husbandry sub system is well developed in tribal and rural communities moreover modern medical facilities still eludes them due to various reasons. The indigenous knowledge and practice based on locally available herbs are effective to cure diseases and are easily administrable as seems from the practices that have been carried out. But due to various social, economic and political factors this tradition is facing the threat of rapid erosion. In recent years, interest in ethnoveterinary investigations has been increased enormously on national and international level. Ancient ethnobotanical literature suggests that the tribal, non-tribal and rural populace has been using wild plants since long ago for curing various diseases and disorders in the pet/domesticated animals. All these plants should be screened scientifically in order to investigate newer sources of ethnoveterinary drugs and medicines and need further intensive investigation for their pharmacological activity on the basis of which ethnotherepeutics being practiced by the tribal and rural peoples. This will lead to development of new drugs of herbal origin. Fortunately, since last three to four decades considerable progress has been made in the ethnoveterinary sciences due to recent ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal explorations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author is thankful to the Organizing Secretary, Deendayal Research Institute, Chitrakoot for providing facilities and to Prof. T. Pullaiah for his fruitful suggestions and encouragement.
KEYWORDS
- ethnoveterinary medicine
- Indo-Gangetic region
- prescriptions
- tribals and rural communities
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